1.
Boston, Massachusetts
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston, Massachusetts
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From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston, Massachusetts
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State Street, 1801
Boston, Massachusetts
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View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston, Massachusetts
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
2.
School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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The School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts is one of the schools that comprise Tufts University, located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degrees dedicated to the visual arts and it is affiliated with the Museum of Fine Arts. SMFA is also a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, the school does not have a foundations program, but it does require all new students to take a freshman seminar. One of the attributes of SMFA is that students are required to participate in a Review Board which is a review of all of the art work that a student has done during the semester. Review Boards are led by two faculty members, one of whom is the choice, and two fellow students. There are many opportunities for students to exhibit their artwork at both the building and the Mission Hill building. Opportunities to exhibit works include the annual Museum School Art Sale, the Schools main campus is adjacent to and just to the west of the Museum of Fine Arts. Most classroom space is located there, as well as the Cafe des Arts, the library, the Schools store, from 1876 to 1909, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, was housed in the basement of the original Museum building in Copley Square. When the Museum moved to Huntington Avenue in 1909, the School moved into a separate, the permanent building, designed by Guy Lowell, was completed in 1927. The 45, 000-square-foot red brick building provided improved classroom, studio, in 1945 the Museum School and Tufts College collaborated to develop their first joint degree teacher training granting program. The creation of additional programs between the two institutions followed soon after, gunds expansion included the central atrium, known as the Katherine Lane Weems Atrium, that connects the two buildings. In December 2015 it was announced that the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston would become a part of Tufts University, Boston Expressionism Boston School School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Tufts University Northeastern University
School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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The Weems Center, part of
Graham Gund 's expansion, looking down from the third floor
3.
Graphic Design
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Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving using one or more of typography, photography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, Graphic designers create and combine symbols, images and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages. They use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to create visual compositions, common uses of graphic design include corporate design, editorial design, wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging and signage. The term graphic design was coined by William Addison Dwiggins in 1922, however, graphic design-like activities span human existence, from the caves of Lascaux, to Romes Trajans Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the neon lights of Ginza, Tokyo. In Babylon, artisans pressed cuneiform inscriptions into clay bricks or tablets which were used for construction, the bricks gave information such as the name of the reigning monarch, the builder, or some other dignitary. This was the first known road sign announcing the name of the governor of a state or mayor of the city, the Egyptians developed communication by hieroglyphics that used picture symbols dating as far back as 136 B. C. found on the Rosetta Stone. During the Dark Ages, from 500 AD to 1450 AD, monks created elaborate and they share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the objective is the sale of goods. In graphic design, the essence is to order to information, form to ideas, expression. Graphic design in the United States began with Benjamin Franklin who used his newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, to master the art of publicity to promote his own books and his invention is still sold today and is known as the Franklin stove. American advertising initially imitated British newspapers and magazines, advertisements were printed in scrambled type and uneven lines that made it difficult to read. Franklin better organized this by adding 14-point type for the first line of the advertisement, although later shortened and centered it, Franklin added illustrations, something that London printers had not attempted. Franklin was the first to utilize logos, which were early symbols that announced such services as opticians by displaying golden spectacles, Franklin taught advertisers that the use of detail was important in marketing their products. Some advertisements ran for 10-20 lines, including color, names, varieties, during the Tang Dynasty wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book, beginning in the 11th century, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely available during the Song dynasty. During the 17th-18th century movable type was used for handbills or trade cards which were printed from wood or copper engravings and these documents announced a business and its location. English painter William Hogarth used his skill in engraving was one of the first to design for business trade, in Mainz Germany, in 1448, Johann Gutenberg introduced movable type using a new metal alloy for use in a printing press and opened a new era of commerce. Previously, most advertising was word of mouth, in France and England, for example, criers announced products for sale just as ancient Romans had done
Graphic Design
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A Boeing 747 aircraft with
livery designating it as
Air Force One. The cyan forms, the
US flag,
presidential seal and the
Caslon lettering were all designed at different times, by different designers, for different purposes, and combined by designer
Raymond Loewy in this one single aircraft exterior design.
Graphic Design
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Graphic symbols are often
functionalist and anonymous, as these
pictographs from the US
National Park Service illustrate.
Graphic Design
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Color
Graphic Design
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The
pencil is one of the most basic graphic design tools.
4.
Illustrator
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An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, illustration is the art of making images that work with something and add to it without needing direct attention and without distracting from the thing they illustrate. The other thing is the focus of the attention, and the role is to add personality. A cartoon illustration can add humor to stories or essays, use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire artwork, or creating character sketches. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts. Traditional illustration seems to have come full circle, from falling out of favor to photography in the early 1990s to being superseded by CGI, universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers or advertising agencies, most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring years of artistic. A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, the immediacy and durability of these media suited illustrations demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage, digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software, computer illustration or digital illustration is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device such as a tablet or a mouse. Computers dramatically changed the industry and today many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, software such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop are now widely used by those professionals
Illustrator
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Jessie Willcox Smith 's 1923 illustration of the characters in
Alice in Wonderland.
Illustrator
–
A watercolor, by
John Simmons, depicting Hermia and Lysander, from A Midsummer Night's Dream (1870).
5.
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean. It is set in Russia between the prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name. While immensely popular in the West, the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades, for this reason, the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain. The film stars Omar Sharif in the role as Yuri Zhivago. The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Ralph Richardson, Siobhán McKenna, over time, however, the films reputation has improved greatly. It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama, as of 2016, it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of the pre-World War I years, World War I itself, the Russian Revolution of 1917, Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tanya Komarova, may be his niece and tells her the story of her fathers life. When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mothers death in rural Russia, he is taken in by his mothers friends, Alexander and Anna Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya in Moscow. In 1913, Zhivago, as a student in training. Lara, only 17, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky, one night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich Antipov drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound and he asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Laras mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide, Komarovsky summons help from his physician, Zhivagos former professor, whom he accompanies back to Laras home to treat her mother. When Komarovsky learns of Laras intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, in revenge, the humiliated Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha, although enraged and devastated by Laras affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Bolsheviks to subvert the Imperial Russian Army, Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. During the February Revolution in 1917, Zhivago enlists Laras help to tend to the wounded, together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains true to Tonya, after the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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Theatrical release poster design by
Tom Jung
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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The
Cossacks attack a peaceful demonstration.
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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The initial and final scenes were shot at the
Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal.
6.
