1.
Boston College
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Boston College is a private Jesuit Catholic research university located in the village of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States,6 miles west of downtown Boston. It has 9,100 full-time undergraduates and almost 5,000 graduate students, the universitys name reflects its early history as a liberal arts college and preparatory school in Bostons South End. It is a member of the 568 Group and the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities and its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America. Boston Colleges undergraduate program is currently ranked 31st in the National Universities ranking by U. S. News & World Report, Boston College is categorized as an R1, Highest Research Activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Students at the university earned 21 Fulbright Awards in 2012, ranking the school eighth among American research institutions, Boston College sports teams are called the Eagles, and their colors are maroon and gold, the school mascot is Baldwin the Eagle. The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC, the mens and womens ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East. Boston Colleges mens ice hockey team is one of the most decorated programs in the nation, in 1825, Benedict Joseph Fenwick, S. J. A Jesuit from Maryland, became the second Bishop of Boston and he was the first to articulate a vision for a College in the City of Boston that would raise a new generation of leaders to serve both the civic and spiritual needs of his fledgling diocese. In 1827, Bishop Fenwick opened a school in the basement of his cathedral and his efforts to attract other Jesuits to the faculty were hampered both by Bostons distance from the center of Jesuit activity in Maryland and by suspicion on the part of the citys Protestant elite. Meanwhile, the vision for a college in Boston was sustained by John McElroy, with little fanfare, the colleges two buildings—a schoolhouse and a church—welcomed their first class of scholastics in 1859. Two years later, with as little fanfare, BC closed again and its short-lived second incarnation was plagued by the outbreak of Civil War and disagreement within the Society over the colleges governance and finances. BCs inability to obtain a charter from the anti-Catholic Massachusetts legislature only compounded its troubles, on March 31,1863, more than three decades after its initial inception, Boston Colleges charter was formally approved by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. BC became the second Jesuit institution of learning in Massachusetts. A Swiss Jesuit from French-speaking Fribourg, was selected as BCs first president, for most of the 19th century, BC offered a singular 7-year program corresponding to both high school and college. Its entering class in the fall of 1864 included 22 students, the curriculum was based on the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, emphasizing Latin, Greek, philosophy, and theology. Boston Colleges enrollment reached nearly 500 by the turn of the 20th century, in 1907, newly installed President Thomas I. Gasson, S. J. determined that BCs cramped, urban quarters in Bostons South End were inadequate, inspired by John Winthrops early vision of Boston as a city upon a hill, he re-imagined Boston College as world-renowned university and a beacon of Jesuit scholarship. Less than a year after taking office, he purchased Amos Adams Lawrences farm on Chestnut Hill and he organized an international competition for the design of a campus master plan and set about raising funds for the construction of the new university
2.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
3.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
4.
Novelist
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A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
5.
Loyola University Maryland
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Loyola University Maryland is a Roman Catholic, Jesuit private liberal arts university located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, Loyolas main campus is in Baltimore and features Collegiate Gothic architecture, as well as a pedestrian bridge across Charles Street. Academically, the university is divided into three schools, the Loyola College of Arts and Sciences, the Loyola School of Education, and it operates a Clinical Center at Belvedere Square in Baltimore and has graduate centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland. The student body is composed of approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 1,900 graduate students, representing 34 states and 20 countries, the average class size is 25, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 12,1. Approximately 73% of the student body receives some form of financial aid, Campus groups include the Association of Latin American & Spanish students and the college newspaper, The Greyhound. Notable alumni include Tom Clancy, author of The Hunt for Red October, Loyolas sports teams are nicknamed the Greyhounds and are best known for the perennially ranked mens and womens lacrosse teams. The mens lacrosse teams biggest rival is nearby Johns Hopkins University, the annual lacrosse games played between these two institutions is known as the Battle of Charles Street, The school colors are green and grey. Loyola College in Maryland was founded in 1852 by John Early and eight members of the Society of Jesus. Loyola College in Maryland is the ninth-oldest among the nations 28 Jesuit colleges and universities, the colleges first campus was in two large townhouses on Holliday Street between East Lexington Street and East Fayette Street, in downtown Baltimore. Ignatius Roman Catholic Church in the citys historic Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, during the early 1930s, the high school section moved to nearby Towson, north of Baltimore. Today, the colleges list of programs has grown to include psychology, modern studies, pastoral counseling, computer science. Loyola became coeducational in 1971, following its joining with Mount Saint Agnes College and that same year, the colleges Board of Trustees elected its first lay chairperson. Working from these foundations, Loyola has transformed itself from a small, in 1981, Loyola established a separate business school, The Rev. Joseph A. Sellinger, Jr. The school would expand geographically with two centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland. The Executive Committee of the colleges Board of Trustees announced on August 20,2008 its decision to change the name to Loyola University Maryland. Its request was approved on March 25,2009 by the Maryland Higher Education Commission, some alumni were disappointed because they felt the change made the institution less distinct from Loyola University Chicago, Loyola University New Orleans and Loyola Marymount University. Loyola University Maryland was founded by the Society of Jesus in the tradition of Ignatius of Loyola. The Society of Jesus, and therefore Loyola University Maryland, operate according to the mandate Ad maiorem Dei gloriam, directing their ends toward that which brings forth the greater glory of God
6.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
7.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
8.
Fiction
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Fiction is the classification for any story or similar work derived from imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. Fiction does not refer to a mode or genre, unless used in its narrowest sense to mean a literary narrative. Instead, the context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, characters and events within a fictional work may even be openly set in their own context entirely separate from the known universe, a fictional universe. Science fiction, for example, predicts or supposes technologies that are not realities at the time of the works creation, for example, Jules Vernes novel From the Earth to the Moon was published in 1865 and only in 1969 did astronaut Neil Armstrong first land on the moon. Historical fiction places imaginary characters into real historical events, in the early historical novel Waverley, Sir Walter Scotts fictional character Edward Waverley meets a figure from history, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans. Some works of fiction are slightly or greatly re-imagined based on some originally true story, often, even when the author claims the fictional story is basically true, there may be artificial additions and subtractions from the true story to make it more interesting. One such example would be Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, creators of fantasy sometimes introduce entire imaginary creatures or beings such as dragons and fairies. In terms of the separation between fiction and non-fiction, the lines are now commonly understood as blurred, showing more overlap than mutual exclusion. Even fiction usually has elements of, or grounding in, truth, also, infinite fictional possibilities themselves signal the impossibility of fully knowing reality, provocatively demonstrating that there is no criterion to measure constructs of reality. The Internet has had a impact on the creation and distribution of fiction. Also, digital libraries such as Project Gutenberg make public domain texts more readily available, the combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. Types of literary fiction in prose, Short story, A work of at least 2,000 words, the boundary between a long short story and a novella is vague. Novella, A work of at least 17,500 words, joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is an example of a novella. Novel, A work of 50,000 words or more, cartoonist Character Fiction writing Legend Mythology Non-fiction Pseudohistory Eco, Umberto 2009. On the ontology of fictional characters, A semiotic approach
9.
