1.
Atlas Comics (1950s)
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Atlas Comics is the 1950s comic book publishing company that evolved into Marvel Comics. Atlas evolved out of Goodmans 1940s comic book division, Timely Comics and this company is distinct from the 1970s comic book company, also founded by Goodman, that is known as Atlas/Seaboard Comics. The early to mid-1950s found comic books falling out of due to competition from television. Timely made one attempt at superheroes with the publication of Marvel Boy #1-2. As did other publishers, Atlas also offered comics about models, the Atlas logo united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas attempted to revive superheroes in Young Men #24-28 with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, the short-lived revival also included restarts of Sub-Mariner Comics and Captain America. All three superheroes also appeared in the two issues of Mens Adventures. As Marvel/Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee told comic book historian Les Daniels, Goodman would notice what was selling, commented Daniels, The short-term results were lucrative, but while other publishers took the long view and kept their stables of heroes solid, Goodman let his slide. While Atlas had some horror titles, such as Marvel Tales, as far back as 1949, Lee recalled, t was usually based on how the competition was doing. When we found that ECs horror books were doing well, for instance, we published a lot of horror books. The Atlas bullpen had at least five staff writers besides Lee, Hank Chapman, Paul S. Newman, Don Rico, Carl Wessler, daniel Keyes, future author of Flowers for Algernon, was an editor beginning 1952. Other writers, generally freelance, included Robert Bernstein, the artists — some freelance, some on staff — included such veterans as Human Torch creator Carl Burgos and Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett. Others included Russ Heath, Gene Colan, and the fledgling, Atlas also published various childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer, the Happy Ghost, Homer Hooper and the Joe Maneely-drawn Melvin the Monster. Sergeant Barney Barker, drawn by John Severin, was Atlas answer to Sgt. One of the most long-running titles was Millie the Model, which began as a Timely Comics humor book in 1945 and ran into the 1970s, lasting for 207 issues, deCarlo wrote and drew Millie for 10 years. The high-school series Patsy Walker, co-created by Atkinson and writer Otto Binder in 1944, featured art by Al Hartley, Al Jaffee, Morris Weiss and others, ran until 1967, Patsy herself would be integrated into Marvel Universe continuity years later as the supernatural superheroine Hellcat. Atlas funny animal books featured cartoonist Ed Winiarskis trouble-prone Buck Duck, Maneelys mentally suspect Dippy Duck, and Howie Posts The Monkey, Buck and the other funny animal characters briefly returned in the early 1970s when Marvel published the five-issue reprint title Lil Pals. Staff artist Stan Goldberg recalled in 2005, I was in the Bullpen with a lot of artists who worked up there at that time
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Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
3.
Martin Goodman (publisher)
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Martin Goodman, born Moe Goodman, was an American publisher of pulp magazines, paperback books, mens adventure magazines, and comic books, launching the company that would become Marvel Comics. Moe Goodman, who would adopt the name Martin, was the oldest son of 13 recorded children of Isaac Goodman. His parents were Jewish immigrants who had met in the United States after separately moving from their native Vilna, Lithuania, the family lived at different homes in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. As a young man, Moe traveled around the country during the Great Depression, Goodman later became circulation manager himself, but the company went bankrupt in October 1932. Goodmans first publication was the Newsstand Publications pulp magazine Western Supernovel Magazine, after the first issue he renamed it Complete Western Book Magazine, beginning with cover-date July 1933. Marvel Comics #1, cover-dated October 1939 and published by his newly formed Timely Publications and it featured the first appearances of the hit characters the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, and quickly sold out 80,000 copies. Goodman produced a second printing, cover-dated November 1939, that sold an approximate 800,000 copies. With a hit on his hands, Goodman began assembling a staff, hiring Funnies, Inc. writer-artist Joe Simon as editor. Goodman then formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Timely Comics became the umbrella name for the several paper corporations that comprised Goodmans comic-book division, which in ensuing decades would evolve into Marvel Comics. In 1941, Timely published its third major character, the patriotic superhero Captain America by Simon, the success of Captain America #1 led to an expansion of staff, with Simon bringing freelancer Kirby on staff and subsequently hiring inker Syd Shores to be Timelys third employee. Simon and Kirby departed Timely after 10 issues of Captain America, and Goodman appointed Stan Lee as Timelys editor, a position Lee would hold for decades. The name Timely Comics went into disuse after Goodman began using the logo of the newsstand-distribution company he owned, Atlas. This united a line put out by the publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies. Throughout the 1950s, the formerly known as Timely was called Atlas Comics. A red disk surrounded by a ring that bore the phrase A Red Circle Magazine. But it appeared intermittently, when someone remembered to put it on cover. Most were novels, but there was a smattering of mostly sports-oriented nonfiction, Goodman eventually developed two lines, the 25¢ Lion and the 35¢ Lion Library. New American Library bought Lion in 1957, and several Lion titles were reprinted under its Signet label, authors that Lion published included such notables as Robert Bloch, David Goodis and Jim Thompson
4.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
5.
Golden Age of Comic Books
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The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era of American comic books from the late 1930s to circa 1950. During this time, modern books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many characters were introduced, including Superman, Batman, Captain America, Wonder Woman. The first recorded use of the term Golden Age was by Richard A. Lupoff in an article, Re-Birth, an event cited by many as marking the beginning of the Golden Age was the 1938 debut of Superman in Action Comics #1, published by Detective Comics. Supermans popularity helped make comic books a major arm of publishing, timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics, had million-selling titles featuring the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. The comic was published biweekly at one point to capitalize on its popularity, patriotic heroes donning red, white, and blue were particularly popular during the time of the second World War following The Shields debut in 1940. Many heroes of this time period battled the Axis powers, with such as Captain America Comics #1 showing the title character punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. As comic books grew in popularity, publishers began launching titles that expanded into a variety of genres, dell Comics non-superhero characters outsold the superhero comics of the day. The publisher featured licensed movie and literary characters such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Roy Rogers and it was during this era that noted Donald Duck writer-artist Carl Barks rose to prominence. Additionally, MLJs introduction of Archie Andrews in Pep Comics #22 gave rise to teen humor comics, the educational comic book Dagwood Splits the Atom used characters from the comic strip Blondie. According to historian Michael A. Amundson, appealing comic-book characters helped ease young readers fear of nuclear war and it was during this period that long-running humor comics debuted, including ECs Mad and Carl Barks Uncle Scrooge in Dells Four Color Comics. In 1953, the book industry hit a setback when the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency was created in order to investigate the problem of juvenile delinquency. As a result, the Comics Code Authority was created by the Association of Comics Magazine Publishers to enact self-censorship by comic book publishers, at this time, EC canceled its crime and horror titles and focused primarily on Mad. During the late 1940s, the popularity of superhero comics waned, to retain reader interest, comic publishers diversified into genres such as war, Westerns, science fiction, romance, crime and horror. Many superhero titles were cancelled or converted to other genres, in 1946, DC Comics Superboy, Aquaman and Green Arrow were switched from More Fun Comics into Adventure Comics so More Fun could focus on humor. In 1948 All-American Comics, featuring Green Lantern, Johnny Thunder, the following year, Flash Comics and Green Lantern were cancelled. In 1951 All Star Comics, featuring the Justice Society of America, the next year Star Spangled Comics, featuring Robin, was retitled Star Spangled War Stories. Sensation Comics, featuring Wonder Woman, was cancelled in 1953, the only DC superhero comics to continue publishing through the 1950s were Action Comics, Adventure Comics, Detective Comics, Batman, Superboy, Superman, Wonder Woman and Worlds Finest Comics
6.