Gone With The Wind (film)
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Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from Margaret Mitchells 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. It was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures, the leading roles are portrayed by Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard, and Olivia de Havilland. Production was difficult from the start, filming was delayed for two years due to Selznicks determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler, and the search for Scarlett led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part. The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard, but underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length, the film received positive reviews upon its release in December 1939, although some reviewers found it dramatically lacking and bloated. The casting was praised and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. It set records for the number of wins and nominations at the time. The film was popular, becoming the highest-earning film made up to that point. When adjusted for inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture, part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861, Scarlett OHara lives at Tara, her familys cotton plantation in Georgia, with her parents and two sisters. At the Twelve Oaks party, Scarlett secretly declares her feelings to Ashley, Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest, Rhett Butler, has overheard their conversation, a smitten Rhett promises Scarlett he will keep her secret. The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist, as Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye, Melanies younger brother Charles proposes to her. Although she does not love him, Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight, Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army. Scarletts mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up, Scarlett, who should not attend a party while in mourning, attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she runs into Rhett again, now a blockade runner for the Confederacy. Celebrating a Confederate victory and to money for the Confederate war effort. Rhett makes a large bid for Scarlett and, to the disapproval of the guests. The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarletts town are killed, upon her return home, Scarlett finds Tara deserted, except for her father, her sisters, and two former slaves, Mammy and Pork. Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of fever and her father has become incompetent. With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended, Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself
Gone With The Wind (film)
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Theatrical pre-release poster
Gone With The Wind (film)
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Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance
Gone With The Wind (film)
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Clark Gable
Gone With The Wind (film)
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Vivien Leigh
7.
Papillon (film)
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Papillon is a 1973 American crime drama prison film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, based on the best-selling autobiography by the French convict Henri Charrière. The film stars Steve McQueen as Henri Charrière, and Dustin Hoffman as Louis Dega, because it was filmed at remote locations, the film was quite expensive for the time, but it readily earned more than twice that in the first year of public distribution. The films title is French for Butterfly, referring to Charrières tattoo, Henri Charrière, is a safecracker nicknamed Papillon because of the butterfly tattoo on his chest, and is wrongly convicted of murdering a pimp. In 1933 he is sentenced to life imprisonment within the system in French Guiana. En route, he meets a fellow convict, Louis Dega, Papillon offers to protect Dega if he will underwrite the formers escape once they reach French Guiana. The two eventually develop a friendship, after defending Dega against a sadistic guard, Papillon escapes into the jungle but is captured and sentenced to solitary confinement. In gratitude, Dega smuggles extra food to Papillon, when the food smuggling is discovered, prison guards cut Papillons food rations in half, believing that hunger will force him to reveal the name of his benefactor. Though emaciated and half-insane, and reduced to eating insects to survive, after two years he is released from solitary confinement, having spent six months in total darkness and on half rations. However, Papillon plans another escape with Degas help, during a medical exam, a fellow inmate offers to secure them a boat on the outside with the help of a man named Pascal. Clusiot, whom Papillon and Dega long ago befriended, begs to go along, before the escape attempt, Papillon urges Dega to join them stating now, while you have a chance. Dega declines, still believing that his wife will eventually get him released, while recovering in the infirmary, Papillon meets a homosexual orderly named André Maturette, who insists on joining their escape plot. During the escape, Clusiot is knocked unconscious by a guard, the three do escape, Dega seriously injuring his ankle in the process during a high fall. Pascal is waiting for them outside the wall and the men escape into the night. The next day in the jungle, to Pascal delivers the prisoners their boat and they discover that the boat is not seaworthy, at the same time discovering that Degas injury is a fracture. A local trapper, who reveals that Pascal has repeatedly cheated prisoners by taking their money and he refers Papillon to a nearby leper colony, where they obtain supplies and a boat. After reaching the mainland, the trio are accosted by a group of soldiers, Maturette is captured along with Dega, still crippled by his broken ankle. After evading the soldiers, Papillon lives for a period with a native tribe. He finds they have left behind a small bag of pearls, at a police checkpoint, Papillon pays a nun with a pearl to join her entourage and goes with her to a convent
Papillon (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
8.
The Man Who Would Be King (film)
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The Man Who Would Be King is a 1975 Technicolor film adapted from the Rudyard Kipling novella of the same title. It was adapted and directed by John Huston and starred Sean Connery, Michael Caine, Saeed Jaffrey, the film follows two rogue ex-non-commissioned officers of the Indian Army who set off from late 19th-century British India in search of adventure and end up as kings of Kafiristan. Peachy tells Kipling the story of how he and his comrade-in-arms Daniel Danny Dravot traveled to remote Kafiristan, became gods, Carnehan claims to be an expert in whiskey, women, waistcoats and bills of fare. Both Dravot and Carnehan are in the process of blackmailing a local Rajah by posing as newspaper correspondents of The Northern Star newspaper-which outrages the real correspondent. In order to save their lives Kipling has the district commissioner detain both Dravot and Carnehan - who obliquely blackmail the commissioner himself. Kipling, after attempting to dissuade the men, gives Dravot his masonic emblem as a token of brotherhood, fighting off bandits, blizzards, and avalanches, they make their way into the unknown land of Kafiristan. They chance upon a Gurkha soldier who goes by the name Billy Fish, Billy speaks English as well as the local tongue. Peachy and Danny muster a force to attack the villagers most-hated enemy, during the battle, Danny is struck by an arrow, but is unharmed, leading the natives to believe that he is a god. In fact, the arrow was stopped by a bandolier hidden beneath his clothing, as victory follows victory, the defeated are recruited to join the swelling army. When Danny flinches, the monks grab him and open his shirt, by coincidence, the symbol on the jewel matches one known only to the highest holy man, the symbol of Sikander, who had conquered the country thousands of years before and promised to return. The holy men are convinced Danny is the son of Sikander and they hail him as king and lead the two men down to storerooms heaped with treasure that belonged to Sikander, which now belongs to Danny. As the months pass, Peachy is anxious to leave with the treasure before winter closes the passes, Danny is against it, however, and develops delusions of grandeur. First, Danny suggests that Peachy bow to him like the others, ostensibly to keep up appearances in front of the natives and he adjudicates disputes among local people and villages, and issues proclamations overseeing their administration. He begins making plans to turn the land into a modern country, resigned that Dannys mind is made up, Peachy decides to take as much loot as he can carry on a small mule train and leave alone. Meanwhile, Danny decides to take a wife after seeing the beautiful Roxanne, Roxanne, having a superstitious fear that she will burst into flames if she consorts with a god, tries frantically to escape, biting Danny during the wedding ceremony. The bite draws blood, and when everyone sees it, they realize that Danny is human after all, the angry natives pursue Danny and Peachy. Billy is killed amidst the mob and Peachy and Danny are soon captured, Danny apologizes to Peachy for spoiling their plans, and Peachy forgives him. Now resigned to his fate, Danny is forced to walk to the middle of a bridge over a deep gorge as the ropes are cut
The Man Who Would Be King (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
9.
