1.
Kingston upon Hull
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Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber estuary,25 miles inland from the North Sea, the town of Hull was founded late in the 12th century. The monks of Meaux Abbey needed a port where the wool from their estates could be exported and they chose a place at the confluence of the rivers Hull and Humber to build a quay. The exact year the town was founded is not known but it was first mentioned in 1193, renamed Kings-town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading hub, fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis. Hull was a theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, took a prominent part in the abolition of the trade in Britain. The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes. After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of decline, gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education. In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail, commercial, housing, tourist attractions include the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter, Hull Marina and The Deep, a city landmark. The redevelopment of one of Hulls main thoroughfares, Ferensway, included the opening of St Stephens Hull, spectator sports include Premier League football and Super League Rugby. The KCOM Stadium houses Hull City football club and Hull F. C. rugby club, Hull is also home to the English Premier Ice Hockey League Hull Pirates. The University of Hull was founded in 1927 and now more than 16,000 students. It is ranked among the best in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and located in the leafy Newland suburb, in 2013, it was announced that Hull would be the 2017 UK City of Culture. In 2015 it was announced that the Ferens Art Gallery will be hosting the annual art prize. The prize is held outside London every other year, Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the Humber estuary at the mouth of its tributary, the River Hull. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period, the area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous hinterland and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally a part of the hamlet of Myton. The name is thought to either from a Scandinavian word Vik meaning inlet or from the Saxon Wic meaning dwelling place or refuge
2.
The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (film)
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The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner is a 1962 film based on the short story of the same name. The screenplay, like the story, was written by Alan Sillitoe, the film was directed by Tony Richardson, one of the new young directors emerging from documentary films, a series of 1950s filmmakers known as the Free Cinema movement. It tells the story of a youth, sentenced to a borstal for burgling a bakery. The film posters byline is you can play by the rules. or you can play it by ear - WHAT COUNTS is you play it right by YOU, the notion is echoed by other contemporary films such as a rapid series of three contemporary Lone Ranger films. The film has characters entrenched in their social context, much of the screenplay takes place in and around Ruxley Towers, Claygate, Surrey – a Victorian mock castle built by Lord Foley. The building had used as a NAAFI base in the war. The original trumpet theme to the film was performed by Fred Muscroft, the film opens with Colin Smith running, alone, along a bleak country road somewhere in rural England. Colin is then shown with a group of young men. They are being taken to Ruxton Towers, a centre for juvenile offenders. It is overseen by the Governor, who believes that the hard work, Colin, sullen and rebellious, immediately catches his eye as a test of his beliefs. An important part of the Governors rehabilitation programme is athletics, and he notices that Colin is a talented runner. The Governor sees the invitation as an important way to demonstrate the success of his rehabilitation programme, the Governor takes Colin under his wing, offering him outdoor gardening work and eventually the freedom of practice runs outside Ruxtons barbed wire fences. A series of shows how Colin came to be incarcerated, his difficult. Without a job, Colin indulges in petty crime in the company of his best friend, meanwhile, at home, his fathers long years of toil in a local factory have resulted in a terminal illness for which he refuses treatment. Colin rebels by refusing a job offered to him at his fathers factory and his fathers company has paid £500 in insurance money, and he watches with disdain as his mother spends it on clothes, a television and new furniture. When his mother moves her lover into the house and after an argument when she tells him to leave, Colin and she eventually extracts a half-hearted promise from Colin that he might look for work, indicating a mutual lasting affection. But one night, while prowling the streets of Nottingham with Mike, there is nothing worth stealing except the cashbox, which contains about £70. Mike is all for another outing to Skegness with the girls, soon the police call, accusing Colin of the robbery
3.
Billy Liar (film)
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Billy Liar is a 1963 British black-and-white CinemaScope comedy-drama film based on the 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse. Directed by John Schlesinger, it stars Tom Courtenay as Billy, mona Washbourne plays Mrs. Fisher, and Wilfred Pickles plays Mr. Fisher. Rodney Bewes, Finlay Currie and Leonard Rossiter also feature, the Cinemascope photography is by Denys Coop, and Richard Rodney Bennett supplied the score. The film belongs to the British New Wave movement, inspired by the earlier French New Wave, characteristic of the style is a documentary/cinéma vérité feel and the use of real locations. The film opened at the Warner Theatre in Londons West End on 15 August 1963, Billy Fisher lives in Yorkshire with his parents and grandmother, and works as an undertakers clerk overseen by the rigid Mr. Shadrack. Billy wishes to get away from his job and family life. To escape the boredom of his existence, he constantly daydreams and fantasises, often picturing himself as the ruler. He also makes up stories about himself and his family, causing him to be nicknamed Billy Liar, Billy has further complicated his life by proposing to two very different girls, the sheltered, virginal Barbara and the tough, brassy Rita. Billy also finds himself attracted to his former girlfriend Liz, who has just returned to town after extensive travels, Liz is a free spirit who, unlike anyone else in town, understands and accepts Billys imagination. However, she has more courage and confidence than Billy, as shown by her willingness to leave her town and enjoy new. At work, Billy is tasked with mailing out a large shipment of advertising calendars to potential customers and he is eventually found out by Shadrack, who refuses to let him resign from his position until he pays back the postage money. Billy aspires to get an interesting job as a scriptwriter for comic Danny Boon. Under pressure, Billy ends up making dates with both Barbara and Rita to meet one on the same night at the same local ballroom. There, the two discover the double engagement and begin fighting with each other. Meanwhile, Billy encounters Liz and shares a romantic interlude with her outside, during which he proposes to her and she accepts. She urges him to accompany her to London that evening, and he goes home to pack his bags, only to find that his grandmother has fallen ill, Billy joins his mother at the hospital just in time to learn that his grandmother has died. He then continues to the station to meet Liz, and the board the train. By the time he gets back to the train, it is pulling out, with a disappointed Liz at the window, alone, Billy walks the dark deserted road back to his home, imagining himself leading the marching army of Ambrosia
4.
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean. It is set in Russia between the prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name. While immensely popular in the West, the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades, for this reason, the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain. The film stars Omar Sharif in the role as Yuri Zhivago. The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Ralph Richardson, Siobhán McKenna, over time, however, the films reputation has improved greatly. It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama, as of 2016, it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of the pre-World War I years, World War I itself, the Russian Revolution of 1917, Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tanya Komarova, may be his niece and tells her the story of her fathers life. When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mothers death in rural Russia, he is taken in by his mothers friends, Alexander and Anna Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya in Moscow. In 1913, Zhivago, as a student in training. Lara, only 17, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky, one night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich Antipov drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound and he asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Laras mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide, Komarovsky summons help from his physician, Zhivagos former professor, whom he accompanies back to Laras home to treat her mother. When Komarovsky learns of Laras intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, in revenge, the humiliated Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha, although enraged and devastated by Laras affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Bolsheviks to subvert the Imperial Russian Army, Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. During the February Revolution in 1917, Zhivago enlists Laras help to tend to the wounded, together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains true to Tonya, after the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government
5.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
6.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
7.
Knight Bachelor
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The appointment of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic and lowest rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch, Knights Bachelor are the most ancient sort of British knight, but Knights Bachelor rank below knights of the various orders. There is no counterpart to Knight Bachelor. The lowest knightly honour that can be conferred upon a woman is Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – which, also, foreigners are not created Knights Bachelor, instead they are generally made honorary KBEs. It is generally awarded for service, amongst its recipients are all male judges of Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England. Sir Patrick Stewart, and Sir Tom Jones are Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled Sir. Since they are not knights of any order of chivalry, there is no post-nominal associated with the award. This style is adopted by Knights Bachelor who are also peers, baronets or knights of the various statutory orders, such as Sir William Boulton, Bt, Kt, or The Lord Olivier. Until 1926 Knights Bachelor had no insignia which they could wear, the Knights Bachelor badge may be worn on all such occasions upon the left side of the coat or outer garment of those upon whom the degree of Knight Bachelor has been conferred. In 1974, Queen Elizabeth II issued a warrant authorising the wearing on appropriate occasions of a neck badge, slightly smaller in size. In 1988 a new certificate of authentication, a knights only personal documentation, was designed by the College of Arms. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was founded for the maintenance and consolidation of the Dignity of Knights Bachelor in 1908, the Society keeps records of all Knights Bachelor, in their interest
8.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
9.