Pulp magazine
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Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 to the 1950s. The term pulp derives from the wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed, in contrast. The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages, it was 7 inches wide by 10 inches high, the pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter. The first pulp was Frank Munseys revamped Argosy Magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words per issue, on paper with untrimmed edges. In six years Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million, Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosys success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. Haggards Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt. Street and Smiths next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance. At their peak of popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, the most successful pulps could sell up to one million copies per issue, in 1934, Frank Gruber says there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassells Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinsons Adventure-Story and Hutchinsons Mystery-Story. The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper. During the Second World War paper shortages had a impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs. Beginning with Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine in 1941, pulp magazines began to switch to digest size, in 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks. The pulp format declined from rising expenses, but even more due to the competition from comic books, television. In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant, in the 1950s, mens adventure magazines began to replace the pulp. The format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan, many titles of course survived only briefly
7.
Corporation
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A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter, most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as for profit and not-for-profit corporations, there is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for profit/not-for-profit in that not-for-profit corporations are always non-stock as well. A for profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment. Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation, shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity, in American English, the word corporation is most often used to describe large business corporations. In British English and in the Commonwealth countries, the company is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word corporation encompasses all incorporated entities. In American English, the company can include entities such as partnerships that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a separate legal entity. Despite not being human beings, corporations, as far as the law is concerned, are legal persons. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, Corporations can be dissolved either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. Corporations can even be convicted of offenses, such as fraud. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way humans are. While not a corporation, this new type of entity became very attractive as an alternative for corporations not needing to issue stock, in Germany, the organization was referred to as Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung or GmbH. In the last quarter of the 20th Century this new form of organization became available in the United States and other countries. Since the GmbH and LLC forms of organization are technically not corporations they will not be discussed in this article, the word corporation derives from corpus, the Latin word for body, or a body of people. By the time of Justinian, Roman law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas and these included the state itself, municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor. Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of rights were found in ancient Rome. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope, the point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity
8.
Empire State Building
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The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper located on Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets in Midtown, Manhattan, New York City. It has a height of 1,250 feet, and with its antenna included. Its name is derived from the nickname for New York, the Empire State and it stood as the worlds tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the original World Trade Centers North Tower in late 1970. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York, the Empire State Building is currently the fifth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 34th-tallest in the world. It is also the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas, when measured by pinnacle height, it is the fourth-tallest building in the United States. The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon and it is designed in the distinctive Art Deco style and has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and it was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the AIAs List of Americas Favorite Architecture, the site of the Empire State Building was first developed as the John Thompson Farm in the late 18th century. At the time, a stream ran across the site, emptying into Sunfish Pond, beginning in the late 19th century, the block was occupied by the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, frequented by The Four Hundred, the social elite of New York. The limestone for the Empire State Building came from the Empire Mill in Sanders, Indiana which is a town adjacent to Bloomington. The Empire Mill Land office is near State Road 37 and Old State Road 37 just south of Bloomington, the Bloomington, Bedford, and Oolitic area is known locally as the limestone capital of the world. The Empire State Building was designed by William F, the building was designed from the top down. The general contractors were The Starrett Brothers and Eken, and the project was financed primarily by John J. Raskob, the construction company was chaired by Alfred E. Smith, a former Governor of New York and James Farleys General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials. John W. Bowser was project construction superintendent, excavation of the site began on January 22,1930, and construction on the building itself started on March 17—St. Patricks Day—per Al Smiths influence as Empire State, Inc. president, the project involved 3,400 workers, mostly immigrants from Europe, along with hundreds of Mohawk iron workers, many from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal. According to official accounts, five died during the construction. Governor Smiths grandchildren cut the ribbon on May 1,1931, lewis Wickes Hines photography of the construction provides not only invaluable documentation of the construction, but also a glimpse into common day life of workers in that era. The construction was part of a competition in New York for the title of worlds tallest building
9.
Frank R. Paul
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Frank Rudolph Paul was an American illustrator of pulp magazines in the science fiction field. A discovery of editor Hugo Gernsback, Paul was influential in defining the look of both art and interior illustrations in the nascent science fiction pulps of the 1920s. The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted him in 2009, Paul was born on April 18,1884 in Radkersburg, Austria. His father was from Hungary and his mother from Czechoslovakia and he emigrated to the United States in 1906. He married Rudolpha Costa Rigelsen, a Belgian immigrant, in 1913 and he studied art in Vienna, Paris, and New York City. He went to work for the Jersey Journal performing graphic design, publisher Hugo Gernsback hired him in 1914 to illustrate The Electrical Experimenter, a science magazine. He died on June 29,1963 at his home in Teaneck, Pauls work is characterized by dramatic compositions, bright or even garish colors, and a limited ability to depict human faces, especially the female ones. His early architectural training is evident in his work. Paul illustrated the cover of Gernsbacks own novel, Ralph 124C 41+, A Romance of the Year 2660, Paul also painted covers for Planet Stories, Superworld Comics, Science Fiction magazine, and the first issue of Marvel Comics. The latter featured the debuts of Human Torch and Sub-Mariner, all told, his magazine covers exceed 220. His most famous Amazing Stories cover is probably that for August 1927, illustrating The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, Paul created hundreds of interior illustrations from no later than 1920. In many ways, Frank R. Pauls achievements and influence on the field through the ages cannot be overestimated and his work appeared on the cover of the first issue of Amazing Stories magazine, the first magazine dedicated to science fiction. He would paint all the covers for three years. These visions of robots, spaceships, and aliens were presented to an America wherein most people did not even own a telephone, indeed, they were the first science fiction images seen by Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Forrest J Ackerman and others who would go on to prominence in the field. The visual language of the majority of SF art centers, even today, Frank R. Paul can be credited with the first color painting of a space station published in the U. S. His cover for the November 1929 Science Wonder Stories was an early, if not the earliest and this painting appeared almost two decades before the sightings of mysterious flying objects by Kenneth Arnold. So large was his stature that he was the only guest of honor at the first World Science Fiction Convention in 1939
10.
Mass media
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The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
11.
Superhero
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A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine. Fiction centered on characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction. By most definitions, characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes, some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superheros archenemy, some long-running superheroes such as Iron Man, Captain America, Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Spider-Man have a rogues gallery of many villains. The word superhero dates to at least 1917, antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing. The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger, during the 1940s there were many superheroes, and only a few of these were female. The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era, most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman, inspired by the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Womans first appearance was in All Star Comics #8, published by All-American Publications, in 1952, Osamu Tezukas manga Tetsuwan Atom was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by a scientist to replace his deceased son, the 1950s saw the Silver Age of Comics. During this era DC introduced the likes of Batwoman in 1956, Supergirl, Miss Arrowette,1958 saw the debut of superhero Moonlight Mask on Japanese television. In 1963, Astro Boy was adapted into a highly influential anime television series, Phantom Agents in 1964 focused on ninjas working for the Japanese government and would be the foundation for Sentai-type series. Another important event was the debut of Mazinger Z by Go Nagai, Go Nagai also wrote the manga Cutey Honey in 1973, although the Magical Girl genre already existed, Nagais manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media. The dark Skull Man manga would later get a television adaptation, the protagonist was redesigned resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of the Kamen Rider series. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle riding hero in an insect-like costume, both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics, and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. In 1975 Shotaro Ishinomoris Himitsu Sentai Gorenger debuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams, in 1978, Toei adapted Spider-Man into a live-action series. In subsequent decades, popular characters like Dazzler, She-Hulk, Elektra, Catwoman, Witchblade, Spider-Girl, Batgirl, volume 4 of the X-Men comic book series featured an all-female team as part of the Marvel NOW. branding initiative in 2013
12.