The Omen
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The Omen is a 1976 American-British supernatural horror film directed by Richard Donner and written by David Seltzer. The film stars Gregory Peck, Lee Remick, David Warner, Harvey Spencer Stephens, Billie Whitelaw, Patrick Troughton, Martin Benson, and Leo McKern. The first installment in The Omen series, the film concerns a young child substituted at birth by American Ambassador Robert Thorn unbeknownst to his wife and they are surrounded by mysterious and ominous deaths, unaware that the child is the Antichrist. The film earned two Academy Award nominations, and won for Best Original Score for Jerry Goldsmith, his only Oscar win, a scene from the film appeared at #16 on Bravos The 100 Scariest Movie Moments. The film spawned a franchise, starting with Damien, Omen II, in Rome, American diplomat Robert Thorn is in a hospital where his wife Katherine gives birth to a boy, who—he is told—dies moments after being born. Robert is convinced by the chaplain, Father Spiletto, to secretly adopt an orphan whose mother died at the same time. Robert agrees, but does not reveal to his wife that the child is not theirs, soon after, Robert is appointed U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Father Brennan, a Catholic priest, tries repeatedly to warn the Ambassador about Damiens mysterious origins, the priest later tells Robert that Katherine is pregnant and that Damien will prevent her from having the child. Afterward, Brennan is impaled and killed by a lightning rod thrown from the roof of a church during a sudden storm, upon returning home, Katherine tells Robert that she is pregnant and wants an abortion. Learning of Father Brennans death, photographer Keith Jennings begins investigating Damien and he notices shadows in photographs of the nanny and of Father Brennan that seem to presage their bizarre deaths. Photos of Keith also show these shadows, Keith shows Robert the photos and tells him he also believes that Damien is a threat and that he wants to help Robert. While Robert is away, Damien knocks Katherine over a railing to the floor below. Keith and Robert travel to Rome to investigate Damiens birth, a fire destroyed the hospital records and the maternity and nursery wards five years earlier, most of the staff on duty died in the fire. Robert and Keith trace Father Spiletto to St. Benedicts Abbey in Subiaco, stricken mute, blind in his right eye and paralyzed in his right arm, Spiletto writes the name of an ancient Etruscan cemetery in Cerveteri, where Damiens biological mother is buried. Robert and Keith find a carcass in the grave, and in the childs grave next to it. These are Damiens unnatural mother and the remains of the Thorns own child, Keith reiterates Father Brennans belief that Damien is the Antichrist, whose coming is being supported by a conspiracy of Satanists. A pack of dogs, similar to ones seen near the Thorns mansion, drive Robert. Back in London, Mrs. Baylock persuades a nurse to allow her access to Katherine, once inside the room, Mrs. Baylock pushes Katherine out of the window, causing her to fall into an ambulance truck, killing her
The Omen
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
10.
Star Wars (film)
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Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
Star Wars (film)
–
Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
Star Wars (film)
–
From left: Luke Skywalker (
Mark Hamill), Princess Leia (
Carrie Fisher), and Han Solo (
Harrison Ford)
Star Wars (film)
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Anthony Daniels (pictured here in 2005) was convinced to take the role of the droid C-3PO after seeing a design drawing of the character's face
Star Wars (film)
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George Lucas, the director and writer of Star Wars, shown here in 2007. He was unsuccessful in
pitching his idea to several major Hollywood studios because it was "a little strange". Eventually, Lucas presented the treatment to
20th Century Fox, and the film was approved.
11.
The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
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The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 American high fantasy animated film directed by Ralph Bakshi. It is an adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkiens high fantasy epic The Lord of the Rings, comprising The Fellowship of the Ring and the first half of The Two Towers. Set in Middle-earth, the film follows a group of hobbits, elves, men, dwarves and they embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring made by the Dark Lord Sauron, and ensure his destruction. The film is notable for its use of rotoscoping, a technique in which scenes are first shot in live-action. It uses a hybrid of traditional cel animation and rotoscoped live action footage, the screenplay was written by Peter S. Beagle, based on an earlier draft by Chris Conkling. Although Bakshis The Lord of the Rings was a success, it received mixed reactions from critics. Early in the Second Age of Middle-earth, elven smiths forge nine Rings of Power for mortal men, seven for the Dwarf-Lords, soon after, the Dark Lord Sauron makes the One Ring, and uses it to attempt to conquer Middle-earth. Following the Last Alliance of Elves and Mens fall, the Ring is seized by Prince Isildur, and after Isildur was killed by orcs, over time, Sauron captures the Nine Rings and creates the Ringwraiths. The One Ring is discovered by Déagol, whose friend, Sméagol, kills him, the Ring twists his body and mind, and he becomes the creature Gollum. Hundreds of years later, Bilbo Baggins finds the Ring in Gollums cave, years later, during Bilbos birthday celebration, the wizard Gandalf tells him to leave the Ring for his relative Frodo. Bilbo reluctantly agrees, and leaves the Shire, seventeen years pass, during which Gandalf learns that evil forces have discovered that the Ring is in the possession of a Baggins. Gandalf meets with Frodo to explain the Rings history and the danger it poses and he is accompanied by three hobbit friends, Pippin, Merry, and Sam. After a narrow escape from the Ringwraiths, the hobbits eventually come to Bree, Frodo is stabbed atop Weathertop mountain by the chief of the Ringwraiths, and becomes sickened as the journey progresses. The Ringwraiths catch up with them shortly after they meet the elf Legolas, and at a standoff at the ford of Rivendell, at Rivendell, Frodo is healed by Elrond. He meets Gandalf again, after the latter escapes Saruman, who plans to ally with Sauron, at a council, Bilbo, Gandalf, and others debate the One Ring, and Frodo volunteers to go to Mordor, where the Ring can be destroyed. Thereafter Frodo sets off from Rivendell with eight companions, Gandalf, Aragorn, Boromir, son of the Steward of Gondor, Legolas, Gimli the dwarf and their attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow, and they are forced into Moria. There, they are attacked by orcs, and Gandalf falls into an abyss while battling a balrog, the remaining Fellowship continue through the elf-haven Lothlórien, where they meet the elf queen Galadriel. Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, and Frodo continue his quest alone, Boromir is killed by orcs while trying to defend Merry and Pippin
The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
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Bakshi in January 2009
12.