Military history
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On the other hand, Just War Theory explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics. The discipline of history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies. An important recent concept is the Revolution in Military Affairs which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies and it highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. In terms of the profession in major countries, military history is an orphan. William H. McNeill points out, This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto, the study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession, historiography is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources, Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records. Historians utilize their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted, despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. Military historians have often compared organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, in the early 1980s, historian Jeffrey Kimball surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He reports that, Of historians in the field of history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None, the documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer and Elam c.2700 BC near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in history are the Trojan War in Homers Iliad. An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon in Anabasis, the records of the Roman Julius Caesar enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili. New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, a rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon, while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot and these became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang Dynasty and the nation states of early to mid Zhou dynasty. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders, the Greeks and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed phalanxes. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with sarissa pikemen, the Romans would later adopt more flexible maniples from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the Warring States in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, in the Sicilian Expedition, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans
10.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
11.
Military science
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Military science is the study of military processes, institutions, and behavior, along with the study of warfare, and the theory and application of organized coercive force. It is mainly focused on theory, method, and practice of producing military capability in a consistent with national defense policy. Military scientists include theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, Military personnel obtain weapons, equipment and training to achieve specific strategic goals. Military science is used to establish enemy capability as part of technical intelligence. In military education, military science is often the name of the department in the institution that administers officer candidate education. In part this was due to the mystique that accompanied education in a World where as late as the 1880s 75% of the European population was illiterate. He suggested that this was primarily so because as Clausewitz suggested, unlike in any science or art. Few were bloodier than the fields of the Western Front between 1914 and 1918, fascinatingly the man who probably understood Clausewitz better than most, Marshal Foch would initially participate in events that nearly destroyed the French Army. It is not however true to say that military theorists and commanders were suffering from some collective case of stupidity, quite the opposite is true. Because only the offensive could bring victory, lack of it, Foch thought that In strategy as well as in tactics one attacks. In many ways military science was born as a result of the experiences of the Great War, Military implements had changed armies beyond recognition with cavalry to virtually disappear in the next 20 years. Tactics changed too, with infantry for the first time segregated from the horse-mounted troops, perception of military discipline too had changed. Currently military science still means many things to different organisations, in the United Kingdom and much of the European Union the approach is to relate it closely to the civilian application and understanding. In Europe, for example Belgiums Royal Military Academy, military remains a academic discipline. The United States Department of Defense defines military science in terms of systems and operational requirements. Develops optimal methods for the administration and organization of military units, in addition, this area studies other associated aspects as mobilization/demobilization, and military government for areas recently conquered from enemy control. Force structuring is the method by which personnel and the weapons and equipment they use are organized and trained for military operations, force structuring applies to all Armed Services, but not to their supporting organisations such as those used for defence science research activities. Force structuring also provides information on the mission and capabilities of units, as well as the units current status in terms of posture
12.
Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
13.
Ghostwriter
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Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, memoirs, magazine articles, or other written material. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. Ghostwriting also occurs in other creative fields, ghosting also occurs in popular music. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, in hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in either fine art or commercial art such as comics for a number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist. However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgement of their contribution is public domain, a consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance her credibility as an expert in their field. Public officials and politicians employ correspondence officers to respond to the volume of official correspondence. A number of papal encyclicals have been written by ghostwriters, some university and college students hire ghostwriters from essay mills to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing, ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several-hundred page autobiography or how-to book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several-hundred page book so that it is captivating. Ghostwriters may have varying degrees of involvement in the production of a finished work, some ghostwriters are hired to edit and clean up a rough draft or partially completed work, while others are hired to do most of the writing based on an outline provided by the credited author. For some projects, such as creating an autobiography for a celebrity, ghostwriters are also hired to write fiction in the style of an existing author, often as a way of increasing the number of books that can be published by a popular author. Ghostwriters will often spend a period from several months to a year researching, writing. Ghostwriters are paid either per page, per each word or via total word count, with a fee, with a percentage of the royalties of the sales. The division of work between the ghostwriter and the credited author varies a great deal, in some cases, the ghostwriter is hired to edit a rough draft of a mostly completed manuscript. In this case, the outline, ideas and much of the language in the book or article are those of the credited author
14.
Baltimore Orioles
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The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Orioles compete in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League East division, Louis, Missouri to become the St. Louis Browns. After 52 often-beleaguered years in St. Louis, the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by Baltimore business interests led by Clarence Miles, the franchise officially moved to Baltimore for the 1954 season and adopted the historic Orioles name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland. The Orioles name had also used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore. Nicknames for the team include the Os and the Birds, the Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983, when they made six World Series appearances, winning three of them. The franchise has won a total of nine division championships, six pennants. The Orioles are also known for their successful stadium, the trend-setting Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, the Brewers were there when the WL renamed itself the American League in 1900. At the end of the 1900 season, the American League removed itself from baseballs National Agreement, two months later, the AL declared itself a competing major league. As a result of several shifts, the Brewers were one of only two Western League teams that didnt fold, move or get kicked out of the league. In its first game in the American League, the team lost to the Detroit Tigers 14–13 after blowing a lead in the 9th inning. To this day, it is a league record for the biggest deficit overcome that late in the game. During the first American League season in 1901, they finished last with a record of 48–89 and its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee. The Miles-Krieger -Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles soon after taking control of the franchise, the name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by a National League team in the 1890s. In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded a franchise in the growing American League. After a battle with Ban Johnson, the Head of the American League in 1902, McGraw took many of the top players including Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity to the New York Giants. As an affront to Johnson, McGraw kept the black and orange colors of the New York Giants, which San Francisco wears to this day. In 1903, the rest of the team was transferred to New York where they were nicknamed the Highlanders until circa 1912, as a member of the high-minor league level International League, the Orioles competed at what is now known as the AAA level from 1903 to 1953
15.
