1.
Naamloze Vennootschap
–
Naamloze vennootschap is a legal structure of a company conformable law in in the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia, and Suriname. The company is owned by shareholders, and the shares are not registered to certain owners. The phrase literally means nameless partnership or anonymous venture and comes from the fact that the partners are not directly known and this is in contrast to the term for a private limited company, which is called besloten vennootschap. SE – additional legal structure of a company available in the European Union S. p. A Types of companies
Naamloze Vennootschap
2.
Ticker symbol
–
A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
Ticker symbol
–
Stock
telegraph ticker machine by
Thomas Edison
3.
Euronext
–
Euronext NV is a European stock exchange seated in Amsterdam, Brussels, London, Lisbon and Paris. In addition to cash and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides listing market data, market solutions, custody and its total product offering includes equities, exchange-traded funds, warrants and certificates, bonds, derivatives, commodities and indices. As of 2017, Euronext was the largest in continental Europe with 1,300 issuers representing a €3 trillion market capitalization, Euronext merged with NYSE Group, Inc. on April 4,2007 to form NYSE Euronext. On November 13,2013 Intercontinental Exchange, completed acquisition of NYSE Euronext, in June 2014 Euronext completed an initial public offering making it a standalone company again. In December 2001, Euronext acquired the shares of the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, in 2002 the group merged with the Portuguese stock exchange Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, renamed Euronext Lisbon. In 2001, Euronext became a company itself after completing its Initial Public Offering. Despite this, NYSE Group and Euronext penned an agreement, subject to shareholder vote. The initial regulatory response by SEC chief Christopher Cox was positive, the new firm, tentatively dubbed NYSE Euronext, would be headquartered in New York City, with European operations and its trading platform run out of Paris. In addition, the two hoped to add Borsa Italiana into the grouping. Deutsche Börse dropped out of the bidding for Euronext on 15 November 2006, a run-up of NYSE Groups stock price in late 2006 made the offering far more attractive to Euronexts shareholders. On 19 December 2006, Euronext shareholders approved the transaction with 98. 2% of the vote, only 1. 8% voted in favour of the Deutsche Börse offer. Jean-François Théodore, the Chief Executive Officer of Euronext, stated that expected the transaction to close within three or four months. Some of the agencies with jurisdiction over the merger had already given approval. NYSE Group shareholders gave their approval on 20 December 2006, the merger was completed on 4 April 2007, forming NYSE Euronext. In 2008 and 2009 Deutsche Börse made two attempts to merge with NYSE Euronext. Both attempts did not enter into advanced steps of merger, in 2011, Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext confirmed that they were in advanced merger talks. Such a merger would create the largest exchange in history, the deal was approved by shareholders of NYSE Euronext on July 7,2011, and Deutsche Börse on July 15,2011 and won the antitrust approved by the US regulators on December 22,2011. Deutsche Börse unsuccessfully appealed this decision, in 2012, Euronext announced the creation of Euronext London to offer listing facilities in the UK
Euronext
–
Euronext Exchange locations: London, Brussels, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Paris
4.
Consumer electronics
–
Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications, and home-office activities, in British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from white goods such as washing machines and refrigerators. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, later products included telephones, personal computers, MP3 players, audio equipment, televisions and calculators. In the 2010s, consumer electronics stores often sell GPS, automotive electronics, video game consoles, electronic instruments, karaoke machines, digital cameras. Stores also sell digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, some consumer electronics stores, such as Best Buy have also begun selling office and baby furniture. Consumer electronics stores may be bricks and mortar retail stores, online stores. The CEA estimated the value of 2015 consumer electronics sales at US$220 billion, for its first fifty years the phonograph turntable did not use electronics, the needle and soundhorn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s radio broadcasting became the basis of production of radio receivers. The vacuum tubes that had made radios practical were used with record players as well, television was soon invented, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s. The transistor, invented in 1947 by Bell Laboratories, led to significant research in the field of semiconductors in the early 1950s. The transistors advantages revolutionized that industry along with other electronics, by 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor had introduced the first planar transistor from which come the origins of Moores Law. Integrated circuits followed when manufacturers built circuits on a substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. One overriding characteristic of consumer products is the trend of ever-falling prices. This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and automation, lower costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries. Semiconductor components benefit from Moores Law, a principle which states that, for a given price. While consumer electronics continues in its trend of convergence, combining elements of many products, there is an ever increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable, for the consumer to make an informed choice. Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant, there is a gradual shift towards e-commerce web-storefronts. Many products include Internet connectivity using technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, products not traditionally associated with computer use now provide options to connect to the Internet or to a computer using a home network to provide access to digital content
Consumer electronics
–
A typical
CoCo 3 computer system, from the 1980s
Consumer electronics
–
A
JVC camcorder, a typical consumer electronics device
Consumer electronics
–
A modern flat panel
television set
Consumer electronics
–
Gramophone factory in
Hannover-Nordstadt
5.
Automotive
–
The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
Automotive
–
Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
Automotive
–
Citroën assembly line in 1918
6.
Telematics
–
Telematics is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses telecommunications, vehicular technologies, road transportation, road safety, electrical engineering, and computer science. Though typically applied in the testing of flight objects, telemetry has multiple other uses, Telematics is a translation of the French word télématique which was first coined by Simon Nora and Alain Minc in a 1978 report to the French government on the computerization of society. It referred to the transfer of information over telecommunications and was a merging of the French words telecommunications, the original broad meaning of telematics continues to be used in academic fields but in commerce it now generally means vehicle telematics. GPS navigation, integrated hands-free cell phones, wireless safety communications, the science of telecommunications and informatics applied in wireless technologies and computational systems. Vehicle telematics can help improve the efficiency of an organization, practical applications include, Vehicle tracking is monitoring the location, movements, status and behaviour of a vehicle or fleet of vehicles. This is achieved through a combination of a GPS receiver and a device installed in each vehicle, communicating with the user. The data is turned into information by management reporting tools in conjunction with a display on computerised mapping software. Vehicle tracking systems may also use odometry or dead reckoning as an alternative or complementary means of navigation, GPS tracking is usually accurate to around 10–20 metres, but the European Space Agency has developed the EGNOS technology to provide accuracy to 1.5 metres. An increasingly sophisticated array of sensors, many incorporating RFID technology, is being used to ensure the cold chain, benefits of this approach include increased security and the possibility to reschedule the container transport movements based on accurate information about its location. According to Berg Insight the installed base of tracking units in the shipping container segment reached 190,000 at the end of 2013. Growing at an annual growth rate of 38.2 percent. Fleet management is the management of a companys fleet, Fleet management includes the management of ships and or motor vehicles such as cars, vans and trucks. These functions can either be dealt with by an in-house Fleet Management department or an outsourced Fleet Management provider, the Association of Equipment Management Professionals developed the industrys first telematics standard. This committee consisted of developers provided by the Caterpillar/Trimble joint venture known as Virtual Site Solutions, Volvo CE and this group worked from February 2009 through September 2010 to develop the industrys first standard for the delivery of telematics data. The result, the AEMP Telematics Data Standard V1.1 was released in 2010, komatsu, Topcon, and others are finishing beta testing and have indicated that they will be able to support customers before the end of 2010. The AEMPs telematics data standard was developed to allow end users to integrate key telematics data into their fleet management reporting systems. As such, the standard was intended to facilitate importation of these data elements into enterprise software systems such as those used by many medium to large construction contractors. This option was cumbersome and labor-intensive, a second option was for the end user to develop an API, or program, to integrate the data from each telematics provider into his or her database
Telematics
–
Lexus Gen V navigation system
Telematics
–
Share bicycle with solar powered electronics to track and account for its usage
7.
Amsterdam
–
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
8.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
9.
Supervisory board
–
Corporate governance varies between countries, especially regarding the board system. There are countries that have a one-tier board system and there are others that have a two-tier board system like Germany, in a one-tier board, all the directors form one board, called the board of directors. In a two-tier board there is a board and a separate supervisory board. German corporation law, the Aktiengesetz, requires all companies to have two boards, a management board called a Vorstand and a supervisory board called an Aufsichtsrat. In Germany the supervisory board of corporations is composed of 20 members,10 of whom are elected by the shareholders. The supervisory board oversees and appoints the members of the management board, when a German company has between 500-2,000 employees, the minimum of members a board can consist of is three, and the maximum is 21. The number of members has to be divisible by three, as stated in the law, in such companies, the workers select one-third of the supervisory board. When it comes to internal elections the chairman of supervisory board, the supervisory board, in theory, is intended to provide a monitoring role. However, the appointment of board members has not been a transparent process and has therefore led to inefficient monitoring. The discussion about whether a one-tier or a two-tier board system leads to better corporate governance is ongoing in Germany and many other countries, improvements in corporate governance are often the result of shareholders holding boards of companies in which they invest to account. A limited liability company, which has relatively less shareholders or is relatively small in scale, may have 1 or 2 supervisors, the board of supervisors shall have one chairman, who shall be elected by half or more of all the supervisors. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors, no director or senior manager may concurrently work as a supervisor. Every term of office of the supervisors shall be 3 years, the supervisors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon re-election. The supervisors may attend the meetings of the board of directors as non-voting delegates, if the board of supervisors or supervisor of the company with no board of directors finds that the company is running abnormally, it may make investigations. Where necessary, it may hire a firm to help it. The board of supervisors shall hold meetings at least once a year, the supervisors may propose to hold temporary meetings of the board of supervisors. The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be prescribed in the articles of association, the resolution of the board of supervisors shall be adopted by half or more of the supervisors. The board of supervisors shall make records for the resolutions on the matter it discusses, the expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors to perform its duties shall be borne by the company
Supervisory board
–
Business administration
10.
GPS navigation device
–
The Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U. S. Department of Defense. The GPS was originally developed for use by the United States military, but in the 1980s, though the GPS satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world, the GPS device and the associated software must be bought or rented. A GPS device can retrieve from the GPS system location and time information in all weather conditions, a GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites, and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a canopy or inside a structure, such as in a building. Today, most standalone GPS receivers are used in automobiles, however, the mobile network part of the A-GPS technology would not be available when the smartphone is outside the range of the mobile reception network. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, GLONASS can be added to GPS devices which makes more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within 2 meters. As with many other technological breakthroughs of the latter 20th century, the multibillion-dollar expense of this program was initially justified by military interest. In 1960, the US Navy put into service its Transit satellite based system to aid in ship navigation. From 1960 to 1982, as the benefits were proven over time, in 1973, the US military began to plan for a comprehensive worldwide navigational system which eventually became known as the GPS. This new availability of the US military GPS system for civilian use required a technical collaboration with the private sector for some time. In 1989, Magellan Navigation Inc. unveiled its Magellan NAV 1000—the world’s first commercial handheld GPS receiver and these units initially sold for approximately $2,900 each. In 2000, the Clinton administration ordered the removal of military use signal restrictions, as GPS navigation systems became more and more widespread and popular, the pricing of such systems began to fall, and their widespread availability steadily increased. Also, several manufacturers of these systems, such as Garmin, Benefon, Mio. Mitac Mio 168 was the first PocketPC to contain a built-in GPS receiver, benefons 1999 entry into the market also presented users with the worlds first phone based GPS navigation system. Later, as the phone industry developed, a GPS chip eventually became standard equipment for most smart phone manufacturers. To date, ever more popular GPS navigation systems and devices continue to proliferate with newly developed software and hardware applications. While the American GPS was the first satellite system to be deployed on a fully global scale, and to be made available for commercial use. Due to military and other concerns, similar global or regional systems have been, or will soon be deployed by Russia, the European Union, China, India, GPS navigation devices vary in sensitivity, speed, vulnerability to multipath propagation, and other performance parameters
GPS navigation device
–
Bicycle navigation on a
personal navigation assistant
GPS navigation device
–
Hand-held receivers
GPS navigation device
–
A
taxi equipped with GPS
GPS navigation device
–
A modern SiRFstarIII chip based 20-channel GPS receiver with WAAS/EGNOS support
11.
Map
–
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
Map
–
World map (2004,
CIA World Factbook)
Map
–
World map (1689,
Amsterdam)
Map
–
A celestial map from the 17th century, by the cartographer
Frederik de Wit
Map
–
The
Hereford Mappa Mundi from about 1300,
Hereford Cathedral, England, is a classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at centre, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right.
12.
Euro
–
Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
Euro
–
The
central bank has
its seat in
Frankfurt (Germany) and is in charge of the monetary policy of the
euro area.
Euro
–
Euro banknotes as of 2015
Euro
–
Euro coins and banknotes of various denominations.
13.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
14.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
15.
Asset
–
In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
Asset
–
Accounting
16.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
Equity (finance)
–
Accounting
17.
Tele Atlas
–
The company competes on a global basis with companies like Navteq, as well as with local map suppliers in individual countries. Since July 30,2008, the company has been a wholly owned subsidiary of automotive navigation system manufacturer TomTom, clients of Tele Atlas include makers of automotive navigation systems as well as mobile and internet companies which provide mapping services. The firm also supplies data to clients in the public and private sectors who rely on geographic information, the company keeps its data up-to-date in part through a fleet of dozens of mapping vans equipped with six cameras, two side-sweeping lasers and a GPS navigation device. Three-dimension representations are available in Japan and Western Europe, people at the companys U. S. Map errors are handled using Tele Atlas Map Insight, described as our consumer map feedback, the idea is to let end users report errors directly to Tele Atlas, not via the technical support of the manufacturers of products using Tele Atlas maps, and thereby reducing support costs. Map errors are reported using the Tele Atlas Map Insight map feedback web page, etak, Inc. ceased to exist as a separate company soon after. On July 23,2007, a €2 billion offer for the company by navigation system maker TomTom was accepted by the Tele Atlas board. This was then trumped by a €2.3 billion offer from United States-based rival Garmin on October 31,2007 initiating a war for Tele Atlas. TomTom responded by upping their bid to €2.9 billion, however, after striking a content agreement with Navteq through the year 2015, Garmin withdrew its takeover offer, clearing the way for TomTom. On December 4,2007, TomTom shareholders approved the takeover, the European Commissioner for Competition cleared the takeover in May 2008, and it closed in June. Historically, Internet mapping providers have utilized map data from a variety of vendors, given the growth in usage of Internet mapping portals, the map suppliers have competed fiercely for that business. On 30 June 2008, Tele Atlas announced an agreement to continue to supply data to Google Maps. Under the deal, Tele Atlas was to have access to corrections, roughly a year later, in October 2009, Google discontinued using Tele Atlas maps in the United States and began collecting map feedback from consumers for their own use. Shortly thereafter, Google announced Google Maps Navigation for Android, which provides turn-by-turn navigation, similar to the functionality provided by TomTom devices, in May 2008, Mapquest announced that it had expanded its agreement with Navteq to use Navteq map data in 73 countries. In January 2009, Microsoft announced that it had expanded its agreement with Navteq to utilize its map data for 74 countries, as a result, consumers in the Internet segment are likely to be exposed to Tele Atlas data less frequently. Map database management TomTom licensing Tele Atlas Map Insight Tele Atlas Navigation DX
Tele Atlas
–
Mapper van with cameras visible on the top of the vehicle and the hard drives cabinet in the customized rear seat.
18.
Apple Inc.
–
Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
Apple Inc.
–
Apple Campus (1
Infinite Loop,
Cupertino, California)
Apple Inc.
–
Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in
Los Altos, California.
Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with
Steve Wozniak and
Ronald Wayne in 1976.
Apple Inc.
–
The
Apple I, Apple's first product, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.
Apple Inc.
–
Apple's
"1984" television ad, set in a
dystopian future modeled after the
George Orwell novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four, set the tone for the introduction of the Macintosh.
19.
IOS
–
IOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the system that presently powers many of the companys mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad. It is the second most popular operating system globally after Android. IPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and the iPad. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS applications,1 million of which are native for iPads and these mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it in three dimensions. Apple has been praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision. Major versions of iOS are released annually, the current version, iOS10, was released on September 13,2016. In iOS, there are four layers, the Core OS, Core Services, Media. In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either shrink the Mac, forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes. The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9,2007, and released in June of that year. At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed, iPhone runs OS X and runs applications, but at the time of the iPhones release. Initially, third-party native applications were not supported, Steve Jobs reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that would behave like native apps on the iPhone. In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit was under development, on March 6,2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK. The iOS App Store was opened on July 10,2008 with an initial 500 applications available.2 million in January 2017, as of March 2016,1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times, App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. On September 5,2007, Apple released the iPod Touch, Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season
IOS
20.
Apple Maps
–
Apple Maps is a web mapping service developed by Apple Inc. It is the map system of iOS, macOS. It provides directions and estimated times of arrival for automobile, pedestrian, Apple Maps also features the unique Flyovers mode, a feature that enables a user to explore densely populated urban centers in a 3D landscape composed of models of buildings and structures. On September 19,2012, Apple released its mapping service in iOS, in the initial launch, it received large amounts of criticism from users and newspapers for incorrect directions, a lack of support for public transportation users and various other bugs and errors. Since its introduction, further development has addressed many of those criticisms. Apple also announced that the application would include navigation, 3D maps, Flyovers. Furthermore, Apple stated that users would be able to navigate Apple Maps while in the locked screen. The mapping service was released on September 19,2012, following the launch, Apple Maps was heavily criticized, which resulted in a public apology by Apple CEO Tim Cook in late September and the departure of two key employees of Apple. Before Apple Maps launched as the mapping application in iOS. In late 2009, tensions between Google and Apple started to grow when the Android version of Google Maps featured turn-by-turn navigation, at the time, Apple argued that Google collected too much user data. When Apple made iOS6 available, Google Maps could only be accessed by iOS6 users via the web, three months later, in December 2012, Google Maps was released in the App Store. This version of Google Maps, unlike the version, featured turn-by-turn navigation. Shortly after it was launched, Google Maps was the most popular free application in the App Store, since then, the CEO of Placebase became a part of Apples Geo Team. In the following two years, Apple acquired two more mapping related companies who specialized in 3D maps, Poly9 in 2010 and C3 Technologies in 2011, C3 Technologies imagery was later used for the Flyovers feature in Apple Maps. In the first year after its release, Apple Maps received a number of improvements which solved various errors in the application, other changes included adding more satellite imagery and making the navigation available in more cities. In 2013, Apple also acquired a few companies to improve Apple Maps, namely HopStop, Embark, WifiSlam, and Locationary, as well as the team, during WWDC in June 2013, Apple announced the new version of Apple Maps in iOS7. This new version had a new look and icon, a number of new functions were also implemented, including full-screen mode, night mode, real-time traffic information, navigation for pedestrians, and the Frequent Locations feature. The latter feature, which can be switched on and off, was introduced to record the most frequently visited destinations by users in order to improve Apple Maps, in addition, new satellite imagery was added once again
Apple Maps
–
Apple Maps Van in St. Charles, MO
Apple Maps
–
Flyover view in iOS 7 maps showing the real structures of
Empire State Building (left) and
Chrysler Building (right) in
New York
21.
Google Maps
–
Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
Google Maps
–
Google Maps car at
Via Laietana,
Barcelona.
Google Maps
–
Google Maps
22.
Uber (company)
–
Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States, operating in 570 cities worldwide. It develops, markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps, Uber drivers use their own personal cars, although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber. The name Uber is a reference to the common word uber, meaning topmost or super, Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy has been referred to as Uberification or Uberisation. Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions, the Uber app software requires the drivers to have a smartphone and the users must have access to either a smartphone or the mobile website. In most cities, Uber offers upfront pricing, the rider is quoted the fare that he or she will pay before requesting the ride. In some cities, Uber does not offer upfront pricing and instead calculates the price of a similar to a taximeter. Uber also offers promotional rates on rides to/from certain areas at certain times. When rides are in demand in a certain area and there are not enough drivers in such area, Uber fares increase to get more drivers to that area. The rate quoted to the rider will reflect such dynamic pricing, the dynamic pricing model has led to criticism, particularly during disasters. Not all service levels are available in city and the service levels are marketed under different names in different countries. UberPOOL is the cheapest level of service, in which the customer may share the ride with another passenger going in the general direction. Other levels of service provide for a ride, black luxury car, larger car. Users of the app may rate drivers, in turn, drivers may rate users, a low rating might diminish the availability and convenience of the service to the user. If a driver rates a rider at three stars or below, the rider will never be paired with that driver again, Uber can also deactivate or otherwise punish drivers that get low average ratings from riders. Both a smartphone or tablet, and a vehicle may be leased, in many cities, vehicles used by Uber drivers must pass annual safety inspections and must have an Uber emblem posted in the lower right side of the windshield. Legislation in some cities, such as San Francisco, requires individuals who drive for Uber to also own a business license in the city in which they drive, Uber drivers are considered independent contractors and not employees, though this has been disputed in some legal jurisdictions. In September 2016, Uber rolled out a new feature to some drivers that requires drivers to take selfies before accepting ride requests, the feature is called Real-Time ID Check and is meant to prevent fraud and protect drivers accounts from being compromised. Uber was founded in 2009 as UberCab by Garrett Camp, the cofounder of StumbleUpon, and Travis Kalanick, Kalanick joined Camp and gives him full credit for the idea of Uber
Uber (company)
–
Travis Kalanick, co-founder and CEO of Uber, in 2013
Uber (company)
–
Garrett Camp, co-founder of Uber, in 2009
Uber (company)
–
An Uber ride in Bogotá, Colombia. Visible on the dashboard is a phone running the Uber app.
Uber (company)
–
DeLorean "time machine" provided by Uber
23.
Windows CE
–
Windows Embedded Compact, formerly Windows Embedded CE and Windows CE, is an operating system subfamily developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows Embedded family of products. Unlike Windows Embedded Standard, which is based on Windows NT, Microsoft licenses Windows CE to original equipment manufacturers, who can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, with Windows CE providing the technical foundation to do so. The current version of Windows Embedded Compact supports x86 and ARM processors with board support package directly, the MIPS and SHx architectures had support prior to version 7.0. Windows CE is optimized for devices that have memory, a Windows CE kernel may run with one megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a system that does not allow for end-user extension. Windows CE conforms to the definition of a operating system. From Version 3 and onward, the system supports 256 priority levels, the fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time, since then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers, Windows CE even powered select games for the Dreamcast, was the operating system of the Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Xbox game consoles. A distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware, then products like Platform Builder offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments are still distributed in binary only form. Windows Embedded Compact was formerly known as Windows CE, the name changed once in 2006, with the release of Windows Embedded CE6.0, and again in 2011, with the release of Windows Embedded Compact 7. Windows CE was originally announced by Microsoft at the COMDEX expo in 1996 and was demonstrated on stage by Bill Gates, Microsoft had been testing Pegasus in early 1995 and released a strict reference platform to several hardware partners. Each window took over the full display, navigation was done by tapping or double tapping on an item. A contextual menu was available by the user pressing the ALT key. Windows CE1.0 did not include a cascading Start menu unlike Windows 95, Microsoft released the Windows CE1.0 Power Toys that included a cascading menu icon that appeared in the system tray. The release of Windows CE2.0 was well received, Microsoft learned its lessons from consumer feedback of Windows CE1.0 and made many improvements to the operating system
Windows CE
24.
GPS
–
The Global Positioning System is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. The GPS system operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, the GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, however, the US government can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War. The U. S. Department of Defense developed the system and it became fully operational in 1995. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A, getting of The Aerospace Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics Laboratory are credited with inventing it. Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes, in 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a denial of access. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system and Chinas BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, special and general relativity predict that the clocks on the GPS satellites would be seen by the Earths observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day than the clocks on the Earth. The GPS calculated positions would quickly drift into error, accumulating to 10 kilometers per day, the relativistic time effect of the GPS clocks running faster than the clocks on earth was corrected for in the design of GPS. The Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkinss Applied Physics Laboratory, decided to monitor Sputniks radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the Doppler effect, the Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required. The next spring, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem — pinpointing the users location and this led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system. In 1959, ARPA also played a role in TRANSIT, the first satellite navigation system, TRANSIT, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour, in 1967, the U. S. Navy developed the Timation satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based OMEGA navigation system, based on comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy, during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded and it is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time
GPS
–
Artist's conception of GPS Block II-F satellite in Earth orbit.
GPS
–
Geodesy
GPS
–
Civilian GPS receivers ("
GPS navigation device ") in a marine application.
GPS
–
Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.
25.
Flash storage
–
Flash memory is electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Toshiba developed flash memory from EEPROM in the early 1980s and introduced it to the market in 1984, the two main types of flash memory are named after the NAND and NOR logic gates. The individual flash memory cells exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates, where EPROMs had to be completely erased before being rewritten, NAND-type flash memory may be written and read in blocks which are generally much smaller than the entire device. NOR-type flash allows a machine word to be written—to an erased location—or read independently. The NAND type operates primarily in memory cards, USB flash drives, solid-state drives, NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROM or battery-powered static RAM. One key disadvantage of flash memory is that it can endure a relatively small number of write cycles in a specific block. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times, although flash memory is technically a type of EEPROM, the term EEPROM is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over non-flash EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. As of 2013, flash memory costs much less than byte-programmable EEPROM and had become the dominant memory type wherever a system required a significant amount of non-volatile solid-state storage, Flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba circa 1980. According to Toshiba, the flash was suggested by Masuokas colleague, Shōji Ariizumi. Masuoka and colleagues presented the invention at the IEEE1984 International Electron Devices Meeting held in San Francisco, Intel Corporation saw the massive potential of the invention and introduced the first commercial NOR type flash chip in 1988. NOR-based flash has long erase and write times, but provides full address and data buses, allowing random access to any memory location. This makes it a replacement for older read-only memory chips. Its endurance may be from as little as 100 erase cycles for a flash memory, to a more typical 10,000 or 100,000 erase cycles. NOR-based flash was the basis of early flash-based removable media, CompactFlash was originally based on it, however, the I/O interface of NAND flash does not provide a random-access external address bus. Rather, data must be read on a basis, with typical block sizes of hundreds to thousands of bits. This makes NAND flash unsuitable as a replacement for program ROM. In this regard, NAND flash is similar to other data storage devices, such as hard disks and optical media
Flash storage
–
A
USB flash drive. The chip on the left is the flash memory. The
controller is on the right.
26.
SD card
–
Secure Digital is a non-volatile memory card format developed by the SD Card Association for use in portable devices. The standard was introduced in August 1999 by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba as an improvement over MultiMediaCards, and has become the industry standard. The three companies formed SD-3C, LLC, a company that licenses and enforces intellectual property rights associated with SD memory cards and SD host, the companies also formed the SD Association, a non-profit organization, in January 2000 to promote and create SD Card standards. SDA today has about 1,000 member companies, the SDA uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by SD-3C to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. There are many combinations of factors and device families, although as of 2016. Secure Digital includes four card families available in three different sizes, the four families are the original Standard-Capacity, the High-Capacity, the eXtended-Capacity, and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions with data storage. The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card. The SD cards small footprint is a storage medium for smaller, thinner. The second-generation Secure Digital card was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard standard, which continued to evolve, Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways, Asymmetrical slots in the sides of the SD card prevent inserting it upside down. Most SD cards are 2.1 mm thick, compared to 1.4 mm for MMCs. The SD specification defines a card called Thin SD with a thickness of 1.4 mm, the cards electrical contacts are recessed beneath the surface of the card, protecting them from contact with a users fingers. The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, for a comparison table, see below. While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates. The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other. The Secure Digital High Capacity format, announced in January 2006 and defined in version 2.0 of the SD specification, the SDHC trademark is licensed to ensure compatibility. SDHC cards are physically and electrically identical to standard-capacity SD cards, Version 2.0 also introduces a High-speed bus mode for both SDSC and SDHC cards, which doubles the original Standard Speed clock to produce 25 MB/s. SDHC host devices are required to accept older SD cards, however, older host devices do not recognize SDHC or SDXC memory cards, although some devices can do so through a firmware upgrade
SD card
–
Camera using the SDIO interface to connect to some HP iPAQ devices
SD card
–
SD, SDHC, SDXC
SD card
–
SanDisk microSDXC card with UHS-I and UHS Speed Class 1 markings
SD card
–
Front side of an 32GB Lexar 1000x MicroSDHC UHS-II U3 Class 10
27.
Vodafone
–
Vodafone Group plc /ˈvoʊdəfoʊn/ is a British multinational telecommunications company, with headquarters in London. It predominiantly operates services in the regions of Asia, Africa, Europe, among mobile operator groups globally, Vodafone ranked fifth by revenue and second in the number of connections as of 2014. Vodafone owns and operates networks in 26 countries and has partner networks in over 50 additional countries and its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in 150 countries. Vodafone has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalisation of approximately £52.5 billion as of 10 February 2016. It has a listing on NASDAQ. The name Vodafone comes from voice data fone, chosen by the company to reflect the provision of voice, the head of Racals military radio division, Gerry Whent, was briefed by Ernest Harrison to drive the company into commercial mobile radio. Whent visited a mobile radio factory run by General Electric in Virginia, the two struck a deal giving Racal 60% of the new company, Racal-Millicom, Ltd, and Millicom 40%. Due to UK concerns about foreign ownership, the terms were revised, and in December 1982, final ownership of Racal-Millicom, Ltd was 80% Racal, with Millicom holding 15% plus royalties and venture firm Hambros Technology Trust holding 5%. According to the UK Secretary of State for Industry, the bid submitted by Racal-Millicom Ltd… provided the best prospect for early national coverage by cellular radio. On 29 December 1986, Racal Electronics issued shares to the minority shareholders of Vodafone worth GB£110 million, on 26 October 1988, Racal Telecom, majority held by Racal Electronics, went public on the London Stock Exchange with 20% of its stock floated. The successful flotation led to a situation where Racals stake in Racal Telecom was valued more than the whole of Racal Electronics, under stock market pressure to realise full value for shareholders, Racal demerged Racal Telecom in 1991. On 16 September 1991, Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics as Vodafone Group, in July 1996, Vodafone acquired the two-thirds of Talkland it did not already own for £30.6 million. On 19 November 1996, in a move, Vodafone purchased Peoples Phone for £77 million. In a similar move the company acquired the 80% of Astec Communications that it did not own, in January 1997, Gerald Whent retired and Christopher Gent took over as the CEO. On 29 June 1999, Vodafone completed its purchase of AirTouch Communications, Inc. the merged company commenced trading on 30 June 1999. To gain anti-trust approval for the merger, Vodafone sold its 17. 2% stake in E-Plus Mobilfunk, the acquisition gave Vodafone a 35% share of Mannesmann, owner of the largest German mobile network. On 21 September 1999, Vodafone agreed to merge its US wireless assets with those of Bell Atlantic Corp to form Verizon Wireless, the merger was completed on 4 April 2000, just a few months prior to Bell Atlantics merger with GTE to form Verizon Communications, Inc
Vodafone
–
The headquarters of
Vodafone Romania in Bucharest
Vodafone
–
Vodafone Group
Vodafone
–
The headquarters of Vodafone New Zealand in Auckland City
Vodafone
–
The headquarters of
Vodafone Ireland in Dublin
28.
HTC Touch Diamond
–
The HTC Touch Diamond, also known as the HTC P3700 or its codename the HTC Diamond, is a Windows Mobile 6. 1-powered Pocket PC designed and manufactured by HTC. It is the first device to feature TouchFLO 3D - a new version of the TouchFLO interface, the HTC Touch Diamond was first available in Hong Kong in late May 2008. It was available across all major European carriers in June 2008, the American Touch Diamond was launched on September 14,2008 on the Sprint network, and April 10,2009 on the Verizon Wireless network. The European release date was delayed by a last-minute ROM update. The carrier bound names for this phone include T-Mobile MDA Compact IV, O2 XDA Diamond and it is the official successor of the HTC Touch. The successor to the Touch Diamond - the HTC Touch Diamond2 - was announced in February 2009 for Q22009 release outside the US, HTC opted for resistive technology for the touchscreen. The reason cited by Horace Luke, HTCs Chief Innovation Officer, was that the touch screen is better for Asian character recognition. However, the buttons beneath the screen, as well as being pressable buttons, have capacitive touch sensitivity and this feature is used by the camera application to auto-focus the camera as a finger approaches to press the button that will take a picture. Luke also noted that this is the thinnest device that HTC has designed to date, some people find that the Touch Diamonds battery life is too short. Consequently, batteries offering double the capacity of the battery are being sold by third parties. The screen turns itself off when a person is on a call. This is to prevent the screen accepting unwanted inputs from the face when they are making a call. Removing the stylus when in a phone call both turns on the screen and starts up the notes application, in addition to the standard features of Windows Mobile, the following additional software is included on the Diamond, The Touch Diamond uses HTCs unique TouchFLO 3D user interface. This interface makes it easier for users to accomplish common tasks using their fingers rather than a stylus, TouchFLO 3D consists of tabs, and the user switches between tabs by sliding his or her finger along the row of tabs at the bottom of the screen. The 10 tabs are, Home - Displays the date and time, the time the alarm is set for, any missed calls, flicking the clock upwards reveals more appointments. People - Shows pictures of contacts in a style which can be flipped through. An alternate slider bar of contacts is also included on the side of the tab for faster browsing. Messages - Displays the 25 last received text messages that fly on, mail - Displays received email messages, from up to 4 different email accounts, in an envelope
HTC Touch Diamond
–
HTC Touch Diamond
HTC Touch Diamond
–
TouchFLO 3D on the HTC Touch Diamond
29.
Mobile phone
–
A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
Mobile phone
–
Evolution of mobile phones, through early
smartphone
Mobile phone
–
Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on April 4, 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007.
Mobile phone
–
The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. First commercially available, hand-held cellular mobile phone, 1984
Mobile phone
–
Typical mobile phone
SIM card
30.
Bluetooth
–
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks. Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, the IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, a manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices, the development of the short-link radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE9202239, issued 1992-07-24, Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund, the specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers, at the time of this proposal he was reading Frans G. Bengtssons historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald Bluetooth. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, the Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes and, Haralds initials. Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band, Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels, each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually performs 800 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels. Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying modulation was the modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2. 0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices, devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate is used to describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, the combination of these modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a BR/EDR radio. Bluetooth is a protocol with a master-slave structure
Bluetooth
–
A typical Bluetooth mobile phone
headset.
Bluetooth
–
A Bluetooth
USB dongle with a 100 m range.
Bluetooth
–
A typical Bluetooth
USB dongle.
Bluetooth
–
An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm).
31.
