1.
Tom Holland (actor)
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Thomas Stanley Holland is an English actor and dancer. Holland was born in Kingston upon Thames, London, to Nicola Elizabeth, a photographer, and Dominic Holland, who is a comedian and author. He has three brothers, twins Sam and Harry, three years younger, the latter of whom appears in the 2013 film Diana, and Patrick and his paternal grandparents were born on the Isle of Man and Ireland. As of December 2012, he was attending The BRIT School for Performing Arts, Holland began dancing at a hip hop class at Nifty Feet Dance School in Wimbledon. His potential was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page when he performed with his school as part of the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival. After eight auditions and subsequent two years of training, on 28 June 2008, Holland made his West End debut in Billy Elliot the Musical as Michael and he gave his first performance in the title role on 8 September 2008, receiving positive notices. In September 2008, Holland appeared on the programme on channel FIVE. The following year, he was featured on ITV1 show The Feel Good Factor and he trained five British schoolboys for a dance routine he front for the final The Feel Good Factor show on 28 March 2009. On 8 March 2010, to mark the anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical, four current Billy Elliots. Holland was chosen to be a lead at the show on 31 March 2010. Holland had been appearing on a basis as Billy in Billy Elliot the Musical. In 2011, Holland was cast in the British version of the animated film Arrietty and he provided a voice for the principal character Sho. Holland starred in The Impossible, directed by Juan Antonio Bayona, alongside Naomi Watts and Ewan McGregor. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2012, Holland was featured in Screen Internationals UK Stars of Tomorrow –2012 and was among the newcomers chosen for the inaugural British Academy of Film and Television Arts Breakthrough Brits in 2013. Holland played Isaac in How I Live Now, released in the U. K. on 4 October 2013, also in 2015, he appeared in BBC Twos TV series Wolf Hall, as Peer Gregory Cromwell. As of December 2016, Holland is currently in negotiations to co-star as Todd Hewitt in the adaptation of Patrick Nesss bestselling YA series Chaos Walking along with Daisy Ridley. In 2017, he star in The Current War as Samuel Insull. Billy Elliot the Musical casts Tom Holland at the Internet Movie Database Tom Holland on Twitter Tom Holland on Instagram media. gettyimages. com
Tom Holland (actor)
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Holland in London, 31 March 2010
Tom Holland (actor)
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Holland (center) performing at the 5th anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical, 31 March 2010
2.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
Bristol
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Bristol
Bristol
Bristol
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Black and white etching showing the towers of
St Stephen's Church,
St Augustine the Less Church and
Bristol Cathedral, published c.1850
Bristol
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West front of Bristol Cathedral
3.
Gloucestershire
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Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the fertile valley of the River Severn. The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud. Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. The local rural community moved to the city, and Bristols population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and it later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. The official former postal county abbreviation was Glos, rather than the frequently used but erroneous Gloucs. or Glouc. In July 2007, Gloucestershire suffered the worst flooding in recorded British history, the RAF conducted the largest peace time domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion, the county recovered rapidly from the disaster, investing in attracting tourists to visit the many sites and diverse range of shops in the area. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven schools, two are in Stroud, one in Cheltenham and four in Gloucester. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, all but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms, each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. Most of the old market towns have parish churches, at Deerhurst near Tewkesbury, and Bishops Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship, other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve, the mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey
Gloucestershire
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A campus of the
University of Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire
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Flag
Gloucestershire
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Parish Church of St. Mary, Fairford
Gloucestershire
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Zoo
4.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
5.
UK
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
UK
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
UK
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Flag
UK
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
UK
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The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
6.
The Way of the World
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The Way of the World is a play written by the English playwright William Congreve. It premiered in early March 1700 in the theatre in Lincolns Inn Fields in London and it is widely regarded as one of the best Restoration comedies and is still occasionally performed. At the time, however, the play struck many audience members as continuing the immorality of the previous decades, the play is centred on the two lovers Mirabell and Millamant. In order for them to marry and receive Millamants full dowry, Mirabell must receive the blessing of Millamants aunt, unfortunately, Lady Wishfort is a very bitter lady who despises Mirabell and wants her own nephew, Sir Wilfull, to wed Millamant. Another character, Fainall, is having an affair with Mrs. Marwood, a friend of Mrs. Fainalls. In the meantime, Mirabells servant is married to Foible, Lady Wishforts servant, Waitwell pretends to be Sir Rowland and, on Mirabells command, tries to trick Lady Wishfort into a false engagement. Act 1 is set in a house where Mirabell and Fainall have just finished playing cards. A footman comes and tells Mirabell that Waitwell and Foible were married that morning, Mirabell tells Fainall about his love of Millamant and is encouraged to marry her. Act 2 is set in St. James’ Park, Mrs. Fainall and Mrs. Marwood are discussing their hatred of men. Fainall appears and accuses Mrs. Marwood of loving Mirabell, meanwhile, Mrs. Fainall tells Mirabell that she hates her husband, and they begin to plot to deceive Lady Wishfort into giving her consent to the marriage. Millamant appears in the park and, angry about the night, she tells Mirabell of her displeasure in his plan. After she leaves, the newly wed servants appear and Mirabell reminds them of their roles in the plan, acts 3,4 and 5 are all set in the home of Lady Wishfort. We are introduced to Lady Wishfort who is encouraged by Foible to marry the supposed Sir Rowland – Mirabells supposed uncle – so that Mirabell will lose his inheritance. Sir Rowland is, however, Waitwell in disguise, and the plan is to entangle Lady Wishfort in a marriage which cannot go ahead, because it would be bigamy, Mirabell will offer to help her out of the embarrassing situation if she consents to his marriage. Later, Mrs. Fainall discusses this plan with Foible, and she later tells the plan to Fainall, who decides that he will take his wifes money and go away with Mrs. Marwood. Mirabell and Millamant, equally strong-willed, discuss in detail the conditions under which they would accept each other in marriage, Mirabell finally proposes to Millamant and, with Mrs. Fainalls encouragement, Millamant accepts. Mirabell leaves as Lady Wishfort arrives, and she lets it be known that she wants Millamant to marry her nephew, Sir Wilfull Witwoud, Lady Wishfort later gets a letter telling her about the Sir Rowland plot. Sir Rowland takes the letter and accuses Mirabell of trying to sabotage their wedding, Lady Wishfort agrees to let Sir Rowland bring a marriage contract that night
The Way of the World
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Facsimile of the original title page for The Way of the World published in 1700
The Way of the World
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Articles
The Way of the World
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Playwrights
7.
