1.
Webster, South Dakota
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Webster is a city in and the county seat of Day County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,886 at the 2010 census, the town was platted in 1880, and was named in honor of J. B. Webster is located at 45°20′01″N 97°31′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.49 square miles, all of it land. Webster has been assigned the ZIP code 57274 and the FIPS place code 69780, at the 2010 census, there were 1,886 people,878 households and 481 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,265.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,007 housing units at an average density of 675.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 1% White,0. 2% African American,2. 3% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 7% of the population. 41. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age was 46.3 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 2% were from 25 to 44, 26% were from 45 to 64, and 25. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 3% male and 52. 7% female, at the 2000 census, there were 1,952 people,866 households and 512 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,308.9 per square mile, there were 1,023 housing units at an average density of 685.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 49% White,1. 23% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 05% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 26% of the population. 37. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.86. 23. 2% of the population were under the age of 18,5. 6% from 18 to 24,23. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 7% from 45 to 64, the median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 87.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males. The median household income was $29,457 and the family income was $40,982. Males had an income of $30,121 compared with $18,380 for females. The per capita income was $16,398, about 9. 0% of families and 11. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 4% of those under age 18 and 8. 5% of those age 65 or over
2.
South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
3.
University of South Dakota
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The University of South Dakota is a public coeducational research university located in the small town community of Vermillion, South Dakota. USD was established by the Dakota Territory legislature in 1862,27 years before the establishment of the state of South Dakota, the University of South Dakota is home to South Dakotas only medical school, law school, and accredited business school. It is also home to the National Music Museum, with over 15,000 American, European, USD is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents, and its current president is Jim Abbott. The university has been accredited by the North Central Association of College, nine alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars, Ernest Lawrence, B. A.1922, received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics. The athletic teams compete in the NCAAs Division I as members of The Summit League, except football, the University of South Dakota was founded in 1862 by the Dakota Territorial Legislature. It authorized the establishment of the University at Vermillion, making it the oldest postsecondary institution in the Dakotas, ephraim Epstein served as the first president and primary faculty member in the institution that opened in loaned space in downtown Vermillion. Before 1883 ended, the university had moved into Old main, enrollment increased to 69 students by the end of 1883, and, by the time South Dakota became the 40th state in 1889, USD boasted an enrollment of 500 students. USDs first academic unit, the College of Arts and Sciences, was established in 1883. The School of Law began offering classes in 1901, the School of Medicine in 1907, Continuing Education in 1916, the Graduate School in 1927, and it is the states oldest public university, and is one of six universities governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents. USD has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1913 and is a member of the Association of Public, the school houses the states only law and medical schools and the lone College of Fine Arts. USD is also home to the states oldest and largest political science department, community hospitals and clinics provide teaching sites and the practicing physicians are teachers. The Lee Medical Sciences building houses the science education. The University of South Dakota is based on a 216-acre campus situated along the bluffs near the Missouri River in the southeast corner of the state, the most prominent academic facility on campus, while simultaneously serving as one the schools symbols, is Old Main. Old Main was built in 1883, burned down in 1893, along with several classrooms, it houses an Oscar Howe Museum, the University Honors Program. Farber Hall, a 190-seat theatre utilized mainly for speaking engagements, is located within Old Main. USD opened the newly constructed Theodore R. and Karen K. Muenster University Center for student use on February 17,2009. The MUC houses the Student Activities Center, a dining facility, coffee shop, book store, convenience store. Due to its popularity, it was expanded to students on January 13,2014 and includes more food, one of the newest additions to the campus is the Al Neuharth Media Center, named for the founder of USA Today
4.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
5.
Today (U.S. TV program)
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Today, also called The Today Show, is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC. The program debuted on January 14,1952 and it was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and is the fifth-longest-running American television series. Originally a two-hour program on weekdays, it expanded to Sundays in 1987, the weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007. Todays dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, Today has maintained its No.2 status since the summer of 2012 each year behind GMA. In 2002, Today was ranked No.17 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the shows first broadcast aired on January 14,1952. It was the brainchild of Sylvester B, Pat Weaver, Jr. who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Todays late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered, in pre-production, the shows proposed title was The Rise and Shine Revue. Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway, the program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks, and local news updates from the networks stations. It has spawned several other shows of a type, including ABCs Good Morning America. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBCs Breakfast Time and TV-ams Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. When Today debuted, it was seen only in the Eastern and Central time zones. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U. S. time zones, partly to accommodate host Dave Garroways declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961, a fourth hour was eventually added on September 10,2007. NBC stations in some markets air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay, WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts was an NBC station that would follow this practice to accommodate an hour of local news at 9,00 am. On January 1,2017, the NBC affiliation in Boston moved to a new owned-and-operated station, WBTS, which airs the third and fourth hours of Today at its regular 9,00 am and 10,00 am timeslots. Generally, the program live in the Eastern Time Zone. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition, the live updates typically do not last longer than the 7,00 a. m. hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they note the current time as being Pacific Time
6.
NBC Nightly News
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NBC Nightly News is the flagship daily evening television news program for NBC News, the news division of the NBC television network in the United States. NBC Nightly News is produced from Studio 3B at NBC Studios at 30 Rockefeller Center in New York City, since 2015, the broadcast has been anchored by Lester Holt on weeknights, José Díaz-Balart on Saturday and Kate Snow on Sunday. Previous weekday anchors have included David Brinkley, John Chancellor, Tom Brokaw and its current theme music, The Mission was composed by John Williams. NBC Nightly News replaced the Huntley-Brinkley Report in August 1970 upon Chet Huntleys retirement, at first, David Brinkley, John Chancellor, and Frank McGee rotated duties as anchors. At least one, usually two, and very rarely all three anchored the program on a given night, Brinkleys appearances were always from Washington and McGees were always from New York. Chancellor moved between two cities depending on his partner for the evening. Chancellor became the anchor of the program on August 9,1971, with Brinkley providing a three-minute commentary segment, David Brinkleys Journal. On June 7,1976, NBC brought Brinkley back to the anchor desk, initially, Chancellor and Brinkley both reported from New York City, however Brinkley would later return to Washington. After stepping down from the desk on April 2,1982. On April 5,1982, Tom Brokaw, who had been serving as anchor of Today since 1976, joined the program and took over duties in New York City. Among other news items, he covered the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, EDSA Revolution, Loma Prieta earthquake, the fall of the Berlin Wall, as anchor, Brokaw conducted the first one-on-one American television interviews with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian President Vladimir Putin. He was the network anchor in Berlin when the Berlin Wall fell. Brokaws presence slowly attracted viewers, and during the 1990s, Nightly News battled for the lead with World News Tonight. He and Katie Couric hosted a prime-time newsmagazine, Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric, by 1997, NBC Nightly News had solidified its first place standing in the ratings, a spot it would retain solely for ten years. The once-dominant CBS Evening News, anchored by Dan Rather, had lost a portion of the audience it held during the Walter Cronkite era. Following the collapse of the tower, Brokaw said, In May 2002, Brokaw announced his retirement as anchor of Nightly News. Brokaws final broadcast took place on December 1,2004, ending 22 years on the Nightly News desk, Brian Williams, a frequent substitute for Brokaw for NBC Nightly News, succeeded him as the programs permanent anchor on December 2,2004. However, NBC Nightly News regained the lead a few months later, Williams rose to new levels of popularity for his live spot reporting during and after the 2005 hurricane season
7.
