1.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
2.
Paisley, Renfrewshire
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Paisley is the largest town in the historic county of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland and serves as the administrative centre for the Renfrewshire council area. The town is situated on the edge of the Gleniffer Braes, straddling the banks of the White Cart Water. The town, a burgh, forms part of the contiguous Greater Glasgow urban area. It is regularly cited as Scotlands largest town as it has yet to attain city status. By the 19th century, Paisley had established itself as a centre of the industry, giving its name to the Paisley shawl. The towns associations with political Radicalism were highlighted by its involvement in the Radical War of 1820, as of 1993, all of Paisleys mills had closed, although they are memorialised in the towns museums and civic history. Paisley is bidding for UK City of Culture in 2021 as part of plans to use culture, however, some Scottish place-name books suggest Pæssas wood/clearing, from the Old English personal name Pæssa, clearing, and leāh, wood. Pasilege and Paslie are recorded previous spellings of the name, a chapel is said to have been established by the 6th/7th century Irish monk, Saint Mirin at a site near a waterfall on the White Cart Water known as the Hammils. Though Paisley lacks contemporary documentation it may have been, along with Glasgow and Govan, a priory was established in 1163 from the Cluniac priory at Wenlock in Shropshire, England at the behest of Walter fitz Alan High Steward of Scotland. In 1245 this was raised to the status of an Abbey, the restored Abbey and adjacent Place, constructed out of part of the medieval claustral buildings, survive as a Church of Scotland parish church. One of Scotlands major religious houses, Paisley Abbey was much favoured by the Bruce and it is generally accepted that William Wallace was educated here. King Robert III was buried in the Abbey and his tomb has not survived, but that of Princess Marjorie Bruce, ancestor of the Stewarts, is one of Scotlands few royal monuments to survive the Reformation. Paisley coalesced under James IIs wish that the lands should become a single regality and, as a result, markets, trading, in 1488 the towns status was raised by James IV to Burgh of barony. Many trades sprang up and the first school was established in 1577 by the Town Council, the Paisley witches, also known as the Bargarran witches or the Renfrewshire witches, were tried in Paisley in 1697. Seven were convicted and five were hanged and then burnt on the Gallow Green and their remains were buried at Maxwelton Cross in the west end of the town. This was the last mass execution for witchcraft in western Europe, a horse shoe was placed on top of the site to lock in the evil. A horse shoe is still visible in the middle of busy road junction today—though not the original. The modern shoe is made of bronze and bears the inscription, Pain Inflicted, Suffering Endured, the Industrial Revolution based on the textile industry turned Paisley from a small market town to an important industrial town in the late 18th century
3.
Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
4.
Italian Scots
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Italian Scots or Scots-Italians are people of Italian descent living in Scotland. These terms may refer to people who are born in Scotland and it can also refer to people of mixed Scottish and Italian descents. A recent Italian voter census estimated there are 70,000 to 100,000 people in Scotland of Italian descent or Italian nationals. The majority come from the provinces of Lucca, Frosinone and Isernia, since then, there has been a steady flow of migration between the two countries. Italy and the fascist involvement in World War II brought many hardships on Italians settled in Scotland - many families were separated as adult males were interned, the family members that were left behind were forced to cope with mistrust and discrimination. Of those imprisoned many men found themselves held in Northern Ireland, a number of others were employed in Orkney, at Scapa Flow, to construct a barrier against Nazi U-boats. These men additionally constructed the Chapel of Lambholm from scrap metal, nowadays, this Chapel is one of Orkneys most popular tourist attractions. Today, Italian Scots can be working in all manner of professions. However, a proportion of the community have plied their trade in the catering industry, working in the chip shops, ice-cream parlours, pizzerias. Holly Lee Simmonette, internet personality American Cousins – A film about an Italian Scots family, strictly Sinatra Comfort and Joy – A film about a war between rival Italian ice cream companies in Glasgow. The film is a spoof of American gangster movies, soft Top Hard Shoulder Italian migration to Britain Immigration to the United Kingdom Italian diaspora List of British Italians Italian Scot communities of Filignano and Cerasuolo Pieri, J. The Scots-Italians, Recollections of an Immigrant The Mercat Press
5.
Whose Life Is It Anyway? (play)
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Whose Life Is It Anyway. is a play by Brian Clark adapted from his 1972 television play of the same title, which starred Ian McShane. The stage version premiered in 1978 at the Mermaid Theatre in London, the play involves a sculptor who is paralysed. Set in a room, the action revolves around Ken Harrison, a sculptor by profession. Clark presents arguments both in favour of and opposing euthanasia and to what extent government should be allowed to interfere in the life of a private citizen. In portraying Ken as an intelligent man with a useless body, the play was televised on 12 March 1972 by Granada TV. It was directed by Richard Everitt, with the cast that featured Ian McShane, Susanne Neve, opened at the Mermaid Theatre, London, on 6 March 1978, before playing at the Savoy Theatre from June 1978 to October 1979. This production originally starred Tom Conti and Jane Asher, Conti transferred to New York to star in the Broadway production. The play, produced by Emanuel Azenberg and directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, opened on Broadway at the Trafalgar Theatre on 17 April 1979 and it marked the Broadway debut of Tom Conti, who was joined by Jean Marsh and Philip Bosco. Conti was nominated for a Drama Desk Award and won the 1979 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, both the play itself and Lindsay-Hogg were nominated as well. The play, again directed by Lindsay-Hogg, was revived on Broadway at the Royale Theatre, a gender reversal found Mary Tyler Moore in the lead role, rechristened Claire, and James Naughton as her now-male doctor. Josef Sommer rounded out the principal cast, the play ran for 96 performances. Moore was nominated for a Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Actress in a Play, the play was revived in London at the Harold Pinter Theatre, from 7 January 2005, officially opened 25 January 2005, and closed on 30 April 2005. The production was directed by Peter Hall and starred Kim Cattrall as sculptor Claire Harrison, husband and wife Laurence Luckinbill and Lucie Arnaz starred in the national tour of the play. The two rotated playing the patient and doctor, the play returns to London from 21 June to 25 June 2016 in a production by Sedos and directed by Nick Mouton. Whose Life Is It Anyway. was adapted from Clarks own television film of the same title directed by Richard Everitt starring Ian McShane, a film adapted by Reginald Rose and directed by John Badham was released in 1981, starring Richard Dreyfuss, John Cassavetes, and Christine Lahti. Author David Benedictus adapted the play into a novel, which was released in 1981. Awards 1978 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play 1979 Selection, Burns Mantle, The Best Plays of 1978-1979 Nominations 1979 Tony Award for Best Play Clark, at the Internet Broadway Database Whose Life Is It Anyway. At the Internet Broadway Database Whose Life Is It Anyway, at the Internet Movie Database Whose Life Is It Anyway
6.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
7.