Lyric Hammersmith
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The Lyric Theatre, also known as the Lyric Hammersmith, is a theatre in King Street, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, which takes pride in its original, groundbreaking productions. The Lyric Theatre was originally a music hall established in 1888 on Bradmore Grove, success as an entertainment venue led it to be rebuilt and enlarged on the same site twice, firstly in 1890 and then in 1895 by the English theatrical architect Frank Matcham. The 1895 re-opening, as The New Lyric Opera House, was accompanied by an address by the famous actress Lillie Langtry. In 1966 the theatre was due to be closed and demolished. The relocated theatre opened in 1979, the Lyric also presents frequent Lyric Children and Lyric Music performances as well as Sunday Night Comedy. Its current artistic director is Sean Holmes, and its director is Sian Alexander. In 2011, the Lyric won the Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre for Sean Holmes production of Sarah Kanes Blasted
Lyric Hammersmith
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Lyric Hammersmith in 2009
8.
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disneys theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski, Rob Marshall, and Joachim Rønning, the series was most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, other writers include Stuart Beattie, Jay Wolpert, and Jeff Nathanson. The stories followed the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, characters such as Hector Barbossa and Joshamee Gibbs follow Jack, Will, and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film featured Philip Swift and Syrena, while the film will feature Henry Turner. The films take place in a historical setting, a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Company. After the first films success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works, the franchises second film, subtitled Dead Mans Chest, was released three years later in 2006, the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. Dead Mans Chest ended up being the one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled At Worlds End, followed in 2007, on Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this. A fifth film, subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is set to be released on May 26,2017. Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turners love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jacks mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, to stand against the East India Trading Co. Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones Locker, as one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to summon an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Becketts forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover and she forces Jack aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelicas father. Both are also in search of the Fountain, Angelica to save her fathers soul, joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George IIs Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth. Captain Jacks only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, with the release of the official trailer of Dead Men Tell No Tales, it was suggested that Dead Men will be the last film in the franchise. However, on March 4,2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, wenches Scarlett and Giselle fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Blu-ray box set
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Top to bottom:
Johnny Depp,
Geoffrey Rush,
Orlando Bloom, and
Keira Knightley, who portrayed characters in the series. Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles as
Captain Jack Sparrow and
Captain Hector Barbossa, respectively; whereas
Will Turner and
Elizabeth Swann 's stories had concluded with a post-credit sequence in the third film, however, Bloom's set to return in the fifth film while Knightley said she's done with the franchise.
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
9.
In the Loop (film)
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In the Loop is a 2009 British satirical black comedy film directed by Armando Iannucci. The film is a spin-off from the BBC Television series The Thick of It and satirizes Anglo-American politics in the 21st century and it was nominated for the 2009 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. The film stars Peter Capaldi, Tom Hollander, Gina McKee, Chris Addison, David Rasche, with the help of his girlfriend Suzy, Simons new aide Toby Wright manages to get him into the Foreign Office meeting that day. The report heavily opposes intervention, noting the lack of intelligence except that which is coming from a source known as Iceman. Also during the committee it is hinted at that the US Assistant Secretary of State for Policy, Linton Barwick, after the meeting, Simon is ambushed by reporters and contradicts his previous statements by saying the government has to be prepared to climb the mountain of conflict. Again he is subjected to chastisement from Tucker, returning to the US, Karen and Liza conclude that Linton has created a war committee under the guise of Future Planning. At a party Karen teams up with General George Miller who opposes the war believing that the US does not have enough troops to succeed and she tells him that they could use Simon on the committee as he would internationalise the dissent. While on a mission in Washington, Simon and Toby are invited by Karen to the Future Planning committee. Toby accidentally leaks the details of the meeting to a friend at CNN before meeting up with Liza at a bar, due to Tobys leak the Future Planning committee is swamped, but Karen and George fail to find out anything about the war. Both Karen and Linton turn to Simon to back their respective causes, Tucker, who is in the US, is diverted by Linton to the White House for a fake briefing. He confronts Linton, who tells him that he has to supply the US with the British intelligence on the situation in the Middle East, news of this reaches the papers, who criticise Simon for not acting on the issue. Suzy finds out about Tobys one-night-stand with Liza and they break up, when leaving their apartment he gives her a copy of PWPPIP to leak if she chooses, but she calls him a coward for not doing it himself. The President rushes forward the security council vote on intervention by vetoing tariffs on Chinese imports. Simon tells his Director of Communications Judy Molloy, to leak to the press that he would if the committee votes in favour. Once at the UN Headquarters Tucker gets word that PWPPIP has been leaked and it is later revealed that Michael Rodgers of the Foreign Office accidentally leaked it, not realising its importance. Miller and Tucker convince Jonathan Tutt, the UK Ambassador, to push the meeting forward so that the leak will not have time to spread in the US. However, Linton asserts his dominance over Tucker by telling him that the British intelligence has to be handed over before a vote can be taken, subsequently the committee votes in favour of intervention. After the vote, Miller informs Karen that he not resign now that the war is happening
In the Loop (film)
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Theatrical release poster
10.