NBC News
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NBC News is a division of the American broadcast network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal News Group, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the groups various operations report to the president of NBC News, Noah Oppenheim. NBC News aired the first news program in American broadcast television history on February 21,1940, the groups broadcasts are produced and aired from 30 Rockefeller Center, NBCs headquarters in New York City. The division presides over Americas number-one-rated newscast, NBC Nightly News, NBC News also offers 70 years of rare historic footage from the NBCUniversal Archives online. NBC News operates a 24-hour cable news network known as MSNBC, the cable network shares staff and editorial control with NBC News. The first American television newscast in history was made by NBC News on February 21,1940, anchored by Lowell Thomas, due to wartime restrictions, there were no live telecasts of the 1944 conventions, although films of the events were reportedly shown over WNBT the next day. In 1948, NBC teamed up with Life magazine to provide election night coverage of President Harry S. Trumans surprising victory over New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, the television audience was small, but NBCs share in New York was double that of any other outlet. The following year, the Camel News Caravan, anchored by John Cameron Swayze, lacking the graphics and technology of later years, it nonetheless contained many of the elements of modern newscasts. NBC hired its own crews and in the programs early years, it dominated CBSs competing program. In 1950, David Brinkley began serving as the programs Washington correspondent, in 1955, the Camel News Caravan fell behind CBSs Douglas Edwards with the News, and Swayze lost the already tepid support of NBC executives. The following year, NBC replaced the program with the Huntley-Brinkley Report, beginning in 1951, NBC News was managed by director of news Bill McAndrew, who reported to vice president of news and public affairs J. Davidson Taylor. Television assumed a prominent role in American family life in the late 1950s. NBC president Robert Kintner provided the division with ample amounts of both financial resources and air time. Created by producer Reuven Frank, NBCs Huntley-Brinkley Report had its debut on October 29,1956, during much of its 14-year run, it exceeded the viewership levels of its CBS News competition, anchored initially by Douglas Edwards and, beginning in April 1962, by Walter Cronkite. Senator to observe later, When I think of Little Rock, in an era when space missions rated continuous coverage, NBC configured its largest studio, Studio 8H, for space coverage. NBCs coverage of the first moon landing in 1969 earned the network an Emmy Award, in the late 1950s, Kintner reorganized the chain of command at the network, making Bill McAndrew president of NBC News, reporting directly to Kintner. McAndrew served in that position until his death in 1968, McAndrew was succeeded by his executive vice president, producer Reuven Frank, who held the position until 1973. On November 22,1963, NBC interrupted various programs on its stations at 1,45 p. m. to announce that President John F. Kennedy had been shot in Dallas, Texas
8.
Meet the Press
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Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program that is broadcast on NBC. It is the program in U. S. television history. It originates from NBCs Washington, D. C. studios, the longevity of Meet the Press can be illustrated in consideration of the fact that the program debuted during what was only the second official network television season for American television. The program has been hosted by 12 different moderators to date, the shows moderator since 2014 is Chuck Todd, who also serves as political director for NBC News. Currently, the program airs in most markets on Sundays at 9,00 a. m. live in the Eastern Time Zone. Meet the Press is also occasionally pre-empted due to coverage of sports events held outside of the U. S. The program is also rebroadcast on Sundays at 2,00 p. m. and Mondays at 2,00 a. m. Eastern Time on MSNBC, whose audio feed is also simulcast on Sirius/XM Satellite Radio. The program is syndicated by Westwood One to various radio stations around the United States. Originally a half-hour program for most of its history, the show expanded to 60 minutes starting with the September 20,1992, occasionally, a final segment called The Meet the Press Minute airs, which is devoted to topical clips from the shows extensive archives. Based on her advice, Rountree created a new program that she called The American Mercury. Meet the Press was originally presented as a 30-minute press conference with a single guest, creator Rountree served as its first host, the programs only female moderator to date. She stepped down on November 1,1953, and was succeeded by Ned Brooks, Spivak became the moderator on January 1,1966, moving up from his role as a permanent panelist. He retired on November 9,1975, on a special edition that featured, for the first time. The next week, Bill Monroe, previously a weekly panelist like Spivak had been years before, took over as moderator and stayed until June 2,1984. For the next seven and a half years, the then went through a series of hosts as it struggled in the ratings against ABCs This Week with David Brinkley. Roger Mudd and Marvin Kalb, as co-moderators, followed Monroe for a year, garrick Utley, then hosting Weekend Today, concurrently hosted Meet the Press from 1989 through December 1,1991. All this occurred despite the ratings of NBC News other programs during that period. The program originally aired at noon Eastern Time every Sunday, before moving to a 9,00 a. m. slot by the early 1990s
9.
John Chancellor
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John William Chancellor was an American journalist who spent most of his career with NBC News. He served as anchor of the NBC Nightly News from 1970 to 1982 and continued to do editorials, Chancellor attended the University of Illinois Navy Pier campus which specified completing the last two years of instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1949. Chancellor covered issues of national importance while on The Huntley-Brinkley Report and he spent a number of years as a foreign correspondent in Europe, with postings in Vienna, London, Moscow, and Brussels. In July 1961, Chancellor replaced Dave Garroway as host of NBCs Today program, never comfortable with the genial persona required of a Today anchor, Chancellor asked for, and was granted, a release from his contract with the show in the summer of 1962. He left the program in September, and assumed a role as political correspondent for NBC News. He, Frank McGee, Edwin Newman, and Sander Vanocur comprised a team that covered the political conventions in the 1960s so well. At the 1964 Republican National Convention, he was arrested for refusing to cede his spot on the floor to Goldwater Girls, supporters of the Republican presidential candidate, Barry Goldwater. When security came to get him, he was forced to sign off, Ive been promised bail, ladies and gentlemen and this is John Chancellor, somewhere in custody. He then became the director of the Voice of America in 1965, at the request of President Lyndon Johnson, NBC arranged the rotation by having McGee always broadcast from New York City and Brinkley continue at his customary Washington desk. If McGee did not anchor on a broadcast, Chancellor did from New York, if Brinkley did not, Chancellor filled in from Washington. NBC did not have separate weekend anchors during this period, as it had just inaugurated a Sunday evening newscast in August 1970, a perceived lack of stability in this arrangement prompted NBC to go with Chancellor full-time. Toward the end of Chancellors tenure, ABC, for the first time ever, became competitive with NBC, Chancellor has the distinction of creating the idea of using colors to represent the states won by presidential candidates in presidential elections. For the 1976 presidential election Chancellor suggested to his networks engineers that create a large electronic map of the United States. If Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate, won a state it would light up in blue, if Gerald Ford, Brokaw became sole anchor a year and a half later. Chancellor remained on the program, providing editorial commentaries before retiring from NBC on July 9,1993, in 1992,4 years prior to his death, Chancellor was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Chancellor was the narrator of Baseball, an award winning documentary by Ken Burns and he also wrote a book, Peril and Promise, which was published in 1991. The John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism was established in 1995 and it is now awarded by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Upon retiring, Chancellor moved to New Jersey, where he died of cancer in 1996
10.
