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Neo-futurism
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Neo-futurism is a late 20th–early 21st century movement in the arts, design, and architecture. It could be seen as a departure from the attitude of post-modernism and represents a belief in a better future. This avant-garde movement is a rethinking of the aesthetic and functionality of rapidly growing cities. In the Western countries, futurist architecture evolved into Art Deco, the Googie movement and high-tech architecture, pioneered in the late 1960s and early 70s by American architects Buckminster Fuller and John C. Portman, Jr. Jean-Louis Cohen has defined neo-futurism as a corollary to technology, being the structures built today byproducts of new materials to create previously impossible forms
2.
Sumida, Tokyo
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Sumida is a special ward located in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Sumida City, as of May 1,2015, the ward has an estimated population of 257,300 and a population density of 18,690 persons per km². The total area is 13.77 km², Sumida is in the northeastern part of the mainland portion of Tokyo. The Sumida and Arakawa are the rivers, and form parts of its boundaries. Its neighbors are all wards, Adachi to the north, Arakawa to the northwest, Katsushika to the east, Edogawa to the southeast, Taitō to the west, Chūō to the southwest. Tokyo Skytree, A digital terrestrial television broadcasting tower used by NHK and it is the tallest freestanding tower in the world and the tallest man-made structure in Japan. Eko-in, Buddhist temple Honjo Matsuzaka-cho Park, the residence of Kira Yoshinaka stood on this site, the Forty-seven Ronin took his life during the Genroku era. Hokusai-dori, with a series of prints by famed Japanese artist Hokusai who was born in the Kamezawa area of Sumida and it was previously the wards Honjo and Mukojima. Mukojima, formed in 1932, contained the town of Sumida. Asahi Breweries has its headquarters in Azuma-bashi, Japan Tobacco has a plant in Yokokawa. Keisei Electric Railway has its headquarters in Oshiage, lion Corporation, the detergent and toiletries giant, has its home office in Honjo. Tobu Railway has its headquarters in Oshiage, as of 2005, the mayor is Noboru Yamazaki. The council consists of 34 members.6 Mukōjima Route No, public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education
3.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Japanese yen
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The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the exchange market after the United States dollar. It is also used as a reserve currency after the U. S. dollar, the euro. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japans feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, the former han became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882, following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value. To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per $1 as part of the Bretton Woods system, when that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per $1 in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis, arriving at a value of ¥227 per $1 by 1980. Since 1973, the Japanese government has maintained a policy of intervention. The Japanese government focuses on an export market, and tries to ensure a low yen value through a trade surplus. Since that time, however, the yen has greatly decreased in value, the Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has an extreme anti-inflation policy. Yen derives from the Japanese word 圓, which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them silver rounds for their circular shapes. The coins and the name appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圓 with 元, the Japanese continued to use the same word, the spelling and pronunciation yen is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited Japan at the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period spelled words this way, ゑん /wen/ in historical kana orthography. In the 16th century, Japanese /e/ and /we/ both had been pronounced and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them ye, some time thereafter, by the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the pronunciation. In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn, following Medhurst, spelled all es as ye in his A Japanese and that was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling yen. Hepburn revised most of yes to e in the 3rd edition in order to mirror the contemporary pronunciation and this was probably already fixed and has remained so ever since
6.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
7.
Nikken Sekkei
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Nikken Sekkei Ltd. is a Japanese architecture firm headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The company has its origins in a design company founded in 1900 as part of Japans Sumitomo conglomerate. Now a private corporation owned by its employees, Nikken Sekkei has completed more than 20,000 projects in some 40 countries. It is also responsible for the redesign of Camp Nou, the largest stadium in Europe
8.
Obayashi Corporation
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Obayashi Corporation is one of five major Japanese construction companies along with Shimizu Corporation, Takenaka Corporation, Kajima Corporation, and Taisei Corporation. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is one of the Nikkei 225 corporations and its headquarters are in Minato, Tokyo. Established in 1892 in Osaka, Obayashi operates in Japan and other countries, especially Southeast Asia and Australia, as well as the United States, major landmarks in Japan include the Kyoto Station Building and Tokyo Broadcasting System Center in Tokyo, as well as the Tokyo Skytree. Obayashi has 86 subsidiaries and 26 affiliated companies in Japan, Europe, in February 2012 it announced plans to build a space elevator by 2050. W
9.
Tower
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A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are not built to be habitable but to serve other functions. Towers can be stand alone structures or be supported by adjacent buildings or can be a feature on top of a structure or building. Old English torr is from Latin turris via Old French tor, the Latin term together with Greek τύρσις was loaned from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language, connected with the Illyrian toponym Βου-δοργίς. The oldest known may be the stone tower in walls of Neolithic Jericho. Some of the earliest towers were ziggurats, which existed in Sumerian architecture since the 4th millennium BC, the most famous ziggurats include the Sumerian Ziggurat of Ur, built the 3rd millennium BC, and the Etemenanki, one of the most famous examples of Babylonian architecture. The latter was built in Babylon during the 2nd millennium BC and was considered the tallest tower of the ancient world, some of the earliest surviving examples are the broch structures in northern Scotland, which are conical towerhouses. These and other examples from Phoenician and Roman cultures emphasised the use of a tower in fortification, for example, the name of the Moroccan city of Mogador, founded in the first millennium BC, is derived from the Phoenician word for watchtower. The Romans utilised octagonal towers as elements of Diocletians Palace in Croatia, which monument dates to approximately 300 AD, while the Servian Walls, the Chinese used towers as integrated elements of the Great Wall of China in 210 BC during the Qin Dynasty. Towers were also an important element of castles, other well known towers include the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Pisa, Italy built from 1173 until 1372 and the Two Towers in Bologna, Italy built from 1109 until 1119. The Himalayan Towers are stone towers located chiefly in Tibet built approximately 14th to 15th century, up to a certain height, a tower can be made with the supporting structure with parallel sides. However, above a height, the compressive load of the material is exceeded. This can be avoided if the support structure tapers up the building. A second limit is that of buckling—the structure requires sufficient stiffness to avoid breaking under the loads it faces, many very tall towers have their support structures at the periphery of the building, which greatly increases the overall stiffness. A third limit is dynamic, a tower is subject to varying winds, vortex shedding and these are often dealt with through a combination of simple strength and stiffness, as well as in some cases tuned mass dampers to damp out movements. Varying or tapering the outer aspect of the tower with height avoids vibrations due to vortex shedding occurring along the building simultaneously. Although not correctly called towers many modern skyscraper are often called towers, in the United Kingdom, tall domestic buildings are referred to as tower blocks. In the United States, the original World Trade Center had the nickname the Twin Towers, the tower throughout history has provided its users with an advantage in surveying defensive positions and obtaining a better view of the surrounding areas, including battlefields
10.