Enigma (2001 film)
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Enigma is a 2001 espionage thriller film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Tom Stoppard. The script was adapted from the novel Enigma by Robert Harris and it was the last film scored by John Barry. The story, loosely based on events, takes place in March 1943. The British cryptanalysts have cracked the Shark cipher once before, the film begins with Tom Jericho returning to Bletchley after a month recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by his failed love affair with a coworker named Claire Romilly. Jericho immediately seeks to see her again and finds that she disappeared a few days earlier. He enlists the help of Claires housemate, Hester Wallace, to follow the trail of clues, mr. Jericho and Miss Wallace, as they formally address each other, work to decipher intercepts stolen by Claire and determine why she took them. Jericho is closely watched by an MI5 agent, Wigram, who plays cat, meanwhile, U-boats are closing in on a convoy of thirty seven ships from America, giving the code-breakers less than four days to find a solution to reading the changed Shark cipher. But someone else at Bletchley has a personal interest in the stolen interceps, other locations include the Great Central Railway, Loughborough and Tigh Beg Croft, near Oban, Scotland. Interiors were filmed at Elstree Film Studios, the film was produced by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones. Jagger makes an appearance as an RAF officer at a dance. He also lent the films design department a four-rotor Enigma encoding machine he owned to ensure the accuracy of one of the props. The festivities around the London premiere of the film are shown in the 2001 documentary Being Mick, the film holds a fresh 72% rating on review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus reading, The well-crafted, twist-filled Enigma is a thinking persons spy thriller. Joe Leydon of Variety compared the film to works by Alfred Hitchcock, roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and said, What I like about the movie is its combination of suspense and intelligence. The film and, by association, the book have attracted criticism for their portrayal of the Polish role in Enigma decryption, the Imitation Game - A2014 biopic of Alan Turing and his involvement in cracking the Enigma. U-571 - A2000 war film involving the capture of an Enigma machine, cryptanalysis of the Enigma Ultra Enigma at the Internet Movie Database Enigma at Rotten Tomatoes Enigma at Box Office Mojo Review by Andrew Hodges
Enigma (2001 film)
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Theatrical release poster
Enigma (2001 film)
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The scaled-down model of a Second World War U-boat used in the film. The model was donated to the
Bletchley Park museum.
11.
Gosford Park
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Gosford Park is a 2001 British mystery film directed by Robert Altman and written by Julian Fellowes. The story follows a party of wealthy Britons and an American, and their servants, who gather for a weekend at Gosford Park. A murder occurs after a party, and the film goes on to present the subsequent investigation from the servants and guests perspectives. Development on Gosford Park began in 1999, when Bob Balaban asked Altman if they could develop a film together, Balaban suggested an Agatha Christie-style whodunit and introduced Altman to Julian Fellowes, with whom Balaban had been working on a different project. The film went into production in March 2001, and began filming at Shepperton Studios with a budget of $19.8 million. Gosford Park premiered on 7 November 2001 at the London Film Festival and it received a limited release across cinemas in the United States in December 2001, before being widely released in January 2002 by USA Films. It was released in February 2002 in the United Kingdom, the film was successful at the box office, grossing over $87 million in cinemas worldwide, making it Altmans second most successful film after MASH. Widely acclaimed by critics, it received awards and nominations, including seven Academy Award nominations. In November 1932, Constance, Countess of Trentham, and her ladys maid, on the way, they encounter actor Ivor Novello, American film producer Morris Weissman and Weissmans valet, Henry Denton, who are also attending the hunting party. At the house, they are greeted by Lady Trenthams niece, Lady Sylvia McCordle, her husband Sir William McCordle, the other guests include Lady Sylvias sisters, Louisa, Lady Stockbridge and Lady Lavinia Meredith and their husbands, Raymond, Lord Stockbridge and Commander Anthony Meredith. Also in attendance are the Honourable Freddie Nesbitt and his wife, Mabel, Isobels suitor, Lord Rupert Standish, the servants hall is divided by a strict social hierarchy, dominated by the head housekeeper, Mrs. Wilson. She maintains a relationship with the head cook, Mrs. Croft. The head housemaid, Elsie, takes a kindly interest in the naive Mary, Sir William is an extremely rich industrialist, and much of the company are dependent on him in one way or another. Commander Meredith is in on the verge of bankruptcy and is outraged when Sir William announces he intends to withdraw his investment in Merediths latest business venture, Lady Sylvia reveals to her aunt that William may stop paying Lady Trenthams allowance. Freddie Nesbitt was having an affair with Sir Williams daughter Isobel, likewise, Rupert Standish is trying to romance Isobel for her money. Lady Sylvia makes an assignation with Mr Weissmans valet, Henry Denton, for 1am that night, the next morning the men go out early on a pheasant shoot, and Sir William is slightly injured by a stray birdshot. Later, the join the gentlemen for an outdoor luncheon on the estate grounds. Dinner that evening is tense and sombre, as the conversation progresses, tempers flare and Lady Sylvia attacks Sir William, implying that he was a First World War profiteer
Gosford Park
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Theatrical release poster
Gosford Park
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Wrotham Park, where outdoor and the ground floor scenes for Gosford Park were shot
12.
Hanna (film)
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Hanna is a 2011 action adventure thriller film that contains some prominent fairy tale elements, directed by Joe Wright. The film stars Saoirse Ronan as the character, a girl raised in the wilderness of northern Finland by her father, an ex-CIA operative. Cate Blanchett is a senior CIA agent who tries to track down and eliminate the girl, the soundtrack was written by The Chemical Brothers. Hanna was released in North America in April 2011 and in Europe in May 2011, the film received a positive response from most critics, with reviewers praising the performances of Ronan and Blanchett as well as the action sequences and themes. Hanna Heller is a 15-year-old girl who lives with her father, Erik Heller in rural northern Finland, the film opens with her hunting and killing a reindeer. Since the age of two, Hanna has been trained by Erik, an operative from Germany, to be a skilled assassin. He teaches her combat and drills her in target shooting. He left the agency, going incognito into the Arctic, Erik knows a secret that cannot become public, and Marissa Wiegler, a senior CIA officer, searches for him in order to eliminate him. Erik has trained Hanna with the intent that she will kill Marissa, due to her upbringing in the wilderness, she is unfamiliar with many aspects of modern civilisation despite having read encyclopedias. One night, Hanna tells Erik that she is ready to face their enemies, Erik digs up a radio beacon that eventually will alert the CIA to their presence. Although he warns Hanna that a confrontation with Marissa will be fatal for either her or Marissa, he leaves the decision to Hanna. Erik leaves, instructing her to him in Berlin. A CIA special forces team arrives to capture Hanna and Erik, Hanna is taken to an underground CIA complex where Marissa, being suspicious, sends a body double to talk to Hanna. While talking to the double, Hanna starts to cry and crawls sobbing into the lap of the double and they send some guards to her cell to sedate her. As they enter the cell, Hanna kills the double along with some of the guards, how the guards let her do this or the lack of security is never explained. In a flashback, Marissa is seen firing at a car that is carrying Hannas mother, two-year-old Hanna, the car crashes but the trio flees. Marissa shoots Johanna, but Erik escapes with Hanna into the woods and she stows away in the familys camper-van on the ferry ride to Spain, seeking to reach Berlin. The family is kind to her, and she and Sophie become friends, Marissa hires Isaacs, a sadistic former agent, to capture Hanna
Hanna (film)
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Pre-release US poster
13.