Reuben, Reuben
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Reuben, Reuben is a 1983 comedy-drama film directed by Robert Ellis Miller and starring Tom Conti, Kelly McGillis, Roberts Blossom, Cynthia Harris, and Joel Fabiani. The film was adapted by Julius J. Epstein from the play Spofford by Herman Shumlin, Gowan is something of a leech, cadging expensive dinners from well-off patrons while seducing their bored wives and affecting a superior attitude toward the smug bourgeois types he exploits. Although a talented poet, he is also a chronic drunk, Gowan falls in love with a young college student, Geneva Spofford, who has everything to lose from a relationship with a drunken deadbeat poet unable to hold a job. He also suffers an ironic comeuppance from Dr. Jack Haxby, the dentist, after finding out about the poets affair with his wife, uses the ruse of free dental care for ruining Gowans smile and forcing him to wear dentures. When Gowan finds out, it is too late. Gowan prepares to hang himself, but while dictating his last thoughts into a recorder, he comes up with some good lines. The films title comprises Gowans final words, an attempt to halt the dog. Reuben, Reuben was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Writing, Reuben, Reuben at the Internet Movie Database Movie stills
8.
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
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The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, formerly the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, is a conservatoire of dance, drama, music, production and screen in the centre of Glasgow, Scotland. Founded in 1845 as the Glasgow Educational Association, it is the busiest performing arts venue in Scotland with over 500 public performances each year. The current Principal is American pianist and composer Jeffrey Sharkey, the President is Sir Cameron Mackintosh, the Royal Conservatoire has occupied its current purpose-built building on Renfrew Street in Glasgow since 1988. Its roots lie in different organisations. It began with the establishment of the Glasgow Educational Association in 1845, the Association later became the Glasgow Commercial College, and this in turn became part of the Glasgow Athenaeum in 1847. The Glasgow Athenaeum provided training in skills, literature, languages, sciences, mathematics. Charles Dickens gave its inaugural speech, in which he stated that he regarded the Glasgow Athenaeum as. an educational example, in 1890 the non-commercial teaching side of the Glasgow Athenaeum became the Glasgow Athenaeum School of Music. In 1928 the premises were extended with a gift from the philanthropist Daniel Macaulay Stevenson, in 1929 the school was renamed as the Scottish National Academy of Music to better reflect its scope and purpose. Its first Principal from 1929–1941 was William Gillies Whittaker, in 1944, it became the Royal Scottish Academy of Music. The Royal Scottish Academy of Music established a department called the Glasgow College of Dramatic Art during 1950. It became the first British drama school to contain a full, in 1993 RSAMD became the first conservatoire in the United Kingdom to be granted its own degree-awarding powers. Research degrees undertaken at RSAMD are validated and awarded by the University of St Andrews in Fife, RSAMD is one of four member conservatories of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. From 1 September 2011, the RSAMD changed its name to the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Principal John Wallace said the new name was necessary to cover all fields that the institute offers, as it no longer is simply a music and drama academy. The Principal felt it was best to choose a name that was representative of all disciplines offered, there are around 65 private practice rooms for music students, each equipped with a piano with stool, music stand and chairs. These include 11 rooms reserved solely for pianists, several rooms for use by the Scottish Music department, the Royal Conservatoire also houses several professional recording studios, including a new studio in the Opera School for the use of large ensembles. In 2010, RCS opened its campus near Cowcaddens, now known as the Wallace Studios at Speirs Locks. This building was designed by Malcolm Fraser and it opened predominantly to house the Modern Ballet and Production courses, as the Renfrew Street campus was struggling to accommodate the combination of new courses and higher intake levels. In 2014, a £2 million extension to this campus was built, creating even more rehearsal spaces
9.
Dundee Repertory Theatre
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Dundee Repertory Theatre or Dundee Rep is a theatre and arts company in the city of Dundee, Scotland. It is home to the Dundee Rep Ensemble, Scotland’s only full-time company of actors, as well as Scotland’s principal contemporary dance company, ‘’’The Rep’’’ building is located in Tay Square at the centre of the city’s cultural quarter in the West End. Dundee has had a number of purpose built theatres, others included the Alhambra - renamed the Whitehall in the 1970s - the Palace, renamed the Theatre Royal in the 1960s, and the Kings Theatre in the Cowgate which opened in 1908. By around 1920 many theatres had converted into cinemas, and for most of the 1930s Dundee no longer had a designated drama theatre. Robert Thornely – Manager of the last touring company to perform in Dundee was determined to find a home in the city for his theatre company. He approached the Dundee Dramatic Society, a company, who. In May 1939 Dundee Repertory Theatre was founded as a collaboration between professionals with amateur support, around this time people thought it strange to be concentrating on drama during the turmoil of World War II. However the company performed weekly repertory during the war and the rest of the 1940s, eventually a temporary refuge was found in the converted former Dudhope Church on the Lochee Road of Dundee although the company remained at the venue for a further 18 years. However, the building looked like being stopped in its tracks due to rising prices. The new theatre opened on 8 April 1982, designed by Dundee-based architects Nicoll Russell Studios, robert Robertson retired from Dundee Rep in 1990. James Brining became Artistic Director in 2003 and during that time the company created over 50 productions, the Ensemble developed its international reputation, being the first UK company to tour to Iran in 30 years with Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. In 2005, it visited the prestigious Cerventino Festival in Mexico with a new version of Jarry’s Ubu the King and in 2006 it took David Greig’s Dr Korzcak’s Example to Tokyo and Hiroshima. The repertoire was broad, encompassing Shakespeare, musicals, American classics, new plays and work for children, in 2007 Dundee Rep Ensemble created Sunshine on Leith featuring the music of The Proclaimers. It soon became a Scottish favourite and has seen by more than 200,000 people. In 2013 a film version of the musical preimered at the Toronto Film Festival, in May 2012 it was announced that Fleur Darkin was to become the new Artistic Director of Scottish Dance Theatre. The Rep is now home to over 20 resident performers who are rooted in the region but are nationally and internationally orientated, as the theatre grows, so does the ambition. It also allowed for the production of Sunshine on Leith, the musical that has been on tour three times now. The Rep Ensemble has won awards and continues to further the ambition Hamish Glen had for the project, with performances in 2011 of The Rise & Fall of Little Voice
10.