Funnies Inc.
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Funnies, Inc. is an American comic book packager of the 1930s to 1940s period collectors and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Founded by Lloyd Jacquet, it supplied the contents of early comics, including that of Marvel Comics #1, American comic books originated as oversized magazines that reprinted newspaper comic strips in color. These strips, coming from the pages, were colloquially called the funnies. Gradually, new material began to be created for the medium of comic books. In the late 1930s, with the sales success of Superman. One of the many comics companies founded during this time was Centaur Publications, where Lloyd Jacquet was art director, Jacquet then broke off to form Funnies, Inc. initially called First Funnies, Inc. Located at 45 West 45th Street in Manhattan, New York City and its competitors included two other comics packagers formed around this time, Eisner & Iger, founded by Will Eisner and Jerry Iger, and the quirkily named Harry A Cheslers studio. Everett recalled in the late 1960s that, When Lloyd split with John, he offered me and we took a small loft office on 45th Street. The idea was to become publishers, but we didnt have the money or credit to publish our own books so we became an art service. Wed put the book together, deliver the package to the publisher. Torpey was Centaurs sales director, and Mahon a publisher for one of Centaurs early iterations. Other Centaur staffers who followed Jacquet, on at least a freelance basis, included artists Carl Burgos, Paul Gustavson, and Ben Thompson, writer Ray Gill, and business manager Jim Fitzsimmons. Had an idea that he wanted to start his own art service — to start an organization to supply artwork. I dont know how to explain it, but I was still on a freelance basis and that was the agreement we had. The artists, including myself, at Funnies, worked on a freelance basis, Comics historian Hames Ware added that, The Jacquet shop was distinct from the other major shops. It was set up more like a clearinghouse that a conventional shop, while at the other classic shops there were actually buildings and offices housing. Many artists who collaborated on jobs, most of Jacquets artists worked from home and did solo work and, also unlike other shops. Funnies, Inc. s first known project was Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, the idea proved unsuccessful, and seven of the only eight known samples created to send to theater owners were discovered in an estate sale in 1974
13.
Marvel Mystery Comics
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Marvel Mystery Comics is an American comic book series published during the 1930s–1940s period known to fans and historians as the Golden Age of Comic Books. It was the first publication of Marvel Comics predecessor, Timely Comics, in 1939, pulp-magazine publisher Martin Goodman expanded into the newly emerging comic book field by buying content from comics package Funnies, Inc. A painted cover by science fiction pulp artist Frank R. Paul featured the Human Torch. With a hit on his hands, Goodman began assembling a staff, hiring Funnies. Simon brought along his collaborator, artist Jack Kirby, followed by artist Syd Shores, the Torch and the Sub-Mariner would continue to star in the long-running title even after receiving their own solo comic-book series shortly afterward. The Angel, who was featured on the covers of issues #2–3, issue #13 saw the first appearance of the Vision, the inspiration for the same-name Marvel Comics superhero created in 1968. The original Vision appeared in stories through Marvel Mystery Comics #48. In 1949, with the popularity of superheroes having waned, the book was converted into the horror anthology Marvel Tales from issue #93–159, note, This is a different Marvel Tales than that published by Marvel in starting in the 1960s and primarily reprinting Spider-Man stories
14.
Android (robot)
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An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to look and act like a human, especially one with a body having a flesh-like resemblance. Historically, androids remained completely within the domain of science fiction where they are seen in film. Only recently have advancements in technology allowed the design of functional. The word was coined from the Greek root ἀνδρ-, man, while the term android is used in reference to human-looking robots in general, a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a gynoid. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use to Ephraim Chambers Cyclopaedia, the term android appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term android was used in a modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de lIsle-Adam in his work Tomorrows Eve. This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly, as said by the officer in the story, In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls. Although Karel Čapeks robots in R. U. R, —the play that introduced the word robot to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word robot has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term android can mean one of these, while a cyborg would be a creature that is a combination of organic. The word android was used in Star Trek, The Original Series episode What Are Little Girls Made Of. The abbreviation andy, coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. has seen some further usage, authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg. In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside, in other stories, authors have used the word android to mean a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between, several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. In 2006, Kokoro Co. developed a new DER2 android, the height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet, the air servosystem which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion, compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice, the Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science, has developed an android head called Saya, which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan
15.
Human Torch (android)
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The Human Torch, also known as Jim Hammond, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Carl Burgos, he first appeared in Marvel Comics #1, published by Marvels predecessor, the Human Torch was actually an android created by scientist Phineas Horton. He possessed the ability to surround himself with fire and control flames, in his earliest appearances, he was portrayed as a science fiction monstrosity, but quickly became a hero and adapted a secret identity as a police officer for New York City Police Department. The Human Torch was one of Timely Comics three signature characters, along with Captain America and Namor the Sub-Mariner, like many superheroes, the Human Torch fell into obscurity by the 1950s. In 1961, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby renovated his name and powers into a new character, Johnny Storm, a member of the Fantastic Four. Unlike Captain America and the Sub-Mariner, the original Human Torch has had only a small presence in the post-1950s Marvel comic books and is associated with the Golden Age. In 2012, Hammond was ranked 28th in IGNs list of The Top 50 Avengers, following his debut in the hit Marvel Comics #1, the Human Torch proved popular enough that he soon became one of the first superheroes to headline a solo title. Marvel Mystery Comics ended its run with #92, and The Human Torch with #35, the solo title The Human Torch returned for issues #36-38 before again being canceled. The Torch also appeared in stories in the briefly revived Captain America Comics and Sub-Mariner Comics, the original Human Torch debuted in present-day Marvel Comics continuity in Fantastic Four Annual #4. Human Torch appeared as a character in the 2010-2013 Secret Avengers series. Starting in 2014, the Human Torch began appearing as a character in the Marvel NOW. relaunch of The Invaders. The Human Torch was a created by Professor Phineas T. Horton in his lab in Brooklyn. At a press-conference unveiling, however, Hortons creation burst into flames when exposed to oxygen, the android showed human-like sentience, personality, and awareness, but the spectators feared that he posed a safety threat. Public outcry led to the Torch being sealed in concrete, though he escaped due to a crack that let oxygen seep in, the Torch later first encountered and battled Namor the Sub-Mariner. He would join other heroes as war broke out in Europe, in his solo titles debut issue, he acquired a young partner, Thomas Toro Raymond, the mutant son of two nuclear scientists whose exposure to radiation gave him the ability to control fire. The Human Torch also joined the New York City police force as part of his human cover under the name James Jim Hammond and he would later drop the human name and serve the police force outright as the Human Torch, fighting villains and his off-and-on foe, the Sub-Mariner. Both the Torch and the Sub-Mariner joined with Captain America and his partner Bucky as the core of the team the Invaders. With the Invaders, he was brainwashed by the Red Skull
16.