Rev. (TV series)
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Rev. is a British television sitcom produced by Big Talk Productions. The show premiered on BBC Two on 28 June 2010 and ended on 28 April 2014, the shows working titles were The City Vicar and Handle with Prayer. The series revolves around a Church of England priest, played by Tom Hollander, the Reverend Adam Smallbone is an Anglican priest who has recently moved from a small rural parish to the socially disunited St Saviour in the Marshes in Hackney, East London. Adam has a difficult job being a modern city vicar. His wife Alex, who has her own career as a solicitor to worry about, provides support for him. He is also supported by lay reader Nigel, who believes he should be running the church, in supervision is Archdeacon Robert, who puts pressure on Adam to increase the congregation and church income. Interviewed in late April 2014, Tom Hollander has said that he did not know there would be a fourth series. He added that The idea of not doing it any more is sad but also quite attractive, the show was created by Tom Hollander and James Wood. The church scenes were filmed at St Leonards in Shoreditch, east London, the BBC Two comedy was renewed by the BBC in September 2010 and filming began again in the middle months of 2011, with the second series of seven episodes premiering on 10 November 2011. On 1 August 2012, the show was renewed for a series of six episodes to air in 2014. Church of England priest Richard Coles has advised the writers and has been cited as an inspiration for the Adam Smallbone character. The six episodes of Series 3 commenced filming on 31 October 2013, the series was commended by The Independent as intelligent comedy, with Hollander as good as ever and a strong support cast. In 2011, Rev. won the South Bank Award for best comedy and was nominated for the Royal Television Society Programme Awards for best scripted comedy, the series also won best sitcom at the 2011 British Academy Television Awards. It is BBC2s highest rated sitcom and has sold to 140 countries,2 Entertain released the complete first series on DVD on 21 November 2011. The second series was released on 19 November 2012, a boxset containing the first two series was also released. The third series was released on 5 May 2014, a week after transmission of the final episode, a boxset containing the first three series was also released. Rev. at BBC Programmes Rev. at TV. com Rev. at the Internet Movie Database Rev. at British Comedy Guide
Rev. (TV series)
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Rev.
Rev. (TV series)
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Main and recurring cast of Rev. From left to right:
Jimmy Akingbola,
Lucy Liemann,
Olivia Colman,
Ellen Thomas,
Tom Hollander,
Miles Jupp,
Steve Evets,
Simon McBurney
Rev. (TV series)
14.
British Academy Television Award
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The British Academy Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. They have been awarded annually since 1955 and it is the British equivalent to the Emmy Awards in the United States. The first ever Awards, given in 1955, consisted of six categories, until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors. From 1958 onwards, after the Guild had merged with the British Film Academy, in 1976, this became the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Television Awards are usually presented in April, with a ceremony for the Television Craft Awards on a different date. The Craft Awards are presented for more technical areas of the industry, such as effects, production design. Individual performances, such as actors, can either be entered by the performers themselves or by the broadcasters. The programmes being entered must have been broadcast on or between March and February of the year to be eligible for the years awards. Entry is free, and entry forms are available between November and January each year. After all the entries have been received, they are voted for online by all members of the Academy. The programmes and performances attracting the most votes, usually four in each category, are shortlisted as the nominees for each award. The winner is chosen from the four nominees by a jury of nine academy members for each award. These Awards are suggested by the Television Committee and awarded by the Academys Council and they are not necessarily always given every year, but as and when appropriate. The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television, usually the day after it has taken place, between 1998 and 2006, it was alternated between ITV and BBC One. But since 2007, it has been broadcast by BBC One, in 1991, a controversial selection was made in the Best Drama Serial category, when Prime Suspect beat G. B. H. to win the award. Following the ceremony, four of the seven voting members of the signed a public statement declaring that they had voted for G. B. H. to win. B. H. Price claimed that the papers could not be recounted as they had subsequently been destroyed. No blame was attached to Shubik by the four judges
British Academy Television Award
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Richard Armitage attending the British Academy Television Awards in 2007.
British Academy Television Award
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British Academy Television Awards logo
15.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
ITV (TV network)
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The London Studios near Waterloo was originally the base for the ITV London weekend contractor
LWT but is now ITV's main London headquarters.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV
ITV (TV network)
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Granada Studios was the oldest TV studios in the UK, having been built in 1954 to house the broadcaster of the
same name. The studios were closed in June 2013. Granada is the only franchise to remain an ITV contractor since creation in 1954.
ITV (TV network)
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The Leeds Studios, used by
ITV Yorkshire. Each ITV region originally had its own studios, however the rise of publisher-broadcasters like
Carlton Television and the takeover of regions caused several studios to be closed.
16.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
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BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
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BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
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The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
17.
Tom Stoppard
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Sir Tom Stoppard OM CBE FRSL is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter, knighted in 1997. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil, The Russia House, and Shakespeare in Love, themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy. Stoppard has been a key playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation, in 2008 The Daily Telegraph ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 most powerful people in British culture. Born in Czechoslovakia, Stoppard left as a refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946, after being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright. He has been married three times, to Josie Ingle, then Miriam Stoppard, and Sabrina Guinness, Stoppard was born Tomáš Straussler, in Zlín, a shoe town, in the Moravia region of Czechoslovakia. He was the son of Martha Becková and Eugen Straussler, a doctor with the Bata shoe company, both of his parents were non-observant Jews, part of a long-established community. Just before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the patron, Jan Antonín Baťa, helped re-post his Jewish employees, mostly physicians. On 15 March 1939, the day that the Nazis invaded Czechoslovakia, before the Japanese occupation of Singapore, the two sons and their mother were sent on to Australia. Stoppards father remained in Singapore as a British army volunteer, knowing that, as a doctor and his father died when Stoppard was four years old. From there, in 1941, when Tomas was five, the three were evacuated to Darjeeling in India, the boys attended Mount Hermon School, an American multi-racial school, where Tomas became Tom and his brother Petr became Peter. In 1945, his mother Martha married British army major Kenneth Stoppard, setting up Stoppards desire as a child to become an honorary Englishman. I fairly often find Im with people who forget I dont quite belong in the world were in, he says. I find I put a foot wrong – it could be pronunciation, a bit of English history – and suddenly Im there naked, as someone with a pass. This is reflected in his characters, he notes, who are constantly being addressed by the name, with jokes. Stoppard attended the Dolphin School in Nottinghamshire, and later completed his education at Pocklington School in East Riding, Yorkshire, which he hated. Stoppard left school at seventeen and began work as a journalist for the Western Daily Press in Bristol, never receiving a university education, having taken against the idea. Years later he came to not going to university, but at the time he loved his work as a journalist
Tom Stoppard
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Stoppard at a reception in Russia, 2007
18.