The Hunt for Red October
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The Hunt for Red October was Tom Clancys 1984 debut novel. It was loosely inspired by the mutiny on the Soviet frigate Storozhevoy in 1975, the novel was originally published by the U. S. Naval Institute Press—one of the first fictional works it ever published, and still its most successful. The result is a weapon platform that is capable of sneaking its way into American waters. The strategic value of Red October was not lost upon Ramius and his wife, Natalia, died at the hands of a doctor who was incompetent and intoxicated, however, the doctor escaped punishment because he was the son of a Politburo member. As the ship leaves the shipyard at Polyarny, Ramius kills Ivan Putin, his political officer, before sailing, Ramius had sent a letter to Admiral Yuri Padorin, Natalias uncle, brazenly stating his intention to defect. The Soviet Northern Fleet therefore sails out to sink Red October under the pretext of a search and rescue mission. Meanwhile, Jack Ryan, a high-level CIA analyst and a former Marine, flies from London to Langley, Virginia, to deliver MI6s photographs of Red October to the Deputy Director of Intelligence. Ryan consults a friend at the U. S. Naval Academy, ex-submariner Skip Tyler, Red October passes near USS Dallas, a Los Angeles class submarine under the command of Cdr. Bart Mancuso, which is patrolling the entrance of a used by Soviet submarines in the Reykjanes Ridge off Iceland. Dallas hears the sound of the drive but does not identify it as a submarine. Putting information about Ramiuss letter together with the subsequent launch of the entire Northern Fleet, the U. S. military reluctantly agrees, while planning for contingencies in case the Soviet fleet has intentions other than those inferred. As tensions rise between the U. S. and Soviet fleets, the crew of Dallas analyzes sonar tapes of Red October, Ryan must contact Ramius to prevent the loss of the submarine and her revolutionary technology. In order to convince the Soviets that Red October has been destroyed, Ramius and his officers stay behind, claiming they are about to scuttle the submarine to prevent it getting into the hands of the Americans. A decommissioned U. S. ballistic missile submarine, the USS Ethan Allen, is blown up underwater as a deception, a depth gauge taken from the main instrument panel of Red October is made to appear as if it had been salvaged from the wreckage. Meanwhile, Ryan, Captain Mancuso, some of his crew, the deception efforts succeed in convincing Soviet observers that Red October has been lost. Loginov opens fire with his weapon, killing Captain Lieutenant Kamarov and seriously wounding Ramius, Ryan attempts to persuade the fiercely patriotic Loginov to surrender rather than die in the explosion, but Loginov refuses. Ryan manages to kill Loginov in the missile compartment. Captain Viktor Tupolov, a student of Ramius and commander of the Soviet Alfa-class attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, has been trailing what he initially believes is an Ohio-class vessel
16.
Patriot Games
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Patriot Games is a novel by Tom Clancy. It is chronologically the first book focusing on CIA analyst Jack Ryan and it is the indirect sequel to Without Remorse. In London, a kidnapping is attempted on the Mall, Jack Ryan manages to disrupt the attempt by force, saving the Prince and Princess of Wales, along with their infant firstborn son, from the attackers. These attackers are members of an ultra-radical Irish terrorist group splintered from the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ideologically, their group subscribes to Maoism, and they receive support from Libya. In the novel the organization is referred to as the Movement. The assassin sent to kill Ryan is intercepted before he manages to complete his task, however, Ryans pregnant wife Cathy and daughter Sally are injured when Sean Miller causes their car to crash on a freeway. The two casualties are flown by helicopter to the University of Maryland Medical Center, after the attack on his family, Jack accepts an offer from the Central Intelligence Agency to start working as an analyst at the agencys headquarters. Later, the Prince and Princess of Wales come to visit Ryan at his house in Maryland, ULA operatives make use of the fact that one of their key allies in the Movement is a Bell Atlantic telephone maintenance technician. They pose as fellow repairmen to make an attack on Ryan and his family. Although several guards, including Secret Service personnel, are killed, after a firefight and chase, Ryan, his friend Robby Jackson, and the Prince manage to kill or capture the terrorists. They receive assistance from police, US Marines, and sailors from the U. S. Naval Academy. The FBI Hostage Rescue Team is sent by helicopter, but by the time they arrive, although the ultimate fate of the terrorists is not stated in Patriot Games, the next novel reveals that all who survived the attack were condemned to death and executed by gas chamber. Ryan arrives at Bethesda after the final arrest to be with Cathy for the birth of their son, the novel was adapted as a feature film in 1992. It stars Harrison Ford as Jack Ryan and Sean Bean as Sean Miller, during the filming, an accident occurred during the final scene -- the struggle on the boat which ends in the ocean. Ford inadvertently struck Bean above the eyebrow with a boat hook. Although Bean recovered completely, the scar still remains
17.
The Sum of All Fears
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The Sum of All Fears is a best-selling thriller novel by Tom Clancy and part of the Jack Ryan universe. It was the fourth of Clancys Jack Ryan books to be turned into a film, the book was released days before the August Coup in 1991, which signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The title is a reference to war and to the plot by the novels antagonists to reconstruct a lost nuclear weapon. During the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli Defense Force prepares to conduct a nuclear strike to stave off defeat. The necessity for the strike is averted, but an Israeli copy of a Mark 12 nuclear bomb is left on an A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft. The nuclear weapon is lost, buried in the field of a Druze farmer, eighteen years later, an Israeli captain shoots and kills a Palestinian activist during a peaceful public demonstration. The United States finds itself unable to diplomatically defend Israel, yet knows it cannot withdraw its support without risk of destabilizing the Middle East, following the advice of Jack Ryan, the U. S. As a nod to Israel, the U. S. Army supplies the IDF with more sophisticated equipment, to everyones surprise, Ryans plan seems to work. With their religious contentions appeased, the factions in the Middle East find it easier to negotiate their disputes. However, National Security Advisor Elizabeth Elliott holds a grudge against Ryan and attempts to discredit him, with her encouragement, Fowler disavows Ryans role in the peace settlement. Unsatisfied, Elliott then engineers a campaign accusing Ryan of engaging in an extramarital affair. Jacks friends, John Clark and Domingo Chavez, convince Ryans wife Cathy that the allegations are false, Ryan decides to retire from the CIA, but not before he puts together a covert operation to uncover corrupt dealings between Japanese and Mexican government officials. With Fromms expertise, the terrorists enhance the weapon and turn it into a thermonuclear device, thinking his work is done, the Palestinians kill Fromm. However, Fromm had not yet told them some of the material he planned to use needed to be purified first. The Palestinians finish the assembly and when it is used. However, almost everyone at the Super Bowl is killed, including the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, with the attacks in Berlin, the United States briefly assumes DEFCON-1 status as Fowler and Elliott prepare for a nuclear war. The crisis is averted by Ryan, who learns of the origin for the bombs plutonium, gains access to the hot line. When the terrorists are captured and interrogated by Clark in Mexico City, President Fowler orders the Ayatollahs residence in the holy city of Qom to be destroyed by a nuclear strike
18.