Old Vic
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The Old Vic is a theatre located just south-east of Waterloo station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. Established in 1818 as the Royal Coburg Theatre, and renamed in 1833 the Royal Victoria Theatre, in 1871 it was rebuilt and reopened as the Royal Victoria Palace. It was taken over by Emma Cons in 1880 and formally named the Royal Victoria Hall, in 1898, a niece of Cons, Lilian Baylis assumed management and began a series of Shakespeare productions in 1914. The building was damaged in 1940 during air raids and it became a Grade II* listed building in 1951 after it reopened. It was also the name of a company that was based at the theatre and formed the core of the National Theatre of Great Britain on its formation in 1963. The National Theatre remained at the Old Vic until new premises were constructed on the South Bank, the Old Vic then became the home of Prospect Theatre Company, at that time a highly successful touring company which staged such acclaimed productions as Derek Jacobis Hamlet. However, with the withdrawal of funding for the company by the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1980 for breaching its touring obligations, the theatre underwent complete refurbishment in 1985. In 2003, Kevin Spacey was appointed as new director of the Old Vic Theatre Company which received considerable media attention. In 2015, Matthew Warchus succeeded Spacey as artistic director, the theatre was a minor theatre and was thus technically forbidden to show serious drama. Nevertheless, when the theatre passed to George Bolwell Davidge in 1824 he succeeded in bringing legendary actor Edmund Kean south of the river to play six Shakespeare plays in six nights. More popular staples in the repertoire were sensational and violent melodramas demonstrating the evils of drink, churned out by the house dramatist, confirmed teetotaller Douglas Jerrold. On 1 July 1833, the theatre was renamed the Royal Victoria Theatre, under the protection and patronage of Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother to Princess Victoria, the 14-year-old heir presumptive. The duchess and the princess visited only once, on 28 November of that year, the single visit scarcely justified the Old Vic its later billing as Queen Victorias Own Theayter. By 1835, the theatre was advertising itself simply as the Victoria Theatre, in 1841, David Osbaldiston took over as lessee, succeeded on his death in 1850 by his lover and the theatres leading lady, Eliza Vincent, until her death in 1856. Under their management, the theatre remained devoted to melodrama, in 1867, Joseph Arnold Cave took over as lessee. In 1871 he transferred the lease to Romaine Delatorre, who raised funds for the theatre to be rebuilt in the style of the Alhambra Music Hall, jethro Thomas Robinson was engaged as the architect. In September 1871 the old theatre closed, and the new building opened as the Royal Victoria Palace in December of the same year, by 1873, however, Cave had left and Delatorres venture failed. The penny lectures given in the led to the foundation of Morley College, an adult education college
10.
Albert Finney
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Albert Finney is an English actor. Beginning in the theatre, Finney was especially successful in plays by William Shakespeare before he switched to films and he achieved prominence in films in the early 1960s, his debut being The Entertainer, directed by Tony Richardson, who had directed him in theatre plays various times before. He became a leading Free Cinema figure, and has maintained a career in theatre, film. Finney was born in the Charlestown area of Pendleton, Salford, Lancashire, England and he was educated at Tootal Drive Primary School, Salford Grammar School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In February 1956 John Fernald, principal of RADA, gave Finney his first major role as Shakespeares Troilus in the Vanbrugh Theatres student production of Ian Dallas play The Face of Love. Finney graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, then in 1959 he appeared at Stratford in Coriolanus, replacing a sick Laurence Olivier. This led to a series of Angry Young Man roles in kitchen sink dramas, before he starred in the Academy Award-winning 1963 film Tom Jones. Prior to this, Finney had been chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in David Leans production of Lawrence of Arabia after a successful, however, Finney baulked at signing a multi-year contract for producer Sam Spiegel and chose not to accept the role. The success of Tom Jones saw British exhibitors vote Finney the ninth most popular star at the box office in 1963, after Charlie Bubbles, which he also directed, his film appearances became less frequent as he focused more on acting on stage. During this period, one of his film roles was as Agatha Christies Belgian master detective Hercule Poirot in the 1974 film Murder On The Orient Express. Finney became so known for the role that he complained that it typecast him for a number of years. People really do think I am 300 pounds with a French accent he said and he also sings in Tim Burtons Corpse Bride. In the latter he played a frozen, disembodied head, Finney also made an appearance at Roger Waters The Wall Concert in Berlin, where he played The Judge during the performance of The Trial. Even with his success on the big screen, Finney never abandoned his stage performances and he continued his association with the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic in London, where he performed in the mid-1960s in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Chekovs The Cherry Orchard. He won an Olivier Award for Orphans in 1986 and has won three Evening Standard Theatre Awards for Best Actor, in 2002 his critically acclaimed portrayal of Winston Churchill in The Gathering Storm won him BAFTA and Emmy awards as Best Actor. He also played the role in the television series My Uncle Silas, based on the short stories by H. E. Bates, about a roguish. The show ran for two series from 2000 until 2003, by his first wife, Jane Wenham, he has a son, Simon, who works in the film industry as a camera operator. From 1970 to 1978, he was married to French actress Anouk Aimée, in May 2011, Finney disclosed that he had been receiving treatment for kidney cancer
11.
Billy Liar
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Billy Liar is a 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse, which was later adapted into a play, a film, a musical and a TV series. The work has inspired and featured in a number of popular songs, the semi-comical story is about William Fisher, a working-class 19-year-old living with his parents in the fictional town of Stradhoughton in Yorkshire. Bored by his job as a clerk for an undertaker, Billy spends his time indulging in fantasies. William Billy Fisher Billy is 19, and living with parents Alice and Geoffrey, Billy lies compulsively to everyone he comes across, whether its the claim that his father is a retired naval captain/cobbler, or telling his parents that Arthurs mother has broken her leg. Billy works as a clerk for undertakers Shadrack & Duxbury and he is engaged to two girlfriends, and in love with a third and constantly refers to a vague job offer writing scripts in London for Danny Boon, a comedian. She rarely sits down in the play, constantly working hard to keep the house tidy and look after her husband, her mother, Geoffrey uses the word bloody in his sentences so often it has lost all meaning. Geoffrey has been a garage owner and a man who works in the removal business so his family live middle class lives despite his working class background. Geoffrey has a temper, but otherwise rarely shows emotion. Relations between Geoffrey and Billy have broken down, providing the source of conflict in the story. Florence Boothroyd Billys grandmother, Alices mother and she is ignored by her family and never seen as a loved character until the end. Florence talks to the more than her own family, and is always drinking tea out of a pint pot. She keeps pots of condensed milk upstairs, Florence falls ill in Act 2 and is taken upstairs. She likely has a form of dementia because of her strange behaviour throughout the book and her age is either 80 or 81 years old, and she was born in August. Arthur works at Shadrack & Duxbury with Billy, when we first see Arthur and Billy together in Act 1, they adopt thick northern accents and engage in buffoonery, imitating their elders. Despite this tomfoolery, Arthurs mood towards Billy changes in Act 3 and he does not appear in Act 2. Barbara is prudish, always eating oranges, and harbours dreams of living with Billy in a cottage in Devon, with little Billy and she finds out about other girlfriends later in the play. Rita Rita is 17, is short, but comes across as a hard lass and she is engaged to Billy, and has a habit of mimicking Billy every time he offers an excuse for her missing engagement ring. Unbeknown to her, it is on Barbaras finger and she appears in Acts 2 and 3
12.
Cambridge Theatre
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The Cambridge Theatre is a West End theatre, on a corner site in Earlham Street facing Seven Dials, in the London Borough of Camden, built in 1929–30 for Bertie Meyer on an irregular triangular site. It was designed by Wimperis, Simpson and Guthrie, interior partly by Serge Chermayeff, the theatre is built in steel and concrete and is notable for its elegant and clean lines of design. The theatre was refurbished in 1950—the original gold and silver décor was painted over in red, in 1987, in order to restore the original décor, the theatre was once again refurbished, this time by Carl Toms. English Heritage notes the Cambridge Theatre is a rare, complete and early example of a London theatre adopting the moderne and it marked a conscious reaction to the design excesses of the music hall and contemporary cinemas. The theatre was Grade II listed in January,1999, the controversial show Jerry Springer - The Opera had a run from 14 October 2003 –19 February 2005. This was followed by a run of illusionist Derren Browns Something Wicked This Way Comes tour, before the London première of Flying Musics Dancing in the Streets. It opened at the Cambridge on Friday 28 April, chicago cancelled all performances post 27 August 2011, when it closed at the theatre. Matilda the Musical commenced performances at The Cambridge from 18 October 2011,102 ISBN 0-7136-5688-3 Cambridge Theatre homepage
13.