Travesties
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Travesties is a 1974 play by Tom Stoppard. The plays setting is primarily Zürich, Switzerland during the First World War, three important personalities were living in Zürich at that time, the modernist author James Joyce, the communist revolutionary Lenin, and the founder of Dada, Tristan Tzara. As he reminisces Carrs memory becomes prone to distraction, and instead of historical biography these characters are interpreted through the maze of his mind. Carrs memories are couched in a Zürich production of Oscar Wildes play The Importance of Being Earnest in which he had a starring role, Stoppard uses this production and Carrs mixed feelings surrounding it as a framework to explore art, the war and revolution. Situations from Earnest feature prominently within the action, the characters in Travesties also include versions of two characters from Earnest, Gwendolen and Cecily, and the comedic situations of many of the other roles are shared by other characters. Stoppard uses many theatrical devices within the play, including puns, limericks, the real Carr did play Algernon with a group of actors called The English Players, for whom the real James Joyce was the business manager. Carr and Joyce had a disagreement after the play, which led to legal action. The dispute was settled with the judge deciding in favour of both disputants on different counts, Joyce later parodied Carr, and the English Consul General in Zürich at that time, A. Percy Bennett, as two characters in Ulysses, with Carr being portrayed as a drunken, obscene soldier in the Circe episode. After the first performance of Travesties Stoppard received a letter from Henry Carrs widow, Travesties was first produced at the Aldwych Theatre, London, on 10 June 1974, by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The production was directed by Peter Wood and designed by Carl Toms and it closed on 13 March 1976 after 156 performances at the Aldwych, the Albery Theatres in London and the Ethel Barrymore Theater in New York City. Reichel in 1978 with Martin Benrath, Nikolaus Paryla, and de, the production was transferred to the Savoy Theatre in March 1994 and ran there until June 1994. A reading was given at the British Library in February 2008, the production broke box office records at the Menier Chocolate Factory, becoming the first play in the company’s history to sell out ahead of its first preview. In February 2017 the play, and company, transferred to the Apollo Theatre in London, awards 1976 New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play 1976 Tony Award for Best Play 1976 Evening Standard Award for Best Comedy Michael Berry. Travesties at the Internet Broadway Database Travesties at the Internet Broadway Database
Travesties
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Travesties
19.
Menier Chocolate Factory
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The Menier Chocolate Factory is an 180-seat off-West End theatre, which comprises a restaurant, bar and rehearsal rooms. The theatre stages plays and musicals, live music and stand-up comedy, according to the Evening Standard, it is one of the most dynamic fringe venues in London. The French company Menier Chocolate Company expanded overseas and built a five-storey factory and it was listed Grade II in 1996. The Menier Chocolate Factory was opened in 2004 in its current incarnation and it is run by artistic director David Babani. In 2005, the received the Peter Brook/Empty Space Up. In the same year, he and co-founder Danielle Tarento jointly won the Evening Standard Milton Shulman Award for Outstanding Newcomer, Tarento left in 2006 to pursue a solo producing career, and was replaced by General Manager Thomas Siracusa. The pair went on to perform the roles when the production transferred to Studio 54 on Broadway in February 2008. In the 2009 Olivier Awards, Douglas Hodge won the trophy for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of drag queen Zaza in La Cage aux Folles, the production also won the Best Musical Revival category. The theatre continues to produce a mixture of musical and play revivals, new writing,2005 Murderer by Anthony Shaffer –10 November 2004 to 22 January 2005. This Other England – a series of new writing from Paines Plough, boom. by Jonathan Larson –31 May to 28 August 2005. What We Did to Weinstein by Ryan Craig –21 September to 12 November 2005,2006 Sunday in the Park with George, which won the 2005 Critics Circle Theatre Award for Best Design. It transferred to the Wyndhams Theatre in May 2006, where it won five Olivier Awards, the production then transferred to Broadway in February 2008. Breakfast With Jonny Wilkinson by Chris England April 2006 The Last Five Years by Jason Robert Brown –18 July to 30 September 2006, maria Friedman Re-Arranged 19 March –4 May 2008, subsequent transfer to Trafalgar Studios 27 November 2008 –4 January 2009. Forbidden Broadway by Gerard Alessandrini –25 June to 13 September 2009, talent by Victoria Wood –17 September to 14 November 2009. 2010 Sweet Charity starring Tamzin Outhwaite Book by Neil Simon, Music by Cy Coleman, Subsequent transfer to Harold Pinter Theatre 23 April –27 July Proof by David Auburn starring Mariah Gale from March 2013 to April 2013. Travels With My Aunt by Graham Greene during May and June 2013, the Color Purple by Alice Walker from 5 July to 14 September 2013. The Lyons by Nicky Silver from 19 September to 16 November 2013,2014 Candide by Leonard Bernstein from 23 November 2013 to March 2014. Two Into One by Ray Cooney from 8 March 2014 to 26 April, fame, Not The Musical by David Baddiel from 29 April 2014 to 23 May 2014 Life of the Party by Andrew Lippa from 27 May 2014 to 14 June 2014
Menier Chocolate Factory
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Exterior of the theatre
Menier Chocolate Factory
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Audrey II from Little Shop of Horrors in 2006
Menier Chocolate Factory
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Forbidden Broadway in 2009
20.