Alec Baldwin
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Alexander Rae Alec Baldwin III is an American actor, writer, producer, and comedian. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the oldest of the four Baldwin brothers, Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing, in the role of Joshua Rush. His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Baldwin co-starred in Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation, the fifth installment of the Mission, Impossible series, released on July 31,2015. He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post, since 2016, he has been the host of Match Game. He has three brothers, Daniel, William, and Stephen, who also became actors. He also has two sisters, Beth and Jane, Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics. They are of English, Irish, Scottish, French-Canadian, Baldwin attended Alfred G. Berner High School in Massapequa and played football there under Coach Bob Reifsnyder. In New York City, Baldwin worked as a busboy at the disco Studio 54, from 1976 to 1979, he attended George Washington University, afterward transferring to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts. There he studied with, among others, Geoffrey Horne and Mira Rostova at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, Later, Baldwin made his Broadway debut in 1986 in a revival of Joe Ortons Loot alongside Zoë Wanamaker, Željko Ivanek, Joseph Maher, and Charles Keating. This production closed after three months, Baldwin also received an Emmy nomination for the 1995 television version of the production, in which both he and Jessica Lange reprised their roles, alongside John Goodman and Diane Lane. In 1998, Baldwin played the role in Macbeth at The Public Theater alongside Angela Bassett. In 2004, Baldwin starred in a revival of Twentieth Century with Anne Heche, on June 9,2005, he appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall. He starred as Luther Billis, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie, the production was taped and telecast by PBS on April 26,2006. In 2006, Baldwin made theater news in Roundabout Theatre Companys Off-Broadway revival of Joe Ortons Entertaining Mr. Sloane. In 2010, Baldwin starred opposite Sam Underwood in an acclaimed revival of Peter Shaffers Equus, directed by Tony Walton at Guild Hall in East Hampton. Baldwin has returned to Broadway as Harold in Orphans, the show, which opened April 18,2013, was also to have starred Shia LaBeouf as Treat, but LaBoeuf left the production in rehearsals and was replaced by Ben Foster. Baldwins first acting role was as Billy Aldrich in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors from 1980 to 1982, in fall 1983, he starred in the short-lived television series Cutter to Houston. He went on to appear as the brother of Valene Ewing, in 1986, Baldwin starred in Dress Gray, a four-hour made-for-television miniseries, as an honest cadet sergeant who tries to solve the mystery of a murdered gay classmate
19.
Harrison Ford
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Harrison Ford is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his roles as Han Solo in the Star Wars film series. Six of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry, American Graffiti, The Conversation, Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Blade Runner. In 1997, Ford was ranked No.1 in Empires The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list. As of 2016, the U. S. domestic box-office grosses of Fords films total over US$4.7 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart. Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois to Christopher Ford, an executive and former actor, and Dorothy. A younger brother, Terence, was born in 1945, Fords paternal grandparents, John Fitzgerald Ford and Florence Veronica Niehaus, were of Irish Catholic and German descent, respectively. Fords maternal grandparents, Harry Nidelman and Anna Lifschutz, were Jewish immigrants from Minsk, when asked in which religion he and his brother were raised, Ford jokingly responded, Democrat, to be liberals of every stripe. Ford was active in the Boy Scouts of America, and achieved its second-highest rank and he worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge. Because of this, he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in the film Indiana Jones, in 1960, Ford graduated from Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois. His was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station, WMTH and he attended Ripon College in Wisconsin, where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He took a class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness. Ford, a late bloomer, became fascinated with acting. In 1964, after a season of stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin. He did not get it, but stayed in California and eventually signed a contract with Columbia Pictures New Talent program. His first known role was a role as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round. There is little record of his roles in film. Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list, having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature
20.
Ben Affleck
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Benjamin Geza Ben Affleck-Boldt is an American actor and filmmaker. He began his career as a actor, starring in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi. He later appeared in the coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused and various Kevin Smith films including Chasing Amy, Affleck gained recognition when he and childhood friend Matt Damon won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Good Will Hunting. He then starred in films including Armageddon, Shakespeare in Love, Pearl Harbor, Changing Lanes. After a career downturn, during which he appeared in Daredevil and Gigli, Afflecks directorial debut, Gone Baby Gone, which he also co-wrote, was well received. He then directed, co-wrote, and starred in the crime drama The Town. For the political thriller Argo, which he directed and starred in, Affleck won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director, and the Golden Globe, BAFTA, in 2014, he starred in the psychological thriller Gone Girl. In 2016, Affleck began playing Batman in the DC Extended Universe, Affleck is the co-founder of the Eastern Congo Initiative, a grantmaking and advocacy-based nonprofit organization. He is also a member of the Democratic Party. His younger brother is actor Casey Affleck, with whom he has worked on films including Good Will Hunting. Following high-profile relationships with Gwyneth Paltrow and Jennifer Lopez, Affleck married Jennifer Garner in 2005, Affleck and Garner have three children together, and announced their separation in 2015. Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt was born on August 15,1972 in Berkeley and his family moved to Massachusetts when he was two, living in Falmouth, where his brother Casey was born, before settling in Cambridge. His mother, Christopher Anne Chris, was a Radcliffe College- and his father, Timothy Byers Affleck, worked sporadically as an auto mechanic, a carpenter, a bookie, an electrician, a bartender, and a janitor at Harvard University. In the mid-1960s, he had been an actor and stage manager with the Theater Company of Boston, during Afflecks childhood, his father had a self-described severe, chronic problem with alcoholism and Affleck has recalled him drinking all day, every day. His parents divorced when he was 12, and he and his brother lived with their mother. In the following years, his fathers alcoholism worsened and he spent two years homeless, when Affleck was 16, his father moved to Indio, California to enter a rehabilitation facility and, after gaining sobriety, worked as an addiction counselor at the facility for many years. Affleck was raised in an active, liberal household. He and his brother were surrounded by people who worked in the arts, were taken to the theater by their mother
21.