Brian Williams
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Williams is known for his ten years as anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News, the evening news program of the NBC television network. Six months after Williams joined the program in December 2004, NBC News was awarded the Peabody Award for its coverage of the Hurricane Katrina story. In February 2015, Williams was suspended for six months, born in Ridgewood, New Jersey, Williams was raised in a boisterous Irish Catholic home. He is the son of Dorothy May and Gordon Lewis Williams and his mother was an amateur stage actress. Williams is the youngest of four siblings and he lived in Elmira, New York for nine years before moving to Middletown, New Jersey, when he was in junior high school. Williams graduated from Mater Dei High School, a Roman Catholic high school in the New Monmouth section of Middletown, while in high school, he was a volunteer firefighter for three years at the Middletown Township Fire Department. Also while in school, he was the Editorial Editor for the school newspaper. He suffered an accident during a game which left him with a crooked nose. His first job was as a busboy at Perkins Pancake House, after high school Williams attended Brookdale Community College, after which he transferred to The Catholic University of America and then The George Washington University. He did not graduate, and instead interned with the administration of President Jimmy Carter and he later called leaving college one of his great regrets. Williams first worked in broadcasting in 1981 at KOAM-TV in Pittsburg, the following year he covered news in the Washington, D. C. area at then-independent station WTTG, then worked in Philadelphia for WCAU, at that time a CBS Owned-and-Operated station. Beginning in 1987 he broadcast in New York City at WCBS, Williams joined NBC News in 1993, where he anchored the national Weekend Nightly News and was chief White House correspondent. In the summer of 1996 he began serving as anchor and managing editor of The News with Brian Williams, Williams also served as primary substitute anchor for Tom Brokaw on The NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw, and the Weekend anchor of that news broadcast. Williams became anchor of NBC Nightly News on December 2,2004 and his and NBCs Katrina coverage was widely praised, and Williams in particular was applauded for venting his anger and frustration over the governments failure to act quickly to help the victims. NBC Nightly News also earned the George Polk Award and the duPont-Columbia University Award for its Katrina coverage, vanity Fair called Williams work on Katrina Murrow-worthy and reported that during the hurricane he became a nations anchor. The New York Times characterized Williams reporting of the hurricane as a defining moment, in 2007, Time magazine named Williams one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2009, Williams was awarded the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism by Arizona State University, at the announcement of the award, Cronkite said he was one of Williamss ardent admirers and described him as a fastidious newsman who brought credit to the television news reporting profession. Since he began anchoring the Nightly News, Williams has received 12 News & Documentary Emmy Awards
11.
Peter Jennings
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Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings, CM was a Canadian-American journalist who served as the sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight from 1983 until his death from lung cancer in 2005. Despite dropping out of school, he transformed himself into one of American televisions most prominent journalists. Jennings started his early, hosting a Canadian radio show at the age of nine. He began his career with CJOH-TV in Ottawa during its early years, anchoring the local newscasts and hosting a teen dance show, Saturday Date. In 1965, ABC News tapped him to anchor its evening news program. His inexperience was attacked by critics and others in television news, Jennings became a foreign correspondent in 1968, reporting from the Middle East. He returned as one of World News Tonights three anchors in 1978, and was promoted to the role of sole anchor in 1983, in addition to anchoring, he was the host of many ABC News special reports and moderated several American presidential debates. Having always been fascinated with the United States, Jennings became a naturalized United States citizen in 2003, Peter Jennings started his broadcasting career at the age of nine, hosting Peters People, a half-hour, Saturday morning, CBC Radio show for kids. When Jennings was 11 he began attending Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, after the CBC moved his father to its Ottawa headquarters in the early 1950s, Jennings transferred to Lisgar Collegiate Institute. He struggled academically, and Jennings later surmised that it was out of pure boredom that he failed 10th grade, and for reasons I dont understand, I was pretty lazy. Jennings then briefly attended Carleton University, where he says he lasted about 10 minutes before dropping out and he also attended the University of Ottawa. Although Jennings dreamed of following in his fathers footsteps in broadcasting and he had hoped that the company would assign him to its Havana branch, instead, it located him to the small town of Prescott, Ontario, before transferring him to its nearby Brockville branch. During this time, he explored acting by appearing in amateur musical productions with the Orpheus Musical Theatre Society, including Damn Yankees. It was in Brockville that the 21-year-old Jennings started his rise in broadcasting. In 1959, CFJR, a radio station, hired him as a member of its news department, many of his stories. By 1961, Jennings had joined the staff of CJOH-TV, then a new station in Ottawa. When the station launched in March 1961, Jennings was initially an interviewer and co-producer for Vue and his producers saw a youthful attractiveness in him that resembled that of Dick Clark, and Jennings soon found himself hosting Club Thirteen, a dance show similar to American Bandstand. The next year, CTV, Canadas first private TV network, while reporting for CTV, he was the first Canadian journalist to arrive in Dallas after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy
12.
ABC News
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ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. Television broadcasting was suspended, however, during World War II, regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station and production center in New York City in August 1948. ABC news broadcasts have continued as the network expanded nationwide. However, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, ABC News programs consistently ranked third in viewership behind news programs on CBS and NBC. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast model, created many of ABC News most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline and Primetime Live. In June 1998, ABC News, Nine Network and ITN sold their interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. 20/20 ABC World News Tonight America This Morning Good Morning America Nightline This Week What Would You Do, formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US, Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that started on June 21,1982 as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and 7 Washington, D. C. -based crews, however, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN. CNN ceased Satellite News Channels operations on October 27,1983, SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems. Group W would eventually shut down 7 years later, in 1999 and it was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews. com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news each hour, and wide range of entertainment. The channel was available in the United States and Europe and its Talk Back feature allowed viewers to voice their own input through the submission of videos and personal thoughts on controversial issues and current topics. It was shut down as a digital subchannel when Live Well Network was launched, ABC News Now was replaced on cable providers with Fusion on October 28,2013. Fusion is a cable and satellite network that is owned & operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC. ABC and Univision formally announced its launch on May 2,2012, Fusion was ABC News third attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel in 1982 and ABC News Now in 2004. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision, the split was complete on April 21,2016. Several ABC News programs are broadcast daily on OSN News in MENA countries
13.
Dan Rather
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Daniel Irvin Dan Rather Jr. is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of the news magazine Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel AXS TV. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9,1981 and he also contributed to CBSs 60 Minutes. Along with Peter Jennings at ABC News and Tom Brokaw at NBC News, Rather was one of the Big Three news anchors in the U. S. during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. The three all hosted their networks flagship news programs for over 20 years, and all three started and retired within a year of one another. Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. /ˈræðər/ was born on October 31,1931, in Wharton County, Texas, the son of Daniel Irvin Rather, Sr. a ditch digger, the Rathers moved to Houston, where Dan attended Love Elementary School and Hamilton Middle School. He graduated in 1950 from John H. Reagan High School in Houston, in 1953, he earned a bachelors degree in journalism from Sam Houston State University where he was editor of the school newspaper, The Houstonian. At Sam Houston, he was a member of the Caballeros, after obtaining his undergraduate degree, Rather briefly attended South Texas College of Law in Houston, which awarded him an honorary Juris Doctor in 1990. In 1954, Rather enlisted in the United States Marine Corps but was discharged because he had rheumatic fever as a child. Rather began his career in 1950 as an Associated Press reporter in Huntsville. Later, he was a reporter for United Press, several Texas radio stations, around 1955, Rather did a story on heroin. Under the auspices of the Houston Police, he experienced the drug which he characterized as a kind of hell. While at Sam Houston State, Rather worked for KSAM-FM radio in Huntsville, Texas, calling junior high, high school and he later spent four seasons as the play-by-play announcer for the University of Houston football team. During the 1959 minor league season, Rather was the play-by-play radio announcer for the Houston Buffs team of the triple A American Association. In 1959, he began his career as a reporter for KTRK-TV. Rather was subsequently promoted to the director of news for KHOU-TV, ray Miller, news director of KPRC-TV, the NBC affiliate in Houston, also mentored Rather in the early years. On February 28,1962, Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation, shortly after, Rather was made chief of CBSs Southwest bureau in Dallas. In August 1963, he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans, responsible for coverage of events in the South, Southwest, Mexico
14.