Paul Gustavson
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Paul Gustavson was an American-immigrant comic-book writer and artist. The Angel would star in more than 100 stories in the 1940s, the Human Bomb would later be acquired by DC Comics and make sporadic appearances as late as 2005. Gustavson was born in Åland, Finland, emigrating to the U. S. with his family at age five, Gustavson graduated from Quentin High School in New York City, and studied civil engineering at Manhattans Cooper Union. Seguing to art at about age 17, he spent two to three years apprenticing under cartoonist Frank Owen, the husband of one of Gustavsons childhood friends in Finland, Gustavson assisted on Owens Colliers Magazine humor spot, Filbert. Gustavson began working in the studio of the quirkily named Harry A Chesler, I started at $12 a week, he told historian Jim Steranko, who interviewed him in the early 1970s. It wasnt much but in those days it was enough for me, I stayed with Chesler for about two years and, during that time, worked with people like Jack Cole, Mort Meskin, Gill Fox, Fred Guardineer, Charlie Biro, and Bob Wood1. After getting married and beginning a family, Gustavson began working for another comics packager, Funnies, the packager also supplied Centaur Publications, for which Gustavson created A-Man, the The Arrow, Fantom of the Fair, and Man of War. Other notable work includes humor features in five issues of DCs Action Comics, starting with issue #5. He later joined Quality Comics, one of DCs predecessors, where publisher Busy Arnold offered $25 a page, there Gustavson created the Human Bomb, aigning the earliest episodes with the pseudonym Paul Carroll. He wrote and drew the feature through September 1946, Gustavson also wrote/drew characters including Magno, the Spider, the Jester, and Rusty Ryan, whose uniform was later copied by Captain America. Gustavson, whose delicate, fine-line art resembles that of fellow Golden Age cartoonist Lou Fine, also worked on Blackhawk, Kid Eternity, Uncle Sam and other characters. From 1942 to 1945, Gustavson did his World War II military service in the Air Tech Training Command and he returned to work for Quality afterward, and in early 1950s for the American Comics Group, doing humor features. Later that decade, he left the field to become a surveyor and his brother Nils collaborated with him on Centaurs Man of War
17.
Angel (Thomas Halloway)
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The Angel is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Angel is a detective who nonetheless wore a superhero costume. Created by artist Paul Gustavson and written either by him or by Ray Gill or another writer, the Angel is one of the central characters of the eight-issue miniseries The Marvels Project, by writer Ed Brubaker and penciler Steve Epting. Thomas mother died in childbirth - consequently he was brought up in the prison where his father was a warden, there he was instructed by a number of experts, as well as a number of the inmates, which gave him a unique insight into the underworld. He earned his moniker when he saved one of these inmates from the chair, though he wore a costume like a superhero, he wore no mask to conceal his identity. He later acquires the Cape of Mercury, which allows him to fly, the Angel was already active by the time of the first Human Torch and Sub-Mariner adventures, and active as far back as 1936. He fights alongside Namor against World War II Nazombies, and was retconned as a member of both the All-Winners Squad and the V-Battalion after the war. The Angel was also possibly a Secret Service agent for a period of time. Confronted by U. S. Agent, Angel was wounded during the battle, however, due to lack of concrete evidence on U. S. Agents part, Angel was let go and resumed his normal life, halloways grandson, Jason Halloway, is given his grandfathers mask and weapons at the end of The Marvels Project #8. In modern times, he was living as a man in and beneath Manhattan. He has also appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes vol,3, #7 and in The Incredible Hulk vol. It is unknown what occurred between the brothers and why Toms brother ended up homeless, Thomas Halloway had no superpowers but he was an excellent acrobat and hand-to-hand combatant, an accomplished disguise artist, occult scholar and pilot and a skilled detective. He also wore the Cape of Mercury, which granted him the ability to fly, an alternate version of the Angel appears in X-Men Noir investigating the death of Jean Grey. This Angel, Thomas Halloway, is depicted as private investigator, Thomas mother died in childbirth - consequently he was brought up in the prison where his father was a warden. There he was instructed by a number of experts, as well as a number of the inmates and he earned his moniker when he saved one of these inmates from the chair. Though he wore a costume like a superhero, he wore no mask to conceal his identity, the final issue reveals that the Angel identity is shared by twins, the idealistic Tom Halloway and his ruthless brother Robert Halloway. Robert sacrifices himself to stop Jean, revealed as having killed Anne-Marie Rankin and taken her place
18.
Bill Everett
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He was a descendant of the poet William Blake and of Richard Everett, founder of Dedham, Massachusetts. William Everett was born May 18,1917 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Everett, a fabulist who spun fanciful stories of his youth, claimed at various points to have graduated from high school in Arizona, or instead to have joined the U. S. Merchant Marine at ages ranging from 15 to 17, among other tales. S and it also includes Edwards son, Massachusetts Congressman William Everett, and the poet William Blake. Everetts father ran a trucking business, and when Everett was young the family bought a large summer home in Kennebunkport. Both parents supported the artist talents of their son, whose reading tastes ran to the rather than pulp novels or comic strips. He would later find artistic influence in commercial magazine artists as Meade Schaeffer, Dean Cornwell. At 12, in 1929, Everett contracted tuberculosis, and was pulled from sixth grade to go with his mother and his sister to Arizona, to recuperate for four months. They then returned to Massachusetts, but a recurrence of the disease sent the trio back West, first to Prescott, Arizona, there, taking his first drink, Everett began the path to teenage alcoholism. Nonetheless, he became well enough by 16 to return home with his mother and sister to the Boston area, where his father, unscathed by the Great Depression, had a large house in West Newton. His alcoholism and natural rebelliousness caused his parents to him from high school at age 16, in his second year. His inability to focus, however, led him to out in 1935. That same year, his father died of appendicitis. Everett knew his father wanted me to be a cartoonist. But that was probably in back of the whole thing, Everett soon became a professional artist on the advertising staff of the Boston newspaper The Herald-Traveler for $12 a week. Soon afterward, he left to become a draftsman for the engineering firm The Brooks System, in Newton. From there he pursued work in Phoenix, Arizona and Los Angeles and he then returned east to New York City, where he again did newspaper advertising art, for the New York Herald-Tribune. He next became art editor for Teck Publications Radio News magazine, then assistant art director under Herm Bollin in Chicago, fired for being, as Everett described, too cocky, he returned to New York where he sought employment as an art director. With no luck at this and desperate for work, he ran into an old Teck colleague, Walter Holze, as Everett recalled in the late 1960s, He asked me if I could do comics
19.