Canton Tower
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The tower was topped out in 2009 and it became operational on 29 September 2010 for the 2010 Asian Games. The tower briefly held the title of tallest tower in the world, replacing the CN Tower and it was the tallest structure in China prior to the topping out of Shanghai Tower on 3 August 2013. It is now the second tallest tower and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world, there had been a long discussion about the naming of the Canton Tower since the commencement of its construction in 2005 after the groundbreaking ceremony. In September 2009, at the request of the towers investor, the contest attracted over 180,000 valid entries, among which Haixin Tower was awarded the first prize. The name alluded to the historical setting as the start of the Maritime Silk Road. However, this name was considered obscure to people unfamiliar with the history of the city, Local residents continued to refer to the tower by various nicknames including Slim Waist, Twisted Firewood and Yangdianfeng. The naming was reconsidered in 2010, after surveying a broad range of public opinions, Canton Tower was decided as the official name and announced at the end of September 2010. The new English name, alluded to the prosperous past, was considered the most identifying. Guangzhou Tower was constructed by Guangzhou New Television Tower Group who were responsible for the construction, in 2004, Information Based Architecture and Arup won the international competition, in which many internationally large architectural offices participated. The same year the IBA – Arup team in Amsterdam, developed the concept design. In later stages, IBA cooperated mainly with the local Chinese office of Arup, subsequently, in 2005, the groundbreaking of the Canton Tower took place. The tower, although not fully completed, opened to the public on 1 October 2010 in time for the 16th Asian Games, the rooftop observatory finally received its official opening in December 2011. The Canton towers twisted shape or hyperboloid structure corresponds to the Russian Empire patent No,1896, dated 12 March 1899 received by Vladimir Shukhov, the Russian engineer and architect. The structure is similar to the Adziogol Lighthouse in Ukraines Dnepr delta, the tower was designed by Information Based Architecture and Arup. The Arup team led by structural engineer Prof. Dr, the waist of the tower contains a 180 m open-air skywalk where visitors can physically climb the tower. There are outdoor gardens set within the structure, and at the top, just above 450 m, a deck at the base of the tower hides the towers functional workings. All infrastructural connections – metro and bus stations – are situated underground and this level also includes exhibition spaces, a food court, a commercial space, a parking area for cars and coaches. There are two types of lifts, slow-speed panoramic and high-speed double-decker, the zone from 80 to 170 m consists of a 4D cinema, a play-hall area, restaurants, coffee shops and outdoor gardens with teahouses
11.
Tallest structure
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The tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper at 829.8 m. Listed are the tallest structures in the world, such as television broadcasting masts, tower-type structures, high-rise buildings, oil platforms, electrical towers, bridge towers and this list is organized by absolute height. See also List of tallest buildings and structures in the world, List of tallest freestanding structures in the world and List of tallest buildings in the world. This list includes guyed masts, commonly used on sailing ships as support for sails, outside the electronics industry there is often ambiguity between the terms tower and mast. A tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is stabilised by stays or guys, both broadcasting towers and masts provide limited occupied floor space and are non-building structures, as opposed to regular buildings which have greater floor space for occupancy. Indicates a structure that is no longer standing and this list includes structures with a minimum height of 500 metres to keep the list to a reasonable length. List of tallest structures in the world -300 to 400 metres, for all structures the pinnacle height is given, so the height of skyscrapers may differ from the values at List of skyscrapers. This is an incomplete list of structures under construction that are projected to be taller than 500 metres and have current height under 500 metres and it does not include on-hold or topped-out structures. Structures that are on hold for financial reasons or conflict. S
12.
Burj Khalifa
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The Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has a height of 828 m, and with its antenna included, it stands a total height of 829.8 m, making it the tallest building. Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009, the primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai and it is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to build the building is based on the governments decision to diversify from an oil-based economy. The building was named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Abu Dhabi, the building broke numerous height records, including its designation as the tallest tower in the world. Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose firm designed the Willis Tower, Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, the Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building, although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa’s central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings. The structure also features a system which is designed to withstand Dubais hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators, critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. However, the issues during construction were controversial, since the building was built primarily by migrant workers from South Asia with several allegations of mistreatment. Poor working conditions are common, as the result of the lack of minimum wage laws in the United Arab Emirates, several instances of suicides have been reported, which is not uncommon for migrant construction workers in Dubai despite safety precautions in place. Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010, and is part of the new 2 km2 development called Downtown Dubai at the First Interchange along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubais main business district. The towers architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, the primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. The towers construction was done by the division of Al Ghurair Investment group. The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service
13.
Tokyo Tower
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Tokyo Tower is a communications and observation tower in the Shiba-koen district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At 332.9 metres, it is the second-tallest structure in Japan, the structure is an Eiffel Tower-inspired lattice tower that is painted white and international orange to comply with air safety regulations. Built in 1958, the main sources of revenue are tourism. Over 150 million people have visited the tower, FootTown, a four-story building directly under the tower, houses museums, restaurants and shops. Departing from there, guests can visit two observation decks, the two-story Main Observatory is at 150 metres, while the smaller Special Observatory reaches a height of 249.6 metres. The tower acts as a structure for an antenna. Intended for television broadcasting, radio antennas were installed in 1961, Japans planned digital television transition by July 2011 was problematic, however, Tokyo Towers height,332.9 m was not high enough to support complete terrestrial digital broadcasting to the area. A taller digital broadcasting tower, known as Tokyo Skytree, was completed on 29 February 2012, every 5 years tokyo tower is repainted. It takes 1 year to repaint it. A large broadcasting tower was needed in the Kantō region after NHK, Japans public broadcasting station, private broadcasting companies began operating in the months following the construction of NHKs own transmission tower. This communications boom led the Japanese government to believe that transmission towers would soon be built all over Tokyo, the proposed solution was the construction of one large tower capable of transmitting to the entire region. Furthermore, because of the postwar boom in the 1950s. However, the plan fell through because of the lack of funds and materials. The towers height was determined by the distance the TV stations needed to transmit throughout the Kantō region. Tachū Naitō, renowned designer of buildings in Japan, was chosen to design the newly proposed tower. Looking to the Western world for inspiration, Naitō based his design on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, with the help of engineering company Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Naitō claimed his design could withstand earthquakes with twice the intensity of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake or typhoons with wind speeds of up to 220 kilometres per hour, the new construction project attracted hundreds of tobi, traditional Japanese construction workers who specialized in the construction of high-rise structures. The Takenaka Corporation broke ground in June 1957 and each day at least 400 laborers worked on the tower and it was constructed of steel, a third of which was scrap metal taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War. When the 90-metre antenna was bolted into place on 14 October 1958, Tokyo Tower was the tallest freestanding tower in the world, despite being taller than the Eiffel Tower, Tokyo Tower only weighs about 4,000 tons,3,300 tons less than the Eiffel Tower
14.