Garrick Theatre
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The Garrick Theatre is a West End theatre, located on Charing Cross Road, in the City of Westminster, named for the stage actor David Garrick. It opened in 1889 with The Profligate, a play by Arthur Wing Pinero, in its early years, the Garrick appears to have specialised in the performance of melodrama. The theatre later became associated with comedies, including No Sex Please, Were British, there was previously another theatre that was sometimes called the Garrick in London, on Leman Street, opened in 1831 and demolished in 1881. The new Garrick Theatre was financed in 1889 by the playwright W. S. Gilbert, the author of over 75 plays, including the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas. It was designed by Walter Emden, with C. J. Phipps brought in as a consultant to help with the planning on the site after an underground river was discovered in the excavation. Originally the theatre had 800 seats on four levels, but the level has since been closed. The theatres first manager was Gilberts friend John Hare, the first play at the theatre, The Profligate, by Arthur Wing Pinero and starring Hare, opened on 24 April 1889. Sydney Grundys long-running French-style comedy A Pair of Spectacles opened here in February 1890, Mrs Patrick Campbell starred five years later in Pineros The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith. In 1900, the theatre hosted J. M. Barries The Wedding Guest, the only piece actually premiered by W. S. Gilbert here was Harlequin and the Fairys Dilemma, a Domestic Pantomime. In 1921, Basil Rathbone played Dr. Lawson in The Edge o Beyond at the Garrick, in 1925 Henry Daniell played there as Jack Race in Cobra and appeared there again as Paul Cortot in Marriage by Purchase in March 1932. A proposed redevelopment of Covent Garden by the GLC in 1968 saw the theatre under threat, together with the nearby Vaudeville, Adelphi, Lyceum and Duchess theatres. An active campaign by Equity, the Musicians Union, and theatre owners under the auspices of the Save London Theatres Campaign led to the abandonment of the scheme. The gold-leaf auditorium was restored in 1986 by the stage designer Carl Toms, the theatre has mostly been associated with comedies or comedy-dramas. More recent productions are listed below and include No Sex Please, Were British, in 1995, the Royal National Theatres multi-award winning production of J. B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls opened here, having played successful seasons at the Royal National Theatres Lyttelton and Olivier theatres as well as the Aldwych Theatre, the interior retains many of its original features, and was Grade II* listed by English Heritage in September 1960. 1972 – Anthony Shaffers Sleuth transferred 1977 – Side By Side By Sondheim transferred and was a continuing success,111 ISBN 0-7136-5688-3 Whos Who in the Theatre, edited by John Parker, tenth edition, revised, London,1947, pps, 477–478 and 1184. Official Garrick Theatre Website Article on Garrick Theatre Information about the Garrick and other Victorian theatres
11.
Alan Ayckbourn
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Sir Alan Ayckbourn, CBE is a prolific English playwright and director. His plays have won awards, including seven London Evening Standard Awards. They have been translated into over 35 languages and are performed on stage, ten of his plays have been staged on Broadway, attracting two Tony nominations, and one Tony award. chau Ayckbourn was born in Hampstead, London. His mother Irene Worley was a writer of short stories who published under the name Mary James and his father, Horace Ayckbourn, was an orchestral violinist, at one time deputy leader of the London Symphony Orchestra. His parents, who separated shortly after World War II, never married, Ayckbourn wrote his first play at Wisborough Lodge when he was about 10. Whilst at prep school as a boarder, his mother wrote to him she was marrying Cecil Pye. When he went home for the holidays his new family consisted of his mother, his stepfather and Christopher and this relationship too, reportedly ran into difficulties early on. Ayckbourn attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College, in the village of Hertford Heath and it is said that Joseph became both a mentor and father figure for Ayckbourn until his untimely death in 1967, and he has consistently spoken highly of him. Ayckbourns career was interrupted when he was called for National Service. He was swiftly discharged, officially on medical grounds, but it is suggested that a doctor who noticed his reluctance to join the Armed Forces deliberately failed the medical as a favour. Although Ayckbourn continued to move where his career took him, he settled in Scarborough, eventually buying Longwestgate House, the house formerly owned by Stephen Joseph. In 1957, Ayckbourn married Christine Roland, another member of the Library Theatre company and they had two sons, Steven and Philip. However, the marriage had difficulties which led to their separation in 1971. Alan Ayckbourn said that his relationship with Christine became easy once they agreed their marriage was over, around this time, he started to share a home with Heather Stoney, an actress he had first met ten years earlier. Like his mother, neither he nor Christine sought a divorce for the thirty years and it was only in 1997 that they formally divorced. One side-effect of the timing is that, as Alan was awarded a knighthood a few months before the divorce, both his first and second wife are entitled to take the title of Lady Ayckbourn. In February 2006, he suffered a stroke in Scarborough, and stated, I hope to be back on my feet, or should I say my left leg, as soon as possible, in the meantime I am in excellent hands and so is the Stephen Joseph Theatre. He left hospital after eight weeks and returned to directing after six months, Ayckbourn, however, continues to write and direct his own work at the theatre
12.
Faerie Tale Theatre
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Faerie Tale Theatre is an American live-action childrens anthology series retelling fairy tales. This was one of the first examples of original programming. Faerie Tale Theatre originally aired on Showtime from 1982 to 1987, winning a Peabody Award, TCA Award and it later aired as edited re-runs on the Disney Channel as well as in syndication on various television stations, including PBS and BookTelevision. Shelley Duvall began conception of Faerie Tale Theatre while filming Popeye and she reportedly asked her co-star, Robin Williams, his opinion on The Frog Prince, a fairy tale she was reading during production. Williams would later star in the episode of the series. Every episode opens with Shelley Duvall introducing herself and welcoming the viewer to the show, all the episodes feature live-action twist adaptations of fairy tales in costume by many well-known actors and are directed by such diverse directors as Tim Burton and Francis Ford Coppola. C. Wyeth, Kay Nielsen, Breughel and Muer, Jennie Harbour, Faerie Tale Theatre was released on VHS, Betamax, CED and Laserdisc in the 1980s through mid 1990s, by Playhouse Video, CBS/Fox, and later Razz Ma Tazz Entertainment/Cabin Fever Entertainment. Starmaker II held the rights to the series from 2004 to 2006 and this was followed by a double-sided 4-disc box set and then a 6-disc box set, each version containing the same 26 episodes. The Greatest Moments episode was not included in this release, after 2006, Koch Vision held the series distribution rights, and in November 2006 licensed the rights worldwide to the British company 3DD Entertainment. A new remastered 7-disc box set, including the lost Greatest Moments episode, was released by Koch Vision on September 2,2008, the Pied Piper of Hamelin, Julius Caesar Rats monologue. Rumpelstiltskin, the Millers daughter singing with the animals in the forest. com Faerie Tale Theatre at epguides. com
13.
Friends
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Friends is an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22,1994, to May 6,2004, lasting ten seasons. With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer, the series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright, Marta Kauffman, Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993. They presented the idea to Bright, and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC, after several script rewrites and changes, including a title change to Six of One and Friends Like Us, the series was finally named Friends. Filming took place at Warner Bros, All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings, ultimately reaching the No.1 spot with its eighth season. Friends received acclaim throughout its run, becoming one of the most popular shows of all time. The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season. The show ranked no.21 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, in 1997, the episode The One with the Prom Video was ranked no.100 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. In 2013, Friends ranked no.24 on the Writers Guild of Americas 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time, Rachel Green flees her wedding day and seeks out childhood friend Monica Geller, a New York City chef. Episodes typically depict the friends comedic and romantic adventures and career issues, the six characters each have many dates and serious relationships, such as Monica with Richard Burke and Ross with Emily Waltham. The series featured six main characters throughout its run, Jennifer Aniston portrays Rachel Green, Rachel first moves in with Monica in season one after nearly marrying Barry Farber, whom she realizes she does not love. Rachel and Ross Geller are later involved in a relationship throughout the series. Rachel’s first job is as a waitress at the coffeehouse Central Perk, Rachel and Ross have a daughter named Emma in The One Where Rachel Has a Baby, Part Two at the end of season eight. In the final episode of the series, Ross and Rachel finally confess their love for each other, Courteney Cox portrays Monica Geller, the mother hen of the group and a chef, known for her perfectionist, bossy, competitive, and obsessive-compulsive nature. Monica is often teased by the others for having been extremely overweight as a child. Monica works as a chef in various restaurants throughout the show, Monica’s first serious relationship is with long-time family friend Richard Burke, who is twenty-one years her senior. The couple maintains a relationship for some time, until Richard expresses that he does not want to have children. Lisa Kudrow portrays Phoebe Buffay, a masseuse and self-taught musician
14.