Chris Pine
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Christopher Whitelaw Chris Pine is an American actor. He is known for his role as James T, Kirk in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness, and Star Trek Beyond. Pine was born in Los Angeles and his father, Robert, is an actor who co-starred on CHiPs as Sergeant Joseph Getraer, and his mother, Gwynne Gilford, is a former actress who is now a practicing psychotherapist. He has a sister, Katie. His maternal grandmother, Anne Gwynne, was a Hollywood actress, Pines maternal grandfather was from a Russian Jewish family, while Pines other ancestry is English, Welsh, German, and French. Pine graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 2002 and he was an exchange student at the University of Leeds in England for one year. After graduating, he attended the Williamstown Theatre Festival, and he studied at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, Pines first acting role was in a 2003 episode of ER, the same year, he also appeared in episodes of The Guardian and CSI, Miami. In 2004, he appeared in Why Germany, a short film, and in The Princess Diaries 2, Royal Engagement. Pine played the part of Nicholas Devereaux, the love interest of Anne Hathaways leading character. In 2005, Pine appeared in an episode of the series Six Feet Under, as well as in Confession, an independent film that was released directly to video, Pine appeared in the made-for-television film Surrender, Dorothy which aired in early 2006. He played Jake Hardin in the American film Just My Luck, a comedy in which he starred opposite Lindsay Lohan. The film was released on May 12,2006, later that year, Pine appeared in the comedy Blind Dating, and in the action film Smokin Aces. Pine did the play, The Atheist, at Center Stage. In 2007, he starred opposite Scott Wolf in the Los Angeles production of Neil LaButes play Fat Pig, winning positive reviews for his depiction of a competitive and he portrayed real-life Napa Valley vintner Bo Barrett in the 2008 film Bottle Shock. In 2007, Pine turned down a role in an adaptation of White Jazz. Kirk in the 2009 Star Trek film, which was released to critical and that same month, he made a brief appearance promoting the film on Saturday Night Live, with co-stars Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy. During the rest of summer 2009, he appeared in the Los Angeles production of the Beau Willimon play Farragut North. Pine appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Lieutenant of Inishmore during the summer of 2010, Pine was rumored to play the title role in the 2011 Green Lantern film, but the role eventually went to Ryan Reynolds
22.
Jack Ryan (character)
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Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
23.
Willem Dafoe
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William J. Willem Dafoe is an American actor. His other film appearances include The Last Temptation of Christ, The English Patient, American Psycho and he has also had voice roles in Finding Nemo and Finding Dory, Fantastic Mr. Fox and the forthcoming adaptation of Death Note. Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin, in high school, he acquired the nickname Willem. His fathers ancestry is French-Canadian, Swiss and English, and his mothers ancestry is German and he was once expelled from high school for shooting a pornographic film. She, with her romantic partner Spalding Gray and others, edged out Schechner. Within a year Dafoe was part of the company, Dafoe, who would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s, began his film career in 1981, when he was cast in Heavens Gate only to see his role removed from the film during editing. As Dafoe recalled of his first film experience, I worked for Jeff Bridges character in the story, I was there for three months and I worked a lot. It was the kind of thing where you were hired to play an unscripted character, cimino turned around and said, Willem step out, and that was that. I was the lamb for sacrifice, in 1982, he starred as the leader of an Outlaw motorcycle club in The Loveless, and then played a similar role in Streets of Fire. In the mid-1980s, he was cast by William Friedkin to star in To Live, and, also, its fun to be bad and the only problem is often villain roles are devices and they lack a certain depth. Theyre signs, theyre signals and after a little while you want something to chew on, I think the best work comes when youre unsure, when youre terrified, when youre off balance. Dafoe would go on to gain his widest exposure up to that point playing the compassionate Sergeant Elias in Oliver Stones Platoon and he enjoyed the opportunity to play a heroic role, and said the film gave him a chance to display his versatility. I think all characters live in you and you just frame them, give them circumstances, and that character will happen. In 1988, Dafoe starred in another film set during the Vietnam War and he has since become a popular character actor. He is often cast as unstable or villainous characters, such as the Green Goblin in Spider-Man, before that, he was briefly considered for the role of the Joker by Tim Burton and Sam Hamm for 1989s Batman. Hamm recalls We thought, Well, Willem Dafoe looks just like The Joker, the role eventually went to Jack Nicholson. Dafoe starred in the erotic drama Body of Evidence with Madonna, in 1991, he portrayed a Manhattan drug dealer in the Paul Schrader film Light Sleeper. Dafoe played an eccentric FBI agent in The Boondock Saints and an investigator in American Psycho
24.
Liev Schreiber
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Isaac Liev Schreiber, better known as Liev Schreiber, is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. Schreiber is also a stage actor, having performed in several Broadway productions. In 2005, he won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the play Glengarry Glen Ross and that year, he made his debut as a film director and writer with Everything Is Illuminated, based on the novel of the same name. He also narrates the HBO series 24/7, as well as various PBS programs, Schreiber was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Heather and Tell Carroll Schreiber, a stage actor and director. When Heather was 12, her mother was lobotomized and his mother has said that she named him after her favorite Russian author, Leo Tolstoy, while his father has stated that Schreiber was named after the doctor who saved his mothers life. His family nickname, adopted when Schreiber was a baby, is Huggy, when Schreiber was one year old, his family moved to Canada, winding up in the unincorporated rural area of Winlaw, British Columbia. Here, his half-brother, actor Pablo Schreiber, was born, prior to this time, according to Schreibers father, at the beginning of their marriage, Schreibers mother had a bad experience on LSD. Over the next four years, she was admitted to hospitals. After Schreibers father threatened to admit her to a mental institution, milgram, who was the most significant male in Schreibers youth, played the cello and owned Renoir etchings, and made his living by delivering meat to restaurants. When Schreiber was five, his parents divorced, his mother won custody, and they frequently had no electricity, hot water, or even beds. His mother was a highly cultured eccentric who supported them by splitting her time between driving a cab and creating papier-mâché puppets, on Schreibers 16th birthday, his mother bought him a motorcycle to promote fearlessness. Its both his grief and his gift and he endured her mood swings and bohemian proclivities, which included making him take Hindu names, wear yoga shirts, and forcing Liev, briefly, to go to an ashram school in Connecticut when he was 12. In high school, Liev played the bass clarinet, Schreibers mother also forbade Schreiber from seeing color movies. As a result, his actors were Charlie Chaplin and Basil Rathbone. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Schreiber, known then as Shiva Das, lived at the Satchidananda Ashram, Yogaville East, in Pomfret and he also abided by his mothers vegetarian diet. In retrospect, Schreiber said in a 2008 interview that he appreciates his mothers influences, saying, Since Ive had Sasha, and I think her choices were inspired. Subsequently, Schreiber attended Friends Seminary at the time as future actress Amanda Peet. Schreiber went on to Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he began his training at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
25.