Digital terrestrial television
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Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
15.
NHK
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NHK is Japans national public broadcasting organization. NHK, which has identified itself to audiences by the English pronunciation of its initials, is a publicly owned corporation funded by viewers payments of a television license fee. NHK operates two television services, two satellite television services, and three radio networks. NHK also provides a broadcasting service, known as NHK World. NHK World is composed of NHK World TV, NHK World Premium, World Radio Japan also makes some of its programs available on the Internet. NHK is an independent corporation chartered by the Japanese Broadcasting Act, NHK World broadcasting is funded by the Japanese government. The annual budget of NHK is subject to review and approval by the Diet of Japan, the Diet also appoints the 12-member Board of Governors that oversees NHK. NHK is managed on a basis by an Executive Board consisting of a President, Vice President. The Executive Board reports to the Board of Governors, NHK is funded by reception fees, a system analogous to the license fee used in some English-speaking countries. The Broadcast Law which governs NHK’s funding stipulates any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay, the fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture. This incident sparked debate over the fairness of the fee system, in 2006, the NHK opted to take legal action against those most flagrantly in violation of the law. NHK General TV broadcasts a variety of programming, the following are noteworthy, NHK offers local, national, and world news reports. NHK News 7 which airs daily is broadcast bilingually in both Japanese and English audio tracks on NHK General TV and NHKs international channels TV Japan and NHK World Premium. The flagship news program News Watch 9 is also bilingual and also air on NHK General TV and NHKs international channels TV Japan, World news are aired on NHK BS1 with Catch. Sekai no Jiten in the morning and International News Report at night with the airing on NHK World Premium. News on NHK BS1 are aired at 50 minutes past the hour except during sport events. NHK also offers news for the deaf, regional news and children’s news, newsline is an English newscast designed for foreign viewers and airs on NHK World. After the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 NHK was criticised for underplaying the dangers from radioactive contamination, under the Broadcast Act, NHK is under the obligation to broadcast early warning emergency reporting in times of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis
16.
Tokyo Skytree Station
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Tokyo Skytree Station is a railway station on the Tobu Skytree Line in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway. It is adjacent to the Tokyo Skytree and Skytree Town redevelopment, Tokyo Skytree Station is served by the Tobu Skytree Line from Asakusa, and is 1.1 km from the lines Asakusa terminus. The station consists of one platform serving two tracks. The station first opened on 1 April 1902 as Azumabashi Station, the station closed from 5 April 1904, but reopened on 1 March 1908. On 1 March 1910, the station was renamed Asakusa Station, on 25 May 1931, this was renamed Narihirabashi Station. Narihirabashi Station was renamed Tokyo Skytree Station from 17 March 2012, ahead of the opening of the Tokyo Skytree and adjoining Skytree Town shopping, from this date, all up limited express services and four down Spacia Kinu services stop at the station. The rebuilt and enlarged station was opened on 20 April 2012, from the same day, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with Tokyo Skytree Station becoming TS-02. In fiscal 2012, the station was used by an average of 105,199 passengers daily, Tokyo Skytree Tobu Railway Head Office Oshiage Station Honjo-azumabashi Station List of railway stations in Japan Tobu station information
17.
Oshiage Station
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Oshiage Station is a railway station in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan, jointly operated by Tokyo Metro, Tobu Railway, Toei, and Keisei Electric Railway. It is adjacent to the Tokyo Skytree complex, Oshiage Station is served by the following lines. Keisei Oshiage Line Tobu Skytree Line Toei Asakusa Line Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon Line There are two sets of platforms, one for Keisei/Toei at level B1, and the other for Tokyo Metro/Tobu at level B3, each consists of two island platforms serving four tracks. On the Keisei/Toei section, trains to Nishi-Magome and the Keikyu Network leave from platforms 1,2 or 3, trains for Aoto and the Keisei/Hokusō/Shibayama network leave from platforms 3 and 4, although Keisei and Hokusō trains can also use platform 2. Platform 1 is used by services from the Tobu Skytree Line. Platforms 2 and 3 are used by Hanzomon Line services terminating and starting at this station, the Keisei station opened on 3 November 1912. The Toei station opened on 4 December 1960, the Tobu station opened on 19 March 2003. The station is located at the Oshiage-eki-mae intersection of Metropolitan Routes 453 and 465, Tokyo Skytree Tokyo Skytree Station List of railway stations in Japan Oshiage Station information Oshiage Station information Oshiage Station information Oshiage Station information
18.
Tokyo Station
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Tokyo Station is a railway station in the Marunouchi business district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, near the Imperial Palace grounds and the Ginza commercial district. Served by Shinkansen high-speed rail lines, Tokyo Station is the intercity rail terminal in Tokyo. It is the busiest station in Japan in terms of number of trains per day, and it is also served by many regional commuter lines of Japan Railways, as well as the Tokyo Metro network. It is also possible to walk to the Nijūbashimae, Hibiya, Yūrakuchō, Ginza, and Higashi-ginza Stations completely underground, but these stations can usually be reached more quickly by train. Tokyo Station is also an intercity bus terminal, with regular midday service to several cities in the Kantō region and overnight service to the Kansai. The main station façade on the side of the station is brick-built. The main station consists of 10 island platforms serving 20 tracks, the main concourse runs east-west below the platforms. The Shinkansen lines are on the east side of the station, the whole complex is linked by an extensive system of underground passageways which merge with surrounding commercial buildings and shopping centres. Originally, lines 3 through 10 were numbered as lines 1 through 8 and additional lines were numbered sequentially from west to east through the opening of the Tokaido Shinkansen in 1964. Lines 9 through 13 were used for the Tokaido Main Line and Yokosuka Line but were removed in 1988, the current Chuo Main Line platform opened in 1995 as lines 1 and 2, and other lines were renumbered accordingly, leaving lines 10 and 11 unused. The current line numbering became effective in 1997, when one of the Tokaido Main Line platforms was repurposed for the Joetsu Shinkansen as lines 20 and 21, the existing Tohoku Shinkansen platforms were simultaneously renumbered as 22 and 23. In 1889, a Tokyo municipal committee drew up plans for a railway line connecting the Tōkaidō Main Line terminal at Shinbashi to the Nippon Railway terminal at Ueno. The Imperial Diet resolved in 1896 to construct a new station on line called Central Station. Construction was delayed due to the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, the three-story station building was designed by architect Tatsuno Kingo as a restrained celebration of Japans costly victory in the Russo-Japanese War. The building is rumored to be fashioned after Amsterdam Centraal railway station in the Netherlands. Terunobu Fujimori, a scholar of Western architecture, denies the rumor, Tokyo Station opened on December 20,1914 with four platforms, two serving electric trains and two serving non-electric trains. The Chūō Main Line extension to the station was completed in 1919, during this early era, the station only had gates on the Marunouchi side, with the north side serving as an exit and the south side serving as an entrance. In 1921, Prime Minister Hara Takashi was assassinated at the south gates, the Yaesu side of the station opened in 1929
19.