The Deer Hunter
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The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Savage, with John Cazale, Meryl Streep, and George Dzundza playing supporting roles. The story takes place in Clairton, Pennsylvania a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh, and in Vietnam. The film was based in part on a screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker, about Las Vegas. The film went over-budget and over-schedule, and ended up costing $15 million, the scenes depicting Russian roulette were highly controversial after the films release.100 Movies list. The opening scenes set the traits of the three main characters, the recurring theme of hunting with one shot, which is how Mike prefers to take down a deer, is introduced. Before the trio ships out, Steven and his girlfriend Angela, who is pregnant by another man, in the meantime, Mike works to control his feelings for Nicks girlfriend Linda. At the wedding held at the local VFW hall, the guys drink, dance, sing, and enjoy the festivities. Mike attempts to ask what Vietnam is like, but the soldier ignores him, after Mike explains that he, Steven, and Nick are going to Vietnam, the Green Beret raises his glass and says fuck it. After being restrained by the others from starting a fight, Mike goes back to the bar and, in a mocking jest to the soldier, raises his glass, the soldier then glances over at Mike and grins. Later, Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets, a part of the Orthodox wedding ceremony. It is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine, two drops of blood-red wine unknowingly spill on her wedding gown. After Linda catches the bouquet, Nick asks her to marry him. Later that night, a drunken Mike runs through the town, after Nick chases him down, he begs Mike not to leave him over there if anything happens in combat. The next day, Mike, Nick, Stan, John, Mike is exasperated by his friends, especially Stan, who drinks and clowns, showing little respect for the ritual of hunting, which to Mike is a nearly sacred experience. Only Nick understands Mikes attitude, but he is more indulgent toward his friends, Mike goes hunting afterwards and kills a deer with one, clean shot. Act one finishes with the friends arriving back at Welshs bar and they enter rambunctiously, spraying beers over each other and singing loudly. Welsh then makes his way to a piano and begins playing methodically as the others sit quietly and they sit in silence, strewn all over the bar, as their friend plays Chopins Nocturne No.6 Op. 15-3, a peaceful, yet ominous melody. The film then abruptly to war-torn Vietnam, where U. S. helicopters attack a Communist-occupied village with napalm
The Deer Hunter
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Theatrical release poster
The Deer Hunter
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St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in
Cleveland. Site of the wedding scene.
The Deer Hunter
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Lemko Hall
The Deer Hunter
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The Deer Hunter
13.
The Empire Strikes Back
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The Empire Strikes Back is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner. Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay, with George Lucas writing the films story, the film is set three years after Star Wars. The Galactic Empire, under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor, is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker, while Vader chases a small band of Lukes friends—Han Solo, Princess Leia Organa, and others—across the galaxy, Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda. When Vader captures Lukes friends, Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader, following a difficult production, The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21,1980. The film ranks #3 on Empires 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time and it became the highest-grossing film of 1980 and, to date, has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases. When adjusted for inflation, it is the sequel of all time. The film was followed by a sequel, titled Return of the Jedi, in 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire. The Rebels, led by Princess Leia, have set up their new base on the ice planet Hoth, the Imperial fleet, led by Darth Vader, continues to hunt for the Rebels’ new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy. While investigating a meteor strike, Luke Skywalker is injured and captured by a wampa. He manages to escape from its cave with his lightsaber, the ghost of his late mentor, Obi-Wan Kenobi, instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda. He is found by Han Solo, who kills his tauntaun, Han and Luke make it through the night and are rescued by a search party. On patrol, Han and Chewbacca discover the meteor Luke had planned to investigate is actually a probe droid, the Empire launches a large-scale attack, using AT-AT Walkers to capture the base. Despite heavy resistance, the Walkers destroy the shield generator. Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C-3PO and Chewbacca and they hide in an asteroid field, where Han and Leia grow closer, and eventually, kiss. Vader summons bounty hunters, including the notorious Boba Fett, to assist in finding the Falcon, Luke, meanwhile, escapes with R2-D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash-lands on the swamp planet Dagobah. He meets a creature who is revealed to be Yoda, after conferring with Obi-Wans spirit. Yoda trains Luke as a Jedi and raises his sunken ship from the swamp with the power of the Force, after evading the Empire, Han sets a course for Cloud City, a floating colony in the skies of the gas giant planet Bespin
The Empire Strikes Back
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Theatrical release poster
The Empire Strikes Back
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George Lucas, writer/director of the first film, decided to only executive produce this film
The Empire Strikes Back
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The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film (art by
Drew Struzan)
14.
Raging Bull
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Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMottas well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife. The film features supporting roles from Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, Scorsese was initially reluctant to develop the project, though he eventually came to relate to LaMottas story. Schrader re-wrote Martins first screenplay, and Scorsese and De Niro together made uncredited contributions thereafter, Pesci was an unknown actor prior to the film, as was Moriarty, who was suggested for her role by Pesci. During principal photography, each of the scenes was choreographed for a specific visual style. Scorsese was exacting in the process of editing and mixing the film, despite receiving mixed initial reviews, it went on to garner a high critical reputation, and is now often regarded as among Scorseses best works and the greatest films ever made. In 1990, it became the first film to be selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in its first year of eligibility, in a brief scene in 1964, an aging, overweight Italian American, Jake LaMotta, practices a comedy routine. In 1941, LaMotta is in a boxing match against Jimmy Reeves. Jakes brother Joey LaMotta discusses a potential shot for the title with one of his Mafia connections. Some time thereafter, Jake spots a 15-year-old girl named Vikki at a swimming pool in his Bronx neighborhood. He eventually pursues a relationship with her, even though he is already married, in 1943, Jake defeats Sugar Ray Robinson, and has a rematch three weeks later. Jake constantly worries about Vikki having feelings for men, particularly when she makes an off-hand comment about Tony Janiro. His jealousy is evident when he brutally defeats Janiro in front of the local Mob boss, Tommy Como, as Joey discusses the victory with journalists at the Copacabana, he is distracted by seeing Vikki approach a table with Salvy and his crew. Joey speaks with Vikki, who says she is giving up on his brother, blaming Salvy, Joey viciously attacks him in a fight that spills outside of the club. Como later orders them to apologize, and has Joey tell Jake that if he wants a chance at the championship title, in a match against Billy Fox, after briefly pummeling his opponent, Jake does not even bother to put up a fight. He is suspended shortly thereafter from the board on suspicion of throwing the fight and he is eventually reinstated, and in 1949, wins the middleweight championship title against Marcel Cerdan. A year later, Jake asks Joey if he fought with Salvy at the Copacabana because of Vikki, Jake then asks if Joey had an affair with her, Joey refuses to answer, insults Jake, and leaves. Jake directly asks Vikki about the affair, and when she hides him in the bathroom, he breaks down the door. Jake angrily walks to Joeys house, with Vikki following him, estranged from Joey, Jakes career begins to decline slowly and he eventually loses his title to Sugar Ray Robinson in their final encounter in 1951
Raging Bull
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
Raging Bull
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Robert De Niro in training with the real Jake LaMotta
Raging Bull
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The filming of the boxing scenes with director, Scorsese (center left, with beard) and the director of photography, Michael Chapman (center right, with white shirt).