Cosby
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Cosby is an American sitcom television series broadcast on CBS from September 16,1996, to April 28,2000, loosely based on the British sitcom One Foot in the Grave. The program starred Bill Cosby and Phylicia Rashad, who had worked together in the 1984–1992 NBC sitcom The Cosby Show. Madeline Kahn portrayed their neighbor, Pauline, until her death in 1999, Cosby portrayed grumpy Hilton Lucas, a New York City man forced into early retirement from his job as an airline customer service agent. His wife Ruth was played by Phylicia Rashad, initially, Telma Hopkins was cast as Ruth Lucas, however, she was recast after she didnt react well to Cosbys tendency to ad lib. The couple had one daughter, Erica Lucas, initially portrayed by Audra McDonald, Doug E. Doug played Griffin Vesey, a foster son the Lucas family took in when he was younger. Griffin occasionally tried to win Ericas affections, but they decided just to remain friends when in the fourth and final season, Darien Sills-Evans portrayed Darien Evans, Jurnee Smollett also joined the cast as 11-year-old Jurnee, whom Hilton adored. The show was based on the concept from the BBC series One Foot in the Grave, starring Richard Wilson, david Renwick, the creator and writer of One Foot in the Grave, was listed as a consultant of Cosby. One Foot in the Grave was notable for containing dark humor for a mainstream sitcom, the tone was significantly lightened for Cosby, although certain controversial scenes, such as a scene in which the lead character incinerates a live tortoise, albeit by accident, were recreated. A notable later episode was the premiere, My Spy. Cosby premiered to an audience of more than 24.7 million viewers, the moves led to a drop in ratings and, frustrated by declining ratings and the move, Cosby and CBS executive Leslie Moonves mutually decided to end the series. The last episode, The Song Remains the Same, aired on April 28,2000, and was the 95th episode to be produced and broadcast, drawing just over 7 million viewers. Bill Cosby – Hilton Lucas Phylicia Rashad – Ruth Lucas Madeline Kahn – Pauline Fox TKeyah Crystal Keymáh – Erica Lucas Doug E. TBS shortly thereafter ran reruns of the series for two years. In March 2010, gmc began airing the show, but as a network with religious ownership, removed some episodes. It began to air on Bounce TV in January 2015, but was removed from air on July 7,2015, official website Cosby at the Internet Movie Database Cosby at TV. com
15.
Nigel Hawthorne
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Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne CBE was an English actor. He portrayed Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister, for this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George. He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart and he was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in the theatre. Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the son of Agnes Rosemary and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, when Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice. Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay and he was educated at St Georges Grammar School, Cape Town and, when the family moved, the now defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team. He described his time at the latter as not being a happy experience. He enrolled at the University of Cape Town but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting, Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner. He made his Broadway debut in 1974 in As You Like It and he returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart, Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films, in 1985, Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron, and in 1999, Professor Porter in Tarzan. They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre, from 1979 until Hawthornes death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell near Baldock and latterly at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire, England. The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities, Hawthorne had several operations for pancreatic cancer, although his immediate cause of death was from a heart attack, aged 72. He was survived by Bentham, and his service was held at St Marys. His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends, the service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans. The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Trevor Bentham and he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1987, and was knighted in 1999. Nigel Hawthorne at the Internet Movie Database Nigel Hawthorne at the Internet Broadway Database
16.
Vauxhall Astra
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The Vauxhall Astra is a small family car that has been built by Vauxhall since 1979. For its first two generations, the nameplate was applied to right-hand drive versions of the Opel Kadett for use in the UK, since 1991, Opel has used the Astra nameplate on its B/C-platform. General Motors Saturn division in the USA also offered a Belgian-built version of the Astra as an import from late 2007 until Saturn was discontinued following GMs 2010 bankruptcy. The Astra name originated with Vauxhalls 1980 model, though the car had originally been launched almost a year earlier as the Opel Kadett D and this model replaced the Vauxhall Viva in the UK, along with some versions of the Vauxhall Chevette. However, the Chevette remained available as an alternative for several years afterwards. The Astra was Vauxhalls first model to have front wheel drive, not all trim levels were available with all body styles. Production began at Opels West German plant at Bochum in August 1979, the overhead-camshaft engine was a huge leap forward from the earlier generation of small engines used in Vauxhall and Opel cars in terms of power, economy and refinement. It was initially available in 1300 and 1600 forms, and later an 1800 fuel-injected version was added, used in the Mk 1 Astra GTE model and this version of the Astra was an alternative to the Ford Escort XR3, Volkswagen Golf GTI and Fiat Strada 105TC. Vauxhall now appeared to have a rival for the Volkswagen Golf at just about every level. The car featured a new unified engine for Vauxhall/Opel, featuring a head, overhead camshaft and hydraulic valve lifters. A1200 cc version which used the older Opel OHV engine was also available, there were three body styles for the first generation Astra, hatchback, saloon, and estate, all available with two or four side doors. The saloon version was replaced by the Belmont saloon based on the Astra MK2 in early 1986, the black, silver and red versions of the GTE also had colour-coding but had the more conventional black bumpers and silver painted alloy wheels. There was also a van version which was badged the Bedford Astravan—the Bedford brand at that time being used for GMs commercial vehicles in Britain, unlike the previous Opel T-Car, no Coupé was offered. Production of the Mark 1 Astra took place in West Germany initially, sales of this first Astra were strong, and gave Vauxhall a much-needed boost in the small family car sector after several years of declining sales with the Viva HC. It soon overtook the Austin Allegro as Britains second most popular small family car and this Astra was awarded What Car. s, Car of the Year for 1980. Versions available were,1200 E1200 L1300 E1300 L1300 S1300 GL1600 L1600 GL1600 SR1600 L Diesel 1800 GTE The Mark 2 Astra was launched on 17 October 1984. It used the range of engines and running gear as the Mark 1. It was voted 1985 European Car of the Year, long-lived, the Mark 2 was available in estate, hatchback, saloon and cabriolet versions
17.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
18.
Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence
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Merry Christmas, Mr. Sakamoto also wrote the score and the vocal theme Forbidden Colours, featuring David Sylvian. The film was entered into the 1983 Cannes Film Festival in competition for the Palme dOr, sakamotos score also won the film a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music. Just as Celliers is tormented with guilt, Yonoi is haunted with shame, having been posted to Manchuria previously, he was unable to be in Tokyo with his Army comrades, the Shining Young Officers of Japans February 26 Incident, a 1936 military coup détat. When the coup failed, the army officers were executed. Yonoi regrets not being able to share their patriotic sacrifice, Jack Celliers had betrayed his younger brother while the two of them were attending boarding school in South Africa. Although Celliers confesses this only to Lawrence, Captain Yonoi senses in Celliers a kindred spirit and he wants to replace British RAAF Group Captain Hicksley with Celliers as the spokesman for the prisoners. As Celliers is interned in the camp, Yonoi seems to develop a fixation with him, often asking Hara about him. However, later on, Yonoi becomes enraged by Celliers behaviour and has him, Yonois batman suspects the mental hold that Celliers has on Yonoi so he tries to kill Celliers but fails in the attempt. Celliers manages to escape his cell and rescues Lawrence, only to be thwarted by Yonoi unexpectedly, Yonoi challenges Celliers to single combat saying If you defeat me, you will be free but Celliers refuses, thrusting his prior assailants bayonet into the sand. Yonois batman then commits seppuku in atonement after urging Yonoi to kill Celliers before Celliers can destroy Yonoi, a transmission radio is later discovered in the possession of the POWs by the Japanese when Celliers deliberately broke the ration suspension, with Celliers and Lawrence forced to take the blame. Thrown into nearby holding cells, the two men reminiscence about their pasts before their planned execution, during Christmas Eve, a drunken Sergeant Hara orders both Celliers and Lawrence to be brought to him. Hara then tells them that he is playing Santa Claus, as the men leave, he then calls out for the first time in English, Merry Christmas, Lawrence. Hicksley, constantly worried that Yonoi wanted to him as the POW camp commander then demanded an explanation. Furious that Hicksley pressed for an answer, the camp is paraded on Yonois order. All prisoners are prompted to form lines outside the barracks, including sick, the climax of the film is reached when Yonoi is ready to kill the POWs commander for not having all the men present for parade. Celliers breaks the rank and walks decisively in Yonois direction, between him and the man about to be executed and ends up resolutely kissing Yonoi on each cheek with a straight face, Celliers is then attacked and beaten up by the Japanese soldiers. Captain Yonoi goes to Celliers when there is no one around and he then pays his respects and leaves, and Celliers dies shortly afterwards. In 1946, four years later, Lawrence visits Sergeant Hara, Lawrence tells him that Yonoi had given him a lock of Celliers hair and told him to take it to his village in Japan, where he should place it in a shrine
19.
American Dreamer (film)
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American Dreamer is a 1984 American romantic comedy-thriller film film starring JoBeth Williams and Tom Conti. It was directed by Rick Rosenthal from a script by Ann Biderman, David Greenwalt and it follows an American housewife wins a trip to Paris in a mystery-writing contest. She loses her memory when shes hit by a car, a voice over says, No, thats not right. The scenario is repeated with adjustments until the voice is eventually satisfied, the screen fades to Cathy Palmer sitting at a typewriter, finishing up the story. She seals it in an envelope and sends it off, later, her husband, Kevin, comes home and she tells him about entering a contest to write a short story following the Rebecca Ryan series of novels. Kevin is patronizing, telling her, The important thing, kid, is that doing something you like to do. Cathy is notified by mail that she has won the contest, Kevin is uninterested in the trip and tries to persuade her to decline, but she goes on the trip alone. While sightseeing in Paris, her purse is snatched, chasing the thief, she runs into a street where she is knocked down by a car. The accident leaves Cathy with amnesia, she thinks she is the detective and she escapes from the hospital and assumes Rebeccas dashing persona, lavish wardrobe, and residence at the Hôtel de Crillon. When she returns to her apartment, she is greeted by Alan McMann, Rebecca ignores all of the tasks he assigns her, instead believing that Alan is Rebeccas sidekick, Dimitri. Rebecca is convinced that she must save Victor Marchand, the leader of the opposition party, Rebecca and Alan chase Victor around Paris in an attempt to protect him from the murder plot, with Victor instead getting injured several times from Rebeccas rescues. They are also running from a shadowy figure, Rebecca and Alan flee to Alans mothers house. While there, Alan and Rebecca consummate their relationship, but theres a shadowy figure outside the window. Kevin enters the house and meets Rebecca & Alan coming down the stairs, Rebecca doesnt see Kevin, she and Alan run off to save Victor on the train. Once they save Victor from the train, which he jumps off, Rebecca and Alan come face to face with Kevin and that is when Cathy gets her memory back. While recovering at a hospital, Cathy apologizes to Alan for her delusions, at the airport, she realizes that she does not want to go home with Kevin. She leaves Kevin at the airport, and returns to the hotel to find Alan and they embrace, and are soon kidnapped. Cathy and Alan learn their kidnapper is Victor, the man theyd been trying to all along
20.
Shirley Valentine
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Shirley Valentine is a one-character play by Willy Russell. Taking the form of a monologue by a middle-aged, working class Liverpool housewife, it focuses on her life before and after a transforming holiday abroad. When her best friend offers to pay for a trip-for-two to Greece, she packs her bags, leaves a note on the door in the kitchen. In Greece, with just an effort on her part. Commissioned by the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool, the play premiered in 1986, two years later it opened in Londons West End at the Vaudeville Theatre, with Pauline Collins directed by Simon Callow. After eight previews, the Broadway production, with Collins again directed by Callow, opened on 16 February 1989 at the Booth Theatre, ellen Burstyn replaced Collins later in the run, and Loretta Swit starred in a US national tour in 1995. From 26 March -8 May 2010, as part of the Willy Russell season at the Menier Chocolate Factory, a West End transfer of the Menier Chocolate Factory production ran at the Trafalgar Studios from 20 July -30 October 2010. Meera Syal reprised her role as Shirley, a 30th Anniverary Tour, starring Jodie Prenger will run in the UK from March 2017 to November 2017. Prenger was met with rave reviews, Russell, Willy, Shirley Valentine and One for the Road. ISBN 0-413-18950-3 Shirley Valentine at the Internet Broadway Database
21.
Saving Grace (1986 film)
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Saving Grace is a 1986 film produced by Herbert F. Solow, directed by Robert M. Young and starring Tom Conti, Giancarlo Giannini and Edward James Olmos. It is based on a novel by Celia Gittelson with screenplay by Richard Kramer and it was the last film to be distributed from Avco Embassy Pictures. A year after his election, a youthful Pope longs to be involved in ordinary people’s lives again, during an audience, the Pope communicates with a deaf mute young girl whose village has no priest. Accidentally locked out of the Vatican, the Pope travels to the impoverished and demoralized village. He realizes that the people need to rebuild a dilapidated aqueduct but, more importantly, without expertise and, initially, only the help of some street-wise orphans, he starts construction. Although this movie is often classified as a comedy, it has serious themes, including what it takes for a community to develop resilience and how redemption occurs. The cry heard from a girl for a priest in her village comes at a time when the young Pope is going through a spiritual crisis. In Christian thought, there is always sacrifice of those who initially resist and it is a saving grace, as even the most skeptical of the community discover. The movie was shot in Italy, in the cities of Rome, Mantua, saving Grace at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Dangerous Parking
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Dangerous Parking is a 2007 drama film based on the novel of the same name by Stuart Browne. Dangerous Parking tells the story of Noah Arkwright, a director in the indie film world, whose life is dominated by alcohol, drugs. With the help of his best friend Ray and his new girlfriend Claire, and that is when Mother Nature deals him the cruelest blow of all. Peter Howitt adapted the novel into a screenplay and directed the film, principal photography was completed on 16 November 2006, the film was completed in May 2007. com Review
23.