John Schlesinger
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John Richard Schlesinger, CBE was an English film and stage director, and actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Director for Midnight Cowboy, Schlesinger was born in London, into a middle class Jewish family, the son of Winifred Henrietta and Bernard Edward Schlesinger, a physician. After St Edmunds School, Hindhead, Uppingham School and Balliol College, Oxford, Schlesingers acting career began in the 1950s and consisted of supporting roles in British films such as The Divided Heart and Oh. Rosalinda. and British television productions such as BBC Sunday Night Theatre, The Adventures of Robin Hood and he began his directorial career in 1956 with the short documentary Sunday in the Park about Londons Hyde Park. In 1959, Schlesinger was credited as exterior or second unit director on 23 episodes of the TV series The Four Just Men and his first two fiction films, A Kind of Loving and Billy Liar were set in the North of England. A Kind of Loving won the Golden Bear award at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival in 1962 and his third feature film, Darling, tartly described the modern, urban way of life in London and was one of the first films about swinging London. Schlesingers next film was the period drama Far from the Madding Crowd, both films featured Julie Christie as the female lead. Schlesingers next film, Midnight Cowboy, was internationally acclaimed, a story of two hustlers living on the fringe in the bad side of New York City, it was Schlesingers first film shot in the US, and it won Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture. During the 1970s, he made an array of films that were mainly about loners, losers and people outside the world, such as Sunday Bloody Sunday, The Day of the Locust, Marathon Man. In Britain, he did better with films like Madame Sousatzka, other later works include An Englishman Abroad, the TV play A Question of Attribution, The Innocent and The Next Best Thing. Schlesinger also directed Timon of Athens for the Royal Shakespeare Company, from 1973, he was an associate director of the Royal National Theatre, where he produced George Bernard Shaws Heartbreak House. He also directed operas, beginning with Les contes dHoffmann and Der Rosenkavalier. Schlesinger admitted to having voted for all three political parties in the UK at one time or another. Schlesinger was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to film in 1970, in 2003, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. Schlesinger underwent a heart bypass in 1998, before suffering a stroke in December 2000. He was taken off life support at Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs on 24 July 2003 and he was survived by his partner of over 30 years, photographer Michael Childers. A memorial service was held on 30 September 2003
14.
Northern England
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Northern England or the North of England, also known as the North Country or simply the North, is the northern part of England, when considered as a single cultural area. The area roughly spans from the River Trent and River Dee to the Scottish border in the north, Northern England roughly comprises three statistical regions, the North East, North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. These have a population of around 14.9 million as of the 2011 Census. The region has been controlled by groups from the Brigantes. After the Norman conquest in 1066, the Harrying of the North brought destruction, a Council of the North was in place during the Late Middle Ages until the Commonwealth after the Civil War. The area experienced Anglo–Scottish border fighting until the unification of Britain under the Stuarts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the economy of the North was dominated by heavy industry such as weaving, shipbuilding, steelmaking and mining. The deindustrialisation that followed in the half of the 20th century hit Northern England hard. For government and statistical purposes, Northern England is defined as the covered by the three statistical regions of North East England, North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber. This definition will be used in article, except when otherwise stated. Using historic county boundaries, the North is generally taken to comprise Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmorland, County Durham, Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Isle of Man is occasionally included in definitions of the North, although it is politically and culturally distinct from England. Additionally, some areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire have been associated with the North. The geographer Danny Dorling includes most of the West Midlands and part of the East Midlands in his definition of the North, conversely, more restrictive definitions also exist, typically based on the extent of the historical Northumbria, which exclude Cheshire and Lincolnshire. Personal definitions of the North vary greatly and are sometimes passionately debated, when asked to draw a dividing line between North and South, Southerners tend to draw this line further south than Northerners do. Various towns have been described as or promoted themselves as the gateway to the North, including Crewe, Stoke-on-Trent, through the North of England run the Pennines, an upland chain often referred to as the backbone of England. This stretches from the Cheviot Hills on the border with Scotland to the Peak District, the geography of the North has been heavily shaped by the ice sheets of the Pleistocene era, which often reached as far south as the Midlands. On the other side of the Pennines, a glacial lake forms the Humberhead Levels, a large area of fenland which drains into the Humber. This has left the North a region of contrasts, the Lake District includes Englands highest peak, Scafell Pike, which rises to 978 m, its largest lake, Windermere, and its deepest lake, Wastwater. However, dense areas have emerged along the coasts and rivers
15.
Tony Richardson
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Cecil Antonio Tony Richardson was an English theatre and film director and producer whose career spanned five decades. In 1964 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film Tom Jones, Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. Those he cast in his student productions included Shirley Williams, John Schlesinger, Richardson was married to actress Vanessa Redgrave from 1962 to 1967. The couple had two daughters, Natasha and Joely Richardson, both actresses and he left Redgrave for actress Jeanne Moreau, although the marriage he had anticipated never materialised. In 1972 he also had a relationship with Grizelda Grimond, who was a secretary for Richardsons business partner Oscar Lewenstein, Grizelda gave birth to his daughter, Katharine Grimond, on 8 January 1973. Richardson was bisexual, but never acknowledged it publicly until after he contracted HIV and he died of complications from AIDS in 1991. In 1955, in his debut, Richardson produced Jean Giraudouxs The Apollo of Bellac for Television with Denholm Elliott. Around the same time he began to be active in Britains Free Cinema movement, part of the British New Wave of directors, he was involved in the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osbornes play Look Back in Anger at the Royal Court Theatre, then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osbornes next play The Entertainer, again for the Royal Court. In 1964 Richardson received two Academy Awards for Tom Jones and his next film was The Loved One, during which he worked with established stars including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse working in Hollywood both on location and on the sound stage. In his autobiography he confesses that he did not share the general admiration of Haskell Wexler and his musical composers included Antoine Duhamel, John Addison and Shel Silverstein. His screenwriters were Jean Genet, Christopher Isherwood, Terry Southern, Marguerite Duras, Edward Bond, Richardson and Osborne eventually fell out during production of the film Charge of the Light Brigade. The basic issue was Osbornes unwillingness to go through the rewrite process, Richardson himself had a different version. In his autobiography he writes that Osborne was angry at being replaced, in a small rôle, Osborne took literary revenge by creating a fictionalised and pseudonymous Richardson – a domineering and arrogant character whom everyone hated – in his play Hotel in Amsterdam. Stylistically, Richardsons work was highly varied, mademoiselle was shot noir-style on location in rural France with a static camera, monochrome film stock and no music. The Charge of the Light Brigade was part epic and part animated feature, ned Kelly was what might be called an Aussie-western. Laughter in the Dark and A Delicate Balance were psycho-dramas, joseph Andrews was a return to the mood of Tom Jones. He financed the escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison of the spy, in 1974 he went to Los Angeles to work on a script with Sam Shepard, and took up residence there
16.
British New Wave
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The British New Wave is the name given to a trend in filmmaking among directors in Britain in the late 1950s through the late 1960s. The label is a translation of Nouvelle Vague, the French term first applied to the films of François Truffaut and their work drew attention to the reality of life for the working classes, especially in the North of England, often characterized as Its grim up north. This particular type of drama, centred on class and the nitty-gritty of day-to-day life, was known as the kitchen sink drama. The British New Wave was characterised by many of the stylistic and thematic conventions as the French New Wave. In one of his early and most well-known polemical pieces, Stand Up, Stand Up and this was the belief that the cinema must break away from its class-bound attitudes and that the working classes ought to be seen on Britains screens. Along with Karel Reisz, Tony Richardson, and others he secured funding from a variety of sources, by 1964, the cycle was essentially over. Tony Richardsons Tom Jones, Richard Lesters A Hard Days Night, and yet Lindsay Anderson continued his theme of anti-establishment anti-heroes in 1968 with If. which starred Malcolm McDowell in the role that made Stanley Kubrick cast him for A Clockwork Orange. The Last New Wave, Modernism in the British Films of the Thatcher Era, the British avant-garde film, 1926-1995, an anthology of writings. Sancar Seckiner s new book DZ Uzerine Notlar, published on Dec.2014, is re-focusing Kitchen Sink Realism which was important in the late 1950s, specially article Long Distance Runner in the book highlights main film directors who create British New Wave
17.
BAFTA Award
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
18.
Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter
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Mrs. Brown, Youve Got a Lovely Daughter is a popular song written by British actor, screenwriter and songwriter Trevor Peacock. It was originally sung by actor Tom Courtenay in The Lads, a British TV play of 1963, and released as a single on UK Decca. The best-known version of the song is by Hermans Hermits, who took it to one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in May 1965. The single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 12 — the third highest debut of the decade, the Hermits never released the track — or their other US1965 number one, Im Henry VIII, I Am — as a single in their native Britain. The band never dreamed it would be a single let alone hit number one in the US. According to Noone the song was known to British bands, it would often be performed at birthday parties, substituting the surname of the girl whose party was being celebrated. Mrs. Smith or Mrs. Jones instead of Mrs. Brown, alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go-Go. The song was released in Japan on Odeon Records, a subsidiary of Toshiba and it was backed by the song Wonderful World. It was covered by Nellie McKay on her 2015 album My Weekly Reader
19.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
20.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
21.