15.
Once Upon a Time in America
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Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 Italian-American epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. Based on Harry Greys novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence in New York Citys world of organized crime. The film explores themes of friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, broken relationships. It was the film of Leones career and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years. The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the score by Ennio Morricone. Leone originally envisaged two three-hour films, then a single 269-minute version, but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes, the American distributors, The Ladd Company, further shortened it to 139 minutes, and rearranged the scenes into chronological order, without Leones involvement. The shortened version was a critical and commercial flop in the United States, the original European cut has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest gangster films of all time. The film is presented in order, from 1920 to 1968. The specific scenes and their order vary from version to version, the following description is that of the films full European cut. The film begins in medias res with gangsters entering an Indonesian puppet theater, the proprietors slip into a hidden opium den and warn a man named Noodles, but he pays no attention. In a flashback, he watches the police remove three disfigured corpses from a street and he successfully kills one of the three thugs that are after him but learns that the thugs have murdered his girlfriend while looking for him and finds that someone else has stolen his money. David Noodles Aaronson struggles as a kid in the Jewish ghetto on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1920. He and his friends Patrick Patsy Goldberg, Phillip Cockeye Stein, planning to rob a drunk at the moment a passing truck hides them from a policeman, theyre foiled by the older Max Bercovicz, who jumps off of the truck to rob the man himself. Noodles confronts Max but a crooked policeman steals the watch they were fighting over, the boys establish a suitcase money fund, which they hide in a locker at the railway station, giving the key to Fat Moe, a reliable friend whos not part of the operation. Noodles is in love with Fat Moes sister Deborah, who aspires to be a dancer, one day, Bugsy ambushes the boys and shoots little Dominic, who dies in Noodles arms, who then stabs Bugsy to death and injures a police officer who tried to intervene. Noodles is arrested, and sentenced to 12 years in prison, an adult Noodles is released from jail in 1932 and is reacquainted with his old gang, Max, Patsy, and Cockeye, who are now major players in the bootlegging industry during Prohibition. Noodles reunites with Deborah and tries to rekindle their relationship, meanwhile, during a robbery, the gang meets Carol who soon becomes Maxs girlfriend. The gang prospers from bootlegging under Prohibition, and providing muscle for union boss Jimmy Conway ODonnell, Noodles tries to impress Deborah on an extravagant date, and rapes her on their way home in a limousine, after which he becomes remorseful
Once Upon a Time in America
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Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
Once Upon a Time in America
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1995 Special Edition
Once Upon a Time in America
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Robert De Niro and
Elizabeth McGovern at the screening of the film's restored version, during the
2012 Cannes Film Festival.
16.
Graphic designer
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A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design. A graphic designer creates the graphics primarily for published, printed or electronic media, such as brochures and they are also sometimes responsible for typesetting, illustration, user interfaces, and web design. A core responsibility of the job is to present information in a way that is both accessible and memorable. A degree or certificate from a trade school is usually considered essential for a graphic design position. After a career history has been established, though, the designers experience. A portfolio, which is the method for demonstrating these qualifications, is usually required to be shown at job interviews. One can obtain an AAS, BA, BFA, BCA, degree programs available vary depending upon the institution, although typical U. S. graphic design jobs require at least some form of degree. Current graphic designer jobs demand proficiency in one or more graphic design software programs, a common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Photoshop, InDesign, and Illustrator are the standard applications for many graphic design positions. Another example of a software package is CorelDraw Graphics Suite. Outside the graphic design industry, many people use Microsoft Word or Microsoft Publisher to create a layout or design, however, depending on the job at hand, most designers create the layout in either InDesign, CorelDRAW or QuarkXPress. Specifically, the designer will type or import the text in the program, also importing the graphics. There are a couple of reasons a designer builds a layout in this fashion, as a result, the file size can become very large, depending upon the photos and graphics used in it. By using a program and linking these graphics and images. When the designer is ready to go to press, s/he will either create a press-ready PDF, or use the Package function in InDesign, InDesign, CorelDRAW, or QuarkXPress make it possible to work with large multiple page layouts, such as catalogs and booklets. A web designer should understand how to work with XML, HTML, a print designer should understand the processes involved in printing to be able to produce press-ready artwork. Designers should be able to solve visual communication problems or challenges, in doing so, the designer must identify the communications issue, gather and analyze information related to the issue, and generate potential approaches aimed at solving the problem
Graphic designer
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Graphic designers
Gabriel and Maxim Shamir
17.
Movie poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
Movie poster
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This Gun for Hire (1945) one sheet movie poster
Movie poster
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Rudolph Valentino in Blood and Sand, 1922
Movie poster
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The Battleship Potemkin, 1925
Movie poster
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Old
Bollywood posters, like
Hunterwali (1935) featuring
Fearless Nadia are collectors items.
18.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
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From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
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State Street, 1801
Boston
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View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
19.
School of the Museum of Fine Arts
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The School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts is one of the schools that comprise Tufts University, located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degrees dedicated to the visual arts and it is affiliated with the Museum of Fine Arts. SMFA is also a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, the school does not have a foundations program, but it does require all new students to take a freshman seminar. One of the attributes of SMFA is that students are required to participate in a Review Board which is a review of all of the art work that a student has done during the semester. Review Boards are led by two faculty members, one of whom is the choice, and two fellow students. There are many opportunities for students to exhibit their artwork at both the building and the Mission Hill building. Opportunities to exhibit works include the annual Museum School Art Sale, the Schools main campus is adjacent to and just to the west of the Museum of Fine Arts. Most classroom space is located there, as well as the Cafe des Arts, the library, the Schools store, from 1876 to 1909, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, was housed in the basement of the original Museum building in Copley Square. When the Museum moved to Huntington Avenue in 1909, the School moved into a separate, the permanent building, designed by Guy Lowell, was completed in 1927. The 45, 000-square-foot red brick building provided improved classroom, studio, in 1945 the Museum School and Tufts College collaborated to develop their first joint degree teacher training granting program. The creation of additional programs between the two institutions followed soon after, gunds expansion included the central atrium, known as the Katherine Lane Weems Atrium, that connects the two buildings. In December 2015 it was announced that the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston would become a part of Tufts University, Boston Expressionism Boston School School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Tufts University Northeastern University
School of the Museum of Fine Arts
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The Weems Center, part of
Graham Gund 's expansion, looking down from the third floor
School of the Museum of Fine Arts
20.