CBS News
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CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS. The president of CBS News is David Rhodes, CBS News broadcasts include the CBS Evening News, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning,60 Minutes and 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation. CBS operates a 24-hour news network called CBSN, the first live anchored 24-hour streaming news network that is exclusively online, in December 1930 CBS chief William S. Paley hired journalist Paul W. White away from United Press as CBSs news editor. Paley put the networks news operation at the same level as entertainment. Along with other networks, CBS chafed at the breaking news embargo imposed upon radio by the wire services, CBS disregarded an embargo when it broke the story of the Lindbergh kidnapping in 1932, using live on-the-air reporting. Radio networks scooped print outlets with news of the 1932 presidential election, in March 1933 White was named vice president and general manager in charge of news at CBS. As the first head of CBS News, he began to build an organization that established a legendary reputation. In 1935 White hired Edward R. Murrow, and sent him to London in 1937 to run CBS Radios European operation, White led a staff that would come to include Charles Collingwood, William L. Shirer, Eric Sevareid, John Charles Daly, Joseph C. Harsch Cecil Brown, Elmer Davis, Quincy Howe, H. V. Kaltenborn, CBS was getting its ducks in a row for the biggest news story in history, World War II, wrote radio historian John Dunning. Upon becoming commercial station WCBW in 1941, the pioneer CBS television station in New York City broadcast two daily news programs, at 2,30 and 7,30 p. m. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most of the newscasts featured Hubbell reading a script with only occasional cutaways to a map or still photograph, when Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,1941, WCBW, took to the air at 8,45 p. m. with an extensive special report. The national emergency even broke down the wall between CBS radio and television. The WCBW special report that night lasted less than 90 minutes, but that special broadcast pushed the limits of live television in 1941 and opened up new possibilities for future broadcasts. Additional newscasts were scheduled in the days of the war. In May 1944, as the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, WCBW reopened the studios and the newscasts returned, briefly anchored by Ned Calmer, and then by Everett Holles. After the war, expanded news programs appeared on the WCBW schedule – whose call letters were changed to WCBS-TV in 1946 – first anchored by Milo Boulton, and later by Douglas Edwards. On May 3,1948, Edwards began anchoring CBS Television News and it aired every weeknight at 7,30 p. m. and was the first regularly scheduled, network television news program featuring an anchor. NBCs offering at the time, NBC Television Newsreel, was simply film footage with voice narration, the broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962
15.
News presenter
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They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have helped write with a producer or news writer. This was often taken almost directly from services and then rewritten. Prior to the era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion. These presenters were referred to as commentators, the last major figure to present commentary in a news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey. With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels, many anchors also write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the character of a news anchor. The mix of news and commentary varies depending on the type of program. In 1948, anchor man was used in the game show Who Said That. to refer to John Cameron Swayze, the anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term anchorman also was used to describe Walter Cronkites role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the widespread claim that news anchors were called cronkiters in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer. Anchors occupy a role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of wisdom and truth in the news broadcast. Brian Williams, a minor character in NBCs sitcom 30 Rock. A criticism levied against the role of anchor stems from this dynamic, regurgitat or reproduc the report of others. Differentiating them from the occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. The identity of a particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. More specifically, the media may do an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise. At the same time, however, there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants
16.
Gavins Point Dam
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Gavins Point Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River in the U. S. states of Nebraska and South Dakota. Built from 1952 to 1957, it impounds Lewis and Clark Lake, the dam is on the Nebraska-South Dakota border, west of Yankton, South Dakota. During the 2011 Missouri River Flood the dam was damaged by debris, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers soon began repairs to the dam and its spillway gates. Pressure sensors were installed in concrete portion of the dam. Gavins Point Dam is the lowermost dam on the Missouri, and was built as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan, the dam area is a very popular regional tourist destination. The next dam upstream is the Fort Randall Dam, the stretch of the Missouri immediately downstream of Gavins Point Dam is the only significant section of non-channelized meandering stream on the lower portion of the river. This federally designated Wild and Scenic River is among the last free-flowing stretches of the Missouri, it exhibits the islands, bars, chutes, and snags that once characterized the Mighty Mo. The dam has a plant with three generators, each having a nameplate capacity of 44,099 kW, for a total of 132.297 MW. Missouri National Recreational River Calumet Bluff, the Lewis & Clark encampment on the South side of the dam Media related to Gavins Point Dam at Wikimedia Commons http, //www. nps. gov/mnrr/
17.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
18.
Huguenots
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Huguenots are the ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition. It was used frequently to members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. The term has its origin in 16th-century France, Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of political concessions, a series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne dAlbret, her son, the future Henry IV, the wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political, and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolishment of their political and they retained religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV. Nevertheless, a minority of Huguenots remained and faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the death of Louis XV in 1774, French Calvinism was almost completely wiped out, persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 and they also spread to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland, and several of the English colonies in North America. Small contingents of families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec, a term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Geneva was John Calvins adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement, the label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators involved in the Amboise plot of 1560, a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a version of this complex hypothesis is promoted by O. I. A. Roche, who writes in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots, that Huguenot is, a combination of a Dutch and a German word. Gallicised into Huguenot, often used deprecatingly, the word became, Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The Hugues hypothesis argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France and he was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected peoples dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be equivalent to little Hugos. It was in place in Tours that the prétendus réformés habitually gathered at night
19.
Bristol, South Dakota
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Bristol is a city located in western Day County, South Dakota, United States. It lies in Section 25 of Bristol Township, on the line of what is now the BNSF Railway alongside U. S. Route 12. Similar to many towns of the area and to the Midwest in general, the railroad, which first came through the area in the 1870s, identified the site which would become Bristol as Station #70. Prior, a railroad surveyor and townsite agent, was given credit for naming Bristol in 1881. He named the town after Bristol, England, the population was 341 at the 2010 census. Bristol is located at 45°20′43″N 97°45′3″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.53 square miles, of which,0.52 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. Bristol has been assigned the ZIP code 57219, and the FIPS place code 07300, as of the census of 2010, there were 341 people,150 households, and 78 families residing in the city. The population density was 655.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 176 housing units at an average density of 338.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 2% White,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 42. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.65. The median age in the city was 52.3 years. 15. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 8% were from 25 to 44,23. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 36. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 377 people,165 households, and 88 families residing in the city. The population density was 718.0 people per square mile, there were 186 housing units at an average density of 354.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White,40. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 27. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the family size was 2.71. In the city, the population was out with 18. 0% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,18. 0% from 25 to 44,17. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 54 years, for every 100 females there were 83.0 males
20.