Pagoda
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Some pagodas are used as Taoist houses of worship. Most pagodas were built to have a function, most commonly Buddhist. In some countries, the term may refer to other religious structures, the modern pagoda is an evolution of the Stupa which originated in Ancient India. Stupas are a structure where sacred relics could be kept safe. The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on diverse forms as details specific to different regions are incorporated into the overall design. Another proposed etymology is Persian butkada, from but, idol and kada, temple, another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English pagoda from Portuguese, from Sanskrit bhavati, feminine of bhagavatt, blessed from bhag, good fortune. The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the stupa, the stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and Chinese pavilions blended into pagoda architecture, the pagodas original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings. This purpose was popularized due to the efforts of Buddhist missionaries, pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to seek out, distribute, on the other side, the stupa emerged as a distinctive style of Newari architecture of Nepal and was adopted in Southeast and East Asia. Nepali architect Araniko visited China and shared his skills to build stupa buildings in China and these buildings became prominent as Buddhist monuments used for enshrining sacred relics. Chinese iconography is noticeable in Chinese pagoda as well as other East Asian pagoda architectures, the image of the Shakyamuni Buddha in the abhaya mudra is also noticeable in some Pagodas. Buddhist iconography can be observed throughout the pagoda symbolism, Pagodas attract lightning strikes because of their height. Many pagodas have a decorated finial at the top of the structure, and when made of metal, also Pagodas come in many different sizes, as some may be small and others may be large. Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, an exception being the eighteenth century pagoda folly designed by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London. The pagodas in Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia are very different from Chinese and Japanese pagodas, Pagodas in those countries are derived from South Indian Dravidian architecture. Tiered towers with eaves, Songyue Pagoda on Mount Song, Henan, China. Miruksa Temple Pagoda at Iksan, Korea, built in the early 7th century, bunhwangsa at Gyeongju, Korea, built in 634. Xumi Pagoda at Zhengding, Hebei, China, built in 636, daqin Pagoda in China, built in 640
20.
Asakusa
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Asakusa is a district in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan, famous for the Sensō-ji, a Buddhist temple dedicated to the bodhisattva Kannon. There are several temples in Asakusa, as well as various festivals. The development of Asakusa as an entertainment district during the Edo period came about in part because of the neighboring district, Kuramae was a district of storehouses for rice, which was then used as payment for servants of the feudal government. The keepers of these storage houses initially stored the rice for a small fee, through such trading, many fudasashi came to have a considerable amount of disposable income and as result theaters and geisha houses began to spring up in nearby Asakusa. For most of the century, Asakusa remained a major entertainment district in Tokyo. The rokku or Sixth District was in famous as a theater district. The golden years of Asakusa are vividly portrayed in Yasunari Kawabatas novel The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa, the area was heavily damaged by US bombing raids during World War II, particularly the March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo. The area was rebuilt after the war, but has now surpassed by Shinjuku and other colorful areas in the city. Asakusa is on the north-east fringe of central Tokyo, at the end of the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line subway. It is central to the area referred to as Shitamachi. As the name suggests, the area has a more traditionally Japanese atmosphere than other neighborhoods in Tokyo do. With so many religious establishments, there are frequent matsuri in Asakusa, as temple or shrine hosts at least one matsuri a year. The largest and most popular is the Sanja Matsuri in May, Asakusa has many restaurants and places to try traditional Japanese foods. One of the most popular treats is satsuma imo, sweet potatoes, another special treat is chikuwa kamaboko, grilled fish cakes. The Suzuhiro store serves local craft beer with traditional kamaboko, there are traditional ryokan, homes, and small-scale apartment buildings throughout the district. In keeping with a peculiarly Tokyo tradition, Asakusa hosts a major cluster of domestic kitchenware stores on Kappabashi-dori, next to the Sensō-ji temple grounds is a small amusement park called Hanayashiki, which claims to be the oldest amusement park in Japan. The neighborhood theaters specialize in showing classic Japanese films, as many of the tourists are elderly Japanese, cruises down the Sumida River depart from a wharf a five-minute walk from the temple. Asakusa is Tokyos oldest geisha district, and still has 45 actively working geisha, because of its colourful location, downtown credentials, and relaxed atmosphere by Tokyo standards, Asakusa is a popular accommodation choice for budget travelers
21.
Tripod
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A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against downward forces and horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes, the positioning of the three legs away from the vertical centre allows the tripod better leverage for resisting lateral forces. The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek
22.
Earthquake-resistant structures
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Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to withstand earthquakes. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones, examples of such applications are the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and the Acropolis Museum. Some of the new trends and/or projects in the field of engineering structures are presented. One Japanese construction company has developed a six-foot cubical shelter, presented as an alternative to earthquake-proofing an entire building, concurrent shake-table testing of two or more building models is a vivid, persuasive and effective way to validate earthquake engineering solutions experimentally. Thus, two houses built before adoption of the 1981 Japanese Building Code were moved to E-Defense for testing. The left house was reinforced to enhance its resistance, while the other one was not. These two models were set on E-Defense platform and tested simultaneously, prominently sited at the corner of East Broadway and Glendale Avenue, this civic building serves as a heraldic element of Glendale’s civic center. A steel plate shear wall consists of steel infill plates bounded by a column-beam system, when such infill plates occupy each level within a framed bay of a structure, they constitute a SPSW system. Whereas most earthquake resistant construction methods are adapted from older systems, SPSW behavior is analogous to a vertical plate girder cantilevered from its base. Similar to plate girders, the SPSW system optimizes component performance by taking advantage of the behavior of the steel infill panels. This initiated an extended shutdown for structural inspection which indicated that a greater earthquake-proofing was needed before operation could be resumed, on May 9,2009, one unit was restarted, after the seismic upgrades. The test run had to continue for 50 days, the plant had been completely shut down for almost 22 months following the earthquake. A teestructive earthquake struck a lone, wooden condominium in Japan, the experiment was webcast live on July 14,2009 to yield insight on how to make wooden structures stronger and better able to withstand major earthquakes. This philosophy is based on the application of seismic damping systems for wooden buildings, the systems, which can be installed inside the walls of most wooden buildings, include strong metal frame, bracing and dampers filled with viscous fluid. This innovative system can eliminate inner beams and inner columns on each floor, earthquake Baroque Emergency management Geotechnical engineering Seismic response of landfill Seismic retrofit Tsunami-proof building
23.