Martin Balsam
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Martin Henry Balsam was an American character actor. Martin Balsam was born in the Bronx borough of New York City, to Russian Jewish parents, Lillian and Albert Balsam and he attended DeWitt Clinton High School, where he participated in the drama club. He studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the German director Erwin Piscator, Martin Balsam made his professional debut in August 1941 in a production of The Plays the Thing in Locust Valley. During World War II he served as a sergeant radio operator in a B-24 in the China-Burma-India theater of operations, in early 1948, he was selected by Elia Kazan to be a member in the recently formed Actors Studio. Balsam would go on to perform in episodes of the Studios dramatic television anthology series. He appeared in other television drama series, including Decoy with Beverly Garland, The Twilight Zone, as a psychologist in the pilot episode, Five Fingers, Target. The Eleventh Hour, Breaking Point, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Fugitive, agent in The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Episode, The Odd Man Affair, and guest starred in the two-part Murder, She Wrote episode and he also appeared in the Route 66 episode, Somehow it Gets to be Tomorrow. Balsam appeared in films as On the Waterfront,12 Angry Men, Time Limit, Breakfast at Tiffanys, The Carpetbaggers, Seven Days in May, The Anderson Tapes, Hombre, Catch-22. Little Big Man, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, All the Presidents Men, Murder on the Orient Express, The Delta Force, in 1960, he appeared in one of his best remembered roles as Detective Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. Along with Gregory Peck and Robert Mitchum, Martin Balsam appeared in both the original Cape Fear, and the 1991 Martin Scorsese remake and he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Arnold Burns in A Thousand Clowns. In 1968, he won a Tony Award for his appearance in the 1967 Broadway production of You Know I Cant Hear You When the Waters Running. He played Dr. Rudy Wells when the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg was adapted as a TV-movie pilot for The Six Million Dollar Man and he appeared as a spokesman/hostage in the TV movie Raid on Entebbe and as a detective in the TVM Contract on Cherry Street. He also appeared on an episode of Quincy ME, Balsam starred as Murray Klein on the All in the Family spin-off Archie Bunkers Place for two seasons and returned for a guest appearance in the shows 4th and final season. He even filled in for Charles Nelson Reilly on Match Game for one question when Reilly was late for a taping, in 1951, Balsam married his first wife, actress Pearl Somner. His second wife was actress Joyce Van Patten and this marriage lasted for four years and produced one daughter, Talia Balsam. He married his wife, Irene Miller, in 1963. They had two children, Adam and Zoe Balsam, and divorced in 1987, on February 13,1996, Balsam died of a sudden stroke in his hotel room in Rome, Italy, while on vacation
22.
King & Country
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King and Country is a 1964 British war film directed by Joseph Losey, shot in black and white, and starring Dirk Bogarde and Tom Courtenay. The film was adapted for the screen by British screenwriter Evan Jones based on a play by John Wilson, see British Army during World War I for information on the historical background. During World War I, in the British trenches at Passchendaele and he is to be defended at his trial by an officer, Captain Hargreaves. Hargreaves is initially impatient with the simple-minded Hamp but comes to identify with his plight, following testimony from an unsympathetic doctor, Hargreaves is unable to persuade the court to consider the possibility that Hamp may have been suffering from shell shock. He is found guilty, but the recommendation for mercy is overruled by higher command. He is shot by firing squad, but as he is not killed outright Hargreaves has to finish him off with a revolver and his family are informed that he has been killed in action. The action is confined to the mud-entrenched, rat-infested confines of the trenches, the film shows a grim picture of life in the trenches during the war. Tom Courtenay received the award for the Best Actor for his role as Hamp at the 1964 Venice Film Festival, the film was nominated for four 1965 BAFTA awards, including Best Film. King & Country at the Internet Movie Database
23.
Joseph Losey
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Joseph Walton Losey III was an American theatre and film director, born in Wisconsin. After studying in Germany with Bertolt Brecht, Losey returned to the United States, in the 1950s Losey was blacklisted in the United States and moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, The Servant, Accident and The Go-Between, Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14,1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and Nicholas Ray were high-school classmates. He attended Dartmouth College and Harvard University, beginning as a student of medicine, Losey became a major figure in New York political theatre, first directing the controversial failure Little Old Boy in 1933. He declined to direct a version of Dodsworth by Sinclair Lewis. Losey directed the show, which had a brief run, bosley Crowther in The New York Times noted that The play, being increasingly wordy, presents staging problems that Joe Loseys direction does not always solve. It is hard to tell who is responsible for the parts in the story. In 1935 he visited the Soviet Union for several months to study the Russian stage, in Moscow he participated in a seminar on film taught by Sergei Eisenstein. He also met Bertolt Brecht and the composer Hanns Eisler who were visiting Moscow at the time, in 1936 he directed Triple-A Plowed Under on Broadway, a production of the WPAs Federal Theatre Project. He then directed the second Living Newspaper presentation, Injunction Granted, the play premiered on July 30,1947, at the Coronet Theatre in Beverly Hills. On October 30,1947 Losey accompanied Brecht to Washington DC for Brechts appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Brecht left the US the following day. Losey went on to stage Galileo, again with Laughton in the title role, more than 25 years later Losey, in exile in England, would direct a film version of Brechts play Galileo. Seymour Nebenzal, the producer of Fritz Langs classic M, hired Losey to direct a remake set in Los Angeles rather than Berlin, in the new version, released in 1951, the killers name was changed from Hans Beckert to Martin W. Harrow. Nebenzals son Harold was associate producer of this version, the HUACs longstanding interest in Losey was based on extensive - and error riddled - FBI files. In the 1930s and 40s he had had contacts with people on the political left, including radicals. He had collaborated with Brecht and had an association with Hanns Eisler. Losey had written to the Immigration and Naturalization Service in support of a visa for the composer. They had collaborated on a political cabaret from 1937 to 1939, Losey had invited Eisler to compose music for a short public relations film he had been commissioned to produce for presentation at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, Pete Roleum and His Cousins
24.
Dirk Bogarde
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Sir Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde, known as Dirk Bogarde, was an English actor and writer. Initially a matinée idol in films such as Doctor in the House for the Rank Organisation, in a second career, he wrote seven best-selling volumes of memoirs, six novels and a volume of collected journalism, mainly from articles in The Daily Telegraph. Bogarde came to prominence in films including The Blue Lamp in the early 1950s and he twice won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, for The Servant and Darling. His other notable roles included Victim, Accident, The Damned, Death in Venice, The Night Porter, A Bridge Too Far. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1990, Bogarde was the elder of two sons born to Ulric van den Bogaerde and Margaret Niven. He had a sister, Elizabeth. Ulric was born in Perry Barr, Birmingham, of Flemish ancestry and he was Art Editor of The Times. Margaret Niven was Scottish, from Glasgow and was a former actress, Dirk Bogarde was born in a nursing home at 12 Hemstal Road, West Hampstead, London. He was baptised on 30 October 1921 at St. Marys Church and his brother, Gareth Ulric Van Den Bogaerde, an advertising film producer, was born in July 1933, in Hendon. Conditions in the home in North London became cramped and Bogarde was moved to Glasgow to stay with relatives of his mother. He stayed there for three years, returning at the end of 1937. He attended University College School, and the former Allan Glens Technical School in Glasgow, from 1937 to 1938 he studied at the Chelsea School of Art. He served in both the European and Pacific theatres, principally as an intelligence officer.8 airfield at Sommervieu, near Bayeux. In a 1986 Yorkshire Television interview with Russell Harty Bogarde said, I went to see quite a lot of them, I mean I went back to the villages, and saw what I had done. I can talk about it now at 65 because its sort of, dispassionate about it, and Ive seen worse things since, a row of kids heads that you thought were footballs and you kick one and it wasnt, and it rolled away down the rubble. I mean nothing could be worse than that, the gates were opened and then I realised that I was looking at Dantes Inferno, I mean. I still havent seen anything as dreadful, and a girl came up who spoke English, because she recognised one of the badges, and she. Her breasts were like, sort of, empty purses, she had no top on, and a pair of mans pyjamas, you know, the prison pyjamas, but I knew she was girl because of her breasts, which were empty
25.
Operation Crossbow
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Crossbow was the code name of the World War II campaign of Anglo-American operations against all phases of the German long-range weapons programme. It included operations against research and development of the weapons, their manufacture, transportation and their launching sites, the original 1943 code name Bodyline was replaced with Crossbow on November 15,1943. Post-war, Crossbow operations became known as Operation Crossbow as early as 1962, for a list of bombing targets, see the Operation Crossbow navigation box. In May 1943 Allied surveillance observed the construction of the first of 11 large sites in northern France for secret German weapons, in November it discovered the first of 96 ski sites for the V-1 flying bomb. Officials debated the extent of the German weapons danger, some viewed the sites as decoys to divert Allied bombers, when reconnaissance and intelligence information regarding the V-2 became convincing, the War Cabinet Defence Committee directed the campaigns first planned1 raid. Following Operation Hydra, a few Crossbow attacks were conducted on the Heavy Crossbow bunkers of Watten, Crossbow Operations Against Ski Sites began on December 5 with the Noball code name used for the targets. The launches surprised the Allies, who had believed that the attacks on the sites had eliminated the danger. The British, who had not expected German bombing of Britain to resume so late in the war, were especially upset, some suggested using gas on the launch sites, or even executing German civilians as punishment. The entire strategic forces cannot be used against Crossbow, we should attack— Aircraft industry, Oil, ball bearing, Kugellagerwerke, spaatz unsuccessfully proposed that attacks concentrate on the Calais electrical grid, and on gyrocompass factories in Germany and V-weapon storage depots in France. The gyrocompass attacks, along with targeting liquid oxygen tanks, might have very effective against the missiles. Crossbow bombing resumed after the first V-2 attack and included a large September 17 raid on Dutch targets suspected as bases for Heinkel He 111s, modified V-1s were air-launched from September 16,1944 to January 14,1945. The British had initially considered that an earlier July 18–21,1944 effort of 50 air-launched V-1s had been ground-launched from the Low Countries, in addition to air-launched V-1s, launches were from ramps built in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands in 1945. Allied reconnaissance detected two sites at Vlaardingen and Ypenburg, and along with a third at Delft, they launched 274 V-1s at London from March 3–29, only 125 reached the British defences, and only thirteen of those reached the target area. Three additional sites directed their fire on Antwerp, after using medium bombers against V-2 launch site in the Haagse Bos on March 3, the RAF attacked the Holland V-1 sites with two squadrons. An RAF Fighter Command unit used Spitfires against Ypenburg on March 20 and 23, counterattacks on Hollands V-1 and V-2 sites ended on April 3, and all Crossbow countermeasures ended on May 2 with the end of World War II in Europe. On January 2,1944, Roderic Hill submitted his plan to deploy 1,332 guns for the air defence of London, Bristol, after the Robot Blitz began on the night of June 12/13, an RAF fighter first intercepted a V-1 on June 14/15. Moreover, anti-aircraft guns increased the rate of downed V-1s to 1 per 77 rounds fired after the first few weeks of proximity fuse operation. By June 27, over 100,000 houses had been damaged or destroyed by the V-1. of the 638 air-launched V-1s that had been observed, guns and fighters downed 403 and the remainder fell in the London Civil Defence Region, at Manchester, or elsewhere
26.