Namor
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Namor the Sub-Mariner is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. During that period, known to historians and fans as the Golden Age of Comic Books, Everett said the characters name was inspired by Samuel Taylor Coleridges poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Everett came up with Namor by writing down noble sounding names backwards, the first known comic book antihero, the Sub-Mariner has remained a historically important and relatively popular Marvel character. He has served directly with the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, the Invaders, the Defenders, the X-Men, and the Illuminati as well as serving as a foil to them on occasion. Namor the Sub-Mariner first appeared in April 1939 in the prototype for a planned giveaway comic titled Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, the only eight known samples among those created to send to theater owners were discovered in the estate of the deceased publisher in 1974. When the giveaway idea fell through, creator Bill Everett used the character for Marvel Comics #1, the final panel of the earlier, unpublished eight-page Sub-Mariner story had included a Continued Next Week box that reappeared, sans lettering, in an expanded 12-page story. The series Marvel Comics was retitled Marvel Mystery Comics with issue #2, in his first appearances Namor was an enemy of the United States. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Namor was a freak in the service of chaos, although the Sub-Mariner acted like a villain, his cause had some justice, and readers reveled in his assaults on civilization. His enthusiastic fans werent offended by the carnage he created as he wrecked everything from ships to skyscrapers, everetts antihero would eventually battle Carl Burgos android superhero, the Human Torch, when in 1940 Namor threatened to sink the island of Manhattan underneath a tidal wave. When the U. S. entered World War II, Namor would aid the Allies of World War II against Adolf Hitler and the Axis powers. Supporting characters included Betty Dean, a New York City policewoman introduced in Marvel Mystery Comics #3, who was a steady companion, Namor starred in the Golden Age comic book Sub-Mariner Comics, published quarterly, then thrice-yearly, and finally bimonthly, from issues #1–32. A backup feature each issue starred the detective-superhero the Angel, along with many other Timely characters, Namor disappeared a few years after the end of World War II and the decline in popularity of superhero comics. Both these super-groups were built around the core of Namor, Captain America, the Sub-Mariner experienced a brief revival in the mid-1950s at Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel. Along with Captain America and the original Human Torch, he was revived in Young Men #24, soon afterward, Sub-Mariner Comics was revived with issues #33–42. During this time, Namora had her own spin-off series, a planned live-action television program starring Namor did not appear and the revival of the comic book series was cancelled a second time. Storm helps him recover his memory, and Namor immediately returns to his undersea kingdom – identified, for the first time in the Marvel canon, finding it destroyed from nuclear testing, Namor assumes his people are scattered and that he will never find them. He again becomes an antihero during this period, as two elements – a thirst for vengeance and a quest for identity – would dominate the Sub-Mariner stories of the 1960s. He was both a villain and a hero – striking against the race who destroyed his home
20.
Motion Picture Funnies Weekly
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Motion Picture Funnies Weekly is a 36-page American comic book magazine created in 1939, and designed to be a promotional giveaway in movie theaters. Motion Picture Funnies Weekly was produced by First Funnies, Inc. one of the 1930s–1940s Golden Age of comic books packagers that would create outsourced comics on demand for publishers. The company, founded by Centaur Publications art director Lloyd Jacquet and later named Funnies Inc. planned to be a publisher itself, with Motion Picture Funnies Weekly as its initial product. While the postal indicia gives the publisher as First Funnies, Inc. the back cover, the comic, with black-and-white pages and a color cover and designed to be distributed to children in movies theaters, was never published, although samples were printed to show theater-owners. Either eight or nine samples exist, all but one were discovered at the late Jacquets estate sale in 1974. One sample, dubbed the Pay Copy, contains written payment information for the creators who contributed to the comic. Additionally, proof sheets were found there for the covers of issues #2–4, the discovery of the hitherto forgotten Motion Picture Funnies Weekly rewrote an early part of the history of comics, and caused a sensation at the time. This comic was the first item produced by the Lloyd V. Jacquet art shop, Funnies and it was the idea of those who operated Funnies, Inc. to distribute Motion Picture Funnies Weekly through movie theaters to attract customers. Apparently the theater owners thought little of the venture and the project was unsuccessful, no copy was filed with the Library of Congress. The final panel on page 8 contained a box reading Continued Next Week, the box remained, sans words and colored in, when reprinted as part of the 12-page story in Marvel Comics #1, and reprinted as the original eight-page story in Marvels The Invaders #20. As historian Les Daniels writes, Early in 1939 a bizarre character called The Sub-Mariner, had been featured in the black-and-white Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, a failed promotional giveaway that Funnies, Inc. had produced. The creator of that story was a young artist from Massachusetts named Bill Everett. Became the first Marvel hero, he was created by Everett before any other comic book published by the Goodman group. Everett and his fish-man might have been dead in the water, but happily for all concerned, the story from the theater giveaway was repackaged for the first issue of Goodmans first comic book. Kar Toon and his Copy Cat by Martin Flichock, and an activity page, Fun-o-graphs, by Vernon Miller, cartoonist Fred Schwab drew the cover. Another cartoonist, Martin Filchock, drew the covers of #2 and #4, Martin Filchock at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived from the original November 8,2011 Nelson, Matt, Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1, The Chicken or the Egg
21.
Ka-Zar (comics)
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Ka-Zar is the name of two jungle-dwelling fictional comic book characters published in the United States. The first Ka-Zar was named David Rand, and debuted in 1936, in 1939 he was adapted for his second iteration, a comic book character for Timely Comics, the 1930s and 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics. The second and more prominent Ka-Zar was named Kevin Plunder, and he is a heroic character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The second Ka-Zar started as a character, but reminiscent of both Tarzan and of writer-artist Joe Kuberts 1950s caveman character, Tor. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in The X-Men #10, he lives in the dinosaur-populated Savage Land, Kevin Plunder refers to himself as the Lord of the Savage Land, a phrase others have adopted, but this is not a formal title. Ka-Zar is Kevin Reginald, Lord Plunder, born in Castle Plunder, Kentish Town, London and he is the eldest son of Lord Robert Plunder, the English nobleman who discovered the Savage Land. Ka-Zar means Son of the Tiger in the language of the Man-Apes, Ka-Zar and Zabu are constant partners. Ka-Zar became a hunter, trapper, and fisherman, living off the wild land. In the Savage Land, some territories are populated by human or humanoid tribes, and while most of them are on friendly terms with Ka-Zar, some of them consider him an outlander. The original X-Men discovered the Savage Land, and Ka-Zar encountered them and he then encountered Daredevil for the first time, and battled his brother Parnival, who had become the supervillain called the Plunderer. He first battled Magnetos Savage Land Mutates alongside the X-Men and he then encountered the Hulk for the first time, and battled Umbu the Unliving. Spider-Mans memory was restored during the fight, with Ka-Zar subsequently apologizing for the mistake, Ka-Zar then battled Kraven the Hunter for the first time. Shortly after this encounter, Ka-Zar encounters Zaladane and Garokk for the first time, after the Savage Land became known to outsiders after the visit by the X-Men, many people began traveling to the territory. Ka-Zar has also become involved with female visitors, the first being S. H. I. E. L. D. He first battled A. I. M. and met the Man-Thing and he then met Spider-Man once again, and battled the extraterrestrial Gog. He next met the adventurer Shanna OHara and he battled Klaw, and visited other dimensions. He and his allies faded mysteriously from that dimension, then teamed with the X-Men to battle Zaladane. Ka-Zar, during a search for the lost Zabu, later discovered Pangaea, Ka-Zar and Shanna began to gradually fall in love
22.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
23.