Tuned mass damper
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A tuned mass damper, also known as a harmonic absorber, is a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure and they are frequently used in power transmission, automobiles, and buildings. Tuned mass dampers stabilize against violent motion caused by harmonic vibration, a tuned damper reduces the vibration of a system with a comparatively lightweight component so that the worst-case vibrations are less intense. An example of the latter is a crankshaft torsional damper, Mass dampers are frequently implemented with a frictional or hydraulic component that turns mechanical kinetic energy into heat, like an automotive shock absorber. An electrical analogue is an LCR circuit, given a motor with mass m 1 attached via motor mounts to the ground, the motor vibrates as it operates and the soft motor mounts act as a parallel spring and damper, k 1 and c 1. The force on the motor mounts is F0. In order to reduce the force on the motor mounts as the motor operates over a range of speeds, a smaller mass, m 2, is connected to m 1 by a spring. F1 is the force on the motor due to its operation. The graph shows the effect of a mass damper on a simple spring–mass–damper system, excited by vibrations with an amplitude of one unit of force applied to the main mass. An important measure of performance is the ratio of the force on the mounts to the force vibrating the motor. This assumes that the system is linear, so if the force on the motor were to double, the blue line represents the baseline system, with a maximum response of 9 units of force at around 9 units of frequency. The red line shows the effect of adding a tuned mass of 10% of the baseline mass and it has a maximum response of 5.5, at a frequency of 7. As a side effect, it also has a normal mode and will vibrate somewhat more than the baseline system at frequencies below about 6. The heights of the two peaks can be adjusted by changing the stiffness of the spring in the mass damper. Changing the damping also changes the height of the peaks, in a complex fashion, the split between the two peaks can be changed by altering the mass of the damper. The Bode plot is complex, showing the phase and magnitude of the motion of each mass. In the plots at right, the line shows the baseline response. Now considering m 2 = m 1 /10, the line shows the motion of the damping mass
24.
Miyabi
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Miyabi is one of the traditional Japanese aesthetic ideals, though not as prevalent as Iki or Wabi-sabi. In modern Japanese, the word is translated as elegance, refinement, or courtliness. It expressed that sensitivity to beauty which was the hallmark of the Heian era. Miyabi is often connected to the notion of Mono no aware, a bittersweet awareness of the transience of things. An example of this would be one of a cherry tree. The tree would soon lose its flowers and would be stripped of everything that made it beautiful and so it showed not only mono no aware, the Manyōshū contained poems by people of every walk of life, many of which stood in stark contrast to the sensibilities of miyabi. For example, one poem in the collection likened a womans hair to snail innards, the ideals of miyabi stood firmly against the use of metaphors such as this. Furthermore, appreciation of miyabi and its ideal was used as a marker of class differences and it was believed that only members of the upper class, the courtiers, could truly appreciate the workings of miyabi. Miyabi in fact limited how art and poems could be created, miyabi tried to stay away from the rustic and crude, and in doing so, prevented the traditionally trained courtiers from expressing real feelings in their works. In later years, miyabi and its aesthetic were replaced by ideals inspired by Zen Buddhism, such as Wabi-sabi, Yuugen, the characters of the classic eleventh-century Japanese novel The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki provide many excellent examples of the true nature of miyabi
25.
LED
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A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
26.
Cross section (geometry)
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In geometry and science, a cross section is the intersection of a body in three-dimensional space with a plane, or the analog in higher-dimensional space. Cutting an object into slices creates many parallel cross sections, conic sections – circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas – are formed by cross-sections of a cone at various different angles, as seen in the diagram at left. Any planar cross-section passing through the center of an ellipsoid forms an ellipse on its surface, a cross-section of a cylinder is a circle if the cross-section is parallel to the cylinders base, or an ellipse with non-zero eccentricity if it is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the base. If the cross-section is perpendicular to the base it consists of two line segments unless it is just tangent to the cylinder, in which case it is a single line segment. A cross section of a polyhedron is a polygon, if instead the cross section is taken for a fixed value of the density, the result is an iso-density contour. For the normal distribution, these contours are ellipses, a cross section can be used to visualize the partial derivative of a function with respect to one of its arguments, as shown at left. In economics, a function f specifies the output that can be produced by various quantities x and y of inputs, typically labor. The production function of a firm or a society can be plotted in three-dimensional space, also in economics, a cardinal or ordinal utility function u gives the degree of satisfaction of a consumer obtained by consuming quantities w and v of two goods. Cross sections are used in anatomy to illustrate the inner structure of an organ. A cross section of a trunk, as shown at left, reveals growth rings that can be used to find the age of the tree. Cavalieris principle states that solids with corresponding sections of equal areas have equal volumes. The cross-sectional area of an object when viewed from an angle is the total area of the orthographic projection of the object from that angle. For example, a cylinder of height h and radius r has A ′ = π r 2 when viewed along its central axis, a sphere of radius r has A ′ = π r 2 when viewed from any angle. For a convex body, each ray through the object from the viewers perspective crosses just two surfaces, descriptive geometry Exploded view drawing Graphical projection Plans
27.