Michael Anderson (director)
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He was born in London, England, to a theatrical family. His parents were the actors Lawrence and Beatrice Anderson and his great-aunt was Mary Anderson of Louisville, Kentucky, who became one of the first American Shakespearian actresses, the Mary Anderson Theatre in Louisville was dedicated to her. He directed the first cinema adaptation of George Orwells 1984 and Around the World in 80 Days, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award and he also directed the 1968 film The Shoes of the Fisherman starring Anthony Quinn, Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud. He settled in Hollywood, making science fiction offerings as Doc Savage, The Man of Bronze. Logans Run was an expensive box-office success, contributing a box office of $50 million worldwide and boosting sales for its distributor, andersons later work was mostly made-for-television miniseries, including The Martian Chronicles, Sword of Gideon and Young Catherine. In 1988, he directed Bottega dellorefice, based on the 1960 play written by Karol Wojtyła, other films he has directed include All the Fine Young Cannibals, Flight from Ashiya, The Quiller Memorandum, Yangtse Incident and a film adaptation of Conduct Unbecoming. He is fluent in French, Italian, and German, in 2012, Michael Anderson received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of Canada. Anderson is currently the oldest living nominee for an Academy Award for Best Director, and his son Michael Anderson, Jr. is an actor who appeared in Logans Run, another son, David Anderson, is a film producer. Private Angelo Waterfront Women Hell Is Sold Out Night Was Our Friend Will Any Gentleman, the House of the Arrow The Dam Busters 1984 Around the World in 80 Days Yangtse Incident, The Story of H. M. S. The project was cancelled during pre-production after promotional material was printed and published in magazines such as Variety
27.
George Peppard
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George Peppard Jr. was an American film and television actor. Peppard secured a role when he starred alongside Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffanys. On television, he played the role of millionaire insurance investigator. He played Col. John Hannibal Smith, the leader of a renegade commando squad. George Peppard, Jr. was born in Detroit, Michigan and he graduated from Dearborn High School in Dearborn, Michigan. Peppard enlisted in the United States Marine Corps July 8,1946, during 1948 and 1949, he studied Civil Engineering at Purdue University where he was a member of the Purdue Playmakers theatre troupe and Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He then transferred to Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he also trained at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. In addition to acting, Peppard was a pilot and he spent a portion of his 1966 honeymoon training to fly his Learjet in Wichita, Kansas. Peppard made his debut in 1949 at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. After moving to New York City, Peppard enrolled in the Actors Studio and he worked in summer stock in New England and appeared at the open air Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon. He made his debut in The Strange One. Peppard had signed to play a role on Broadway in The Pleasure of His Company when he auditioned successfully for MGMs Home from the Hill and he ended up appearing in Pleasure of His Company for six months before making Home from the Hill. Part of the arrangement of the latter involved signing with MGM for a term contract. Home from the Hill was a film directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Robert Mitchum. It was a success at the box office, although the high cost meant that it was not profitable. Peppards next film for MGM was The Subterraneans, an adaptation of the novel by Jack Keruoac and it flopped and Peppard said I couldnt get arrested afterwards. His good looks, elegant manner and superior acting skills landed Peppard his most famous role as Paul Varjak in Breakfast at Tiffanys with Audrey Hepburn. This 1961 role boosted him briefly to a film star
28.
Sophia Loren
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Sophia Loren is an Italian film actress. Encouraged to enroll in acting lessons after entering a beauty pageant and she appeared in several bit parts and minor roles in the early part of the decade, until her five-picture contract with Paramount in 1956 launched her international career. Notable film appearances around this time include The Pride and the Passion, Houseboat, after starting her family in the early 1970s, Loren spent less time on her acting career and chose to make only occasional film appearances. In later years, she has appeared in American films such as Grumpier Old Men, in 1995, she received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievements, one of such awards. In 1999, Loren was acknowledged as one of the top 25 female American Screen Legends in the American Film Institutes survey, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars. Loren was born Sofia Villani Scicolone in the Clinica Regina Margherita in Rome, Italy, the daughter of Romilda Villani and Riccardo Scicolone, Riccardo Scicolone refused to marry Villani, leaving the piano teacher and aspiring actress without support. Lorens parents had another child together, her sister Maria, in 1938, Loren has two younger paternal half-brothers, Giuliano and Giuseppe. Romilda, Sofia, and Maria lived with Lorens grandmother in Pozzuoli, during World War II, the harbour and munitions plant in Pozzuoli was a frequent bombing target of the Allies. During one raid, as Loren ran to the shelter, she was struck by shrapnel, after that, the family moved to Naples, where they were taken in by distant relatives. After the war, Loren and her returned to Pozzuoli. Lorens grandmother Luisa opened a pub in their room, selling homemade cherry liquor. Romilda Villani played the piano, Maria sang, and Loren waited on tables, the place was popular with the American GIs stationed nearby. When she was 14, Sofia entered a beauty pageant, Miss Italia 1950 and, later, she enrolled in acting class and was selected as an uncredited extra in Mervyn LeRoys film Quo Vadis, at the age of 15. In 1951, she appeared in Italian film Era lui. sì. sì. where she played an odalisque. She appeared in bit parts and minor roles in the early part of the decade. She began using her current stage name in La Favorita, the new name being a twist on the name of the Swedish actress Märta Torén and was suggested by Goffredo Lombardo or Carlo Ponti and her first starring role was in Aida, for which she received critical acclaim. After playing the role in Two Nights with Cleopatra, her breakthrough role was in The Gold of Naples
29.
King Rat (film)
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King Rat is a 1965 World War II film directed by Bryan Forbes, and starring George Segal as Corporal King and James Fox as Marlowe, two World War II prisoners of war in a squalid camp near Singapore. Among the supporting cast were John Mills and Tom Courtenay, the film was adapted from James Clavells novel King Rat, which in turn is partly based on Clavells experiences as a POW at Changi Prison during the Second World War. Corporal King is an anomaly in the Japanese prison camp, King recruits upper class British RAF officer Flight Lieutenant Peter Marlowe to act as a translator. As they become acquainted, Marlowe comes to like the man, King has a different relationship with the lower class, seemingly-incorruptible British Provost, Lieutenant Grey. Grey has only contempt for the American and does his best to bring him down, then Grey has to deal with an unrelated dilemma when he accidentally discovers that the high-ranking officer in charge of the meager food rations has been stealing. Grey rejects a bribe and zealously takes the matter to Colonel George Smedley-Taylor, to his dismay, Smedley-Taylor tells him the corrupt officer and his assistant have been relieved of their duties, and orders him to forget all about it. Grey accuses Smedley-Taylor of being in on the scheme, but the weight he presented to the colonel as evidence has been replaced. Smedley-Taylor offers to him to captain, when a troubled Grey does not respond. The camp commandant summons the senior British officers, and notifies them that the Japanese have surrendered, after overcoming their shock and disbelief, the prisoners celebrate – all except King. He realises he is no longer the unquestioned ruler of the camp, a British paratrooper walks up to the prison gates and disarms the guards. The prisoners are stunned and refuse to speak to the paratrooper, except King, King manages to squelch a premature attempt by resentful underling Sergeant Max to reassert his rank and authority, but that only delays the inevitable. When Marlowe speaks to him before Kings departure from the camp, King Rat was nominated for Academy Awards for Cinematography and Art Direction
30.