Tulip Fever
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Tulip mania or tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed. At the peak of tulip mania, in March 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the income of a skilled craftsman. The term tulip mania is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values, the 1637 event was popularized in 1841 by the book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, written by British journalist Charles Mackay. According to Mackay, at one point 12 acres of land were offered for a Semper Augustus bulb, Mackay claims that many such investors were ruined by the fall in prices, and Dutch commerce suffered a severe shock. Although Mackays book is a classic, his account is contested, many modern scholars feel that the mania was not as extraordinary as Mackay described and argue that not enough price data are available to prove that a tulip bulb bubble actually occurred. Research is difficult because of the economic data from the 1630s—much of which come from biased. Some modern economists have proposed rational explanations, rather than a speculative mania, for the rise, for example, other flowers, such as the hyacinth, also had high initial prices at the time of their introduction, which immediately fell. The high asset prices may also have driven by expectations of a parliamentary decree that contracts could be voided for a small cost—thus lowering the risk to buyers. Tulip bulbs were soon distributed from Vienna to Augsburg, Antwerp and he planted his collection of tulip bulbs and found they were able to tolerate the harsher conditions of the Low Countries, shortly thereafter the tulip began to grow in popularity. The tulip was different from other flower known to Europe at that time. The appearance of the tulip as a status symbol at this time coincides with the rise of newly independent Hollands trade fortunes. No longer the Spanish Netherlands, its resources could now be channeled into commerce. Amsterdam merchants were at the center of the lucrative East Indies trade, as a result, tulips rapidly became a coveted luxury item, and a profusion of varieties followed. They were classified in groups, the tulips of red, yellow, or white were known as Couleren, the multicolored Rosen, Violetten, and the rarest of all. The multicolor effects of intricate lines and flame-like streaks on the petals were vivid and spectacular, growers named their new varieties with exalted titles. Many early forms were prefixed Admirael, often combined with the growers names, generael was another prefix used for around thirty varieties. Later varieties were given even more extravagant names, derived from Alexander the Great or Scipio, or even Admiral of Admirals, however, naming could be haphazard and varieties highly variable in quality. Most of these varieties have now died out, tulips grow from bulbs, and can be propagated through both seeds and buds
Tulip Fever
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A tulip, known as "the Viceroy" (viseroij), displayed in the 1637 Dutch catalog 'Verzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen'. Its bulb cost between 3,000 and 4,200
guilders (florins) depending on size (aase). A skilled craftsman at the time earned about 300 guilders a year.
Tulip Fever
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A Satire of Tulip Mania by
Jan Brueghel the Younger (ca. 1640) depicts speculators as brainless monkeys in contemporary upper-class dress. In a commentary on the economic folly, one monkey urinates on the previously valuable plants, others appear in debtor's court and one is carried to the grave.
Tulip Fever
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Anonymous 17th-century
watercolor of the Semper augustus, famous for being the most expensive tulip sold during tulip mania.
Tulip Fever
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Wagon of Fools by
Hendrik Gerritsz Pot, 1637. Followed by Haarlem weavers who have abandoned their looms, blown by the wind and flying a flag emblazoned with tulips,
Flora, goddess of flowers, her arms laden with tulips, rides to destroy the sea along with tipplers, money changers and the two-faced goddess Fortuna.
21.
Deborah Moggach
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Deborah Moggach is an English writer. She has written eighteen novels including The Ex-Wives, Tulip Fever, These Foolish Things, Moggach is one of four daughters of writers Charlotte Hough and Richard Hough. Moggach was brought up in Bushey, Hertfordshire and St Johns Wood in London and she graduated from the University of Bristol in 1971 with a degree in English and trained as a teacher before going to work at the Oxford University Press. She lived in Pakistan for two years in the mid 1970s and in the United States, most of her novels are contemporary, tackling family life, divorce, children and the confusions and disappointments of relationships. Her two historical novels are Tulip Fever, set in Vermeer’s Amsterdam, and In The Dark and her latest novel, Something To Hide, is set in Beijing, Texas, London and West Africa. The Indian subcontinent, too, has featured frequently in her work and her script of the film Pride and Prejudice, starring Keira Knightley, was nominated for a BAFTA award, and Goggle-Eyes, from Anne Fine’s novel, won a Writers Guild Award. These Foolish Things, her novel about elderly people moving to India to obtain affordable care, was made into the successful film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel. Tulip Fever has also made into a film. Her other work includes a great deal of journalism, a stage play, at Oxford University Press she met her husband Tony, from whom she is now divorced. For ten years, her partner was the cartoonist Mel Calman, after his death in 1994, she lived for seven years with Hungarian painter Csaba Pasztor. She currently lives in the Welsh border town of Presteigne with the husband she married in 2014, Mark Williams and they also have a maisonette in Kentish Town, north London. She has two children, Tom, a teacher, and Lottie, a journalist and novelist. In 1985 her mother was sent to prison for helping an ill friend kill herself. Moggach is a patron of Dignity in Dying and campaigns for a change in the law on assisted suicide
Deborah Moggach
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Deborah Moggach
22.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
Oxford
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From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum.
Oxford
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The
Radcliffe Camera, completed in 1748
Oxford
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Royal proclamation granting Lord Mayoralty to Oxford.
Oxford
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Photochrom of the High Street, 1890–1900
23.
History of the Jews in Czech Republic
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Jews in Bohemia, todays Czech Republic, are predominantly Ashkenazic Jews, and the current Jewish population is only a fraction of the pre-WWII Czechoslovakias Jewish population. As of 2005, there were approximately 4,000 Jews living in the Czech Republic, there are ten small Jewish communities all around the country. The umbrella organisation for the Jewish communities in the country is the Federation of Jewish Communities, services have been held in Prague and some other cities. As part of the original Czechoslovakia, and before that the Austro-Hungarian Empire the Jews had an association with this part of Europe. Throughout the last thousand years there have emerged over 600 Jewish communities in the Kingdom of Bohemia, according to the 1930 census, Czechoslovakia had a Jewish population of 356,830. Most Slovak Jews were deported by the pro-Nazi Slovak Fascist government directly to Auschwitz, Treblinka, and other extermination camps, where they were murdered. Most Czech Jews were initially deported by the German occupiers with the help of local Czech Nazi collaborators to Terezin, known in German as Theresienstadt concentration camp, however many Czechoslovakian children were rescued by Kindertransport and escaped to the United Kingdom and other Allied countries. Some were reunited with their families after the war while many lost parents, Jews are believed to have settled in Prague as early as the 10th century. The 16th century was an age for Jewry in Prague. One of the famous Jewish scholars of the time was Judah Loew ben Bezalel known as the Maharal and he is buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Josefov, and his grave with its tombstone intact, can still be visited. It is said that the body of Golem lies in the attic of the Old New Synagogue where the genizah of Pragues community is kept, in 1708, Jews accounted for one-quarter of Prague’s population
History of the Jews in Czech Republic
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Gustav Mahler
History of the Jews in Czech Republic
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Wilhelm Steinitz
History of the Jews in Czech Republic
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Jewish communities associated under the Federation of Jewish communities and their administration within the Czech Republic, 2008
24.