Fort Jackson (South Carolina)
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Fort Jackson is a United States Army installation, which TRADOC operates on for Basic Combat Training, and is located next to Columbia, South Carolina. This installation is named for Andrew Jackson, a United States Army General, Fort Jackson was created in 1917 as the United States entered World War I. At the conclusion of World War I, Camp Jackson was shut down,33, War Department,27 July 1921. Camp Jackson was reactivated for World War II, Fort Jackson is the largest and most active Initial Entry Training Center in the U. S. Army, training 50 percent of all soldiers and 60 percent of the women entering the Army each year. Providing the Army with new soldiers is the primary mission. 35,000 potential soldiers attend basic training and 8,000 advanced individual training soldiers train at Fort Jackson annually, Soldiers who have trained or worked at Fort Jackson live by the bases motto, Victory Starts Here. The training is provided by the 165th, 171st, and 193rd Infantry Brigades Monday through Sunday for a ten-week period, the post has other missions as well. Fort Jackson encompasses more than 52,000 acres of land, including 100 ranges and field training sites, Soldiers, civilians, retirees and family members make up the Fort Jackson community that continues to grow in numbers and facilities. An additional 10,000 soldiers attend courses at the Soldier Support Institute, Chaplain Center and School,12,000 military families make Fort Jackson their home. Close to 3,500 civilians are employed at Fort Jackson and 46, 000-plus retirees, on base, visitors can visit the U. S. Army Basic Combat Training Museum, previously known as Fort Jackson Museum when opened in 1974. The museum helps visitors to learn the history of Fort Jackson since created in 1917, admission into the Combat Training Museum is open Monday through Friday, except for Federal Holidays, and admission is free. Located in the heart of the region of South Carolina. Columbia has direct access to three interstate highways, I-20, I-26 and I-77, and indirect access to two additional interstates within 100 miles, I-95 and I-85. Average temperatures in the range from a high of 90+ °F in July to a low of 34 °F in January. Annual rainfall averages around 48 inches, the fort has a significant economic impact on the local area. Annual expenditures by Fort Jackson exceed $716.9 million for salaries, utilities, contracts, in addition, over 100,000 family members visit the Midlands area each year to attend basic training graduation activities, using local hotels, restaurants and shopping areas. In the 1994 film Renaissance Man, starring Danny DeVito, Mark Wahlberg, desmond Doss, Medal of Honor recipient Leonard Nimoy, actor, writer, film director, poet, musician, and photographer was in the Special Services division and was sergeant over Corporal Ken Berry. Joe Plumeri, Chairman & CEO of Willis Group Holdings, geoff Ramsey, film producer, actor, photojournalist served in Kuwait Clayton, K. B
Fort Jackson (South Carolina)
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USATC & Fort Jackson Distinctive Unit Insignia
21.
Columbia, South Carolina
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Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
Columbia, South Carolina
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Skyline of downtown Columbia
Columbia, South Carolina
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Seal
Columbia, South Carolina
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The
Seibels House, c. 1796, is the oldest in Columbia.
Columbia, South Carolina
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South Carolina State House from the 15th floor of the Main and Gervais Tower
22.
Editorial cartoonist
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An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context, Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section, although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status. Historically, these are quick, hand-drawn ink drawings, scanned and reproduced in black and white, the introduction of color came later, and more recently the use of digital drawing tools are a popular and efficient way to produce work quickly for newspaper deadlines. Historically, these artists have roots in ancient art forms, such as the painting of Early Man, or the hieroglyphics of Egypt. The rise of comic journalism online, which combines the comic strip format as a means to relay a story in more depth, is very effective in a vertical web format. As visual journalists, they can tell a story in a way, with words. Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, in the United States, there are more than a hundred published editorial cartoonists, from both sides of the Republican-Democrat divide. In India, the most common and popular form of commentary is the pocket cartoon. R. K. Laxman, Sudhir Dar, Mario Miranda, E. P. Unny, Shekhar Gurera, Ajit Ninan are some of the editorial cartoonists. A political cartoonists aim is often to encourage debate, they can also fuel controversy and their work can expose corrupt or abusive regimes, governments or political groups, and therefore often put themselves and their publishers at risk. In 2005, Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard received numerous threats and was attacked in his home by man with an axe. In 2015, the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdos offices were attacked by two Islamist gunmen in reaction to publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad, twelve employees were killed, including staff cartoonists Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski. The Cartoonists Rights Network International awards the annual Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award to political cartoonists who show bravery and risk their own safety to publish their work. In 2015, this accolade was awarded to Atena Farghadani of Iran, there is a Pulitzer Prize awarded every year for Americas top editorial cartoonist — as decided by a panel of senior media industry professionals and media academics. Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, The largest organization of political cartoonists, have over 300 members worldwide, national Cartoonists Society, welcomes editorial cartoonists in the United States. Cartoonists Rights Network International, It helps cartoonists who are exiled, jailed or in danger of persecution, attack of the Political Cartoonists, written by J. P. Trostle, was published in 2004 and includes profiles of 150 mainstream American and Canadian cartoonists. And the 3-volume Attitude series includes some of the cartoonists who have appeared in alternative newspapers and online — see Attitude
Editorial cartoonist
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Self-caricature by an Editorial Cartoonist
Editorial cartoonist
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Cartoonist R K Laxman's self caricature with his created common man
23.
Freelance
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A freelancer or freelance worker is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design, next on the list was translating, web development, and marketing. Elance, a web platform that connects freelancers with contractors, surveyed its members, depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts, while in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work on spec to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients, payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, and experience. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, for more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, in writing and other artistic fields, freelance and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative and then seek a publisher. They typically retain the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts, traditionally, works would be submitted to publishers, where they would become part of the slushpile, and would either elicit an offer to buy or a rejection slip. People who create intellectual property under a work for hire situation are sometimes referred to as independent contractors or other similar terms. Creators give up their rights to their works in a made for hire situation. The protection of the property rights that give the creator of the work are considered to have been sold into a work for hire agreement. Of employees, however in a rather than employment relationship. The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers employed as independent contractors of all sorts, in 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist at George Mason University, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact, however and it has been estimated that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK, however. Freelancing is a form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimates that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50, surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends
Freelance
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Traditional Freelance Work System
24.