Voices Within: The Lives of Truddi Chase
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The four-hour miniseries, which was directed by Lamont Johnson stars Emmy winner Shelley Long as Truddi Chase. Tom Conti co-stars as her doctor, the miniseries aired on May 20 and 21,1990 and Chase worked closely with screenwriter E. Jack Neuman to assure her autobiography was not compromised in its adaptation. Voices Within also exists as a 1-hour 46 minute version, mean Joe is a large black man who protects the children. Lady Catherine Tisseu is conservative and stiff, ten-Four knows how to cut a business deal. These are just some of the 92 personalities that Truddi Chase came to refer to as The Troops and these Troops first came to her rescue while, from the age two onward, she was sexually abused by her sadistic stepfather. In addition to torture and sexual abuse, the stepfather also battered Truddis mother and chained a dog in their yard, withholding food, as the torture and sexual abuse worsened, more Troops arrived to aid Truddi. As a young woman, Truddi marries Norman, who she meets while working at an advertising agency, eventually, they have a daughter, Paige. As Truddis condition worsens, she seeks therapy to attempt to repair herself, the miniseries begins with Truddi telephoning her therapist and telling him she has located her stepfather in upstate New York and is on her way to kill him. Scrub Nurse Guido Koock Melinda Kordich, Norman De Roin Benjamin L. Scott. Client Voices Within, The Lives of Truddi Chase at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Lynsey de Paul
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Lynsey de Paul was an English singer-songwriter. She had chart hits in the UK and Europe in the 1970s and she represented the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest and then had a successful career as a Ivor Novello Award-winning composer, actress and television celebrity. Lyndsey Monckton Rubin was born to Meta and Herbert Rubin, a property developer and they were a Jewish family, and had one other child, John. De Paul later claimed that she and her brother suffered physical abuse at the hands of their father and she attended South Hampstead High School followed by Hornsey College of Art, now part of Middlesex University. Three of her earliest songs were co-written with Don Gould and recorded by Oliver, performer Jack Wild, Takin It Easy and Bring Yourself Back To Me from the album Everythings Coming Up Roses, which was released in 1971. Bring Yourself Back To Me was also the B-side to Wilds 1971 U. S. single Everythings Coming Up Roses. Another song co-penned by her, this time with Edward Adamberry, called E. O. I. O. was recorded by Wild as a track on his 1972 album A Beautiful World, and also released as a single by The Beads. After these initial successes, she was contracted to ATV-Kirshner music publishing by Eddie Levy when she was 18 years old and her major breakthrough came early in 1972 as the co-writer of the Fortunes Top 10 UK hit Storm in a Teacup. De Paul performed the song the year on the BBCs The Two Ronnies. She was credited as L. Rubin on the record, crossword Puzzle peaked at #2 on the Bangkok singles chart. De Pauls own versions of both of two songs would later be found as tracks on her debut album, Surprise. In an interview with Cash Box, in early 1972, Don Kirshner said We are looking for another Carole King and we think we found her in Lynsey Rubin. She wrote the song Sugar Me for Peter Noone, but her boyfriend, Dudley Moore, suggested that she should take a version to manager Gordon Mills. She said, There had been the massacre at the Munich Olympics, I took De from my mother’s maiden name, De Groot, and my father’s middle name was Paul”. Released as a single, Sugar Me reached the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, as well as the top of the charts in the Netherlands, Spain. The arrangement featured a distinctive piano counter-melody motif as well as Hammond organ backing, Sugar Me was covered in the US by Nancy Sinatra and Claudine Longet, and later by other musicians. This was the start of de Paul becoming a regular chart and her follow-up single to Sugar Me was Getting a Drag. In March 1973, she released her first album, Surprise, as well as writing or co-writing all of the songs on Surprise, De Paul was also the producer for all of the tracks
25.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
26.
Miranda (TV series)
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Miranda is a British television sitcom written by and starring comedian Miranda Hart. The show features actors Sarah Hadland, Tom Ellis, Patricia Hodge, Sally Phillips, James Holmes and it was filmed in front of live audiences at the BBC Television Centre and The London Studios. Receiving positive comments from critics, Miranda Hart won a Royal Television Society award, the series has since been regularly repeated on British television and is available in the United States through Hulu. The episodes revolve around the difficulties Miranda gets herself into and she is 6 ft 1 in tall and, sometimes mistaken for a man, is addressed as Sir. She has never fit in with her old boarding school friends, Tilly and Fanny and she is a constant disappointment to her mother, Penny, who is desperate for her to get a proper job and a husband. Although Miranda owns and lives above her own shop and boutique, she lacks any real capacity for business. The restaurant next door is initially run by Clive Evans, until series three, when the chef, Gary Preston, purchases it from him. After many failed attempts at dating, Miranda and Gary, a friend from university whom Miranda fancies, nevertheless, when Gary gets a girlfriend called Rose, it prompts Miranda to start a new relationship with Michael Jackford, a local reporter whose work soon takes him to Africa. Upon his return he proposes to Miranda, as does Gary when he realizes his love for her, Miranda accepts Garys proposal rather than Michaels and Miranda and Gary get married in the final episode. Miranda Hart as Miranda – An ungainly, socially awkward, 35-year-old woman who finds herself in bizarre situations. Miranda struggles with everyday life, often indulging in odd, childlike behaviour. Although this often irritates her friends and family, they tolerate her because, at heart, she is intelligent and good-natured, despite not always showing it. However, she accepts that her only serious problem – her lack of confidence – is now gone and although she does not need Gary. After an initial panic over a wedding, she marries Gary at his restaurant. Tom Ellis as Gary Preston – A handsome, friendly chef, although there has always been an undercurrent of attraction between them, neither has pursued it until he begins working at the restaurant next to Mirandas shop. Despite often being confused by Mirandas behaviour, Gary generally finds her kind, open nature endearing and he is one of the few people who accepts Miranda as she is. Miranda and Gary date briefly in two, though this breaks down when it is revealed Gary had an affair with a waitress in Hong Kong. Gary also dates Rose briefly in three, before breaking up with her due to her being unable to accept Miranda
27.