Dragon School
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The Dragon School is one school on two sites based in Oxford, England, UK. The Prep School and Dragon Pre-Prep are both co-educational schools based in Oxford, the Dragon Prep School founded in 1877 as the Oxford Preparatory School is one of Englands best known boarding schools, although it also takes day pupils. Originally established as a school, girls were first admitted as boarders in 1994. The schools core ethos is that children learn naturally in the right learning environment. There are few formal rules but strong values of kindness, courage, teaching started in September 1877 at rooms in Balliol Hall, located in St Giles, central Oxford, under A. E. Clarke. The school expanded and moved two years to 17 Crick Road, which became known as School House. Charles Cotterill Lynam took over as headmaster in 1886, Lynam took out a lease on land at the current site at Bardwell Road. £4,000 was quickly raised through subscriptions from local parents for the erection of new school buildings, and the move was completed within a year. The school was known as Oxford Preparatory School and also Lynams, the present site in Bardwell Road in central North Oxford is just to the west of the River Cherwell. It became the school to take part in the Harrow History Prize in 1895, and many of its pupils have won this over the years. The school was run for years by the Lynam family. The following have been headmasters of the school, several from the Lynam family, the following people were students at one time, The Dragon School website
Dragon School
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School House at the Dragon School, on
Bardwell Road in
North Oxford.
Dragon School
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Dragon School
Dragon School
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Dragon School playing fields off
Bardwell Road
25.
Abingdon School
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Abingdon School is a day and boarding independent school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England. The twentieth oldest independent British school, it celebrated its 750th anniversary in 2006, Abingdon is one of the best-regarded boys boarding schools in the UK. The precise date of Abingdons foundation is unclear, some believe the school to have been founded prior to the 12th century by the Benedictine monks of Abingdon Abbey, with a legal document of 1100 listing Richard the Pedagogue as the first headmaster. From its early years, the school used a room in St Nicolas Church, in the past though, the school considered itself as having been founded by John Roysse in 1563. This led to the unusual circumstance whereby the school celebrated its 400th anniversary in 1963, the focus on 1256 facilitated extensive anniversarial fundraising in 2006. By the time of de Blosnevilles endowment in 1256, the school had moved to a couple of rooms in Stert Street with a house for boarders at 3 Stert Street under the charge of a Dionysia Mundy. With John Roysses re-endowment of 1563, the moved to a site south of the Abbey gateway. Roysse was a mercer in the City of London. The name Roysses School was used until the 1960s and many older Abingdon residents still use the term, after the dissolution of Abingdon Abbey in 1538, the school passed through a difficult phase, the sixteenth century endowments by Old Abingdonians attempted to overcome the loss of monastic support. This benefaction eventually developed into Pembroke College in 1624 by the re-foundation of Broadgates Hall, the six poor scholars, known as Bennett Boys, or colloquially as the Gown Boys due to their dress, were financed by another Old Abingdonian, William Bennett. Despite being penalised during and after the English Civil War for its royalist,1671 saw the expulsion of ten boys after they refused to attend Anglican services at St Helens church. The school experienced a period of success during the 18th century under headmaster Thomas Woods, the school became popular among the local aristocracy and many OAs went on to successful careers in various areas. In 1743 The Old Abingdonian Club was inaugurated, it is one of the oldest such organisations in the country. At the turn of the century the school went into decline under the leadership of the incompetent headmaster Dr. John Lempriere, as a consequence Pembroke College, Oxford, used the University Reform Act of 1854 as an excuse to cut its links with the school. The current school site in the Victorian quarter of Abingdon, adjacent to Albert Park, was designed by Edwin Dolby and was developed from 1870, extensions to the 1870 buildings were added in 1880. In 1901, a chapel and gymnasium were built, the adjacent Waste Court property was acquired in 1928. The Science School came in 1952, in 1980, the Amey Theatre and Arts Centre was opened and the Sports Centre opened in 1984. Mercers Court was opened in 1994 by the Chancellor of Oxford University and Visitor of Pembroke College, there are strong connections with the nearby School of St Helen and St Katharine in Abingdon
Abingdon School
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The original school building on the current site, which houses the chapel, library, and School House, along with several dayboy houses and classrooms. The bell tower is still in use, and the fields in the foreground are used for playing
rugby union and
cricket.
Abingdon School
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Sports Centre collage of a changing room, sports hall, swimming pool, gym and exterior
Abingdon School
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Members of the band Radiohead
26.
Chorister
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A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
Chorister
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Evensong rehearsal in the
quire of
York Minster, showing carved choirstalls
Chorister
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Amelia Nagoski, DMA conducting a choral ensemble at Western New England University
Chorister
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Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue,
Alexandria, Egypt
Chorister
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An English school choir
27.
National Youth Theatre
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The National Youth Theatre is a registered charity in London. It is committed to the development of people through the medium of creative arts. Every year, the National Youth Theatre holds acting auditions and technical theatre interviews around the United Kingdom, on average, currently, around 500 places are offered on summer intake acting and technical courses, which offer participants membership of the National Youth Theatre upon completion. Members are then eligible to audition for the productions, which are staged in Londons West End, around the UK. Members staged the Olympic and Paralympic Team Welcome Ceremonies at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, in summer 2014, members staged the Village Ceremonies at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. The National Youth Theatre was founded in 1956 by Michael Croft, Croft had been responsible for producing a number of school plays at Alleyns Boys School. Following his departure, he was approached by a number of pupils from the school to continue working together on productions during school holidays. The first audiences included actors Richard Burton and Sir Ralph Richardson, the organisation evolved rapidly throughout the United Kingdom, involving young people on a national basis. Croft died in 1986 and was succeeded by Edward Wilson as Director, building on Crofts vision, Wilson took the company forward into new territory, increasing its range of activities and reinforcing its approach to technical production values. Wilson left the company in 2004, sid Higgins, John Hoggarth, and Paul Roseby took over. Hoggarth stepped down in 2007 and Roseby continues as the organisations Artistic Director, in 2010, the National Youth Theatre moved administrative offices from Holloway Road to the Woolyard on Bermondsey Street. In January 2012, Roseby became CEO while retaining his position as Artistic Director, traditionally, the National Youth Theatre has done most of its work with members in the summer months, but this is changing more and more. IdeasTap, defunct charity that collaborated with the National Youth Theatre Official website Charity Commission, National Youth Theatre, registered charity no.306075. The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services
National Youth Theatre
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The National Youth Theatre in
Holloway, London
National Youth Theatre
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National Youth Theatre
28.