La Strada
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La Strada is a 1954 Italian drama film directed by Federico Fellini from his own screenplay co-written with Tullio Pinelli and Ennio Flaiano. The film portrays a young woman bought from her mother by a brutish strongman who takes her with him on the road, encounters with his rival the Fool. Fellini has called La Strada a complete catalogue of my entire mythological world, as a result, the film demanded more time and effort than any of his other works, before or since. The development process was long and tortuous, there were various problems during production, including financial backing, problematic casting. Finally, just before shooting was completed, Fellini suffered a breakdown that necessitated medical treatment in order to complete principal photography. Subsequently, however, La Strada has become one of the most influential films ever made and it won the inaugural Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1957. It was placed fourth in the 1992 British Film Institute directors list of cinemas top 10 films, Gelsomina, a credulous young woman, learns that her sister Rosa has died since going on the road with the strongman Zampanò. Now the same man has returned a year later to ask her mother if Gelsomina will take Rosas place, the mother accepts 10,000 lire, and her daughter departs the same day. Zampanò makes his living as an itinerant street performer, entertaining crowds by breaking an iron chain bound tightly across his chest, in short order, Gelsominas naïve and antic nature emerges, with Zampanòs brutish methods presenting a callous foil. He teaches her to play the drum and trumpet, dance a bit. Despite her willingness to please, he relies on intimidation and even cruelty at times to maintain his domination, finally, she rebels and leaves, making her way into town. There she watches the act of another street entertainer, Il Matto, when Zampanò finds her there, he forcibly takes her back. They join a travelling circus where Il Matto already works. Il Matto teases the strongman at every opportunity, though he cannot explain what motivates him to do so, after Il Matto drenches Zampanò with a pail of water, Zampanò chases after his tormentor with his knife drawn. As a result, he is jailed and both men are eventually fired from the travelling circus. Gelsominas difficulties with her forced partnership are the subject of frequent soul searching, a nun suggests that Gelsominas purpose in life is comparable to her own. But, when Gelsomina offers Zampanò marriage, he brushes her off, the separate paths of fool and strongman cross for the last time on an empty stretch of road, when Zampanò comes upon Il Matto fixing a flat tire. As Gelsomina watches in horror, the strongman strikes the clown on the several times
La Strada
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Theatrical release poster
La Strada
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Giulietta Masina as Gelsomina. "Masina's character is perfectly suited to her round clown's face and wide, innocent eyes; in one way or another, in 'Juliet of the Spirits,' 'Ginger and Fred' and most of her other films, she was always playing Gelsomina." --
Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
La Strada
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Richard Basehart, among "the first in a long line of international actors to grace Fellini's films"
La Strada
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Screenshot from 1956 trailer to La Strada. Circus owner Savitri provided the old car that Fellini destroyed in the scene following Zampanò's killing of Il Matto.
25.
And God Created Woman (1956 film)
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And God Created Woman is a French drama film directed by Roger Vadim and starring Brigitte Bardot. Though not her first film, it is recognized as the vehicle that launched Bardot into the public spotlight and immediately created her sex kitten persona. An English-language remake of the film was directed by Vadim and released in 1988, Juliette is an 18-year-old orphan with a high level of sexual energy. These factors cause a stir and attract the attentions of most of the men around her and her first suitor is the much older and wealthy Eric Carradine. He wants to build a new casino in town, but his plans are blocked by a shipyard on the stretch of land which he needs for the development. Antoine, the eldest Tardieu son, returns home for the weekend to discuss the situation and his intentions are short-term, and he spurns her by leaving town without her. Tiring of her antics, Juliettes guardians threaten to send her back to the orphanage. To keep her in town, Carradine pleads with Antoine to marry her, which he laughs off, despite being in love with his older brother, she accepts. When Antoine is contracted to return home for good, the trouble starts for the newlyweds, in a huff, Juliette takes off in a boat belonging to the family, gets in trouble, and has to be saved by Antoine. The pair are washed up on a beach, and make love. She takes to her bed, claiming to have a fever and she confesses to Michels little brother Christian about her fling with Antoine on the beach. Maman hears about it, tells Michel when he comes home, Michel goes to their room to talk with Juliette, but she has gone off to the Bar des Amis to drink and dance. Michel goes looking for her, but Antoine locks him inside, Michel tries to shoot the lock away, but it doesnt work. He winds up having to fight his brother for the key, Juliettes friend Lucienne calls Eric to tell him how bizarre Juliette is acting, and Eric comes over to collect her, but Juliette refuses to go. Eventually, Michel catches up with Juliette at the Bar, but she refuses to talk with him. Michel orders her to stop, but she pays him no heed, just as hes about to shoot her, Eric steps in and takes a bullet in his hand. Antoine offers to drive Eric to a doctor, and they leave the Bar, Michel angrily slaps Juliette four times, and Juliette smiles at him. On their way to the doctor, Eric tells Antoine that hes going to him out of St Tropez
And God Created Woman (1956 film)
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French theatrical release poster
26.
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini
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Federico Fellini during the 1950s
Federico Fellini
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Fellini, Masina, Carla del Poggio and Alberto Lattuada, 1952
Federico Fellini
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Cinecittà - Teatro 5, Fellini's favorite studio
27.
Roger Vadim
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Roger Vadim was a French screenwriter, film director and producer, as well as an author, artist and occasional actor. His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities, such as And God Created Woman, Barbarella, Vadim was born as Roger Vadim Plemiannikov in Paris. His mother, Marie-Antoinette, was a French writer, and essayist, Vadim studied journalism and writing at the University of Paris, without graduating. At age 19, he became assistant to film director Marc Allégret, whom he met while working at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, Vadim was celebrated for his romances/marriages to beautiful actresses. In his mid-30s, he lived with the teenaged Catherine Deneuve, by whom he had a child, Christian Vadim and he was also involved with actress Cindy Pickett. Later, he cohabited with screenwriter Ann Biderman for several years, announcing their engagement in 1984 and he told a story about how he lost his virginity. When he was 16, he spent the summer in Normandy, out of doors that night, she introduced him to the art of love and what amazed him most was that what Hemingway had written came true--the earth moved under him. Not until somewhat later did he realize that Allied ships were bombarding the coast in preparation for the D-day invasion and he was someone in whom there was so much satisfaction to the end of his life. The films merely reflected his happiness, nathalie, his eldest child, told Fonda biographer Patricia Bosworth, Jane was the love of my fathers life. My attitude is that if this makes me a little money it will be a tiny compensation for all the money I helped those actresses make. He also wrote plays and books of fiction, including LAnge Affame. Vadim died of cancer at age 72 on February 11,2000 and he was survived by his widow, Marie-Christine Barrault, and his four children. Ex-wives Bardot, Fonda, Schneider and Stroyberg were all in attendance at his funeral and he is interred at St. Tropez Cemetery. The Naked Heart Blackmailed En Effeuillant la Marguerite/Mademoiselle Striptease And God Created Woman Sait-on jamais, sois belle et tais-toi/Be Beautiful but Shut up Les Bijoutiers du Clair de Lune/The Night Heaven Fell Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons Blood and Roses La Bride sur le cou/Please Not Now. Manhattan The Assassinated Young Girl Rich and Famous Into the Night Roger Vadim at the Internet Movie Database Roger Vadim at Find a Grave
Roger Vadim
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Roger Vadim in 1971
28.
School for Scoundrels (1960 film)
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School for Scoundrels is a 1960 British comedy film, directed by Robert Hamer, starring Ian Carmichael and Terry-Thomas, and inspired by the Gamesmanship series of books by Stephen Potter. It has been remade twice, in Bollywood in 1975 under the title Chhoti Si Baat, henry Palfrey is a failure in sport and love, and the easy victim of conmen and employees alike. So he enrolls at the School of Lifemanship in Yeovil, run by Dr. Potter. Late for his appointment, he overhears Potter explaining the principles of lifemanship to the new intake, Well, gentlemen and it is the art of making him feel that somewhere, somehow he has become less than you – less desirable, less worthy – less blessed. Palfrey is given a lesson in this when he has his interview with Potter. When Palfrey explains that he is a failure, Potter surmises that a woman is involved, in flashback, Palfrey recounts how he first met April Smith, knocking parcels from her hands when he rushes to catch a bus. He manages to arrange a date with her. When Palfrey shows up at work, his employees are unconcerned. They pay much more respect to his clerk, Gloatbridge. In private, Gloatbridge is patronising toward his erstwhile boss, making the business decisions, Palfrey asks him to make a dinner reservation, and has to fend off Gloatbridges unwanted restaurant suggestion. That night at the restaurant, the head waiter cannot find Palfreys booking at first, he does finally locate it under a different name. As Delauney has a sports car, Palfrey tries to counter by purchasing an automobile of his own. However, two salesmen sell him a ramshackle 1924 Swiftmobile, to further his humiliation of his rival, Delauney suggests a friendly tennis match. The film then returns to the school, over the next several weeks, Palfrey proves to be an apt pupil in learning various ploys to gain the upper hand. The next phase of his education involves a field test of his new skills, Palfrey convinces the car salesmen that his car, after some tune-up, is now a valuable and sought-after vehicle. They trade him a car and £100 for his Swiftmobile. After putting Gloatbridge in his place, Palfrey challenges Delauney to a rematch, using some stratagems, he thoroughly frustrates his foe before they even start playing. Then, with April watching, Palfrey proceeds to win the set 6-0, April becomes disgusted with Delauneys behaviour afterward and drives off with Palfrey
School for Scoundrels (1960 film)
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Original UK poster
29.
Caricature
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A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings. In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics, Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. The term is derived from the Italian caricare—to charge or load, an early definition occurs in the English doctor Thomas Brownes Christian Morals, published posthumously in 1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, with the footnote, When Mens faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus, the word caricature essentially means a loaded portrait. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, the point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Caricature took a road to its first successes in the aristocratic circles of France and Italy. These caricatures were the work of Brig. -Gen, george Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe, depicted as Deformed and crass and hideous, were drawn to amuse fellow officers. Elsewhere, two great practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray, Rowlandson was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life and they were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature, the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery is in order – or the art can be employed to make a social or political point. A caricaturist draws on the characteristics of the subject, the acquired characteristics. Sir Max Beerbohm, created and published caricatures of the men of his own time. His style of single-figure caricatures in formalized groupings was established by 1896 and his published works include Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen, The Poets Corner, and Rossetti and His Circle. He published widely in magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery. George Cruikshank created political prints that attacked the family and leading politicians. He went on to create caricatures of British life for popular publications such as The Comic Almanack
Caricature
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Caricature of
Aubrey Beardsley by
Max Beerbohm (1896), taken from
Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen
Caricature
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Ancient
Pompeiian graffiti caricature of a politician.
Caricature
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James Gillray 's The Plumb-pudding in danger (1805), which caricatured
Pitt and
Napoleon, was voted the most famous of all UK political cartoons.
Caricature
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Une discussion littéraire à la deuxième Galerie by
Honoré Daumier Lithograph published in Le Charivari newspaper, February 27, 1864
30.
The Golden Age of Comedy
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The Golden Age of Comedy is a compilation of silent comedy films from the Mack Sennett and Hal Roach studios, written and produced by Robert Youngson. Youngson had previously produced several award-winning short documentaries beforehand, and this was the first compilation of its kind in feature-length form. Initially, the film was distributed by an independent company, Distributors Corporation of America, before being taken up by one of Hollywoods best known film studios. The films commercial success led Youngson to follow suit with other silent film compilations over the next decade. The film is regarded as particularly bringing Laurel and Hardy back into the publics notice after years of obscurity. The film was released on DVD for the first time in the United States in 2007 and its main musical theme is derived from Chopins Etude Op.10, No. The film is divided into nine separate acts, each with their own title card, act One - The Laugh Factory. Films included are The Hollywood Kid, Wandering Willies, Musclebound Music, Wall Street Blues, act Two - Nobody Liked Them But The Public. Laurel and Hardy comedies, including Habeas Corpus, The Second Hundred Years, We Faw Down, act Three - The Cowboy Who Became a Legend. Featuring Will Rogers in Uncensored Movies, act Four - Two Unforgotten Girls. Featuring Carole Lombard in Run Girl Run and Jean Harlow in the Laurel, act Five - The Great Actor. Highlighting Ben Turpin in several shorts he made for Mack Sennett, act Six - A Comedy Classic. Act Seven - So Funny, So Sad, an extract from a Harry Langdon comedy, The Luck O The Foolish. Several examples of humour from animals such as dogs, cats and lions, with Billy Bevan, Charley Chase, Andy Clyde, Harry Gribbon, titles featured include The Sting of Stings and Nip and Tuck. Finale - Two Men On a Street, the shin-kicking, pants-ripping street battle sequence from Laurel and Hardys Youre Darn Tootin. Narrated by Dwight Weist and Ward Wilson Music By George Steiner Written and Produced by Robert Youngson The Golden Age of Comedy at the Internet Movie Database
The Golden Age of Comedy
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Theatrical release poster designed by
Tom Jung
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