Miranda Hart
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Miranda Katherine Hart Dyke, known professionally as Miranda Hart or sometimes referred to as Miranda, is an English actress and comedian. Hart reached an audience with her self-driven semi-autobiographical BBC sitcom Miranda. The television sitcom ran for three series and several Christmas specials from 2009 to 2015 and earned its star 3 Royal Television Society awards,4 British Comedy Awards and 4 BAFTA nominations, in 2012, she began appearing in the BBC drama Call the Midwife as Camilla Chummy Fortescue-Cholmondeley-Browne. She made her Hollywood debut in Paul Feigs film Spy as Melissa McCarthys sidekick Nancy B, Hart has also written three books, Is It Just Me. A semi-autobiographical book, The Best of Miranda, a compilation of scripts from the TV series and her father was commanding officer of HMS Coventry when it was sunk by the Argentinians in the 1982 Falklands conflict, and he was badly burned in trying to escape the stricken warship. Hart added that her genealogy can be traced back to the 12th century and her paternal family can be traced through her grandfather, the Reverend Eric Hart Dyke. Her paternal great-great-great-grandfather was cricketer and Rector Thomas Dyke, Harts patrilineal great-great-great-great-grandfather was Sir Percival Hart Dyke, 5th Baronet. Her distant cousin, the 10th and present baronet, Sir David Hart Dyke, One of her first cousins is plant hunter Tom Hart Dyke, creator of the World of Gardens at Lullingstone Castle. Her maternal grandfather was Sir William Luce, who was Commander-in-Chief and her mothers only sibling is The Rt Hon The Lord Luce, a former Conservative MP and Minister, later HM Governor and Commander in Chief of Gibraltar and Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household. Richards son, the journalist and author Edward Luce, is one of Miranda Harts first cousins and her great-uncle, the brother of her maternal grandfather, was Admiral Sir David Luce, who served as First Sea Lord. The father of David and William, Miranda Harts great-grandfather, was Rear Admiral John Luce, johns brother, her great-great-uncle, was Major General Sir Richard Harman Luce, who served as Member of Parliament for Derby from 1924–29. Her other maternal great-grandfather was Vice Admiral Sir Trevylyan Napier, who was the Commander-in-Chief, America and his wife, Mirandas great-grandmother, was Mary Elizabeth Culme-Seymour, daughter of Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, 3rd Baronet, Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom. Both the Culme-Seymours were implicated in the Mylius affair, Hart was a fourth cousin, twice removed, of Diana, Princess of Wales. Their common ancestors were George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer and his wife Lavinia Spencer and she attended the University of the West of England in Bristol, graduating with a 2,1 degree in political science. Hart then completed a course in Acting at the Academy of Live. In 2002, she performed a show in Edinburgh and in 2004 she pitched a comedy show to the BBC. At her read-through for BBC executives, Ab Fab writer and star Jennifer Saunders was present, before her own series was commissioned, Hart made appearances in various British sitcoms. In Not Going Out she initially appeared as an acupuncturist, however, her performance impressed producers so much that they wrote a regular role for her as Barbara, a clumsy cleaner
28.
Ventriloquism
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Ventriloquism, or ventriloquy, is an act of stagecraft in which a person changes his or her voice so that it appears that the voice is coming from elsewhere, usually a puppeteered dummy. The act of ventriloquism is ventriloquizing, and the ability to do so is called in English the ability to throw ones voice. Originally, ventriloquism was a religious practice, the name comes from the Latin for to speak from the stomach, i. e. venter and loqui. The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving, the ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds, as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead, as well as foretell the future. One of the earliest recorded group of prophets to utilise this technique was the Pythia, the priestess at the temple of Apollo in Delphi, who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle. One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles, a prophet at Athens, in the Middle Ages, it was thought to be similar to witchcraft. As Spiritualism led to stage magic and escapology, so became more of a performance art as, starting around the 19th century. Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes, historically there have been adepts of this practice among the Zulu, Inuit, and Māori peoples. The shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the century at the travelling funfairs. The earliest example of a ventriloquist dates back to 1753 in England, in 1757, the Austrian Baron de Mengen is known to have implemented a small doll into his performance. However, other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance, carries in his pocket, an ill-shaped doll, with a broad face, which he exhibits. As giving utterance to his own childish jargon, and Thomas Garbutt, the entertainment came of age during the era of the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States. George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at Nottingham in the 1830s, in 1886, he was offered a professional engagement at the Palace Theatre in London and took up his stage career permanently. Fred Russells successful comedy team format was applied by the generation of ventriloquists. Bergen popularised the idea of the comedic ventriloquist, Bergen, together with his favourite figure, Charlie McCarthy, hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956. It was the #1 program on the nights it aired, another ventriloquist popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was Señor Wences. The art of ventriloquism was popularised by Y. K. Padhye in North India and M. M. Roy in South India, Y. K. Padhyes son Ramdas Padhye borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television. Ramdas Padhyes son Satyajit Padhye is also a ventriloquist, similarly, Indusree a female ventriloquist from Bangalore has contributed a lot to the art
29.
Hampstead
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Hampstead, commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England,4 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath and it has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any area of the United Kingdom. The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the waters in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas, the spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind. Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this remains to this day. The large Victorian Hampstead Library and Town Hall was recently converted and extended as a creative industries centre, on 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains, Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The borough town hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency, since May 2015 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillors Tom Currie, Oliver Cooper and Stephen Stark. The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, often referred to as Hampstead Liberalism, michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy. As applied to an individual, the term Hampstead Liberal is not synonymous with champagne socialist, the term is also rather misleading. As of 2016, all the component wards of Hampstead elect a full slate of Conservative councillors, the bridge pictured is known locally as The Red Arches or The Viaduct, built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, George Martins AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Hensons Creature Shop was before it relocated to California. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust, notable and longstanding are La Gaffe, Gaucho Grill, Jin Kichi, Tip Top Thai, Villa Bianca and, in May 2016, Patara. Hampsteads rural feel lends itself for use on film, an example being The Killing of Sister George starring Beryl Reid
30.
Tesco
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Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and it has stores in 12 countries across Asia and Europe and is the grocery market leader in the UK, Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia and Thailand. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls and his business expanded rapidly, and by 1939 he had over 100 Tesco stores across the country. This broadening of its appeal was successful, and saw the chain grow from 500 stores in the mid-1990s to 2,500 stores fifteen years later, Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalization of approximately £18.1 billion as of 22 April 2015. Jack Cohen, the son of Jewish migrants from Poland, founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war-surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market, Hackney, the Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell and he made new labels using the initials of the suppliers name, and the first two letters of his surname, forming the word TESCO. Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores Limited, the first self-service store opened in St Albans in 1956, and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe, during the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores,200 Harrow Stores outlets,212 Irwins stores,97 Charles Phillips stores, Jack Cohens business motto was pile it high and sell it cheap, to which he added an internal motto of YCDBSOYA which he used to motivate his sales force. In May 1987, Tesco completed its takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million. In 1994, the took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. Overseas operations were introduced the same year, Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995. The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997, in July 2001 Tesco became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland and it also made a major move into the UK convenience store market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience stores in the One Stop, Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan and it also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. In January 2004 Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, in Thailand, Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco, but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003
31.