Equilateral triangle
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In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, equilateral triangles are also equiangular and they are regular polygons, and can therefore also be referred to as regular triangles. Thus these are properties that are unique to equilateral triangles, the three medians have equal lengths. The three angle bisectors have equal lengths, every triangle center of an equilateral triangle coincides with its centroid, which implies that the equilateral triangle is the only triangle with no Euler line connecting some of the centers. For some pairs of triangle centers, the fact that they coincide is enough to ensure that the triangle is equilateral, in particular, A triangle is equilateral if any two of the circumcenter, incenter, centroid, or orthocenter coincide. It is also equilateral if its circumcenter coincides with the Nagel point, for any triangle, the three medians partition the triangle into six smaller triangles. A triangle is equilateral if and only if any three of the triangles have either the same perimeter or the same inradius. A triangle is equilateral if and only if the circumcenters of any three of the triangles have the same distance from the centroid. Morleys trisector theorem states that, in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle, a version of the isoperimetric inequality for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is equilateral. That is, PA, PB, and PC satisfy the inequality that any two of them sum to at least as great as the third. By Eulers inequality, the triangle has the smallest ratio R/r of the circumradius to the inradius of any triangle, specifically. The triangle of largest area of all those inscribed in a circle is equilateral. The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the area to the square of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle,1123, is larger than that for any other triangle. If a segment splits an equilateral triangle into two regions with equal perimeters and with areas A1 and A2, then 79 ≤ A1 A2 ≤97, in no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2. For any point P in the plane, with p, q, and t from the vertices A, B. For any point P on the circle of an equilateral triangle, with distances p, q. There are numerous triangle inequalities that hold with equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral, an equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle, having 3 lines of reflection and rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center. Its symmetry group is the group of order 6 D3
28.
Edo
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Edo, also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. It was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868, during this period, it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and home to an urban culture centered on the notion of a floating world. From the establishment of the Tokugawa bakufu headquarters at Edo, the became the de facto capital and center of political power. Edo grew from what had been a small, little-known fishing village in 1457 into the largest metropolis in the world with a population of 1,000,000 by 1721. Edo was repeatedly devastated by fires, with the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 being the most disastrous, an estimated 100,000 people died in the fire. During the Edo period, there were about 100 fires mostly begun by accident, between 1600 and 1945, Edo/Tokyo was leveled every 25–50 years or so by fire, earthquakes, or war. In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan, Keiō4, On the 17th day of the 7th month, Edo was renamed Tokyo. Keiō4, On the 27th day of the 8th month, Keiō4, On the eighth day of the ninth month, the nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji and a general amnesty was granted. Meiji 2, On the 23rd day of the 10th month, ishimaru Sadatsuga was the magistrate of Edo in 1661. During the Edo period, the Shogunate appointed administrators with jurisdiction over the police, and beginning with the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune), the machi bugyō heard criminal and civil suits, and performed other administrative functions. The city was out as a castle town around Edo Castle. Kyotos character was defined by the Imperial Court, the nobles, its Buddhist temples and its history, Osaka was the countrys commercial center. Areas further from the center were the domain of the chōnin, the area known as Shitamachi, northeast of the castle, was a center of urban culture. The ancient Buddhist temple of Sensō-ji still stands in Asakusa, marking the center of an area of traditional Shitamachi culture, some shops in the streets near the temple have existed continuously in the same location since the Edo period. The Sumida River, then called the Great River, ran along the edge of the city. The shogunates official rice-storage warehouses, other buildings and some of the citys best-known restaurants were located here. The Japan Bridge marked the center of the commercial center. Fishermen, craftsmen and other producers and retailers operated here, shippers managed ships known as tarubune to and from Osaka and other cities, bringing goods into the city or transferring them from sea routes to river barges or land routes such as the Tōkaidō
29.
Musashi Province
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Musashi Province was a province of Japan, which today comprises Tokyo Metropolis, most of Saitama Prefecture and part of Kanagawa Prefecture. The province encompassed Kawasaki and Yokohama, Musashi bordered on Kai, Kōzuke, Sagami, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces. Musashi was the largest province in the Kantō region, the name Musashi, recorded in early records as 牟射志 muzasi, has been conjectured to be of Ainu origin. Musashi had its ancient capital in modern Fuchū, Tokyo and its temple in what is now Kokubunji. By the Sengoku period, the city was Edo, which became the dominant city of eastern Japan. Edo Castle was the headquarters of Tokugawa Ieyasu before the Battle of Sekigahara and became the dominant city of Japan during the Edo period, hikawa jinja was designated as the chief Shinto shrine of the province, and there are many branch shrines. The former province gave its name to the battleship of the Second World War Musashi, july 18,707, Empress Genmei is enthroned at the age of 48. 707, Copper was reported to have found in Musashi province in the region which includes modern day Tokyo. The Japanese word for copper is dō, and since this was indigenous copper, may 5,708, A sample of the newly discovered Musashi copper was presented in Gemmeis Court where it was formally acknowledged as Japanese copper. The Wadō era is famous for the first Japanese coin, iwatsuki Domain and Oshi Domain founded in Musashi Province. Musashi Province had 21 districts, added one after, gukanshō, The Future and the Past. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0, OCLC251325323 Kōta Kodama and Kitajima Masamoto, OCLC673172166 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5, OCLC58053128 Titsingh, Isaac, paris, Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Murdochs map of provinces,1903 Reproduction of Chōroku-Period Map of Edo, with Later Additions from 1804
30.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
31.
NHK General TV
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NHK General TV is the main television service of NHK. It shows news, drama, quiz/variety shows, music, sports, anime and it is well known for its nightly newscasts, regular documentary specials and popular historical dramas. Among the programs NHK General TV broadcasts are the annual New Years Eve spectacular Kōhaku Uta Gassen, the year-long Taiga drama, the name in Japanese is often abbreviated Sōgō Terebi. Also GTV and NHK G are used, the word Sōgō is added for distinction to the official name without it, often to differentiate itself from NHK Educational TV and NHK BS Premium. The NHK programs are composed based on the Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Code, NHK Was the only Television channel in Japan until the launch of Nippon TV on August 28 of that year. Places in bold refer to where the station of each region is located. Means the number to select the channel by a remote control, JIB TV is a Japanese television company in the Japanese NHK Group, which since 2009 produces English-language programs about Japan and Asia for an international audience. The programs will be all over the world through the English channel NHK World from the Japanese public service broadcaster NHK. Japan International Broadcasting Company owns 60 percent of the service company NHK and to 40 percent of businesses with stakeholders such as Microsoft. Operations are financed for the most part by the Japanese TV license payers, broadcasts reach the Scandinavian countries via Astra and Eutelsat satellites. The aim is that in future also be distributed via leading cable, in order to release capital NHK moved money from radio to TV. One consequence was that the Swedish, German and Italian departments of foreign channel Radio Japan were shut down in autumn 2007, Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Code Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Code Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Code History of Television in Japan
32.