United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
21.
Black Hills Ordnance Depot
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The Black Hills Ordnance Depot was a munitions storage and maintenance facility formerly operated by the Ordnance Corps of the United States Army. The depot was located in Fall River County, in far southwestern South Dakota about eight miles south of the town of Edgemont, BHOD was established and constructed in 1942, to help meet the Armys increased ordnance handling needs caused by World War II. The Igloo community included schools, a hospital, post office, church, and shopping and entertainment facilities including a theater, swimming pool. Among Igloos residents was a young Tom Brokaw, who spent a few years living on the base as a boy, the level of employment at BHOD varied over the years, increasing during periods of war. During typical peacetime periods of the 1950s, between 650 and 750 workers were employed at the site, and the community population was around 1800 people, BHOD was renamed Black Hills Army Depot in 1962. Over the years, BHOD was used for storage and testing of weapons, including sarin. Additionally, during World War II, the site also held Italian prisoners of war, the Depot was closed on June 30,1967, and the Igloo community was abandoned. Once the Depot was closed, most of the housing units were moved to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. A large number of former Depot buildings remained at the site in 2007, Igloo, South Dakota, The Utopia That War Built. BHOD history, and reunion site for former Igloo residents
22.
Fort Randall Dam
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The Fort Randall Dam is an earth embankment dam impounding the Missouri River in South Dakota, United States and forming Lake Francis Case. It is one of six Missouri River dams, four being located in South Dakota, the dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 and plays a key role in the Pick-Sloan Plan for development of water resources in the Missouri River basin. The Corps of Engineers began construction of Fort Randall Dam in 1946, president Dwight D. Eisenhower threw the switch that started the first power generating unit in 1954. When completed in 1956, Fort Randall Dam and the Lake Francis Case Project cost approximately $200 million, the eight generating units of the Fort Randall Dam are capable of generating 40 megawatts of electricity each, with an annual production of 1.727 billion kilowatt hours. The combined maximum capacity of 320 megawatts is enough to supply 245,000 households, the river behind the dam drains an area of 263,480 mi². Its reservoir, Lake Francis Case, has an area of 102,000 acres at maximum operating pool. The Fort Randall Visitor Center is located on the edge of Pickstown. Open from Memorial Day through Labor Day, the center offers a view of Fort Randall Dam, Lake Francis Case. Exhibits highlight the dams construction, area natural and cultural history, there is also a freshwater aquarium with fish species found in the Missouri River. Media related to Dams in South Dakota at Wikimedia Commons Fort Randall Dam & Lake Francis Case - U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
23.
Pickstown, South Dakota
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Pickstown is a town in Charles Mix County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 201 at the 2010 census and it was named after Lewis A. Pick, director of the Missouri River office of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Pickstown is located at 43°3′59″N 98°31′55″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.65 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 201 people,93 households, the population density was 309.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 114 housing units at a density of 175.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 82. 6% White,10. 4% Native American,0. 5% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 0% of the population. 28. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the town was 51.2 years. 17. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 19% were from 25 to 44,36. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 21. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49. 8% male and 50. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 168 people,76 households, and 49 families residing in the town. The population density was 260.7 people per square mile, there were 88 housing units at an average density of 136. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the town was 85. 12% White,11. 31% Native American,0. 60% Asian,26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the family size was 2.69. In the town, the population was out with 19. 6% under the age of 18,3. 6% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 124.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.3 males, the median income for a household in the town was $50,250, and the median income for a family was $55,250. Males had an income of $39,375 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,755, none of the families and 1. 1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 6. 3% of those over 64
24.
Yankton, South Dakota
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Yankton is a city in, and the county seat of, Yankton County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 14,454 at the 2010 census, Yankton is the principal city of the Yankton Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes the entirety of Yankton County, and which had an estimated population of 22,702 as of July 1,2015. Yankton was the first capital of Dakota Territory and it is named for the Yankton tribe of Nakota Native Americans, Yankton is derived from the Nakota word I-hank-ton-wan. Yankton is located on the Missouri River just downstream of the Gavins Point Dam and Lewis and Clark Lake, the United States National Park Services headquarters for the Missouri National Recreational River are located in the city. The Human Services Center was established as a hospital in 1882 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Yankton is commonly referred to as the River City, due to its proximity to the Missouri River, States of North and South Dakota, respectively. Yankton is located at 42°52′54″N 97°23′33″W. in southern South Dakota on the border with Nebraska. S. National Park Service as the Missouri National Recreational River, the city is located approximately six miles west of the point where the James River flows into the Missouri. The central business district of the city is located on a landing along the Missouri River. The city is intersected by the Marne Creek, which also flows into the Missouri River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 8.45 square miles. Yankton has been assigned the ZIP codes 57078-57079 and the FIPS place code 73060, as of the census of 2010, there were 14,454 people,5,909 households, and 3,348 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,760.5 inhabitants per square mile, there were 6,365 housing units at an average density of 775.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 1% White,2. 1% African American,2. 3% Native American,0. 7% Asian,1. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 4% of the population. 37. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age in the city was 40.4 years. 20. 9% of residents were under the age of 18, 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 26% were from 25 to 44,26. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 5% male and 49. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 13,528 people,5,369 households, and 3,232 families residing in the city
25.
American Legion
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In addition to organizing commemorative events, volunteer veterans operating through The American Legion support activities and provide assistance at Veterans Administration hospitals and clinics. The Legion is active in issue-oriented United States politics and its primary political activity is lobbying on behalf of interests of veterans and service members, including support for veterans benefits such as pensions and the Veterans Health Administration. The veterans organization has historically promoted Americanism and opposed communism in the United States. American veterans who served at least one day of active duty during wartime. Members must have been discharged or still serving honorably. United States Merchant Marines who served from December 7,1941, Veterans who served during the following wars are eligible, Veterans of World War I were also eligible during their lifetimes, the last American World War I veteran, Frank Buckles, died in 2011. Membership peaked for The American Legion right after World War II, after the Korean War, there were 2.5 million Legionnaires. As baby boomers joined, membership increased to 3.1 million in 1992, however, membership has slowly been decreasing since then. In 2013, the Legion reported 2.3 million members, the aftermath of two American wars in the second half of the 19th century had seen the formation of several ex-soldiers organizations. In Southern politics the UCV maintained a more dominant position as a bulwark of the Democratic Party which dominated there. The conclusion of the brief Spanish–American conflict of 1898 ushered in another soldiers organization and they lobbied government to strengthen the military. Its officers were at 10 Bridge Street, New York City, in 1917, when war was declared the legion had 23,000 members skilled in 77 professions pledged to fight. Their pledge cards were shared with the government and ultimately used to two regiments of air mechanics. The legion was discorporated in 1917, the need for an organization for former members of the AEF was pressing and immediate. Cautionary voices were raised about an apparent correlation between disaffected and discharged troops and the Bolshevik uprisings taking place in Russia, Finland, Germany and this situation was a particular matter of concern to Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. eldest son of the 26th President. One day in January 1919, Roosevelt had a discussion at General Headquarters with a mobilized National Guard officer named George A. White, Roosevelt and White advocated ceaselessly for this proposal until ultimately they found sufficient support at headquarters to move forward with the plan. General John J. Pershing issued orders to a group of 20 non-career officers to report to the YMCA headquarters in Paris on February 15,1919, the selection of these individuals had been made by Roosevelt. They were joined with a number of regular Army officers Pershing selected himself, the session of reserve and regular officers was instructed to provide a set of laws to curb the problem of declining morale
26.