Short message service
–
Short Message Service is a text messaging service component of most telephone, World Wide Web, and mobile telephony systems. It uses standardized protocols to enable mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. SMS, as used on modern handsets, originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols and these were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications series of standards. The protocols allowed users to send and receive messages of up to 160 alpha-numeric characters to, though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS. SMS is also employed in marketing, a type of direct marketing. Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s, the first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks. Should be available in the mobile system and this plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time. The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand, the GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost, however, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages. SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software, hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies, through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world. The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and this proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services based on a contribution from Germany. There were also discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad. The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 85 document which was distributed to industry, the input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert. The last three words transformed SMS into something more useful than the prevailing messaging paging that some in GSM might have had in mind. SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System, the discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM02.03 TeleServices supported by a GSM PLMN
Short message service
–
E.161, the most common mobile keypad
alphabet layout
32.
Touch screen
–
A touchscreen is a input and output device normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system. A user can give input or control the processing system through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus and/or one or more fingers. Some touchscreens use ordinary or specially coated gloves to work while others may only work using a special stylus/pen, the user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed and to control how it is displayed, for example, zooming to increase the text size. The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather using a mouse, touchpad. Touchscreens are common in such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, electronic voting machines, point of sale systems. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals and they also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants and some e-readers. The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable. The application of technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in 1968. Frank Beck and Bent Stumpe, engineers from CERN, developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s, then manufactured by CERN, it was put to use in 1973. A resistive touchscreen was developed by American inventor George Samuel Hurst, the first version was produced in 1982. This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP-150 starting in 1983, this was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers. HP mounted their infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9 Sony Cathode Ray Tube, in 1984, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16, to deal with the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics. In 1985, Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG-1000 video game console and it consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where the pen presses are detected. It was used primarily for a software application. A graphic touch tablet was released for the Sega AI Computer in 1986, touch-sensitive Control-Display Units were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early 1980s. In 1985, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems. In 1986, the first graphical point of sale software was demonstrated on the 16-bit Atari 520ST color computer and it featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface. In 1987, Casio launched the Casio PB-1000 pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until 1988 touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise
Touch screen
–
The prototype x-y mutual capacitance touchscreen (left) developed at
CERN in 1977 by Bent Stumpe, a Danish electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN’s accelerator SPS (
Super Proton Synchrotron). This was a further development of the
self-capacitance screen (right), also developed by Stumpe at CERN in 1972.
Touch screen
–
Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone
Touch screen
–
Back side of a Multitouch Globe, based on Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology
Touch screen
–
Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user's touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated.
33.
USB
–
It is currently developed by the USB Implementers Forum. USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs, USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial ports and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices. Also, there are 5 modes of USB data transfer, in order of increasing bandwidth, Low Speed, Full Speed, High Speed, SuperSpeed, USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specifications suggests that plugs, unlike other data buses, USB connections are directed, with both upstream and downstream ports emanating from a single host. This applies to power, with only downstream facing ports providing power. Thus, USB cables have different ends, A and B, therefore, in general, each different format requires four different connectors, a plug and receptacle for each of the A and B ends. USB cables have the plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computers or electronic devices, in common practice, the A end is usually the standard format, and the B side varies over standard, mini, and micro. The mini and micro formats also provide for USB On-The-Go with a hermaphroditic AB receptacle, the micro format is the most durable from the point of view of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors have a lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. Likewise, the component of the retention mechanism, parts that provide required gripping force, were also moved into plugs on the cable side. A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994, Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, a team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel, the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. The original USB1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, Microsoft Windows 95, OSR2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, the 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc. s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB, following Apples design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard. The USB2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was ratified by the USB Implementers Forum at the end of 2001.1 specification, the USB3.0 specification was published on 12 November 2008. Its main goals were to increase the transfer rate, decrease power consumption, increase power output. USB3.0 includes a new, higher speed bus called SuperSpeed in parallel with the USB2.0 bus, for this reason, the new version is also called SuperSpeed
USB
–
USB logo on the head of a standard-A plug, the most common
USB plug
USB
–
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
USB
–
A USB 2.0
PCI expansion card
USB
–
Two USB 3.0 standard-A sockets (left) and two USB 2.0 sockets (right) on a computer's front panel
34.
Lithium ion battery
–
A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, the electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics and they are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle, for example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead–acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles. Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types, handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide, which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate, lithium ion manganese oxide battery and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide offer lower energy density, such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles. NMC in particular is a contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium titanate are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles, the newer lithium–sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio. Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte, an expert notes If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires. Because of these risks, testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, there have been battery-related recalls by some companies, including the 2016 Samsung Note 7 recall for battery fires. This article covers just the topics and general principles of lithium-ion batteries. Nearly all facets have elements that are impacted by currently very active development or research, a cell is a basic electrochemical unit that contains the basic components, such as electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. In the case of cells, this is the single cylindrical, prismatic or pouch unit. In this regard, the simplest battery is a cell with perhaps a small electronic circuit for protection. In many cases, distinguishing between cell and battery is not important, however, this should be done when dealing with specific applications, for example, battery electric vehicles, where battery may indicate a high voltage system of 400 V, and not a single cell. The term module is used as an intermediate topology, with the understanding that a battery pack is made of modules. In electrochemistry, the anode is the electrode where oxidation is taking place in the battery, i. e. electrons get free, however, this happens on opposite electrodes during charge vs. discharge. Historically, for lithium cells, which started as single use discharge cells and this is true on discharge, but with a rechargeable system, the negative electrode chemically becomes the cathode while charging
Lithium ion battery
–
An example of a Li-ion battery (used on the
Nokia 3310 mobile phone)
Lithium ion battery
–
Varta lithium-ion battery,
Museum Autovision,
Altlussheim, Germany
Lithium ion battery
–
Cylindrical 18650 lithium iron phosphate cell before closing
Lithium ion battery
–
Nissan Leaf 's lithium-ion battery pack.
35.
Smartphone
–
A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Smartphones can access the Internet and can run a variety of third-party software components and they typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers more than 76% of the front surface. In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. Most of those produced from 2012 onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early 2013, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and Theodore Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1974, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in 1994. The term smart phone appeared in print as early as 1995, in the mid-late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems, in March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC that supported a Nokia 2110 phone with ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls and it was also 100% DOS5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows. In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a cellular phone based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated PDA based on the PEN/GEOS3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above. The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. In June 1999 Qualcomm released the pdQ Smartphone, a CDMA digital PCS Smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA, subsequent landmark devices included, The Ericsson R380 by Ericsson Mobile Communications. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA. The Kyocera 6035 introduced by Palm, Inc, combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon network, and supported limited Web browsing
Smartphone
–
The first caller identification receiver (1971)
Smartphone
–
An
Apple iPhone 5S
Smartphone
–
BlackBerry Z10 (2013)
Smartphone
–
Samsung Galaxy Note smartphones running
Android
36.
Automotive navigation system
–
An automotive navigation system is part of the automobile controls or a third party add-on used to find direction in an automobile. It typically uses a navigation device to get its position data which is then correlated to a position on a road. When directions are needed routing can be calculated, on the fly traffic information can be used to adjust the route. Automotive navigation systems represent a convergence of a number of diverse technologies many of which have available for many years. Limitations such as batteries, display, and processing power had to be overcome before the product became commercially viable, etak made an early system that used map-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Digital map information was stored on cassette tapes. 1966, General Motors Research was working on a non-satellite-based navigation, after initial tests GM found that it was not a scalable or practical way to provide navigation assistance. Decades later, however, the concept would be reborn as OnStar,1980, Electronic Auto Compass with new mechanism on the Toyota Crown. 1981, navigation computer on the Toyota Celica,1987, Toyota introduced the Worlds first CD-ROM-based navigation system on the Toyota Crown. 1990, Mazda Eunos Cosmo became the first car with built-in GPS-navigation system 1991,1991, Mitsubishi introduced GPS car navigation on the Mitsubishi Debonair. 1992, Voice assisted GPS navigation system on the Toyota Celsior, bitMAP attends Comdex in Las Vegas the same year, but doesnt manage to market itself properly. 1994, BMW7 series E38 first European model featuring GPS sat nav, the navigation system was developed in cooperation with Philips. 1995, Oldsmobile introduced the first GPS navigation system available in a United States production car,1995, Device called Mobile Assistant or short, MASS, produced by Munich-based company ComRoad AG, won the title Best Product in Mobile Computing on CeBit by magazine Byte. It offered turn-by-turn navigation via wireless connection, with both GPS and speed sensor in the car. Street names or numbers and house numbers are encoded as geographic coordinates so that the user can find some desired destination by street address, points of interest are stored with their geographic coordinates. Formats are almost uniformly proprietary, there is no standard for satellite navigation maps, although some companies are trying to address this with SDAL. Map data vendors such as Tele Atlas and Navteq create the map in a Geographic Data Files format. GDF is not a CD standard for car navigation systems, GDF is used and converted onto the CD-ROM in the internal format of the navigation system
Automotive navigation system
–
Navigation with Gosmore, an open source routing software, on a personal navigation assistant with free map data from OpenStreetMap.