Belsize Park
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Belsize Park is an area of north-west London, England, in the London Borough of Camden. It gives its name to a ward of the borough, called Belsize, which covers most of Belsize Park and it is located 3.4 miles north-west of Charing Cross and has a station on the Northern line. Some nearby localities are Hampstead to the north and west, Kentish Town and Gospel Oak to the east, Camden Town to the south east and it is a lively area with many restaurants, pubs and cafés along Haverstock Hill and also Englands Lane. Hampstead Heath is a 10- to 12-minute walk, Primrose Hill park is a 5-minute walk from Englands Lane and provides some of the best views of Central London. Belsize Park is in the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency whose present MP is Tulip Siddiq, the name is derived from French bel assis meaning well situated. The Manor of Belsize dates back to 1317, the name comes from the 17th-century manor house and parkland which once stood on the site. The estate built up between 1852 and 1878, by time it extended to Haverstock Hill. After World War I, the construction of blocks of flats began, in World War II, a large underground air-raid shelter was built here and its entrance can still be seen near the tube station at Downside Crescent. The area on Haverstock Hill north of Belsize Park underground station up to Hampstead Town Hall, when the area was rebuilt, the opportunity was taken to widen the pavement and build further back from the road. It is also in the short film Les Bicyclettes de Belsize, of which the song was covered by Mireille Mathieu, Engelbert Humperdinck. Belsize Park is also referenced on Sleepers 1995 debut album Smart in the song Lady Love Your Countryside with the lyrics And we could spend our lives puking in Belsize Park. The Camden Town Group artist Robert Polhill Bevan and his wife Stanislawa de Karlowska lived at 14 Adamson Road from 1900 to 1925. Kirsty MacColls song England 2 Columbia 0 features the line, we went to a pub in Belsize Park and it is also the place of residence for the Jewish community targeted by Hitler during the Second World War in the novel The Morning Gift. Novelist Peter Straub entitled his 1983 poetry collection Leeson Square and Belsize Park in part after his time in residence in the Belsize Park region of London, Belsize Park and the surrounding quarters were the setting for a long-running radio drama, Waggoners Walk. This daily serial ran from April 1969 to May 1980 each weekday on Radio 2, Belsize Park is mentioned in the Hitchcock thriller, Dial M for Murder by the lead character Tony Wallace (played by Ray Milland when coercing his accomplice, C. A. Belsize Village was recently the setting for a Direct Line Insurance advert featuring Harvey Keitel, there are records of a Belsize Park Rugby Club in North-West London since the 1860s. In 1871, Belsize was one of the clubs at the meeting of the Rugby Football Union. In 1878, Belsize moved to form Rosslyn Park RFC, becoming one of Englands leading clubs, in 1971, Belsize Park RFC was re-established by a group of local players
32.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
33.
Thierry Henry
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Thierry Daniel Henry is a retired French professional footballer who played as a forward, and the current second assistant manager of the Belgium national team. He played for Monaco, Juventus, Barcelona, New York Red Bulls, at international level he represented France and is his countrys record goalscorer. Henry made his debut with Monaco in 1994. Good form led to an international call-up in 1998, after which he signed for the Serie A defending champions Juventus, a year later he signed for Premier League club Arsenal for £11 million. It was at Arsenal that Henry made his name as a world-class player, under long-time mentor and coach Arsène Wenger, Henry became a prolific striker and Arsenals all-time leading scorer with 228 goals in all competitions. He won two titles and three FA Cups at the club. In 2003 and 2004 Henry was runner-up for the FIFA World Player of the Year and he was named the PFA Players Player of the Year twice, and the FWA Footballer of the Year three times. Henry spent his two seasons with Arsenal as club captain, leading them to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. In June 2007, after eight years with Arsenal, he transferred to Barcelona for a fee of €24 million, in 2009, he was an integral part of the clubs historic treble when they won La Liga, the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League. He went on to achieve an unprecedented sextuple by also winning the Supercopa de España, the UEFA Super Cup, in total, Henry has been named in the UEFA Team of the Year five times. In 2010, he joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer and he returned to Arsenal on loan for two months in 2012. In 2013, Henry with the New York Red Bulls won the MLS Supporters Shield, Henry enjoyed success with the French national team, winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000 and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. In October 2007, he surpassed Michel Platinis record to become Frances top goalscorer, after amassing 123 appearances and 51 goals, Henry retired from international football after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Henry was also one of the top commercially marketed footballers, he was ranked ninth in the world in 2006, in August 2016 he was appointed as the second assistant manager of Belgiums national team, alongside head coach Roberto Martínez and fellow assistant Graeme Jones. Henry is of Antillean heritage, his father, Antoine, is from Guadeloupe and he was born and raised in Les Ulis suburb of Paris which, despite sometimes being seen as a tough neighbourhood, provided good footballing facilities. As a seven-year-old, Henry showed great potential, prompting Claude Chezelle to recruit him to the local club CO Les Ulis and his father pressured him to attend training, although the youngster was not particularly drawn to football. He joined US Palaiseau in 1989, but after a year his father out with the club, so Henry moved to ES Viry-Châtillon. US Palaiseau coach Jean-Marie Panza, Henrys future mentor, followed him there, in 1990, Monaco sent scout Arnold Catalano to watch Henry, then at the age of 13 in a match
34.
John Galsworthy
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John Galsworthy OM was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932. Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England and he attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, after which he trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the shipping business. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, in 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper, the wife of his cousin Major Arthur Galsworthy. After her divorce ten years later, they were married on 23 September 1905, before their marriage, they often stayed clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon. In 1908 Galsworthy took a lease on part of the building. From the Four Winds, a collection of stories, was Galsworthys first published work in 1897. His first full-length novel, Jocelyn, was published in an edition of 750 under the name of John Sinjohn – he later refused to have it republished, although he continued writing both plays and novels, it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated at the time. Along with those of writers of the period, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and other social issues. He is now far better known for his novels, particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and these books, as with many of his other works, deal with social class, and upper-middle class lives in particular. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish and he is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era who challenged some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work, the character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson, though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of the character. Through his writings Galsworthy campaigned for a variety of causes, including prison reform, womens rights, and animal welfare and he was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony and died six weeks later. Galsworthy lived for the seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumour at his London home, Grove Lodge, the popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful television adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in his work. A number of John Galsworthys letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections, in 2007, Kingston University opened a new building named in recognition of his local birth. Galsworthy Road in Kingston, the location of Kingston Hospital, is named for him
35.
Genetic linkage
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Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction. In other words, the two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together. Markers on different chromosomes are perfectly unlinked, genetic linkage is the most prominent exception to Gregor Mendels Law of Independent Assortment. The first experiment to demonstrate linkage was carried out in 1905, at the time, the reason why certain traits tend to be inherited together was unknown. Later work revealed that genes are physical structures related by physical distance, the typical unit of genetic linkage is the centimorgan. A distance of 1 cM between two means that the markers are separated to different chromosomes on average once per 100 meioses. Gregor Mendels Law of Independent Assortment states that every trait is inherited independently of every other trait, but shortly after Mendels work was rediscovered, exceptions to this rule were found. In 1905, the British geneticists William Bateson, Edith Rebecca Saunders and Reginald Punnett and they were interested in trait inheritance in the sweet pea and were studying two genes—the gene for flower colour and the gene affecting the shape of pollen grains. They crossed the pure lines PPLL and ppll and then self-crossed the resulting PpLl lines, according to Mendelian genetics, the expected phenotypes would occur in a 9,3,3,1 ratio of PL, Pl, pL, pl. To their surprise, they observed a frequency of PL and pl. The frequency of P occurring together with L and p occurring together with l is greater than that of the recombinant Pl, the understanding of linkage was expanded by the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgans observation that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs led to the idea that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome, the centimorgan, which expresses the frequency of crossing over, is named in his honour. Linkage maps were first developed by Alfred Sturtevant, a student of Thomas Hunt Morgan, a genetic map is a map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossover of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of recombination between two markers, the further apart they are assumed to be. Conversely, the lower the frequency of recombination between the markers, the smaller the distance between them. Genetic maps help researchers to other markers, such as other genes by testing for genetic linkage of the already known markers. A genetic map is not a map or gene map. Linkage analysis may be either parametric or non-parametric, non-parametric linkage analysis, in turn, studies the probability of an allele being identical by descent with itself