NHK Educational TV
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NHK Educational TV is the second television service of NHK. It is a service of NHK General TV, showing programs of a more educational, cultural or intellectual nature. A similar counterpart would be the Public Broadcasting Service of the United States, NHK displays a watermark NHK E at the upper right for its digital TV broadcast. In 2010, NHK began using the abbreviation E Tele, places in bold refer to where the main station of each region is located. The channel can be selected by pressing number 2 on the remote control, for all regions
33.
Nippon TV
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Broadcasting terrestrially across Japan, the network is commonly known as Nihon Terebi, contracted to Nittere, and abbreviated as NTV or AX. July 1952, Nippon TV is granted the first TV broadcasting license in Japan, october 28,1952, Nippon Television Network Corporation is established. August 28,1953, Nippon Television signs on as Asia’s first commercial TV station with a dove spreading its wings. Japan’s first television commercial is also aired, december 1958, NTV introduces videotape recording in a one-off drama series using RCA 2-inch quad tape. December 3,1959, NTV airs Japan’s first color VTR broadcast, September 10,1960, NTV is given the right to broadcast color television. April 1,1966, Nippon News Network is formed, july 1,1966, The Beatles’ concert at the Nippon Budokan, part of their Japanese tour, was shown in color on NTV, with the viewing rate reaching 56 percent. 1967, NTV’s New York City bureau is opened, overseas news is broadcast via satellite relay from a special studio set up within NBC. October 9,1969, Matsutaro Shoriki, the founder of NTV,1972, Nippon Television Network System is formed. January 14,1973, NTV airs the live satellite relay in Japan for Elvis Presley’s show in Hawaii,1973, NTV enters into an agreement with ABC News in the U. S. for newscasts and satellite relays. 1974, NTVs London News Bureau opens, october 8 &15,1975, The classic film Gone with the Wind makes its world television premiere on NTV, about 13 months before NBC airs the film in the U. S. March 5,1979, Zoom. December 1982, Multichannel television sound broadcasting begins,1985, NTV completes its own television studio in New York City, which is later sold to CBS. October 1987, A recording of Michael Jackson’s concert at Yokohama Stadium is broadcast in Japan,1987, NTVs cable news channel, NCN, is launched. August 24,1989, Broadcasting in enhanced definition begins,1989, Completion of the Ikuta Studio). 1993, Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli, Inc. designs Nippon Televisions mascot character Nandarō to commemorate the channels 40th Anniversary, july 13,1995, Broadcasting in widescreen EDTV begins. April 1998 NCN relaunches as 24-hour news channel, NNN24, available via cable, july 2003, The internal network name changes, however NTV is still used for overseas as the same font as 日テレ. February 29,2004, Nippon TV moves its headquarters from Kojimachi to Shiodome,2011, Nittele becomes the top broadcaster in Japan, beating the previous record-holder Fuji Television. NTVs victory was propelled by high ratings of its Wednesday nightly drama Kaseifu no Mita, April 26,2012, Nippon Television Network Preparatory Corporation is founded. February 1–2,2013, NTV and NHK General TV collaborate for a two-day TV special, January 2014, English name changed from Nippon Television to Nippon TV
34.
TV Asahi
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TV Asahi Corporation, also known as EX and Tele-Asa, is a Japanese television network headquartered in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The company also owns All-Nippon News Network, in 2003, the company headquarters moved to a new building designed by Fumihiko Maki. The address is, 6-9-1 Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, some of TV Asahis departments and subsidiaries such as TV Asahi Productions and Take Systems are still located at TV Asahi Center, which is TV Asahis former headquarters between 1986 and 2003. It is located at Ark Hills, not far from its headquarters, TV Asahi began as Nihon Educational Television Co. Ltd. on November 1,1957. It was established as a educational television channel. The station was owned by Asahi Shimbun, Toei Company, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, however, the for-profit educational television model eventually proved to be a failure. In 1960, NET began its transformation into a television station. It began to broadcast anime and foreign movies, at the same time, NET also changed its common name from Nihon Educational Television to NET TV. Seven years later, in 1967, NET aired its first colour broadcast programme and it has been its home ever since, joined by yet another toku series, Super Sentai, in the spring of 1975. At the same time, NET renamed itself as NET General Television, five years later, TV Asahi became the official network, until 1999, for yet another Toei franchise, the Metal Hero Series. On October 1,2003, TV Asahi moved its office from its Ark Hills Studio to Roppongi Hills. The station also launched its own mascot, Gō EX Panda, TV Asahis current branding were created by UK design collective Tomato along with TV Asahis in-house design department in 2003. It comprises a set of computer-generated sticks in white background, which changes in colour, TV Asahi also uses a brief eyecatch of its sticks animation at the top-left of the screen after commercial breaks. The background music used for TV Asahis sign-on and sign-off videos are Underworlds Born Slippy. NUXX2003, TV Asahi later updated its sign-on and sign-off video in 2008 with a revised version of computer-generated sticks animation and new background music. TV Asahis slogan New Air, On Air appears at the top of its name and it can be seen on TV Asahis YouTube channel, which in 2011-12, was replaced by its mascot, Go-Chan. The company writes its name in letters, tv asahi, in its logo. Normally, the station branding on-screen appears as either /tv asahi or tv asahi\, the stations watermark appearance is the stick at the top with the stations name at the bottom. The fonts used by TV Asahi for the parts are Akzidenz Grotesk Bold ，
35.
TBS Television
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Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. is a television station in Kantō region, wholly owned by Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings. It has a 28-affiliate news network called Japan News Network, TBS produced the Takeshis Castle game show, which is dubbed and rebroadcast internationally. among others. Below is a selection of the programs that the network has broadcast. This TV film was selected at the 49ème Festival de télévision de Monte-Carlo in Monte-Carlo in June 2009 and it obtained the special commendation of the SIGNIS Jury. Hiroshima Showa 20 nen 8 Gatsu Muika Japanese Americans Hobankyo – organization based in Japan that enforces TBS copyright issues, official website TBS official international website
36.