Joe Simon
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Joseph Henry Joe Simon was an American comic book writer, artist, editor, and publisher. Simon created or co-created many important characters in the 1930s–1940s Golden Age of Comic Books and served as the first editor of Timely Comics, Simon and Kirby creations for other comics publishers include Boys Ranch, Fighting American and the Fly. In the late 1940s, the duo created the field of romance comics, Simon, who went on to work in advertising and commercial art, also founded the satirical magazine Sick in 1960, remaining with it for a decade. He briefly returned to DC Comics in the 1970s, Simon was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1999. Joe Simon was born in 1913 as Hymie Simon and raised in Rochester, New York, the son of Harry Simon, who had emigrated from Leeds, England, in 1905, and Rose, whom Harry met in the United States. Harry Simon moved to Rochester, then a center where his younger brother Isaac lived. A poor Jewish family, the Simons lived in a flat which doubled as my fathers tailor shop. Upon graduation in 1932, Simon was hired by Rochester Journal-American art director Adolph Edler as an assistant, replacing Simons future comics colleague Al Liederman, between production duties, he did occasional sports and editorial cartoons for the paper. Two years later, Simon took an art job at the Syracuse Herald in Syracuse, New York, for $45 a week, supplying sports, the paper soon closed, and Simon, at 23, ventured to New York City. There, Simon took a room at the boarding house Haddon Hall, in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan and he also found freelance work at Macfadden Publications, doing illustrations for True Story and other magazines. That day, Simon received his first comics assignment, a seven-page Western, four days later, Jacquet asked Simon, at the behest of Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman, to create a flaming superhero like Timelys successful character the Human Torch. From this came Simons first comic-book hero, the Fiery Mask, Simon used the pseudonym Gregory Sykes on at least one story during this time, King of the Jungle, starring Trojak The Tiger Man, in Timelys Daring Mystery Comics #2. During this time, Simon met Fox Feature Syndicate comics artist Jack Kirby, speaking at a 1998 Comic-Con International panel in San Diego, California, Simon recounted the meeting, I had a suit and Jack thought that was really nice. Hed never seen a book artist with a suit before. The reason I had a suit was that my father was a tailor, Jacks father was a tailor too, but he made pants. Anyway, I was doing work and I had a little office in New York about ten blocks from DC and Fox s offices. So, of course, I loved Jacks work and the first time I saw it I couldnt believe what I was seeing and he asked if we could do some freelance work together. I was delighted and I took him over to my little office and we worked from the second issue of Blue Bolt. and remained a team across the next two decades
24.
Jack Kirby
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Jack Kirby, born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor, widely regarded as one of the mediums major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. Kirby grew up in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and he entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, during the 1940s, Kirby, generally teamed with Simon, created numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. After serving in World War II, Kirby produced work for a number of publishers, including DC, Harvey Comics, at Crestwood Publications he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company, Mainline Publications. Ultimately, Kirby found himself at Timelys 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, there, in the 1960s, Kirby and writer-editor Stan Lee co-created many of the companys major characters, including the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk. The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim, but in 1970, feeling he had been treated unfairly, at DC, Kirby created his Fourth World saga, which spanned several comics titles. While these series proved unsuccessful and were canceled, the Fourth Worlds New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe. Kirby returned to Marvel briefly in the mid-to-late 1970s, then ventured into television animation, Kirby was married to Rosalind Roz Goldstein in 1942. They had four children, and remained married until his death from heart failure in 1994, the Jack Kirby Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor. Jack Kirby was born Jacob Kurtzberg on August 28,1917, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his parents, Rose and Benjamin Kurtzberg, were Austrian Jewish immigrants, and his father earned a living as a garment factory worker. In his youth, Kirby desired to escape his neighborhood and he liked to draw, and sought out places he could learn more about art. He was rejected by the Educational Alliance because he drew too fast with charcoal and he later found an outlet for his skills by drawing cartoons for the newspaper of the Boys Brotherhood Republic, a miniature city on East 3rd Street where street kids ran their own government. At age 14, Kirby enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, I wasnt the kind of student that Pratt was looking for. They wanted people who would work on something forever, I didnt want to work on any project forever. I intended to get things done, Kirby joined the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate in 1936, working there on newspaper comic strips and on single-panel advice cartoons such as Your Health Comes First. He remained until late 1939, when he began working for the animation company Fleischer Studios as an inbetweener on Popeye cartoons. I went from Lincoln to Fleischer, he recalled, from Fleischer I had to get out in a hurry because I couldnt take that kind of thing, describing it as a factory in a sense, like my fathers factory. Around that time, the American comic book industry was booming, Kirby began writing and drawing for the comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of firms creating comics on demand for publishers
25.
Syd Shores
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Syd Shores began drawing in childhood, fascinated by the comic-strip art of Alex Raymonds Flash Gordon and Hal Fosters Prince Valiant. He went to graduate from Brooklyns Pratt Institute, where he had met his wife-to-be, for months I was just a joe-boy, watching and learning and helping wherever I could. I studied Mac Raboy for hours on end — he was slow and meticulous about everything, doing only a single panel of artwork a day. After four months I tried my own hand at work, doing a piece called The Terror. I was proud of it then, of course, but in looking back it really was a terror. The Terror still held enough promise that it saw print in Mystic Comics #5 from Timely Comics, the 1940s precursor of Marvel Comics, Timely editor Joe Simon hired Shores as the fledgling companys third employee. Shores took over as penciller on Captain America Comics, inked by Vince Alascia. For the time that I worked on staff for Marvel from 1940 to 1948, I worked in association with Vince Alascia. He was used to my style and worked well with it. Shores also inked two of Kirbys Golden Age Vision stories, in Marvel Mystery Comics #21-22, and the cover, Shores said, Jack Kirby influenced my sense of dramatics. Shores penciled stories of the Vision and the Patriot in Marvel Mystery Comics, Comics, and the Captain America portions of the All-Winners Squad stories in the All Winners Comics #19 and 21. After four months at a convalescent hospital in Warwick, England, he was reassigned to an engineering outfit and he recalled in 1970 that after Al left, I started pencilling from then on until the Army decided it could use my services to help win World War II. It seemed they needed a lot of men for the infantry at the time, I was called up, and so my artistic eye was used to qualify me as an expert marksman in an infantry regiment. Curiously it was the regiment that Jack Kirby was in. We never saw each other in combat, and only recently did we find that we were in the same outfit. Comic-book artist Gene Colan recalled in 1999, My first real professional start in the business began in the summer of 1946. He was the man in the Art Department of Marvel Comics. I was flying by the seat of my pants, hoping that everything would turn out
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Dark Circle Comics
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Dark Circle Comics is an imprint of Archie Comics Publications, Inc. Under its previous name, Red Circle Comics, it published non-Archie characters, the term Red Circle characters is also used to refer to Archie Comics superheroes. When this failed, the characters reverted to Archie Comics who launched the imprint digitally and they retired this in late 2014 and was relaunched as Dark Circle Comics imprint in 2015. MLJs first comic published in November 1939 was Blue Ribbon Comics with the first half full color. In January 1940, Pep Comics debuted with the Shield, the first USA patriotic comic book hero, created by writer and managing editor Harry Shorten, top Notch Comics was launched in December 1941. The cover feature of Pep was the Shield until March 1944, the Shield was a forerunner of Joe Simon and Jack Kirbys Captain America, debuting 14 months earlier. MLJs Golden Age heroes also included the Black Hood, who appeared in pulp magazines and a radio show, and The Wizard. The Shield and The Hangman shared the cover with Archie with Pep Comics issue 36, Archie increasingly was given the cover until issue #51, when he took over the cover permanently. The Archie character soon dominated MLJ publications, pushing out the superheroes, the company was later renamed after the character. DC Comics lawyers, citing similarity to Superman, forced Archie Comics to stop publishing Private Strong after two issues, Adventures of The Fly appeared two months after Private Strong #1 and ran for 30 issues under that title, until October,1964. The Adventures of the Jaguar began in September 1961 and ran for 15 issues until November 1963. During this time, Archie Comics licensed the 1930s pulp character The Shadow, Archies version of The Shadow ran for eight issues. In addition, the Jaguar, The Fly, and his partner Flygirl appeared in issues of Pep Comics, much of the output during the Adventure Series period after the departure of Simon and Kirby was by writer Robert Bernstein and artists John Rosenberger and John Giunta. The shift to the Mighty imprint included changing the title Adventures of The Fly into Fly Man, the Mighty Crusaders spun off into their own title after three Fly Man appearances. The Wizard and the Hangman, who had been heroes during their MLJ publication, in The Mighty Crusaders #4, many of the old MLJ heroes made cameo appearances. In November 1966, with issue 40, Fly Man changed its name again to Mighty Comics, similarly, the final issue of Mighty Crusaders was taken over by a solo adventure of Steel Sterling. The Mighty Comics Group line was cancelled in late 1967, Red Circle Comics was launched in the late 1970s as a fantasy/horror imprint but switched over to superheroes in the 1980s. The line was first used to publish Chilling Adventures in Sorcery in October 1973, with the third issue, the title was renamed and published under Red Circle Comics
27.