Joe Foss
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Foss was born in an unelectrified farmhouse near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the oldest son of Mary Esther and Frank Ole Foss. He was of Norwegian and Scottish descent, at age 12, he visited an airfield in Renner to see Charles Lindbergh on tour with his aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis. Four years later, he and his father paid $1.50 apiece to take their first aircraft ride in a Ford Trimotor at Black Hills Airport with a famed South Dakota aviator, Clyde Ice. In March 1933, while coming back from the fields during a storm, young Foss, not yet 18 years old, pitched in with his mother and brother Cliff to continue running the family farm. Farming was made difficult by dust storms, which over the two years took its toll on crops and livestock. After watching a Marine Corps aerial team, led by Capt, clayton Jerome, perform aerobatics in open-cockpit biplanes, he was determined to become a Marine aviator. Foss worked at a station to pay for books and college tuition. His younger brother took over the management of the farm and allowed Foss to go back to school and he graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1939 with a degree in business administration. While at USD, Foss and other like-minded students convinced authorities to set up a CAA flying course at the university, Foss paid his way through university by bussing tables. Foss served as a Private in the 147th Field Artillery, Sioux Falls, after being designated a Naval Aviator, Foss graduated at Pensacola, Florida and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, then served as a plowback instructor at Naval Air Station Pensacola. At 26 years of age, he was considered too old to be a fighter pilot, upon completion of his initial assignment, he was transferred to Marine Photographic Squadron 1 stationed at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California. Dissatisfied with his role in reconnaissance, Foss made repeated requests to be transferred to a fighter qualification program. While stateside, Foss married his school sweetheart, June Shakstad in 1942. On October 9, Foss and his group were launched off the USS Copahee escort carrier. The air group, code named Cactus, based at Henderson Field became known as the Cactus Air Force, Foss soon gained a reputation for aggressive close-in fighter tactics and uncanny gunnery skills. On 7 November his Wildcat was again hit, and he survived a ditching in the sea off the island of Malaita. As lead pilot in his flight of eight Wildcats, the group became known as Fosss Flying Circus. In December 1942, Foss contracted malaria and he was sent to Sydney, Australia for rehabilitation, where he met Australian ace Clive Killer Caldwell and delivered some lectures on operational flying to RAF pilots, newly assigned to the theater
27.
Game show
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Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
28.
Veteran
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A veteran is a person who has had long service or experience in a particular occupation or field. This page refers to military veterans, i. e. a person who has served or is serving in the armed forces and those veterans that have had direct exposure to acts of military conflict may also be referred to as war veterans. Military veterans often receive special treatment in their countries due to the sacrifices they made during wars. Different countries handle this differently, some openly support veterans through government programs, Veterans are also subject to illnesses directly related to their military service such as posttraumatic stress disorder. War veterans are generally treated with respect and honour for their contribution to the world. Veterans of unpopular or lost conflicts may be discriminated against, Veterans of short or small conflicts are often forgotten when the country fought bigger conflicts. Many countries have longstanding traditions, ceremonies, and holidays to honour their veterans, in the UK Remembrance Day is held on November the 11th and is focused mostly on the veterans who died in service to the monarch and country. A red or white poppy is worn on the lapel in the weeks up to the date, in Russia, a tradition was established after World War II where newly married couples would on their wedding day visit a military cemetery. In France, for instance, those wounded in war are given the first claim on any seat on public transit, most countries have a holiday such as Veterans Day to honour their veterans, along with the war dead. Britain, with its historic distrust of standing armies, did little for its veterans before the 19th century and it did set up two small hospitals for them in the 1680s. In London and other cities the streets teemed with disabled or disfigured veterans begging for alms, the First World War focused national attention on veterans, especially those who had been partly or wholly disabled. The Kings National Roll Scheme was an employment program for disabled veterans of the First World War, kowalsky says it was practical, innovative, and ahead of its time and was the most important piece of legislation enacted for disabled veterans in interwar Britain. In the 21st century Britain has one of the highest densities of veterans in a country, with 13 million in 2000. Some veterans from the Belgian commitment of the Congolese to WWII live in communities throughout the Congo, though they received compensation from the government during the rule of the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, after his overthrow they no longer receive pensions. The most common usage is for former armed services personnel, a veteran is one who has served in the armed forces, especially one who has served in combat. The National Guard and Reserve is included and it is especially applied to those who served for an entire career, usually of 20 years or more, but may be applied for someone who has only served one tour of duty. A common misconception is that only those who have served in combat or those who have retired from active duty can be called military veterans, the American Civil War produced veterans organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic and United Confederate Veterans. The treatment of veterans changed after the First World War, in the years following, discontented veterans became a source of instability
29.
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state, the University of Iowa is organized into eleven colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. The university was the developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree. The Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000, and the university budgeted revenues and expenses of $3.513 billion for 2015, the University of Iowas athletic teams, the Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hawkeyes field 24 varsity teams and have won 27 national championships, the University of Iowa was founded on February 25,1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City without branches at any other place. The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, the first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women, the first president of the university was Amos Dean. The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres of land on which it stood, until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, in 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. The university offered its first doctorate in 1898, the university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of vice president. A shooting took place on campus on November 1,1991, in the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million, later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the worlds third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan, in 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. In July 2016, the university took over the former AIB College of Business in Des Moines, Four bachelors programs are offered in Des Moines, an additional four masters-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the universitys site in the citys Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowas main campus, located in Iowa City, was designed by architect D. Elwood Cook
30.
Iowa City, Iowa
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Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the only City of Literature in North America, as awarded by UNESCO in 2008, as of the 2010 Census, the city had a total population of about 67,862. The U. S. Census Bureau estimated the 2015 population at 74,220, Iowa City is the county seat of Johnson County and home to the University of Iowa. Iowa City is the city of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Iowa City was the capital of the Iowa Territory and the first capital city of the State of Iowa. The Old Capitol building is a National Historic Landmark in the center of the University of Iowa campus, the University of Iowa Art Museum and Plum Grove, the home of the first Governor of Iowa, are also tourist attractions. In 2008, Forbes magazine named Iowa City the second-best small metropolitan area for doing business in the United States. Commissioners Chauncey Swan and John Ronalds met on May 1 in the settlement of Napoleon, south of present-day Iowa City. The following day the commissioners selected a site on bluffs above the Iowa River north of Napoleon, placed a stake in the center of the proposed site and began planning the new capital city. Commissioner Swan, in a report to the legislature in Burlington, described the site, there is an eminence on the west near the river, running parallel with it. By June of that year, the town had been platted and surveyed from Brown St. in the north to Burlington St. in the south, and from the Iowa River eastward to Governor St. While Iowa City was selected as the capital in 1839, it did not officially become the capital city until 1841. The capitol building was completed in 1842, and the last four territorial legislatures and the first six Iowa General Assemblies met there until 1857, John F. Rague is credited with designing the Territorial Capitol Building. He had previously designed the 1837 capitol of Illinois and was supervising its construction when he got the commission to design the new Iowa capitol in 1839. He quit the Iowa project after five months, claiming his design was not followed, one surviving 1839 sketch of the proposed capital shows a radically different layout, with two domes and a central tower. The cornerstone of the Old Capitol Building was laid in Iowa City on July 4,1840, Iowa City was declared the state capital of Iowa, and the government convened in the Old Capitol Building. Oakland Cemetery was deeded to the people of Iowa City by the Iowa territorial legislature on February 13,1843, the original plot was one block square, with the southwest corner at Governor and Church. Over the years the cemetery has expanded and now encompasses 40 acres
31.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
32.