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
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Tom Clancys Ghost Recon is a series of military tactical shooter video games published by Ubisoft. Except for the 1st Battalion, 5th SFG designation, this unit is entirely fictional. They are often referred to as the Ghosts and their role is not unlike other real world special operations forces, in that their operations are kept highly classified. Tom Clancys Ghost Recon has also been novelized by Grant Blackwood under the pseudonym David Michaels, Tom Clancys Ghost Recon begins in April 2008, with civil unrest taking place in Russia. Ultra-nationalists have seized power with plans to rebuild the Soviet Union and their first step is clandestine support of rebel forces in Georgia and the Baltic States. Alarmed by the threat, the U. S. deploys the Ghosts into Georgia to stop the Russians, over the course of the campaign, the Ghosts take the fight to the ultra-nationalists, with a final showdown in Moscows Red Square. He executes his plan through arms sales with the same Russian ultra-nationalists who launched the coup the previous year, the second expansion set to Tom Clancys Ghost Recon, Tom Clancys Ghost Recon, Island Thunder takes place in Cuba in 2010. After Colombias call for help following an attack on a U. S. embassy, America responds by deploying the Ghosts to restore order, Tom Clancys Ghost Recon 2 is set in the Korean Peninsula. The settings of the PS2 and GameCube versions are linked with Splinter Cell, Chaos Theory and they depict a new Korean War brought about by a renegade Korean Peoples Army general, Jung Chong-sun, who launches a coup against the North Korean government. The Xbox version is the sequel of the two games, in which Jung plots revenge against NATO and South Korea. Ghost Recon 2 also marks the debut of the main character. The US sends the Ghosts to aid UN troops and loyalist Kazakh forces to restore order, often identified by the acronym GRAW, the game takes place over the course of 72 hours in 2013, beginning in Mexico City. The game is known for its new combat mechanics, new weapons. Army for a span of 72 hours. A wide array of types are included, featuring mountains, small towns, urban environments. This game, as well as Rainbow Six, Vegas, has noted for rectifying squad artificial intelligence problems that the series has been afflicted with. Released for the PlayStation Portable, Predator takes place in Sri Lanka, the plot focuses on the Ghosts being sent to uncover and stop a plot to draw the US into a larger war. The first title in the franchise released for the Nintendo Wii, created for the Nintendo 3DS, Shadow Wars is a turn-based tactics game featuring various soldier classes on different battlefields
26.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
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Tom Clancys Splinter Cell is a series of award-winning stealth video games, the first of which was released in 2002, and their tie-in novels. The protagonist, Sam Fisher, is a highly trained agent of a fictional black-ops sub-division within the NSA, the player controls Fisher to overcome his adversaries in levels. All the console and PC games in the series were critically acclaimed, the series, along with Assassins Creed, is considered to be one of Ubisofts flagship franchises, selling more than 31 million copies as of 2011. Tom Clancys Splinter Cell was developed in 2 years and published and released by Ubisoft for the Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Mac, PlayStation 2, GameCube and it uses an Unreal Engine 2 that was modified to allow the light-and-dark based gameplay. A HD remastered edition of the game was released on the PlayStation Network in late 2010, to date the game has sold over 3 million copies and won IGNs Best of 2002, Xbox Game of The Year. Pandora Tomorrow was developed by Ubisoft Shanghai and introduced multiplayer gameplay to the Splinter Cell series, in single-player mode, the game AI adapts to adjust to the players skill level. Ubisoft Montreal was again responsible for the game in the series. It adds a multiplayer mode. Originally announced to be released in Fall 2004, its releases were made at the end of March 2005. Again the Unreal Engine was heavily modified, this time from version 2.5, essentials extends the Splinter Cell series to the PSP platform. Through a series of missions, the player learns more about Sam Fishers back story. The games critical reception was much worse than the games in the series. While the graphics were considered high-quality for the PSP, the multiplayer was considered almost unplayable, the game was also criticized for not being able to be played on the go, because it requires a dark environment. For the series fourth installment, two versions were created, one for generation six consoles and the Wii and the other for Xbox360. Double Agent features a trust system that presents the player with moral dilemmas and it is the first game in the series with a hub like area, where Sam can explore and do objectives between missions. This is also the game in the series to have different endings. Only one ending is used to continue the storyline, Conviction was officially announced on May 23,2007 when Ubisoft released a trailer for the game. The game was due for release on November 16,2007, Ubisoft announced that the game had been pushed back to the 2009–10 fiscal year
27.
Northwood, Baltimore
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Northwood is a neighborhood in the northeastern section of Baltimore, Maryland in the United States. Northwood is served by the New Northwood and the Original Northwood community associations, the area is also home to the Northwood Shopping Center and the Northwood Baseball League. Morgan State University is located in this area, as the name implies, New Northwood is composed of newer homes, built in the mid 1950s. The houses are brick row house with trees and shrubs lining most blocks. New Northwood is served by the New Northwood Covenant Association, according to the 2000 US Census,7,000 people live in New Northwood with 96. 2% African-American and 2. 4% White. The median household income is $31,105 and 94. 1% of the houses are occupied, Original Northwood is composed of single family and townhouses ranging in price from $175,000 to $500,000. Development began in September 1930 with themes such as half-timbering and stucco, irregular massing, development began when The Roland Park Company purchased the estates of John W. Montebello, Enoch Pratt and Arunah Shepherdson Abell. By January 1,1932, about 25 families had bought homes in Original Northwood, today, Original Northwood comprises 369 homes and is one of the top 15 city neighborhoods in wealth. Original Northwood was designated an Historic District in 1998 and represents the largest unified collection of the architect, John A. Ahlers. Ahlers planning for the inclusion of the terrain in his design, with a canopy of oaks and elms. Northwood Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, according to the 2000 US Census,1,240 people live in Original Northwood with 56. 5% African-American and 37. 9% White. The median household income is $64,688 and 93. 5% of the houses are occupied
28.
United States Postal Service
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The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
29.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
30.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
31.
Loyola Blakefield
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Loyola Blakefield, formerly Loyola High School, is a Catholic, college preparatory school for boys established by the Society of Jesus. It is located in Towson, Maryland, within the Archdiocese of Baltimore, students from Baltimore, Baltimore County, Harford County, Carroll County, Howard County, Anne Arundel County, and Southern Pennsylvania attend the school. It enrolls over nine hundred students in grades six through twelve and his request was prompted by the 1852 closure of nearby St. Marys College. Construction of Loyola High School began on Charles Street in Baltimore, Maryland, in early 1852, and on September 15,1852, in the early 1930s the growing and cramped high school began to look toward moving north of the city. In 1933, with the support of the Blake family, Loyola purchased the land known today as Blakefield in Towson, in 1941, the students moved to the new campus. Between 1981 and 1988, a Middle School was gradually introduced, Loyola Blakefield has a tradition of honoring alumni from 50 years earlier at its graduation ceremony. Bring back the men from 50 years before to see a new generation graduate, writes James Maliszewski, loyolas students frequently attend leading universities in the United States including Boston College, United States Naval Academy, and Ivy Leagues. Some students received Rhodes Scholarships and other honors including membership in the National Honor Society. Some extremely popular electives include visual arts, classical languages, history of music, the Loyola Forensics team, led by English instructor Tom Durkin and later by science teacher Charles Donovan, was the champion of the National Catholic Forensic League in 2005 and 2010. It has also very successful at the state and district levels. The Loyola Blakefield football team plays every Thanksgiving Day in one of the oldest continual national Catholic high school football rivalries. The game, known as the Turkey Bowl, is held at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and broadcast on television, the Loyola lacrosse program is among its most successful. It won eight championships in the 1980s and also won championships in 2001,2007,2008, in 2007, they defeated Boys Latin 10-6 in the MIAA championship game. In 2008, they defeated previously undefeated Gilman 12-11 in the game at Towson Universitys Johnny Unitas Stadium before over 8,000 spectators. Loyola has produced players who have continued on to play collegiate lacrosse, including National Lacrosse Hall of Famer John Stewart. The soccer program won the Maryland Championship in 2001,2012, coach Lee Tschantret, a former longtime player in the Major Indoor Soccer League, won several championships with the Baltimore Blast. The Loyola basketball program reached regional prominence in the 1970s when it was led by head coach Jerry Savage and he produced several Division I players. Savage also coached the 1997 MIAA Championship team, the last championship of any sort for the Dons basketball program, Loyola has been in the most Baltimore Catholic League finals with 13 total and 6 championships
32.
Towson, Maryland
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Towson is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland. The population was 55,197 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Baltimore County and the second-most populated unincorporated county seat in the United States. The first inhabitants of the future Towson and central Baltimore County region were the Susquehannock Indians who hunted in the area and their region included all of Baltimore County, though their primary settlement was farther northeast along the Susquehanna River. Towson was settled in 1752 when two Pennsylvania brothers, William and Thomas Towson, began farming an area of Saters Hill, northeast of the present-day York and Joppa Roads. Williams son, Ezekiel, opened the Towson Hotel to serve the traffic of farmers bringing their produce. Towson located the hotel at current-day Shealy Avenue and York Road, the village became known as Towsontown. The property in West Towson came from two grants,400 acre Gott’s Hope in 1719 and Gunner’s Range in 1706. Charles Ridgely completed the magnificent Hampton Mansion just north of Towsontown, the Ridgelys lived there for six generations, until 1948. It is now preserved as the Hampton National Historic Site and open to the public and they consolidated four of the structures into a larger dwelling that they called ‘Marshmont’. The brothers went into business together as medical practitioners, neither had any heirs but were joined in practice later by their nephew Dr. Grafton Marsh Bosley who eventually inherited the medical practice, the ‘Marshmont’ compound, and a 140-acre farm. The farm extended West of York Rd, south of Joppa Rd. North of the Sheppard Pratt Hospital, and East of Woodbine Ave. In 1869, Dr. Grafton Bosley and his wife Margaret Nicholson then built a new home in an area of the property known as Highlands or ‘Highland Park’ that they named ‘Uplands’. The County Courthouse was subsequently enlarged in 1910 through additional designs for north and south wings by well-known and regarded city architects, additional expansion later in 1926 and 1958 eventually created an H-shaped plan for the entire older courthouse. During the Civil War, Towson was the scene of two minor engagements, the Union Army found it necessary to overtake the town by force on June 2,1861. During the raid, the Union Army seized weapons from citizens at Adys Hotel. ”The second engagement took place around July 12,1864, the First and Second Maryland Cavalry, led by Baltimore County native and pre-war member of the Towson Horse Guards, Maj. Harry W. Following what became known as Gilmors Raid, the cavalry encamped in Towson overnight at Adys Hotel where his men rested, the next day, a large federal cavalry unit was dispatched from Baltimore to overtake Gilmors forces. Gilmors forces traveled south along York Road as far south as Govans, following the war, Gilmor served as the Baltimore City Police Commissioner in the 1870s. The Towson fire of 1878 destroyed most of the 500 block along the York Turnpike causing an estimated $38,000 in damage, during the summer of 1894, the Towson Water Company laid wooden pipes and installed fire hydrants that were connected to an artesian well near Aigburth Vale
33.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
34.
Baltimore County, Maryland
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Baltimore County is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland. Since 1854, the county seat has been in Towson, Baltimore County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. The county is part of the Northeast Megalopolis stretching from Boston to Washington. As of 2009, the countys workforce totalled 410,100, with 25% employed in the fields of education, health, and human services, 10% in retailing, and less than 1% in agriculture. The county is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Towson University, Goucher College, in 1674, a proclamation of the Proprietor, established the then extensive boundary lines for old Baltimore County. In 1674, a portion of northeastern Baltimore County, as well as a portion of northwestern Kent County, was split off to create Cecil County. In 1748, a portion of western Baltimore County, as well as a portion of Prince Georges County to the south, were split off to create Frederick County, in 1773, Harford County to the east was split off from Baltimore County. In 1837, another part of western Baltimore County was combined with a part of eastern Frederick County to create Carroll County, the Baltimore County court sessions had been held in private residences before 1674, with a small amount of documentary evidence. Since 1712, the seat had been located in old Joppa, later by 1724, the Assembly authorized Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd and John Stokes to purchase 20 acres from a tract named Taylors Choice after John Taylor who also held other parcels in the area. The Ordinance directed that the land be divided into 40 lots with streets and alleys to accompany the courthouse and jail which had already been previously erected. By 1750 there were some 50 houses, a church, courthouse,3 stone warehouses, inns, taverns, stores and these events have been commemorated ever since by Defenders Day on September 12th. A second city-county courthouse constructed in 1805–1809 was moved to the side of the Square at North Calvert. The first county seat of Baltimore County was known today as Old Baltimore and it was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County. In 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house, the site of the court house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House. The court house on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act, Old Baltimore was in existence as early as 1674, but we dont know what if anything happened on the site prior to that year. The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost for years and it was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Grounds, a U. S. Army weapons testing facility
35.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
36.
English literature
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However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the languages of Britain. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years, the earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and ending soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. These works include such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history and this is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion. Oral tradition was strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national status in England. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the date of which is debated. Beowulf is the title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known, and it is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross, Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts, the longest is King Alfreds 9th-century translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the language of courts, parliament
37.
Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps
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The Army Reserve Officers Training Corps is the United States Army component of the Reserve Officers Training Corps. It is the largest ROTC program, with 20,000 ROTC cadets in 273 ROTC programs at universities throughout the United States. The modern Army Reserve Officers Training Corps was created by the National Defense Act of 1916 and this program commissioned its first class of lieutenants in 1920. For a cadet who takes only the first two years of ROTC, there is no obligation, unless the student is a 3-4 year scholarship cadet or has other specific scholarships. If a cadet has accepted a scholarship, service commitments may vary, with some exceptions, in order to progress to the last two years of the program, the cadet must contract with the United States Army. To do so, the student enlists in the United States Army Reserve Control Group as a cadet, the following is an outline of a general military science program. Military Science I year This year serves as the cadets first introduction to the Army, Military Science II year The second year is an expansion of the topics taught in the first year of the program. Cadets are introduced to tactics, troop leading procedures, basics of operations orders, the aim of this training is to motivate and qualify cadets for entry into the Senior ROTC program. Basic Camp is a version of the first two years of leadership development training that cadets receive at their university for the basic course. Military Science III year The third year marks the beginning of the Advanced Course and this is where most cadets must contract with the Army to continue in the program. Knox, KY AND The cadet has completed 54 credits of college coursework, the course sequence in this year is mainly focused on the application of leadership and small-unit tactics. Cadets are assigned rotating leadership positions within the School Battalion and are evaluated on their performance, under current regulations, attendance at the course is mandatory. Leadership Development Program During MSIII year and continuing through Advanced Camp, the LDP is a structured set of rotations where MSIII cadets are assigned to specific roles in an organization consisting of companies, platoons, and squads. Some of the roles traditionally filled are that of a commander, company XO, first sergeant, platoon leader, platoon sergeant. Cadets are counseled on their performance through the ALRM attributes and competencies, at the end of the MSIII school year, these counselings are collected and help determine a cadets Order of Merit during branching. Advanced Camp Advanced Camp is a paid four-week leadership course conducted at Fort Knox and it was formerly conducted at Fort Lewis, Washington, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Riley, Kansas. In 2014, Advanced Camp was consolidated with Basic Camp at Fort Knox and this was a period of upheaval for the training event due to the rapid change of locations and new Cadet Command Commanding General stripping Advanced Camp of its graded portion. For 2014, Advanced Camp, then LDAC, retained its graded portions, during the time it was called CLC, all the graded portions of were taken out and the 4 week period was pass/no pass
38.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
39.
Owings, Maryland
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Owings is a census-designated place in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. The population was 2,149 at the 2010 census, up from 1,325 at the 2000 census, Owings is located along the northern border of Calvert County at 38°42′43″N 76°36′14″W. It is bordered to the north by Friendship in Anne Arundel County, Maryland Route 2 passes through the CDP west of the center of town, leading north 23 miles to Annapolis and south 13 miles to Prince Frederick, the Calvert County seat. Maryland Route 260 passes through the center of town and leads southeast 4 miles to Chesapeake Beach and northwest 11 miles to Upper Marlboro, via MD4. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Owings CDP has an area of 3.9 square miles, of which 0.01 square miles. The Owings area is considered exurban by the Washington Post and it includes a mix of farmland, single-family detached homes and subdivisions. Aerial maps show that about 50% of the Owings CDP is wooded, the place center lies on the former Chesapeake Beach Railway line, which was converted to the roadway Maryland Route 260. Owings was a stop on the local service. Hall Creek originates in the Owings vicinity, forms part of the CDPs northern border, the creek bed cuts a significant valley across the hilly central ridge of the Calvert County peninsula. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,325 people,426 households, the population density was 337.2 people per square mile. There were 443 housing units at a density of 112. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 86. 87% White,11. 47% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 60% Asian,0. 45% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 75% of the population. 10. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.30. In the CDP, the population was out with 29. 7% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,25. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $74,150, and the median income for a family was $74,702. Males had an income of $49,250 versus $31,204 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,287, about 2. 5% of families and 3. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 9. 5% of those age 65 or over
40.
United States Naval Institute
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In addition to publishing magazines and books, the Naval Institute holds several annual conferences. Established in 1873, the Naval Institute currently has about 50,000 members, mostly active and retired personnel of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, the organization also has members in over 90 countries. Its chair is former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe James G. Stavridis and its CEO is Peter H. Daly, a retired Navy vice admiral. The U. S. Naval Institute was established as a forum for the exchange of ideas, to disseminate and advance the knowledge of sea power, rear Admiral John L. Worden served as the first president. In 1874, the Naval Institute began to accept papers and publish the proceedings of its discussions which were distributed to the organization’s members, a practice that continues to this day. Two decades later, the Naval Institute Press was created to publish basic naval guides, it expanded to publish more general-interest titles in history, biography. Having outgrown its offices at Preble Hall, the Naval Institute gave the building to the Naval Academy and, in 1999, the monthly magazine Proceedings is the Naval Institutes flagship product. Published since 1874, it is one of the oldest continuously published magazines in the United States, issues include articles from military professionals and civilian experts, historical essays, book reviews, full-color photography, and reader commentary. Roughly a third are written by active duty and active reserve personnel, a third by retired military, the magazine has published controversial articles on contentious issues, moreover, military brass have been known to block certain articles from being submitted to the journal. For example, in 1962, DoD officials prevented a Marine Corps lieutenant colonel from sending to Proceedings an article about a 1949 proposal to merge the Marines aviation units into the Air Force. Naval History magazine was first published in 1987 to explore the role of sea power in U. S. history, the Naval Institute Press was founded in 1898 and publishes about 80 books a year. Among the professional development titles are The Bluejackets Manual, Naval Shiphandling, The Naval Officers Guide, The Marine Officer’s Guide, the Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World and The Naval Institute Guide to Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet are popular reference books with the military, media and maritime enthusiasts, launched in December 2008, the blog is another forum for debate. Contributors have included former NATO Supreme Commander Admiral James G. Stavridis, USN and Admiral Thad Allen, launched in February 2012, USNI News provides breaking news and insight on emerging issues. In 1985, the Institute began to hold conferences, open to the public, the largest of these, are held in San Diego and Washington, D. C. The conferences often feature the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps, in 2007, USNI produced Americans At War, a series of video interviews with U. S. combat veterans of conflicts dating to World War I. Former President George H. W. Bush, Senators Bob Dole, Daniel Inouye, Bob Kerrey, the series was broadcast on Public Broadcasting Service television stations nationwide. The U. S. Naval Institute holds one of the world’s largest private collections of photographs, more than 450,000 images of people, ships
41.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
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