Archie Comics
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Archie Comic Publications, Inc. is an American comic book publisher headquartered in Pelham, New York. The company is known for its many titles featuring fictional teenagers including Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina Spellman, and Josie, the company began in 1939 as MLJ Comics, which primarily published superhero comics. The initial Archie characters were created in 1941 by publisher John L. Goldwater and artist Bob Montana and they first appeared in Pep Comics #22. With the creation of Archie, publisher John Goldwater hoped to appeal to fans of the Andy Hardy movies starring Mickey Rooney, Archie Comics was also the title of the companys longest-running publication, the first issue appearing with a cover date of Winter 1942. Starting with issue #114, the title was shortened to simply Archie, the flagship series was relaunched from issue #1 in July 2015 with a new look and design suited for a new generation of readers. Archie Comics characters and concepts have also appeared in films, television programs, cartoons. Maurice Coyne, Louis Silberkleit, and John L. Goldwater formed MLJ Magazines, the company name was derived from the initials of the partners first names. Coyne served as MLJs bookkeeper and chief financial officer, Coyne and Silberkleit had been partners in Columbia Publications, a pulp company that published its last pulp in the late 1950s. Silberkleit had a degree from St. Johns University, was a licensed and registered pharmacist. His efforts were focused on the business, printing, separating, distribution, Goldwater was one of the founders of the Comics Magazine Association of America, and he served as its president for 25 years. Goldwater was also a commissioner of the Anti-Defamation League. MLJs first comic book, published in November 1939, was Blue Ribbon Comics, with the first half of the book in full color, top Notch Comics was launched in December 1939. In January 1940, Pep Comics debuted with the Shield, the first USA patriotic comic book hero, created by writer and managing editor Harry Shorten, the Shield was a forerunner of Joe Simons and Jack Kirbys Captain America, being published 14 months earlier. Until March 1944, the feature of Pep was the Shield. The Andy Hardy movies were an inspiration for Goldwater to have a book about a relatable normal person. Teenaged Archibald Chick Andrews debuted with Betty Cooper and Jughead Jones in Pep Comics #22, in a story by writer Vic Bloom, Archie soon became MLJ Magazines headliner, which led to the company changing its name to Archie Comic Publications. Siberkleit and Coyne discontinued Columbia Publications in 1960, in the late 1950s, Archie Publishing launched its Archie Adventure Series line with a new version of the Shield and two new characters. Publisher Jim Warren received a letter on December 6,1961, accusing Help. of copyright infringement, Warren was unable to recall the magazine, but he agreed to settle out of court rather than risk an expensive lawsuit
28.
Jess Nevins
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John J. Nevins, better known as Jess Nevins, is an American author and librarian. He was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Nevins is the author of the World Fantasy Award-nominated Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana, and other works on Victoriana and pulp fiction. He is also known for his extensive comic book annotations. He is a librarian at Lone Star College-Tomball. In the case of Kingdom Come, Nevins identifies most of the featured characters from the future of the DCU, noting their predecessors. Moore said of Nevins work, It was only when someone finally conveyed these internet postings to me and that I began to understand the invaluable asset that Jess represented. I realised that if we had tracking down all of the references for the readers, then we could be as obscure, Moore sees these companion volumes as having a necessary organic place in the body of the work itself. In-between volumes of LoEG, Nevins has tackled Moore and Gene Has Top Ten, Nevins also began to annotate Neil Gaiman and Andy Kuberts 2003 mini-series 1602 from Marvel Comics. Nevins has also published Impossible Territories a book of annotations for the 2007 LoEG graphic novel The Black Dossier, Nevins is also a contributor to/collaborator on the ever-expanding Wold Newton Universe, under the guidance of Win Scott Eckert at the Wold Newton Universe webpage. He revised his annotations for The Black Dossier into Impossible Territories and he is also writing Strange Tales of the Century, for Evil Hat Productions, a supplement to Evil Hats RPG Spirit of the Century. It will deal with pulp fiction from around the world and outline the various archetypes and the historical setting
29.
Marvel Tales
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Marvel Tales is the title of three American comic-book series published by Marvel Comics, the first of them from the companys 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics. It is additionally the title of two unrelated, short-lived fantasy/science fiction magazines, the first publication using the title was the amateur magazine Marvel Tales, also known as Marvel Tales of Science and Fantasy, published by Fantasy Publications in Everett, Pennsylvania. The magazine ran five issues cover-dated May 1934 – Summer 1935, the next was a pulp magazine from future Marvel Comics publisher Martin Goodman. The title changed again, to Marvel Stories, for two final issues, the series was briefly revived from 1950 to 1952, when three further issues were published as Marvel Stories and three more as Marvel Science Fiction. In comic books, the first Marvel Tales was the continuation of the superhero anthology Marvel Mystery Comics, published by Marvel Comics initial iteration. This series ran through issue #92 and it then became Marvel Tales, an anthology of horror and fantasy stories, beginning with issue #93, with the bulk of this series run published by Marvels 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics. It ran 67 issues, through #159, ending with the collapse of Atlass distributor, American News Company, in the 1960s, during the Silver Age of Comics, the series Marvel Tales began as a summer special, Marvel Tales Annual, for its first two issues. Like typical annuals of the time, these were 25¢ giants, in 1966, the series became a bimonthly and later monthly reprint title, featuring Spider-Man stories primarily, from # 3–291. The first annual was a 72-page reprint anthology that gathered superhero origin stories from the two years, as well as a war comics story. An introduction to the Marvel Universe of the time, it contained complete debut stories of Spider-Man, Ant-Man. Iron Man, and Thor, and excerpts of the first appearances of the Hulk, Giant-Man, the version of Iron Man. Beginning with issue #3, the title was published bimonthly, continuing in the 25¢-giant format through #33. Through issue #12, Marvel Tales reprinted some of the earliest issues of The Amazing Spider-Man, as well as some of the earliest stories of Thor, Ant-Man, and Fantastic Four member the Human Torch. The Ant-Man stories were replaced after a few issues by anthological science-fiction stories framed as Tales of the Wasp and these in turn were replaced by 1950s Atlas Comics reprints of the superhero Marvel Boy in issues #13–16. That was dropped with #17, when 18-page Thor reprints replaced the earlier 13-page Thor reprints, in addition, the reprints had minor details and references changed in the stories to contemporary ones. Marvel Tales was cancelled with issue #291, Marvel published a flip book titled Marvel Tales Flip Magazine reprinting Spider-Man stories from The Amazing Spider-Man vol.2 on one side, and, on the other, Araña, from Amazing Fantasy vol. 2, through issue #6, and Runaways through the final issue, list of defunct American periodicals Atlas Tales The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Marvel Science Stories, Galactic Central, Magazine Data File, p.223. Archive of The Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Index, Part III, The Grandiose Years, Samcci Comics, September 21,2004
30.