Yvon Chouinard
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Yvon Chouinard is an American rock climber, environmentalist, and outdoor industry billionaire businessman. His company, Patagonia, is known for its environmental focus, Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, falconer and fly fisherman, particularly fond of tenkara fly-fishing. He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixing environmentalism, chouinards father was a French-Canadian handyman, mechanic, plumber. In 1947, he and his family moved from Maine to Southern California and his early climbing partners included Royal Robbins and Tom Frost. A Sierra Club member, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, to save money, and make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools, teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer and they have a son and a daughter. Chouinard was one of the climbers of the Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing. He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era and he participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964, using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herberts ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents, Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, in 1968, he climbed Cerro Fitzroy in Patagonia by a new route with Dick Dorworth, Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores and Douglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan, in 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steel pitons for use in Yosemite Valley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite, the success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partner Tom Frost began studying ice climbing equipment and these new tools and his book Climbing Ice started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons comprised 70 percent of his income and this concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite destroying the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U. S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974 and these are still manufactured by Black Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing trips to the Alps in Europe
33.
KTIV
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KTIV is an NBC television station in Sioux City, Iowa, broadcasting on digital channel 41. That first broadcast evening included four NBC shows, People Are Funny at 6 p. m, the Liebman Spectacular from 6, 30-8 p. m. The Television Playhouse from 8-9 p. m. and The Loretta Young Show from 9-9,30 p. m. The station has always been an NBC affiliate, but it shared ABC programming with KVTV/KCAU-TV until September 2,1967, during the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. For many years, the station was co-owned with the Sioux City Journal, quincy Newspapers bought KTIV in 1989. In June 2011, KTIVs newscasts began to be broadcast in high definition and it was the second station in the Sioux City market to begin broadcasting news in HD, and the last station in the market to begin using a widescreen format for local news. Former NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw and former KNBC anchor Paul Moyer began their careers at KTIV. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 41, Tom Brokaw Paul Moyer Gene Sherman Mike Wankum Terry Zahn KTIVs signal is re-broadcast over this following translator, Norfolk, Nebraska, K24JG-D, channel 24. KTIV formerly re-broadcast over these translators, Neligh, Nebraska, K40HB, official website SIOUXLAND CW Website Query the FCCs TV station database for KTIV Query the FCCs TV station database for K24JG-D BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KTIV-TV
34.
Sioux City, Iowa
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Sioux City is a city in Woodbury and Plymouth counties in the northwestern part of the U. S. state of Iowa. The population was 82,684 in the 2010 census, which makes it the fourth largest city in Iowa, the bulk of the city is in Woodbury County, of which it is the county seat, though a small portion is in Plymouth County. Sioux City is the city of the five-county Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area, with a population of 168,825 in 2010. The Sioux City–Vermillion, IA–NE–SD Combined Statistical Area had a population of 182,675 as of 2010 and has grown to a population of 183,052 as of 2012. Sioux City is at the head, or the most upstream point to which general cargo ships can travel, of the Missouri River. Sioux City and the areas of northwestern Iowa, northeastern Nebraska and southeastern South Dakota are sometimes referred to as Siouxland. Money recognized Sioux City in its August 2010 issue of the Best Places To Live, Sioux City was also ranked 1st in regards to Metro Populations between 50,000 and 200,000. Forbes placed the Sioux City metro in the Top 15 Best Small Places for Businesses and Careers, the Daily Beast, an American news reporting website, placed Sioux City on their list of The Top 40 Drunkest Cities in America, with a ranking of 14th. Iowa is in the prairie of the North American Great Plains. The area of Sioux City was inhabited by Yankton Sioux when it was first reached by Spanish, the first documented US citizens to record their travels through this area were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during the summer of 1804. Sergeant Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, died here on August 20,1804, Sioux City was laid out in the winter of 1854-55. It became a major Entrepôt to the western Plains, including Mormons heading to Salt Lake City, however, the system fell into bankruptcy and closed within a decade. The city gained the nickname Little Chicago during the Prohibition era due to its reputation for being a purveyor of alcoholic beverages, Sioux City is located at 42°29′53″N 96°23′45″W. Sioux City is at an altitude of 1,135 feet above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 58.49 square miles. Typical of Iowa, Sioux City has a continental climate, with very warm, humid summers, cold, dry winters. The normal monthly mean ranges from 20.4 °F in January to 74.3 °F in July. On average, there are 25 days that reach 90 °F or higher,52 days that do not climb above freezing, the average window for freezing temperatures is October 1 thru April 26, allowing a growing season of 157 days
35.
KMTV-TV
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KMTV-TV, virtual channel 3, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The station is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, the stations studios are located on Mockingbird Drive in southwest Omaha and its transmitter tower is located on a tower farm near North 72nd Street and Crown Point Avenue in north-central Omaha. KMTV is currently third in the Nielsen ratings for the Omaha area and it also doubles as the default CBS station in the Platte Purchase since it does not have a CBS affiliate of its own. On cable, the station is available on Cox Communications channel 5, the station is also available on CenturyLink Prism channels 3 and 1003. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, KMTV was the last television station in the market to begin carrying a digital subchannel, in turn, Antenna TV took LWNs place on December 29,2014. KMTV shut down its signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12,2009. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 45, although KMTV never had a -TV suffix affixed to its call sign from the beginning, it officially added one to the callsign on June 19. KMTV began broadcasting on September 1,1949, as the second oldest television station in Nebraska and it operated as a CBS affiliate, but carried secondary affiliations with ABC and the DuMont Television Network. The stations call letters were intended to be KMA-TV, reflecting its first owner, Shenandoah, Iowa-based May Broadcasting. The station originally operated from studios located on 27th and Farnam Streets in downtown Omaha, just south of the studios of KETV, KMTV briefly dropped ABC programming when KOLN-TV signed on from Lincoln in 1953. The network returned to KMTV when the FCC separated Lincoln to form its own market a year later, in 1956, KMTV switched affiliations with WOW-TV and became an NBC affiliate. It also lost DuMont programming that year when that network ceased operations. In September 1957, KMTV dropped its secondary ABC affiliation when KETV signed on as an affiliate of the network. In 1978, KMTV relocated to its current studio facilities near 108th and Mockingbird Drive, the stations auxiliary transmitter remains at the stations former studio location. In 1986, KMTV and WOWT entered into an agreement which allowed them to return to their affiliations, as a result. A few months after returning to CBS, May sold both of its television stations – KMTV and KGUN-TV in Tucson – to Lee Enterprises after over 37 years of ownership, Lee sold its entire broadcasting division, including KMTV, to Emmis Communications in October 2000. The sale closed in late December of that year, at that point, Journal took over control of KMTV through a time brokerage agreement. In late January 2007, Journal announced the sale of radio station KOMJ to Cochise Broadcasting LLC, the sale of KOMJ was necessary because Journal already owned the maximum number of broadcasting properties in the Omaha media market as designated by the FCC
36.