37.
Motorcycle
–
A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
Motorcycle
–
A 1954
Triumph T110 motorcycle
Motorcycle
–
A boulevard cruiser (front) and a sportbike (background)
Motorcycle
–
A
Ural motorcycle with a
sidecar
Motorcycle
–
French gendarme motorcyclist
38.
Motorscooter
–
A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the riders feet. Elements of scooter design have been present in some of the earliest motorcycles, Scooter development continued in Europe and the United States between the World Wars. The global popularity of scooters dates from the post-World War II introductions of the Vespa and these scooters were intended to provide low-power personal transportation. The original layout is widely used in this application. Maxi-scooters, with engines from 250 to 850 cc have been developed for Western markets, scooters are popular for personal transport, partly due to being cheap to buy, easy to operate and convenient to park and store. Licensing requirements for scooters are easier and cheaper than for cars in most parts of the world, a motor scooter is a motorcycle similar to a kick scooter with a seat, a floorboard, and small or low wheels. The United States Department of Transportation defines a scooter as a motorcycle that has a platform for the feet or has integrated footrests. The classic scooter design features a frame and a flat floorboard for the riders feet. This design is possible because most scooter engines and drive systems are attached to the axle or under the seat. Scooters usually feature bodywork, including a front leg shield and body that conceals all or most of the mechanicals, there is often some integral storage space, either under the seat, built into the front leg shield, or both. Scooters have varying engine displacements and configurations ranging from 50 cc single-cylinder to 850 cc twin-cylinder models, some scooters carry a spare wheel. Many recent scooters use conventional front forks with the front axle fastened at both ends, most jurisdictions do not differentiate between scooters and motorcycles. For all legal purposes in the United States of America, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommends using the motorcycle for all of these vehicles. However, while NHTSA excludes the term motor scooter from legal definition, it proceeds, in the same document, the emissions of mopeds and scooters have been the subject of multiple studies. In the same study, four-stroke mopeds, with and without catalytic converters, approximate parity with automobiles was achieved with NOx emissions in these studies. Emissions performance was tested on a basis and was unaffected by fuel economy. Scooter-like traits began to develop in motorcycle designs around the 1900s, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller produced the first motorcycle that was available for purchase. Their motorcycle had a frame, with its fuel tank mounted on the down tube, its parallel two-cylinder engine mounted low on the frame
Motorscooter
–
The
Vespa was the first globally popular scooter.
Motorscooter
–
Kymco G3, a modern scooter
Motorscooter
–
1894
Hildebrand & Wolfmüller motorcycle
Motorscooter
–
1908 Auto-Fauteuil motorcycle
39.
Personal digital assistant
–
A personal digital assistant, also known as a handheld PC, or personal data assistant, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. PDAs were largely discontinued in the early 2010s after the adoption of highly capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS. Nearly all PDAs have the ability to connect to the Internet, a PDA has an electronic visual display, letting it include a web browser. All models also have audio capabilities, allowing usage as a media player. Most PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks, the first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer, followed by Psions Series 3, in 1991. The latter began to resemble the more familiar PDA style, including a full keyboard, the term PDA was first used on January 7,1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the IBM Simon, then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which became the worlds best-selling PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs, the PDA phone, another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. A typical PDA has a touchscreen for entering data, a card slot for data storage. PDAs with wireless data connections also typically include an email client, many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured a touchscreen for user interaction, having only a few buttons—usually reserved for shortcuts to often-used programs. Some touchscreen PDAs, including Windows Mobile devices, had a stylus to facilitate making selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping the screen to select buttons or issue commands, typical methods of entering text on touchscreen PDAs include, A virtual keyboard, where a keyboard is shown on the touchscreen. Text is entered by tapping the on-screen keyboard with a finger or stylus, an external keyboard connected via USB, Infrared port, or Bluetooth. Some users may choose a chorded keyboard for one-handed use, handwriting recognition, where letters or words are written on the touchscreen, often with a stylus, and the PDA converts the input to text. Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas, such as 1 +2 =, stroke recognition allows the user to make a predefined set of strokes on the touchscreen, sometimes in a special input area, representing the various characters to be input. The strokes are often simplified character shapes, making them easier for the device to recognize, one widely known stroke recognition system is Palms Graffiti. Despite research and development projects, end-users experience mixed results with handwriting recognition systems, some find it frustrating and inaccurate, while others are satisfied with the quality of the recognition. Touchscreen PDAs intended for use, such as the BlackBerry and Palm Treo, usually also offer full keyboards and scroll wheels or thumbwheels to facilitate data entry
Personal digital assistant
–
The
Palm TX
40.
Palm (device)
–
Palm handhelds were Personal Digital Assistants that ran the Palm OS. On 28 April 2010 it was announced that Hewlett-Packard would acquire Palm for around US$1.2 billion, although HP kept the Palm brand initially, all new PDA devices announced at press announcement on February 9,2011, were branded as HP devices, not as Palm devices. Pilot was the name of the first generation of personal digital assistants manufactured by Palm Computing in 1996, the inventors of the Pilot were Jeff Hawkins, Donna Dubinsky, and Ed Colligan, who founded Palm Computing in 1992. Their research convinced them, however, they could create better hardware as well, before starting development of the Pilot, Hawkins said he carried a block of wood, the size of the potential Pilot, in his pocket for a week. Palm was widely perceived to have benefited from the notable if ill-fated earlier attempts to create a popular handheld computing platform by Go Corporation, Tandy, the prototype for the first Palm Connected Organizer was called Palm Taxi. The first two generations of PDAs from Palm were referred to as Palm-Pilots, due to a trademark infringement lawsuit brought by the Pilot Pen Corporation, since 1998 handheld devices from Palm have been known as Palm Connected Organizers or more commonly as Palms. The first Palms, the Pilot 1000 and Pilot 5000, had no infrared port, backlight, or flash memory and their RAM size was 128 kB and 512 kB respectively, and they used version 1 of Palm OS. Later, it possible to upgrade the Pilot 1000 or 5000s internals to up to 1 MB of internal RAM. This was done with the purchase of an upgrade module sold by Palm, the next couple of Palms, the PalmPilot Personal and PalmPilot Professional, had backlit screens, but no infrared port or flash memory. Their RAM size was 512 kB and 1024 kB respectively and they used version 2 of the Palm OS. Palm III, and all the following Palms, did not have the word Pilot in their due to the previously mentioned trademark dispute. The Palm III had an IR port, backlight, and flash memory, the latter allowed the user to upgrade Palm OS, or, with some external applications, to store programs or data in flash memory. It ran on two standard AAA batteries and it was able to retain enough energy for 10–15 minutes to prevent data loss during battery replacement. It had 2 megabytes of memory, large at the time, meanwhile, with Palm Computing now a subsidiary of 3Com, the founders felt they had insufficient control over the development of the Palm product. As a result, they left 3Com and founded Handspring in June 1998, when they left Palm, Hawkins secured a license for the Palm OS for Handspring, and the company became the first Palm OS licensee. Handspring went on to produce the Handspring Visor, a clone of the Palm handhelds that included an expansion slot. The next versions of Palm used Palm OS3.1 and these included Palm IIIx with 4 Megabytes of memory, Palm IIIe without flash memory or hardware expansion slot, Palm V with 2 Megabytes of memory, and, Palm Vx with 8 Megabytes of memory. Palm VII had wireless connection to some Internet services, but this connection worked only within the United States, Palm IIIc was the first Palm handheld with a color screen
Palm (device)
–
The Palm TX offers the ability to browse the
Internet wirelessly
Palm (device)
–
A Palm IIIxe unit with Accessories.
Palm (device)
–
The Palm IIIc was the first Palm with a color screen
Palm (device)
–
The monochrome Palm m100
41.
Pocket PC
–
It has some of the abilities of modern desktop PCs. As of 2010, thousands of applications exist for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, some of these devices are also mobile phones. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can be used with many such as GPS receivers, barcode readers, RFID readers. But in 2010, even Windows Mobile devices were discontinued in favor of Windows Phone devices, the Pocket PC was an evolution from prior calculator-sized computers. Keystroke-programmable calculators which could do business and scientific applications were available by the 1970s. In 1982, Hewlett Packards HP-75 incorporated a 1-line text display, the HP 95LX, HP 100LX and HP 200LX series packed a PC-compatible MS-DOS computer with graphics display and QWERTY keyboard into a palmtop format. The HP OmniGo 100 and 120 used a pen and graphics interface on DOS-based PC/GEOS, the HP 300LX built a palmtop computer on the Windows CE operating system, but not until the form factor and features of the Palm platform were adapted that it was named the Pocket PC. From a technical standpoint, Pocket PC is a Microsoft specification that sets various hardware and software requirements for mobile devices bearing the Pocket PC label. The Pocket PC/Windows Mobile OS was superseded by Windows Phone on February 15,2010 when the latter was announced at Mobile World Congress that year, no existing hardware was officially supported for a Windows Phone 7 upgrade. Additionally, not a one of the thousands of apps available for Windows Mobile would run unaltered on Windows Phone. The first Windows Mobile 6.5 device was first shown on September 2009, leaked ROMs surfaced in July 2009 for specific devices. The generic ROM images for Mobile 6.5 are also available as part of the officially distributed, several phones running Windows Mobile 6.1 can be updated to Windows Mobile 6.5. Microsofts Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced on April 1,2008, Windows Mobile 6.1 was built upon Windows CE5. Microsofts Windows Mobile 6, internally code-named Crossbow, was released by Microsoft on February 12,2007. Mobile 6 was still based on Windows CE5 and was effectively just a face-lift of Windows Mobile 5, Windows Mobile 5 for Pocket PC was based on Windows CE5 and contained many fixes and improvements over Windows Mobile 2003. Windows Mobile 5.0 solved this problem by storing all data in persistent memory, leaving the RAM to be used only for running applications. As a result, Windows Mobile 5.0 Pocket PCs generally had more flash memory, Pocket PC2000 was launched April 2000, and ran Windows CE3.0. Pocket PC2000 featured a version of Microsoft Office, a chief feature being the ability to password-protect Excel files
Pocket PC
–
HTC Universal
Pocket PC
–
O2 XDA IIi
42.
Windows Mobile
–
Windows Mobile is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs. Its origins dated back to Windows CE in 1996, though Windows Mobile itself first appeared in 2000 as PocketPC2000 and it was renamed Windows Mobile in 2003, at which point it came in several versions and was aimed at business and enterprise consumers. By 2007, it was the most popular software in the U. S. In February 2010, facing competition from rival OSs including iOS and Android, as a result, Windows Mobile has been deprecated. Windows Phone is incompatible with Windows Mobile devices and software, the last version of Windows Mobile, released after the announcement of Windows Phone, was 6.5.5. After this, Microsoft ceased development on Windows Mobile, in order to concentrate on Windows Phone, similarly to its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the web browser, and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media. The mobile version of Microsoft Office, is the office suite. Internet Connection Sharing, supported on compatible devices, allows the phone to share its Internet connection with computers via USB, Windows Mobile supports virtual private networking over PPTP protocol. Most devices with mobile connectivity also have a Radio Interface Layer, the Radio Interface Layer provides the system interface between the Cell Core layer within the Windows Mobile OS and the radio protocol stack used by the wireless modem hardware. This allows OEMs to integrate a variety of modems into their equipment, the user interface changed dramatically between versions, only retaining similar functionality. The Today Screen, later called the Home Screen, shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mails, the taskbar display the current time as well as the volume level. Devices with a cellular radio also show the strength on said taskbar. Windows Mobile is based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC2000 operating system and it includes a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API, and is designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. It allowed third party developers to develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft, software applications were purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the services lifespan. Most early Windows Mobile devices came with a stylus, which can be used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen, the primary touch input technology behind most devices were resistive touchscreens which often required a stylus for input. Later devices used capacitive sensing which does not require a stylus, along with touchscreens, a large variety of form factors existed for the platform. Some devices featured slideout keyboards, while others featured minimal face buttons, Microsofts work on handheld portable devices began with research projects in 1990, with the work on Windows CE beginning in 1992
Windows Mobile
–
A
Ford Territory with Windows Mobile advertising seen in
Auckland, New Zealand in 2008.
Windows Mobile
–
Windows Mobile 6.5.3 screenshot
43.
Operating system
–
An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
Operating system
–
OS/360 was used on most IBM mainframe computers beginning in 1966, including computers used by the
Apollo program.
Operating system
Operating system
–
The
first server for the
World Wide Web ran on NeXTSTEP, based on BSD
44.
TomTom PLUS
–
TomTom NV is a Dutch company that produces traffic, navigation and mapping products. TomTom also makes action cameras, GPS sport watches, fleet management systems, as of 2015 TomToms business has four business units, Consumer, Automotive, Licensing and Telematics through which it sells and licences its technology and products. Founded in 1991 and headquartered in Amsterdam, the currently has 4,600 employees worldwide. TomTom was originally named Palmtop Software, founded by Peter-Frans Pauwels, Pieter Geelen, Harold Goddijn, TomTom currently has 56 offices in 37 countries. In 2004 TomTom launched the first PND, creating a new consumer electronics category, TomTom has since sold nearly 80 million PND devices worldwide. In 2008, TomTom acquired Tele Atlas, a map maker. On 11 June 2012, at an event for Apples iOS6 preview, TomTom was announced as the main mapping data provider for Apples revamped iOS6 Maps app, replacing Google Maps. In 2013, TomTom entered the GPS Sports Watch market and the year, in 2014, it launched its Action Camera. Late 2015, TomTom extended its deal with Apple and signed a new contract with international transportation network company Uber, the Uber driver app now uses TomTom maps and traffic data in 300 cities worldwide. TomTom currently has 58 offices in 35 countries, the company was founded in 1991 and, until 1996, developed business-to-business applications such as meter reading and bar-code reading. Subsequently, the company moved its focus to PDA software for the consumer market, early mapping software included EnRoute, Citymaps and Routeplanner. The first navigation product was released in 2002, the company released its first navigator product, TomTom Navigator, in 2002, for Windows CE-powered PDAs, bundled with car cradle and GPS receiver. Their first all-in-one device, the TomTom GO, based on NavCore version 4.1, was released in March 2004, on Friday 27 May 2005, TomTom listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, valuing the company at nearly EUR500m. Several NavCore 5 products were released in 2005, with a feature and codebase, Navigator 5 for Windows CE and Palm OS, TomTom Mobile 5, and the updated GO models. For the version 5 release, the Traffic subscription service was rebranded TomTom Plus, weather information and the ability to download new voices and other content were added. All new GO-models supported Bluetooth, in order to connect to a phone for TomTomPlus. The 500 and 700 added hands-free calling, a faster CPU and expanded mapping, TomTom expanded their range of NavCore 5 devices with the ruggedized Rider, and the budget ONE, in late 2005. Both devices used the SirfStar III GPS chipset, for much better GPS reception than previous devices, the ONE was also significantly slimmer than the earlier GO devices, at the expense of shorter battery endurance
TomTom PLUS
–
TomTom N.V.
45.
TomTom Home
–
TomTom NV is a Dutch company that produces traffic, navigation and mapping products. TomTom also makes action cameras, GPS sport watches, fleet management systems, as of 2015 TomToms business has four business units, Consumer, Automotive, Licensing and Telematics through which it sells and licences its technology and products. Founded in 1991 and headquartered in Amsterdam, the currently has 4,600 employees worldwide. TomTom was originally named Palmtop Software, founded by Peter-Frans Pauwels, Pieter Geelen, Harold Goddijn, TomTom currently has 56 offices in 37 countries. In 2004 TomTom launched the first PND, creating a new consumer electronics category, TomTom has since sold nearly 80 million PND devices worldwide. In 2008, TomTom acquired Tele Atlas, a map maker. On 11 June 2012, at an event for Apples iOS6 preview, TomTom was announced as the main mapping data provider for Apples revamped iOS6 Maps app, replacing Google Maps. In 2013, TomTom entered the GPS Sports Watch market and the year, in 2014, it launched its Action Camera. Late 2015, TomTom extended its deal with Apple and signed a new contract with international transportation network company Uber, the Uber driver app now uses TomTom maps and traffic data in 300 cities worldwide. TomTom currently has 58 offices in 35 countries, the company was founded in 1991 and, until 1996, developed business-to-business applications such as meter reading and bar-code reading. Subsequently, the company moved its focus to PDA software for the consumer market, early mapping software included EnRoute, Citymaps and Routeplanner. The first navigation product was released in 2002, the company released its first navigator product, TomTom Navigator, in 2002, for Windows CE-powered PDAs, bundled with car cradle and GPS receiver. Their first all-in-one device, the TomTom GO, based on NavCore version 4.1, was released in March 2004, on Friday 27 May 2005, TomTom listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, valuing the company at nearly EUR500m. Several NavCore 5 products were released in 2005, with a feature and codebase, Navigator 5 for Windows CE and Palm OS, TomTom Mobile 5, and the updated GO models. For the version 5 release, the Traffic subscription service was rebranded TomTom Plus, weather information and the ability to download new voices and other content were added. All new GO-models supported Bluetooth, in order to connect to a phone for TomTomPlus. The 500 and 700 added hands-free calling, a faster CPU and expanded mapping, TomTom expanded their range of NavCore 5 devices with the ruggedized Rider, and the budget ONE, in late 2005. Both devices used the SirfStar III GPS chipset, for much better GPS reception than previous devices, the ONE was also significantly slimmer than the earlier GO devices, at the expense of shorter battery endurance
TomTom Home
–
TomTom N.V.
46.
Point of Interest
–
A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. An example is a point on the Earth representing the location of the Space Needle, or a point on Mars representing the location of the mountain, most consumers use the term when referring to hotels, campsites, fuel stations or any other categories used in modern navigation systems. A region of interest and a volume of interest are similar in concept, the term is widely used in cartography, especially in electronic variants including GIS, and GPS navigation software. In this context the synonym waypoint is common, a GPS point of interest specifies, at minimum, the latitude and longitude of the POI, assuming a certain map datum. A name or description for the POI is usually included, GPS applications typically use icons to represent different categories of POI on a map graphically. Digital maps for modern GPS devices typically include a selection of POI for the map area. However websites exist that specialize in the collection, verification, management, while some of these websites are generic, and will collect and categorize POI for any interest, others are more specialized in a particular category or GPS device. End-users also have the ability to create their own custom collections, commercial POI collections, especially those that ship with digital maps, or that are sold on a subscription basis are usually protected by copyright. However, there are many websites from which royalty-free POI collections can be obtained, e. g. SPOI - Smart Points of Interest. The applications for POI are extensive, as GPS-enabled devices as well as software applications that use digital maps become more available, so too the applications for POI are also expanding. Geocaching applications are built around POI collections, in Vehicle tracking systems POIs are used to mark destination points and/or offices to that users of GPS tracking software would easily monitor position of vehicles according to POIs. Many different file formats, including proprietary formats, are used to point of interest data. Reasons for variations to store the data include, A lack of standards in this area. Attempts by some vendors to protect their data through obfuscation. Licensing issues that prevent companies from using competitors file specifications, memory saving, for example, by converting floating point latitude and longitude co-ordinates into smaller integer values. Requirements to add custom fields to the data, POI format converters are often named after the POI file format they convert and convert to, such as KML2GPX and KML2OV2. Automotive navigation system Geocoded photograph Map database management OpenLR Tourist attraction World Geodetic System
Point of Interest
–
Viewing POI points on a
Garmin GPS
Point of Interest
–
Custom
speed camera POI overlaid on a
BMW navigation map
47.
WWDC
–
The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, is a conference held annually in California by Apple Inc. The conference is used by Apple to showcase its new software, attendees can participate in hands-on labs with Apple engineers, and in-depth sessions covering a wide variety of topics. WWDC began in 1983 in Monterey, California, until 2007, the number of attendees varied between 2,000 and 4,200, however, during WWDC2007, Steve Jobs noted that there were more than 5,000 attendees. The WWDC events held from 2008 to 2015 were capped, since 1998, the conference has generally started with a keynote presentation. It was usually delivered by Jobs, resulting in their becoming termed Stevenotes, after Jobs 2011 resignation and death, his successor Tim Cook delivered the keynotes. In 1991, first public demonstration of QuickTime, in 1995, WWDC95 focused almost fully on the Copland project, which by this time was able to be demonstrated to some degree. Gil Amelio stated that the system was on-schedule to ship in beta form in summer with an initial commercial release in the very late fall. However, very few live demos were offered, and no beta of the system was offered. In 1996, WWDC96s primary emphasis was a new software component technology called OpenDoc, the OpenDoc consortium included Adobe, Lotus, others, and Apple. Apple touted OpenDoc as the foundation for application structure under Mac OS. In 1997, WWDC97 was the first show after the purchase of NeXT, the show focused mainly on the work in progress, including a short history of development efforts since the two development teams had been merged on February 4. Several new additions to the system were demonstrated, including tabbed and outline views. Under the original Rhapsody plans, classic applications would run in sandboxed installation of the classic Mac OS, to receive new features, such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking, developers had to rewrite applications using the Yellow Box API. Developer complaints about the major porting effort to what was then a market and warnings that they might simply abandon the platform. Carbon addressed the problem by reducing the effort needed, while exposing some of the new functions of the underlying OS. Another major introduction at WWDC98 was the Quartz imaging model, which replaced Display PostScript with something akin to display PDF, although the reasons for this switch remain unclear, Quartz also included better support for the extant QuickDraw model from the classic OS, and Java2D. Supporting QuickDraw directly in the model also led to a related announcement. In 1999, WWDC99 was essentially a report as the plans outlined in WWDC98 came to fruition
WWDC
–
BT performing at 2006 WWDC Bash held on 1
Infinite Loop Campus
WWDC
–
Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
WWDC
–
OK Go at 2010 WWDC Bash wearing conference jackets
48.
Macworld
–
Macworld is a web site dedicated to products and software of Apple Inc. published by Mac Publishing, which is headquartered in San Francisco, California. It started life as a print magazine in 1984 and had the largest audited circulation of Macintosh-focused magazines in North America, more than double its nearest competitor, Macworld was founded by David Bunnell and Andrew Fluegelman. In 1999, the company also purchased the online publication MacCentral Online. In late 2001 International Data Group bought out Ziff-Davis share of Mac Publishing, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of IDG, the magazine was published in many countries, either by other IDG subsidiaries or by outside publishers who have licensed the brand name and its content. These editions included Australia, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom and its content was also incorporated into a number of other IDG publications. In addition to publishing a print magazine, Macworld also operates numerous web sites, including Macworld, Playlist, MacUser. Every year, Macworld uses its expertise in technology to find the best device in each category in the market, the Macworld Podcast is a weekly podcast published by Macworld, a magazine and web site devoted to Apples Macintosh computers. It was formally hosted by Macworld Senior Editor Chris Breen, and consists mostly of interviews with Macworld editors, Macworld editorial director Jason Snell is a frequent guest and occasional guest host. The programs original host was Cyrus Farivar, the Macworld Podcast began life on April 26,2005 as the Geek Factor Podcast, but was upgraded into the official Macworld Podcast with its fifth installment, in August 2005. Its current hosts as of August 2015 are Glenn Fleishman and Susie Ochs, Macworld Australia Macworld Macworld France Macworld UK Macwelt Macworld Italia Macworld MacWorld Macworld Macworld Macworld
Macworld
–
The April 2004 issue of Macworld
49.
Play Store
–
Google Play is a digital distribution service, including a digital media store, the Google Play Store, operated and developed by Google. Google Play also serves as a digital media store, offering music, magazines, books, movies and it previously offered Google hardware devices for purchase until the introduction of a separate online hardware retailer, Google Store, on March 11,2015. Applications are available through Google Play either free of charge or at a cost and they can be downloaded directly to an Android device through the Play Store mobile app, or by deploying the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications exploiting hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted to users of devices with specific hardware components, the Google Play store had over 50 billion app downloads in 2013 and has reached over 2.7 million apps published in 2017. Google Play was launched on March 6,2012, bringing together the Android Market, Google Music, and the Google eBookstore under one brand, marking a shift in Googles digital distribution strategy. The services operating under the Google Play banner are, Google Play Books, Google Play Games, Google Play Movies & TV, Google Play Music, as of February 2017, Google Play features over 2.7 million Android applications. Developers in over 150 locations can distribute apps on Google Play, to distribute apps, developers have to pay a one-time $25 registration fee for a Google Play Developer Console account. App developers can control which countries an app is distributed to, Developers receive 70% of the application price, while the remaining 30% goes to the distribution partner and operating fees. Developers can set up sales, with the original price striked out, Google Play allows developers to release early versions of apps to a select group of users, as alpha or beta tests. Developers can also release apps through staged rollouts, in which your update reaches only a percentage of your users, users can pre-order select apps to have the items delivered as soon as they are available. Some network carriers offer billing for Google Play purchases, allowing users to opt for charges in the phone bill rather than on credit cards. Users can request refunds within 48 hours if something you bought isnt working, isnt what you expected, was bought by accident, Apps meeting specific usability requirements can qualify as an Android Wear app. Google Play Games is a gaming service for Android that features real-time multiplayer gaming capabilities, cloud saves, social and public leaderboards. The service was introduced at the Google I/O2013 Developer Conference, Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker. It features over 40 million songs, and gives users free cloud storage of up to 50,000 songs, as of January 2017, Google Play Music is available in 62 countries. Google Play Books is a digital distribution service. Google Play offers over five million ebooks available for purchase, as of January 2017, Google Play Books is available in 75 countries. Google Play Movies & TV is a video on demand service offering movies and television shows available for purchase or rental, Google Play Newsstand is a news aggregator and digital newsstand service offering subscriptions to digital magazines and topical news feeds
Play Store
–
Gift cards in a
Target store in the U.S.
Play Store
–
Google Play
€ 950 million (2014)[1]
€ 900.60 million (2014)[1]