Bryan Forbes
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Bryan Forbes, CBE was an English film director, screenwriter, film producer, actor and novelist, described as a Renaissance man and one of the most important figures in the British film industry. Best known as the director of the film The Stepford Wives, he wrote and directed several critically acclaimed films, including Whistle Down the Wind, Séance on a Wet Afternoon. He also scripted several films directed by others, such as The League of Gentlemen, The Angry Silence, Forbes was born John Theobald Clarke on 22 July 1926 in Queen Marys Hospital, Stratford, West Ham, Essex. A schoolfriend at West Ham was artist Albert Herbert, lionel Gamlin of the BBC took him on as the host of Junior Brains Trust, and invented Clarkes pseudonym of Bryan Forbes. Forbes trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from age 17 and he did four years of military service in the Intelligence Corps and Combined Forces Entertainment Unit, during which time he started to write short stories. After completing his service in 1948, following British Equity rules. Forbes began to act, appearing on stage and playing supporting roles in British films, in particular An Inspector Calls. He published a story collection in the early 1950s, which induced producer Cubby Broccoli to offer him screenwriting work on The Black Knight. He received his first credit for Second World War film The Cockleshell Heroes, while other early screenplays include I Was Montys Double, directed by Basil Dearden, Forbes also starred. The film recounted a bank heist carried out by ex-army officers, in 1959, he formed a production company, Beaver Films, with his frequent collaborator Richard Attenborough. Beaver Films made The Angry Silence, a screenplay by Forbes in which Attenborough took the lead role. It starred child actor Hayley Mills and Alan Bates, in one of his earliest film roles, the film was nominated for four BAFTA awards, including Best Film from any Source. It was the basis for a 1996 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, the L-Shaped Room, his next film as director, with Leslie Caron in the female lead, led to her gaining a nomination for an Oscar, and winning the BAFTA and Golden Globe awards. Comments Phil Wickham, It feels like half a new wave film – a mid-point between the innovation of the Woodfall Films and the mainstream of the British film industry. Forbes wrote and directed Séance on a Wet Afternoon, and the year he wrote the third screen adaptation of the Somerset Maugham novel Of Human Bondage. In 1965, he went to Hollywood to make King Rat and he followed this with The Wrong Box and The Whisperers, the latter featuring Edith Evans. A caper film, Deadfall, starred Michael Caine, in 1969, Forbes was appointed chief of production and managing director of the film studio Associated British. Under Forbess leadership, the studio produced The Railway Children, The Tales of Beatrix Potter and The Go-Between and his tenure though, was short-lived and marked by financial problems and failed projects
31.
James Fox (actor)
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William Fox, known professionally as James Fox, is an English actor. Fox was born in London, the son of theatrical agent Robin Fox and he is the brother of actor Edward Fox and the film producer Robert Fox. His maternal grandfather was playwright Frederick Lonsdale, like several members of the Fox family, he was educated at Harrow School. Like his brother Edward, after leaving Harrow, Fox took a short commission in the Coldstream Guards. Fox first appeared on film in The Miniver Story in 1950 and his other early film appearances were made under his birth name, William Fox. In 1962, Fox was working in a bank when Tony Richardson offered him a role in the film The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. Foxs father attempted to forbid this, claiming that his son had no talent for acting and that it would disrupt his life for him to give up his job in the bank, during the 1960s, Fox gained popularity. In 1964, he won a BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer for his role in The Servant and his films included Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines, King Rat, The Chase, Thoroughly Modern Millie, Isadora, and Performance. After finishing work on Performance, Fox suspended his acting career, in a 2008 interview, he said, It was just part of my journey. I think my journey was to spend a while away from acting. And I never lost contact with it - watching movies, reading about it, so I didnt feel I missed it. He became an evangelical Christian, working with the Navigators and devoting himself to the ministry. During this time, the film in which Fox appeared was No Longer Alone, the story of Joan Winmill Brown. He also portrayed the character of Colonel Ferguson in Farewell to the King and he appeared in the Doctor Who audio drama Shada, and in 2007, he guest-starred in the British television crime series Waking the Dead. He also appeared opposite his son Laurence Fox in Allegory of Love and he was part of the cast of Sherlock Holmes, as Sir Thomas, leading member of a freemason-like secret society. In 2010, he filmed Cleanskin, a terrorist thriller directed by Hadi Hajaig and he married Mary Elizabeth Piper in 1973, with whom he has five children, actors Laurence, Lydia, and Jack Fox, and sons Robin and Thomas. In 2007, Laurence and Lydia married actors Billie Piper and Richard Ayoade, Fox is grandfather to Laurences two sons with Piper and Lydias two daughters by Ayoade. His niece Emilia Fox is also an actress, both Emilia and James Fox have portrayed roles in BBCs hit TV series Merlin and Fox has guest-starred in his son Laurences television series Lewis. In her 2014 book A Story Lately Told, Anjelica Huston refers to a relationship with Fox when she was a teenager
32.
George Segal
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George Segal, Jr. is an American actor and musician. Segal became popular in the 1960s and 1970s for playing both dramatic and comedic roles, some of his most acclaimed roles are in films such as Ship of Fools, King Rat, Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. The Hot Rock, Blume in Love, A Touch of Class, California Split, For the Boys, on television, he is best known for his roles as Jack Gallo on Just Shoot Me. and as Albert Pops Solomon on The Goldbergs. Segal is also a banjo player. He has released three albums and has performed the instrument in several of his acting roles and on late night television. Segal was born in Great Neck, New York, the son of Fannie Blanche Segal and George Segal, Sr. a malt, Segals family was Jewish, but he was raised in a secular household. A paternal great-grandfather ran for governor of Massachusetts as a socialist, when asked if he had a bar mitzvah, Segal stated, Im afraid not. I went to a Passover Seder at Groucho Marxs once and he kept saying, I went to a friends bar mitzvah, and that was the only time I was in Temple Beth Shalom. Jewish life wasnt happening that much at the time, peoples car tires were slashed in front of the temple. I was once kicked down a flight of stairs by some kids from the parochial school. All of Segals grandparents were immigrants from Russia and his maternal grandparents changed their surname from Slobodkin to Bodkin. He first became interested in acting at the age of nine and he states, I started off with the ukulele when I was a kid in Great Neck. A friend had a red Harold Teen model, it won my heart, when I got to high school, I realized you couldnt play in a band with a ukulele, so I moved on to the four-string banjo. When his father died in 1947, Segal moved to New York City with his mother and he graduated from George School in 1951, and attended Haverford College. He graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in performing arts and he was drafted into the United States Army in 1956. He studied at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg and Uta Hagen, originally a stage actor and musician, Segal appeared in several minor films in the early 1960s in addition to the well-known World War II film The Longest Day. He was signed to a Columbia Pictures contract in 1961, making his debut in The Young Doctors. In 1965, he was a co-recipient of the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year for his role in The New Interns
33.
The Night of the Generals
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The Night of the Generals is a 1967 Franco-British-American Second World War crime mystery film directed by Anatole Litvak and produced by Sam Spiegel. It stars Peter OToole, Omar Sharif, Tom Courtenay, Donald Pleasence, Joanna Pettet, the screenplay by Joseph Kessel and Paul Dehn was loosely based on the beginning of the novel of the same name by German author Hans Hellmut Kirst. The writing credits include the line based on an incident written by James Hadley Chase. Gore Vidal is said to have contributed to the screenplay, but was not credited, the musical score was composed by Maurice Jarre. Parts of this film were shot on actual location in Warsaw. The last scenes of the film were shot in Munich, the murder of a prostitute in German-occupied Warsaw in 1942 causes Abwehr Major Grau to start an investigation, as she was also a German agent. His evidence soon points to the killer being one of three German general officers, General von Seidlitz-Gabler, General Kahlenberge, his chief of staff, Graus investigation, however, is cut short by his summary transfer to Paris at the instigation of these officers. The case in Warsaw remains closed all three officers meet in Paris in July 1944. Paris is then a hotbed of intrigue, with senior Wehrmacht officers plotting to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Kahlenberge is deeply involved in the plot, while von Seidlitz-Gabler is aware of its existence but is sitting on the fence, awaiting the outcome. Tanz is unaware of the plot and remains loyal to the Führer. When Grau, who is now a Lieutenant Colonel, learns of the murder, committed in the manner as the first, he resumes his investigation. However, his timing is unfortunate, because the next day. So when Grau accuses Tanz face to face, the general kills Grau, almost certain there is a connection to Graus 1942 case, Morand reopens the cold case and the film begins to shift between the Europe of the 1960s and the Europe of the 1940s. Years later, Morand begins to tie up the ends, he finds no criminal activity from Kahlenberge or Seidlitz-Gabler. Morand confronts Tanz at a dinner for Tanzs former panzer division. When Morand produces Hartmann as his witness, Tanz goes into a vacant room, both OToole and Sharif were hesitant to take on their roles for this film. Feeling they owed it to Producer Sam Spiegel for making them stars in Lawrence of Arabia. The Night of the Generals in the British Film Institutes Explore film
34.