Omaha, Nebraska
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Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omahas population was 408,958, according to the 2014 Population Estimates, Omahas population was 446,599. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2013, the Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, Nebraska-IA Combined Statistical Area is 931,667, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2013 estimate. There are nearly 1.3 million residents within the Greater Omaha area, comprising a 50-mile radius of Downtown Omaha, Omahas pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898, when it played host to the Worlds Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omahas central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub, throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the worlds largest, Omaha is also the home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters, Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. And Leo A Daly, the Gallup Organization, of Gallup Poll fame, Enron began in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston, in 1987. The modern economy of Omaha is diverse and built on skilled knowledge jobs, in 2009, Forbes identified Omaha as the nations number one Best Bang-For-The Buck City and ranked it number one on Americas Fastest-Recovering Cities list. Also, Omaha hosted the U. S. Olympic swim trials in 2008,2012 and 2016, the word Omaha means Dwellers on the bluff. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built, there was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutlers Park in the area in 1846, while it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future. Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska, Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings. Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4,1854, the city was established at a picnic on Capital Hill
37.
WSB-TV
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WSB-TV, channel 2, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. WSB-TV is the television property of the broadcast division of Cox Enterprises. Cox also publishes The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and owns sister radio stations WSB, WSB-FM, WSBB-FM, WSRV and WALR-FM − all of which are based out of WSB-TVs studio facilities. On cable, the station is available in standard definition on channel 3 on Comcast Xfinity and channel 2 on Charter Spectrum, WSB-TV first began broadcasting on September 29,1948, originally broadcasting on channel 8. It is the second-oldest station south of Washington, D. C. only Richmond, the station was founded by James M. Cox, publisher of The Atlanta Journal, and who also owned WSB radio. Cox owned WSB AM-FM-TV under the banner of Miami Valley Broadcasting Inc. which later changed its name to the current Cox Enterprises, the station was originally a primary NBC affiliate, owing to its radio sisters longtime affiliation with NBC Radio. It also carried some ABC programming until WLWA-TV signed on in 1951, at that time, its present channel 2 allocation was licensed to the Journals rival newspaper The Atlanta Constitution, who had a construction permit for WCON-TV there. In 1950, the two newspapers merged, at the time, the Federal Communications Commission did not allow one entity to own two television stations in the same market. As a result, WSB-TV and WCON-TV merged, the merged station operated under WSB-TVs license but used the stronger channel 2. This proved to be a decision, as the FCC later collapsed a large. The channel 8 allocation was given to WLWA as an ABC affiliate. In 1956, the WSB stations moved into the noted White Columns building, designed and built according to the Colonial Revival style and they would remain there for 43 years, until a much more modernist concrete and glass facility was built adjacent to it in 1998. This is near the Brookwood Hills area, and just east of the Brookwood split, the older building was razed shortly after the new building was occupied. The original columns that stood on the front portico of the old building were placed in an area alongside the new building. Brand new white columns have been placed inside the lobby of the newer building. WSB-TV is located less than one block south of the building formerly utilized by WXIA when that station moved its operations to WATLs studios in 2008. The station was the local television broadcaster of the relocated Atlanta Braves baseball team, carrying the games from 1966 to 1972. Its sister AM station was the radio flagship of the Braves, carrying the broadcasts for 38 out of the 46 years that the franchise has been in Atlanta
38.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
39.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
40.
KNBC
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KNBC is an NBC owned-and-operated television station located in Los Angeles, California, United States. KNBCs studios and offices are located in the Universal Studios Hollywood backlot, in the few areas of the western United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air, KNBC is available on satellite television through DirecTV. Channel 4 first went on the air as KNBH on January 16,1949 and it was the penultimate VHF station in Los Angeles to debut, and the last of NBCs five original owned-and-operated stations to sign on. Unlike the other four, KNBH was the only NBC-owned television station that did not benefit from having a radio station. The NBC Radio Network had long been affiliated with KFI in Los Angeles, when KNBH signed on, it marked the debut of NBC programs on the West Coast. The station changed its callsign to KRCA on October 18,1954, the call letters were changed again on November 11,1962, when NBC moved the KNBC identity from its San Francisco radio station and applied it to channel 4 in Los Angeles. Channel 4 originally broadcast from the NBC Radio City Studios on Sunset Boulevard, in November 1962, the station relocated to the networks color broadcast studio facility in suburban Burbank. NBC Radios West Coast operations eventually followed channel 4 to Burbank not too long after, as a result, KNBC, KVEA and NBC News Los Angeles bureau moved to a new digital facility on the Universal lot formerly occupied by Technicolor SA. The studio opened on February 1,2014, shortly thereafter, NBCUniversal named the new broadcast center in honor of former KNBC and NBC News anchor/reporter Tom Brokaw, christened the Brokaw News Center. In fall 2007 with digital broadcast roll out, the station broadcasting a 24/7 newschannel News Raw on a subchannel. On January 16,2009, KNBC celebrated its 60th anniversary with a tribute to the station, featuring past and present anchors, hosts, other popular on-air staff. KNBC and its other NBC owned-and-operated stations introduced a new layout for their websites in July 2009. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, KNBC also maintains a Mobile DTV feed of subchannel 4.1, labelled KNBC-4.1, each station produced a local newscast at 7 p. m. that was tailored to their respective market. For the Los Angeles feed of the channel, Colleen Williams anchored the hour-long Nonstop News LA, NBC California Nonstop ended on December 20,2012 when Cozi TV was launched. KNBC shut down its signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12,2009. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 36, KNBC has a legacy of participating in the community. The station supports many causes including health and wellness, the environment, diversity and supports under-served populations like the homeless, veterans, at-risk youth. KNBC has been recognized by many organizations for its community work
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White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
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Watergate scandal
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
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White House Press Secretary
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The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
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Presidency of Richard Nixon
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He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford, who had become vice president nine months earlier, following Spiro Agnews resignation from office. A Republican, Nixon took office after the 1968 presidential election, in which he defeated Hubert Humphrey, four years later, in 1972, Nixon won reelection in a landslide victory over George McGovern. Overall, he won 60. 7% of the popular vote, Nixon, the 37th United States president, succeeded Lyndon B. Johnson, who had launched the Great Society, a set of domestic programs financed, in contrast, Nixon advocated a New Federalism domestic program model, one in which certain powers would devolve back to the states. Nixons primary focus while in office was on foreign affairs, Nixon pursued a detente with the Peoples Republic of China, taking advantage of the Sino-Soviet split and significantly altering the nature of the Cold War. Nixons many accomplishments as president were however, largely overshadowed by the scandals that enveloped his administration, regarding his lasting legacy, historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term, Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20,1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2,4, which reads, They shall beat their swords into plowshares, in his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. Nixon made fifteen international trips during his presidency and his first was an eight-day European visit starting in Brussels on February 23,1969. He met with Britain’s Prime Minister Harold Wilson in London and Frances President Charles de Gaulle in Paris and he also stopped in Bonn, Berlin and Rome and met with Pope Paul VI in Vatican City. He also made groundbreaking trips to several Eastern European Communist nations, including, Romania, Yugoslavia, even those who hated Nixons presidency occasionally praise his work in China. The extent to which his visit had any consequences of note, however. Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China, Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. On July 15,1971, it was announced by Beijing. The secrecy allowed both sets of time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact. In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China, Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One, Nixon made a point of shaking Zhous hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva
