In a piston engine, either a timing belt or timing chain or set of timing gears is a perishable component used to synchronize the rotation of the crankshaft and the camshaft. This synchronisation ensures that the engine's valves open and close at the correct times in relation to the position of the pistons.
A timing belt being installed
A timing chain (installed around the two circular cam sprockets)
Two valves bent due to a broken timing belt
An overhead valve (OHV) engine, sometimes called a pushrod engine, is a piston engine whose valves are located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with flathead engines, where the valves were located below the combustion chamber in the engine block.
1894 prototype overhead valve Diesel engine
1904 patent for Buick overhead valve engine
V8 engine (with intake manifold removed), showing the camshaft, pushrods, and rockers