Anatole Litvak
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Anatole Litvak was a Russian-born American filmmaker who wrote, directed, and produced films in various countries and languages. He began his training at age 13 in Leningrad. Litvak was notable for directing little-known foreign actors to early fame, in 1936 he directed Mayerling, a film which made Charles Boyer and Danielle Darrieux international stars. He returned Swedish star Ingrid Bergman to popularity with American audiences in 1956 with Anastasia and he directed Olivia de Havilland to an Academy Award nomination for The Snake Pit in 1948. He also directed Jean Gabin in his debut, and directed Elia Kazan in his earliest acting role. Litvak directed Confessions of a Nazi Spy in 1939 starring Edward G. Robinson, as a refugee from Nazi Germany, Litvak was among the few directors who tried to open Hollywoods eyes to the threat Germany posed to Europe and the world. During World War II, he enlisted and co-directed documentaries with Frank Capra and his solo-directed, The Battle of Russia, in 1943, won numerous awards and was nominated for an Oscar. Because of Litvaks ability to speak Russian, German, and French and he also filmed aerial warfare with the U. S. For his volunteer efforts, he ended the war as a full colonel, receiving special awards from the governments of France, Britain. Born Mikhail Anatol Litvak in Kiev, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire, as a teenager, he worked at a theater in St. Petersburg and took acting lessons at the state drama school. Litvak worked with Leningrads Nordkino Studios where he was assistant director for nine silent films, for political and ideological reasons, and especially because Russian theaters were nationalized in the 1920s, he fled Russia for Berlin in 1925. In Germany, Litvak made his first few films at the beginning of the 1930s before the rise of the Nazis and he later fled to France prior to the Nazi invasions of World War II. According to film historian Ronald Bowers, Litvak became skilled in using location shooting and he also became known in the industry for emphasizing sound effects over dialogue in sound films as well as preferring to keep the camera running with tracking shots and pans. His preference for achieving motion in camerawork often saw him using crane shots, max Ophüls, who worked as Litvaks assistant in France, would later become a recognized director. American writer Lincoln Kirstein claimed the film became a kind of standard for the film in an historical setting. The worldwide success of Mayerling brought Litvak invitations from Hollywood, including being offered a contract by Warner Brothers. Accepting the contract, Litvak became one of Hollywoods leading directors by the late 1930s and he directed such films as Tovarich, a comedy celebrating outmoded values of the ruined Russian aristocracy. Also with Warners, he directed Confessions of a Nazi Spy, among the techniques he used in the film to achieve realism was the inclusion of actual newsreel footage from U. S. Nazi rallies
35.
Peter O'Toole
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Peter Seamus OToole was a British-Irish stage and film actor. He achieved international recognition playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, in 2002, OToole was awarded the Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements. He was additionally the recipient of four Golden Globe Awards, one British Academy Film Award, some sources give his birthplace as Connemara, County Galway, Ireland, while others cite St James University Hospital, Leeds, England. Peter had a sister, Patricia. He grew up in the Hunslet, south Leeds, son of Constance Jane Eliot, a Scottish nurse, and Patrick Joseph Spats OToole, when OToole was one year old, his family began a five-year tour of major racecourse towns in Northern England. He was brought up as a Catholic, I used to be scared stiff of the nuns, their whole denial of womanhood – the black dresses and the shaving of the hair – was so horrible, so terrifying. Of course, thats all been stopped, theyre sipping gin and tonic in the Dublin pubs now, and a couple of them flashed their pretty ankles at me just the other day, he said. Upon leaving school OToole obtained employment as a trainee journalist and photographer on the Yorkshire Evening Post, as reported in a radio interview in 2006 on NPR, he was asked by an officer whether he had something he had always wanted to do. His reply was that he had wanted to try being either a poet or an actor. At RADA, he was in the class as Albert Finney, Alan Bates. OToole described this as the most remarkable class the academy ever had, OToole began working in the theatre, gaining recognition as a Shakespearean actor at the Bristol Old Vic and with the English Stage Company, before making his television debut in 1954. He first appeared on film in 1959 in a role in The Day They Robbed the Bank of England. OTooles major break came when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Leans Lawrence of Arabia, after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and his performance was ranked number one in Premiere magazines list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor, T. E. Lawrence, portrayed by OToole, was selected in 2003 as the tenth-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute. OToole was one of several actors to be Oscar-nominated for playing the role in two different films, he played King Henry II in both Becket and The Lion in Winter. OToole played Hamlet under Laurence Oliviers direction in the production of the Royal National Theatre in 1963. He demonstrated his comedic abilities alongside Peter Sellers in the Woody Allen-scripted comedy Whats New Pussycat and he appeared in Seán OCaseys Juno and the Paycock at Dublins Gaiety Theatre. In 1969, he played the role in the film Goodbye, Mr. Chips
36.
Omar Sharif
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Omar Sharif was an Egyptian actor. He began his career in his country in the 1950s. His films included Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, and Funny Girl and he was nominated for an Academy Award. He won three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award, Sharif, who spoke Arabic, English, Greek, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian fluently, was often cast as a foreigner of some sort. He bridled at travel restrictions imposed by the government of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, the estrangement led to an amicable divorce from his wife, the iconic Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. He had converted to Islam in order to marry her and he was a lifelong horse racing enthusiast, and at one time ranked among the worlds top contract bridge players. Omar Sharif, whose adopted surname means noble or nobleman in Arabic, was born on 10 April 1932 as Michel Dimitri Chalhoub in Alexandria, Egypt, to a Melkite Catholic family. His father, Joseph Chalhoub, a precious woods merchant originally from Zahlé, Lebanon, moved to the city of Alexandria in the early 20th century. His family moved to Cairo when he was four and his mother, Claire Saada, was a noted society hostess, and Egypts King Farouk was a regular visitor prior to his deposition in 1952. In his youth, Sharif studied at Victoria College, Cairo and he later graduated from Cairo University with a degree in mathematics and physics. He worked for a while in his fathers precious wood business before studying acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, in 1955, Sharif changed his name and converted to Islam in order to marry fellow Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. In 1954, Sharif began his career in Egypt with a role in Shaytan Al-Sahra. In the same year he appeared in Sira Fi al-Wadi and he quickly rose to stardom, appearing in Egyptian productions, including La Anam in 1958, Sayyidat al-Qasr in 1959 and the Anna Karenina adaptation Nahr el hub in 1961. He and his wife co-starred in several movies as romantic leads, Sharifs first English-language role was that of Sherif Ali in David Leans historical epic Lawrence of Arabia in 1962. Casting Sharif in what is now considered one of the most demanding supporting roles in Hollywood history was complex and risky as he was virtually unknown at the time outside of Egypt. However, as historian Steven Charles Caton notes, Lean insisted on using ethnic actors when possible to make the film authentic, Sharif would later use his ambiguous ethnicity in other films, I spoke French, Greek, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic, he said. As Sharif noted, his accent enabled him to play the role of a foreigner without anyone knowing exactly where I came from, over the next few years, Sharif co-starred in other films, including Behold a Pale Horse. Director Fred Zinnemann said he chose Sharif partly on the suggestion of David Lean and he said he was an absolutely marvelous actor, If you possibly can take a look at him
37.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
38.
The Playboy of the Western World
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The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 26 January 1907. It is set in Michael James Flahertys public house in County Mayo during the early 1900s and it tells the story of Christy Mahon, a young man running away from his farm, claiming he killed his father. The play is best known for its use of the poetic, evocative language of Hiberno-English, heavily influenced by the Irish language, there he claims that he is on the run because he killed his own father by driving a loy into his head. Flaherty praises Christy for his boldness, and Flahertys daughter, Pegeen, falls in love with Christy, to the dismay of her betrothed, because of the novelty of Christys exploits and the skill with which he tells his own story, he becomes something of a town hero. Many other women also become attracted to him, including the Widow Quin, Christy also impresses the village women by his victory in a donkey race, using the slowest beast. Eventually Christys father, Mahon, who was wounded, tracks him to the tavern. When the townsfolk realize that Christys father is alive, everyone, including Pegeen, shuns him as a liar, to regain Pegeens love and the respect of the town, Christy attacks his father a second time. This time it seems that Old Mahon really is dead, but instead of praising Christy, Christys life is saved when his father, beaten and bloodied, crawls back onto the scene, having improbably survived his sons second attack. As Christy and his leave to wander the world, Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon. Pegeen laments betraying and losing Christy, Ive lost the only playboy of the western world, the Playboy Riots occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play. The riots were stirred up by Irish nationalists who viewed the contents of the play as an offence to public morals, the riots took place in Dublin, spreading out from the Abbey Theatre and finally being quelled by the actions of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. The fact that the play was based on a story of apparent patricide also attracted a hostile public reaction, nevertheless, press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests petered out. Yeats declared to rioters against Seán OCaseys pacifist drama The Plough, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius. The production of Synges play met with more disturbances in the United States in 1911, on opening night in New York, hecklers booed, hissed and threw vegetables and stink bombs while men scuffled in the aisles. The company was arrested in Philadelphia and charged with putting on an immoral performance. In September 2007, the returned to the Abbey in a modern adaptation by Bisi Adigun. Set in a suburb of West Dublin, it tells the story of Christopher Malomo, in 2011, The Old Vic in London, UK, played host to a classic adaptation directed by John Crowley starring Robert Sheehan, Niamh Cusack and Ruth Negga. Theatrical In 1912 Sil-Vara and Charles H, in 1973 the Irish language national theatre group Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe produced an adaptation in the Irish language by Seán Ó Carra entitled Buachaill Báire an Domhain Thiar
39.