National Youth Music Theatre
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The National Youth Music Theatre is an arts organisation in the United Kingdom providing pre-professional education and musical theatre stage experience for young people. Based in London, it is constituted as a limited company. NYMT was founded in 1976 by director and playwright Jeremy James Taylor, alumni have also included directors such as Jo Davies, and songwriters such as Tara Mcdonald. The NYMTs primary activity is the education of people in theatre production. It produces and commissions musical theatre works in which young people between the ages of 11 and 23 perform as actors, musicians, and stage crew under the guidance of theatre professionals. The company tours both in the UK and abroad performing established musicals such as Sweeney Todd and Oklahoma, as well as new works specifically written to be performed by young people. The NYMT also runs residential and day workshops in various aspects of theatre production, the company has no core funding and relies upon participants fees, ticket sales, and fundraising. Young people who participate in the NYMTs productions and workshops do so as amateurs and meet their own expenses and fees, although the company provides bursaries in cases of need. The NYMT had its beginnings in 1976, when its founder Jeremy James Taylor, produced The Ballad of Salomon Pavey in a tent on the lawn of Belmont School in Mill Hill, North London. The musical, performed by twenty boys at the school, was based on the life of the 17th century boy actor, Salomon Pavey, with a book by Taylor, Taylor then took the production to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe where it won a Scotsman Fringe First award. The company became known as the Childrens Musical Theatre and in 1980 was registered as a limited company. In 1985 it changed its name to the National Youth Music Theatre, in 1986, The Ragged Child by David Nield, Frank Whately and Taylor, along with Lets Make an Opera, was performed on the Edinburgh International Festival. The Ragged Child went on to Sadlers Wells in Spring 1987 and was filmed for BBC TV a year later and it became one of the companys flagship productions. With its 1998 production of The Ragged Child, the NYMT also became the first touring company to perform at the new Glyndebourne opera house. Octobers Children by the team of Nield, Whately and Taylor played on the International Festival in 1990 and in the following year at Sadlers Wells. By 2003, the company had presented 53 productions at the Edinburgh Fringe, premiered 29 new music theatre commissions, held eight foreign tours, when Lloyd Webbers sponsorship ended in 1999, the companys financial position became increasingly precarious. By early 2002, it was operating at a deficit and facing the threat of closure, in October 2003, the National Youth Music Theatre closed its performing company and offices in order to avoid insolvency. Most of its staff were laid off, later that month Jon Bromwich, who had been the General Manager of NYMT, and other former staff set up a new organisation with similar aims, Youth Music Theatre, UK
National Youth Music Theatre
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National Youth Music Theatre
National Youth Music Theatre
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Little Me, 2007
National Youth Music Theatre
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Whistle Down the Wind, 2008
National Youth Music Theatre
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The Hired Man, 2009
29.
Selwyn College, Cambridge
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Selwyn College is a constituent college in the University of Cambridge in England. The college currently has 56 Fellows and around 110 non-academic staff, in 2006 it had an estimated financial endowment of £22 million, and in 2004 fixed assets were worth £70 million. The college was ranked 16th out of 30 in an assessment of college wealth conducted by the student newspaper Varsity in November 2006, in 2008, Selwyn was ranked first out of the 29 colleges which admit undergraduate students on the Tompkins Table. In 2016 it had fallen to 15th, Selwyns sister college at Oxford is Keble College. It proposed that a new Cambridge college should be established as a memorial to his legacy, the foundation stone of the College was laid by Edward Herbert, 3rd Earl of Powis in a ceremony on 1 June 1881, following a lunch in Kings College, Cambridge. Selwyns first 28 undergraduates, joined the original Master and twelve other Fellows at the then Public Hostel of the university in 1882, the college was founded by subscription, with an explicitly Christian mission. Membership was initially restricted to baptised Christians, the foundation charter specified that the college should make provision for those who intend to serve as missionaries overseas and. The chapel was built in 1895 before the hall, as it was deemed to be more important. However, a library was opened in 1928, funded by subscriptions in honour of College members who had died in the First World War. University education was expensive at the time of Selwyns foundation, and it was intended to be a college for poorer students, undergraduates initially paid £27 per term for food, lodgings, lectures and tuition, with a small surcharge for medics, scientists and engineers. This was only raised to £28 in 1916, and £33 in 1918, to keep the College afloat, Selwyn, in common with other Cambridge colleges, originally admitted only men, but was one of the first colleges to become mixed when women were admitted from 1976. In 1976, women lived only on E and H Staircases, in 2009, Selwyn became the first Cambridge college to appoint a female head porter, Helen Stephens. Phase I was completed in July 2005 and consists of 43 ensuite rooms and 15 administrative offices, the second phase, including 40 en-suite bedrooms forming staircases Q and R and a new Junior Combination Room at a cost of £2.5 million, was completed in Summer 2009. The College bar was refurbished in 2002, and redecorated in 2011, the plans for Phase 5 may turn into two more staircases of accommodation, as needs dictate. The Selwyn College coat of arms incorporates the arms of the Selwyn family impaled with a version of the arms of the Diocese of Lichfield, Selwyn College began to use its Arms long before an official grant by the College of Arms. The dexter half of the arms are unusual, with or countercharged on argent, violating the rule of tincture and this is thought to refer to the arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which also famously violates this rule. Selwyns pastoral staff is based on a hardwood Māori staff which is held in the College Chapel, the College was also granted a badge, A Mitre Or within an Annulet Purpure. The College motto is a quotation from 1 Corinthians, chapter 16, verse 13, in Greek, ΑΝΔΡΙΖΕΣΘΕ
Selwyn College, Cambridge
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Colleges of the
University of Cambridge Selwyn College
Selwyn College, Cambridge
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Selwyn College's Main Gate in Old Court, with the Greek quotation from 1 Corinthians 16:13 which contains the College motto above.
Selwyn College, Cambridge
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Selwyn College's gatehouse and tower is the main entrance to Old Court
Selwyn College, Cambridge
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The chapel facing east towards the altar