Daring Mystery Comics
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Daring Mystery Comics is an American comic-book series published by Timely Comics, a predecessor of Marvel Comics, during the 1930-1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Primarily a superhero anthology, it ran eight issues from 1940 to 1942, and is notable for work by Carl Burgos, Bill Everett, Alex Schomburg, Daring Mystery Comics came from publisher Martin Goodmans Timely Comics, which by the early 1960s would evolve into Marvel Comics. Timelys first in-house editor, Joe Simon, relaunched the series with issue #6 as his project for Goodman. Following Daring Mystery Comics #1-8 and a hiatus, the series numbering continued under different titles. In a quirk of publishing involving U. S, an anthology with no regular star, the series included a number of obscure, mostly single-appearance features. Due to Golden Age comics work often going unsigned, comprehensive credits are difficult if not impossible to ascertain, and in early cases. All three heroes were introduced in issue #7, in the 1970s, the Blue Diamond resurfaced in period stories in Marvel Premiere, as a member of the homefront World War II team the Liberty Legion. He also appeared in writer Paul Jenkins 2011 miniseries All-Winners Squad, vassallo believes marked a collaboration with another, unknown artist. The final three issues contained work by the popular team of writer-inker Joe Simon and penciler and sometimes co-scripter Jack Kirby. Issue #7 contained an eight-page Simon & Kirby story introducing the obscure Captain Daring. k. a, the comics first five covers were by artist Alex Schomburg. Daring Mystery Comics at the Comic Book DB Steranko, Jim, the Steranko History of Comics 1
31.
Mystic Comics
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Mystic Comics is the name of three comic book series published by the company that would eventually become Marvel Comics. The first two series were superhero anthologies published by Marvels 1930-1940s predecessor, Timely Comics, during what fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books, the third, simply titled Mystic, was a horror fiction-suspense anthology from Marvels 1950s forerunner, Atlas Comics. The first two series titled Mystic came during the 1940s Golden Age of Comic Books from publisher Martin Goodman, the first four issues were nominally edited by Goodman, but the contents came almost entirely from either the Funnies, Inc. or Harry A Chesler studios. Editor Joe Simon relaunched the series after a gap, with future Marvel chief Stan Lee taking over with issue #8 or #9 after Simon left the company. The Destroyer was cover-featured for the last half of the run, the Black Widow is comic books first super-powered, costumed female character, She appeared in Mystic Comics #4 and #5, as well as #7. An antihero who killed evildoers to deliver their souls to Satan, her master, she is unrelated to Marvel Comics later superspy character, Black Widow. The robot hero Flexo the Rubber Man, the Black Marvel, by artist Al Gabriele and a writer. The non-superhero trio of detectives the 3Xs comprised Timelys first team feature, Timelys second series titled Mystic Comics was a shorter-lived superhero anthology that ran four issues. This later revival was edited by Vincent Fago as Lee had left for duty in early 1942. Paul Gustavsons costumed detective the Angel was cover-featured for the first three, with one or two stories in each, and the Young Allies on issue #4, Timely star the Human Torch appeared in the first two issues, and time traveler Tommy Tyme in the first three. The Destroyer was the character with a story every issue. Titled simply Mystic and published by Marvels 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, Mystic debuted shortly before Atlas Strange Tales, increasing the companys science fiction/fantasy/horror line from four titles to six. The series contributors included artists Bill Everett and John Severin, Mystic ran until the collapse of American News Company, Atlas distributor, which forced Atlas to undergo drastic restructuring and the cancellation of most of its titles. Marvel Masterworks, Golden Age Mystic Comics Volume 1 Nevins, Jess, a Guide to Golden Age Marvel Characters
32.
Red Raven Comics
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Red Raven Comics was a title of Timely Comics. Only a single issue was published, cover-dated August 1940 and it was replaced by the title The Human Torch, which began with issue #2, continuing the numbering inherited from Red Raven Comics. After this issue, the character, avian superman Red Raven. The first Human Top was also introduced in issue, as was a character named Mercury, presented as the Roman god but later retconned to be Makkari. Also introduced were Magar the Mystic, the all-seeing Eternal Brain, space adventurer Comet Pierce, none of these characters were continued in the Human Torch title. The Human Top had one appearance, in 1942 in Tough Kid Squad. Red Raven Comics #1 figured in the documentary Comic-Con Episode IV, A Fans Hope, part of which follows comic-book maven Chuck Rozanskis quest to sell a copy for $500,000
33.
Captain America
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Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 from Timely Comics, Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950, since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication. Captain America wears a costume that bears an American flag motif, near the end of the war, he was trapped in ice and survived in suspended animation until he was revived in the present day. Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character to have appeared in media outside comics with the release of the 1944 movie serial, in 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. I wrote the name Super American at the bottom of the page, Simon said in his autobiography, there were too many Supers around. Captain America had a sound to it. There werent a lot of captains in comics, the boy companion was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team. Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead, there were two young artists from Connecticut that had made a strong impression on me. Al Avison and Al Gabriele often worked together and were successful in adapting their individual styles to each other. Actually, their work was not too far from Kirbys, if they worked on it, and if one inker tied the three styles together, I believed the final product would emerge as quite uniform. The two Als were eager to join in on the new Captain America book, but Jack Kirby was visibly upset, youre still number one, Jack, I assured him. Its just a matter of a deadline for the first issue. Ill make the deadline, Jack promised, ill pencil it myself and make the deadline. I hadnt expected this kind of reaction, but I acceded to Kirbys wishes and, it turned out, was lucky that I did. There might have been two Als, but there was only one Jack Kirby, I wrote the first Captain America book with penciled lettering right on the drawing boards, with very rough sketches for figures and backgrounds. Kirby did his thing, building the muscular anatomy, adding ideas, then he tightened up the penciled drawings, adding detailed backgrounds, faces and figures. Al Liederman would ink that first issue, which was lettered by Simon and Kirbys regular letterer and we wanted to have our say too
34.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
35.
Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
36.
All-American Comics
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All-American Comics was the flagship title of comic book publisher All-American Publications, one of the forerunners of DC Comics. It ran for 102 issues from 1939 to 1948, characters created for the title, including Green Lantern, the Atom, the Red Tornado, Doctor Mid-Nite, and Sargon the Sorcerer, later became mainstays of the DC comics line. All-American Comics published 102 issues from April 1939 to October 1948, the series was an anthology which included a mixture of new material and reprints of newspaper strips. Editor Sheldon Mayers Scribbly was introduced in the first issue as was Hop Harrigan, the Golden Age Green Lantern was introduced by writer Bill Finger and artist Martin Nodell in issue #16. The Golden Age Atom debuted in #19 and Mayer created the original Red Tornado in #20, Doctor Mid-Nite first appeared in #25. Alfred Bester and Paul Reinman created the super villain Solomon Grundy in #61. Other features included Toonerville Folks, Mutt and Jeff, and Ripleys Believe It or Not, All-American Publications and all its titles were purchased by National Periodicals in 1946. Responding to the demand for Western comics, All-American Comics changed title, the retitled series had Johnny Thunder as the lead feature. It changed title and format again to All-American Men of War as of #127, a 1999 one-shot issue was a part of the storyline Justice Society Returns. All-American Comics at the Comic Book DB All-American Comics at Mikes Amazing World of Comics