TV Tokyo
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TV Tokyo Corporation TYO,9413 is a television station headquartered in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Also known as Teleto, a blend of terebi and Tokyo and it is one of the major Tokyo television stations, particularly specializing in anime. The station is owned by Nihon Keizai Shimbun. TV Tokyo was established by the Japan Science Promotion Foundation in 1951, a limited liability company, Tokyo Channel 12 Production, was formed for the channel on July 1,1968. In October 1973, the name was shortened to Tokyo Channel 12, a month later, it became a general purpose TV station along with Japan Educational Television. In 1981, it was renamed, this time to Television Tokyo Channel 12. In 1983, TV Tokyo formed the Mega TON Network with TV Osaka, the company shifted its head offices from Shiba Park to Toranomon in December 1985. On June 25,2004, the company assumed its current English name of TV Tokyo Corporation, on November 7,2016, TV Tokyo moved its headquarters to new building at Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower from its old studios in Toranomon. Call sign, JOTX-DTV Remote controller ID7 Tokyo Skytree, Channel 23 Analog Transmission ceased on 24 July 2011, （ハケンOLは見た. ） Little Tokyo Live every Wednesday, around midnight Ii-tabi Yume-Kibun （いい旅・夢気分） Drive a GO. Saturday Special Stay at the countryside, （田舎に泊まろう. ） Japan Countdown Enka no Hanamichi （演歌の花道） Yan-yan Music studio （ヤンヤン歌うスタジオ） Drama 24 Yukemuri Sniper Uramiya Honpo URAKARA Majisuka Gakuen Y. Brave and Devils Castle （勇者ヨシヒコと魔王の城） Theater Gold 24 TWENTY FOUR Season 5 Sunday Big Valiety Monday Premiere
37.
Fuji Television
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Fuji Television Network, Inc. is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, also known as Fuji TV or CX, based on the stations call sign JOCX-DTV. It is the station of the Fuji News Network and the Fuji Network System. Fuji Television also operates three television stations, known as Fuji TV One, Fuji TV Two, and Fuji TV Next. It is owned by Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. the holding company of the Fujisankei Communications Group, the headquarters are located at 2-4-8, Daiba, Minato, Tokyo. The Kansai office is found at Aqua Dojima East, Dojima, Kita-ku, the Nagoya office is found at Telepia, Higashi-sakura, Higashi-ku, Nagoya. Fuji Television Network Inc. was founded on November 18,1957, in June of that year, Fuji TV formed a network with Tokai TV, Kansai TV, and KBC Television. In October 1966, a network of exchanging news with local stations with the name of FNN was formed. On April 1,1986, Fuji TV changed their logo from the old Channel 8 logo. In 1986 and 1987, Fuji TV worked with Nintendo to create two games called All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. and Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic for the Famicom. All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. was a version of Super Mario Bros. with some minor changes. The Lost Levels and some enemies being replaced with Japanese celebrities with comedic effect, Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic later became the basis for Super Mario Bros. 2, which was released a year later. JOCX-TV2 featured numerous experimental programs on low budgets under this and follow-on brands, the JOCX-TV2 branding itself was changed in October 1988 to JOCX-TV+, which lasted until September 1991, when it was replaced with GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT in October 1991. Meanwhile, Fuji TV helped produced only the series of the British childrens television programme Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends with its creator. The GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT branding lasted until September 1992 when it was replaced with the JUNGLE branding, on March 10,1997, Fuji TV moved from their old headquarters in Kawadacho, Shinjuku, into a new building in Odaiba, Minato designed by Kenzo Tange. On March 3,2006, Fuji Television Network Inc. consolidated Nippon Broadcasting Holdings, Inc. the broadcasting business of which was taken over by Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. two days before. On October 1,2008, a former Fuji TV became a certified broadcasting holding company Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. Fuji TV, which broadcasts Formula One in Japan since 1987, is the only media sponsor of a Formula One Grand Prix in the world. Fuji TV has also licensed numerous Formula One video games including Human Grand Prix IV, Channel Sakura called Fuji TV the Traitor Network in these protests
38.
Tokyo Metropolitan Television
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Tokyo Metropolitan Television Broadcasting Corporation is the only commercial television station in Tokyo, Japan that exclusively serves the city. It competes with Nippon Television, TV Asahi, NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, TV Tokyo, Tokyo MX was founded on April 30,1993, and broadcasts commenced on November 1,1995. Shareholders include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo FM Broadcasting and electronics manufacturer Sony, every week, Tokyo MX airs the press conferences of Tokyo Governor. It is a member of the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations, a second channel, Tokyo MX2, began broadcasting in April 2014. The channel operates on the second sub-channel of Tokyo MX and is dedicated to alternative programming. Analog, Channel 15 Digital, Channel 20 UHF anime Official website English information
39.
TBS Radio
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TBS Radio & Communications, Inc. is the flagship radio station of Japan Radio Network in Tokyo, Japan. The company was founded by Tokyo Broadcasting System, Inc. on March 21,2000, on October 1,2001, TBS Radio started broadcasting. TBS Radio Frequency,954 kHz,90.5 MHz Call sign, JOKR Power,100 kW Broadcasting hours, 24-hour broadcasting with daily starting at 5 a. m. Kayokyoku without vocal – hosted by Yasuko Endo Ei Rokusuke, Dareka to Dokoka de – not aired in the Kansai region, MBS broadcasts only radio commercials of the sponsor Momoya. Music Present - hosted by Sandayū Dokumamushi Yuyu Wide - hosted by Yuuri Osawa Kira Kira - hosted by Keiko Kojima Day Catch, - hosted by Kyoukei Arakawa Precious Sunday - hosted by Yuri Sasagawa Good Evening. - hosted by Sayuri Yoshinaga Music Navi A Wake-up Call for You – Also aired on Radio Osaka instead of MBS and ABC because the program is presented by Soka Gakkai. Telephone Counseling Program Real for Children Saturday Wide Radio Tokyo Chaki Chaki with Nights Large Broadcast - hosted by comedic duo Nights, co-hosted by Mai Demizu, and ijuin Hikaru and radio - Personality, Ijuin Hikaru TBS Radio & Communications
40.
Nippon Cultural Broadcasting
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Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Inc. is a Japanese radio station in Tokyo which broadcasts to the Kanto area. It is one of the two radio stations of National Radio Network and also has a relationship with JOLF and Fuji Television. JOQR moved the office from Wakaba, Shinjuku to QR Media Plus in Hamamatsuchō, Minato on July 24,2006. Society of St. Paul holds 30 percent of the shares, followed by Shogakukan, Kodansha
41.
Nippon Broadcasting System
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Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. or JOLF, is a Japanese radio station in Tokyo. Together with Nippon Cultural Broadcasting it is a station of the National Radio Network. JOLF also has a relationship with Fuji Television, both being part of the Fujisankei Communications Group, from July 15,1954 to September 30,1967 it used NBS, as the abbreviation of Nagano Broadcasting Systems, Inc. Since October 1,1967 it has used LF, the last two letters of the call sign JOLF, all Night Nippon Ginza Music Festival Radio Charity Musicthon, etc
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