Manchester University
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The University of Manchester is a red brick university, a product of the civic university movement of the late-19th century. The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road, in 2015/16, the university had 39,700 students and 10,400 staff, making it the second largest university in the UK, and the largest single-site university. The university had an income of £987.2 million in 2015–16 and it has the third largest endowment of any university in England, after the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association, the Russell Group of British research universities, the University of Manchester is ranked 29th in the world by QS World University Rankings 2016 and 37th by UniRanks Ranking of Rankings of World Universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Manchester was ranked 35th in the world, the Global Employability University Ranking conducted by THE places Manchester at 27th worldwide and 10th in Europe, ahead of academic powerhouses such as Cornell, UPenn and LSE. It is ranked joint 55th in the world and 8th in the UK in the 2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, Manchester came fifth in terms of research power and seventeenth for grade point average quality when including specialist institutions. More students try to gain entry than to any university in the country. According to the 2015 High Fliers Report, Manchester is the most targeted university by the largest number of leading graduate employers in the UK. The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum, Whitworth Art Gallery, John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory and its Grade I listed Lovell Telescope. The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff, four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff – more than any other British university. The University of Manchester traces its roots to the formation of the Mechanics Institute in 1824, the English chemist John Dalton, together with Manchester businessmen and industrialists, established the Mechanics Institute to ensure that workers could learn the basic principles of science. John Owens, a merchant, left a bequest of £96,942 in 1846 to found a college to educate men on non-sectarian lines. He also campaigned and helped fund the chair, the first applied science department in the north of England. He left the college the equivalent of £10 million in his will in 1876, Beyer funded the total cost of construction of the Beyer building to house the biology and geology departments. His will also funded Engineering chairs and the Beyer Professor of Applied mathematics, the university has a rich German heritage. The Owens College Extension Movement based their plans after a tour of mainly German universities, Manchester mill owner, Thomas Ashton, chairman of the extension movement had studied at Heidelberg University. Sir Henry Roscoe also studied at Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen and they collaborated for many years on research projects, Roscoe promoted the German style of research led teaching that became the role model for the redbrick universities. Charles Beyer studied at Dresden Academy Polytechnic, there were many Germans on the staff, including Carl Schorlemmer, Britains first chair in organic chemistry, and Arthur Schuster, professor of Physics
40.
Royal Exchange Theatre
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The Royal Exchange is a grade II listed building in Manchester, England. It is located in the city centre on the bounded by St Anns Square, Exchange Street, Market Street, Cross Street. The complex includes the Royal Exchange Theatre and the Royal Exchange Shopping Centre, the Royal Exchange was heavily damaged in the Manchester Blitz and in the 1996 Manchester bombing. The current building is the last of several buildings on the used for commodities exchange, primarily but not exclusively of cotton. The first exchange opened in 1729 but closed by the end of the century, as the cotton industry boomed, the need for a new exchange was recognised. Thomas Harrison designed the new exchange of 1809 at the junction of Market Street, Harrison designed the exchange in the Classical style. It had two storeys above a basement and was constructed in Runcorn stone, the cost, £20,000, was paid for in advance by 400 members who bought £50 shares and paid £30 each to buy the site. The semi-circular north façade had fluted Doric columns, the exchange room where business was conducted covered 812 square yards. The ground floor contained the members library with more than 15,000 books. The basement housed a newsroom lit by a dome and plate glass windows, the first-floor dining-room was accessed by a geometrical staircase. The exchange opened to celebrate of the birthday of George III in 1809 and it also contained other anterooms and offices. As the cotton trade continued to expand, larger premises were required, the second exchange was replaced by a third designed by Mills & Murgatroyd, constructed between 1867 and 1874. It was extended and modified by Bradshaw Gass & Hope between 1914 and 1931 to form the largest trading hall in England, the trading hall had three domes and was double the size of the current hall. The colonnade parallel to Cross Street marked the its centre, on trading days merchants and brokers struck deals which supported the jobs of tens of thousands of textile workers in Manchester and the surrounding towns. Manchesters cotton dealers and manufacturers trading from the Royal Exchange earned the city the name, the exchange was seriously damaged during World War II when it took a direct hit from a bomb during a German air raid in the Manchester Blitz at Christmas in 1940. Its interior was rebuilt with a trading area. The top stages of the tower, which had been destroyed, were replaced in a simpler form. Trading ceased in 1968, and the building was threatened with demolition, the building remained empty until 1973 when it was used to house a theatre company
41.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
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Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan was an Irish satirist, a playwright and poet, and long-term owner of the London Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He is known for his plays such as The Rivals, The School for Scandal, The Duenna and he was also a Whig MP for 32 years in the British House of Commons for Stafford, Westminster, and Ilchester. He is buried at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey and his plays remain a central part of the canon and are regularly performed worldwide. RB Sheridan was born in 1751 in Dublin, Ireland, where his family had a house on then fashionable Dorset Street, while in Dublin Sheridan attended the English Grammar School in Grafton Street. The family moved permanently to England in 1758 when he was aged seven and he was a pupil at Harrow School from 1762 to 1768. His mother, Frances Sheridan, was a playwright and novelist and she had two plays produced in London in the early 1760s, though she is best known for her novel The Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph. In 1772 Sheridan fought two duels with Captain Thomas Mathews, who had written a newspaper article defaming the character of Elizabeth Ann Linley, the woman Sheridan intended to marry. In the first duel, they agreed to fight in Hyde Park, far from its romantic image, the duel was short and bloodless. Mathews lost his sword and, according to Sheridan, was forced to beg for his life, the apology was made public and Mathews, infuriated by the publicity the duel had received, refused to accept his defeat as final and challenged Sheridan to another duel. Sheridan was not obliged to accept this challenge, but could have become a social pariah if he had not, the second duel, fought in July 1772 at Kingsdown near Bath, was a much more ferocious affair. This time both men broke their swords but carried on fighting in a struggle for life and honour. His remarkable constitution pulled him through, and eight days after this affair the Bath Chronicle was able to announce that he was out of danger. Mathews escaped in a post chaise, the young couple entered the fashionable world and apparently held up their end in entertaining. In 1775 Sheridans first play, The Rivals, was produced at Londons Covent Garden Theatre and it was a failure on its first night. Sheridan cast a more capable actor in the lead for its performance, and it was a smash which immediately established the young playwrights reputation. It has gone on to become a standard of English literature, shortly after the success of The Rivals, Sheridan and his father-in-law Thomas Linley the Elder, a successful composer, produced the opera, The Duenna. This piece was accorded such a reception that it played for seventy-five performances. In the next year,1776, Sheridan, his father-in-law and one other partner bought a half-interest in the Drury Lane theatre and, Sheridan was the manager of the theatre for many years, and later became sole owner with no managerial role
42.
The Rivals
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The Rivals is a comedy of manners by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in five acts. It was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre on 17 January 1775, the Rivals was Sheridans first play. At the time, he was a young newlywed living in Bath, at Sheridans insistence, upon marriage his wife Eliza had given up her career as a singer. This was proper for the wife of a gentleman, but it was difficult because Eliza would have earned an income as a performer. Instead, the Sheridans lived beyond their means as they entertained the gentry and nobility with Elizas singing, finally, in need of funds, Richard turned to the only craft that could gain him the remuneration he desired in a short time, he began writing a play. In a short time, however, he completed The Rivals, the Rivals was first performed at Covent Garden, London, on 17 January 1775. It was roundly vilified by both the public and the critics for its length, for its bawdiness and for the character of Sir Lucius OTrigger being a meanly written role played very badly. The actor, Lee, after being hit with an apple during the performance, stopped and addressed the audience, — is it me, or the matter. If he can dispense with flattery, he is sure at least of sincerity, Sheridan also apologised for any impression that OTrigger was intended as an insult to Ireland. Rewritten and with a new actor, Clinch, in the role of OTrigger, indeed, it became a favourite of the royal family, receiving five command performances in ten years, and also in the Colonies. It became a show in the repertoires of 19th Century companies in England. The play is now considered to be one of Sheridans masterpieces, and she was first played by Jane Green. Wealthy, fashionable people went there to take the waters, which were believed to have healing properties, Bath was much less exclusive than London, and hence it provides an ideal setting for the characters. The plot centres on the two lovers, Lydia and Jack. Lydia, who reads a lot of novels of the time. To court her, Jack pretends to be Ensign Beverley, a poor officer, Lydia is enthralled with the idea of eloping with a poor soldier in spite of the objections of her guardian, Mrs. Malaprop, a moralistic widow. Mrs. Malaprop is the comic figure of the play, thanks to her continual misuse of words that sound like the words she intends to use. Lydia has two suitors, Bob Acres, and Sir Lucius OTrigger, an impoverished and combative Irish gentleman
