1.
Muskegon, Michigan
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Muskegon /ˌmʌsˈkiːɡən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan, and is the largest populated city on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan. At the 2010 census the city population was 38,401, the city is the county seat of Muskegon County. It is located at the southwest corner of Muskegon Township, but is administratively autonomous, the Muskegon Metro area had a population of 172,188 in 2010. It is also part of the larger Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon-Combined Statistical Area with a population of 1,321,557, human occupation of the Muskegon area goes back seven or eight thousand years to the nomadic Paleo-Indian hunters who occupied the area following the retreat of the Wisconsonian glaciations. During historic times, the Muskegon area was inhabited by bands of the Ottawa. In 1830 Muskegon was solely an Ottawa village, perhaps the best remembered of the Indian inhabitants of the area was Ottawa Indian Chief, Pendalouan. The name Muskegon is derived from the Ottawa tribe term Masquigon, the Masquigon River was identified on French maps dating from the late seventeenth century, suggesting that French explorers had reached Michigans western coast by that time. Sometime between 1790 and 1800, a French-Canadian trader named Joseph La Framboise established a fur trading post at the mouth of Duck Lake. Between 1810 and 1820, several French Canadian fur traders, including Lamar Andie, Jean Baptiste Recollect, euro-American settlement of Muskegon began in earnest in 1837, which coincided with the beginning of the exploitation of the areas extensive timber resources. The commencement of the industry in 1837 inaugurated what some regard as the most romantic era in the history of the region. Lumbering in the century brought many settlers, especially ones from Germany, Ireland. Some neighborhoods of Muskegon began as separate villages, bluffton was founded as a lumbering village in 1862 in Laketon Township. It had its own post office from 1868 until 1892 and it was annexed by Muskegon in 1889. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.12 square miles. The city is adjacent to Lake Michigan to the west and Muskegon Lake to the north, the Muskegon River empties into Muskegon Lake at the citys northeast end. Bear Lake Muskegon Lake Mona Lake Lake Michigan Muskegon River As of the census of 2010, there were 38,401 people,13,967 households, the population density was 2,702.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 16,105 housing units at a density of 1,133.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 0% White,34. 5% African American,0. 9% Native American,0. 4% Asian,2. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 2% of the population
2.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
3.
American football positions
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In American football, each team has 11 players on the field at one time. The specific role that a player takes on the field is called his position, under the modern rules of American football, teams are allowed unlimited substitutions, that is, teams may change any number of players after any play. This has resulted in the development of three platoons of players, the offense, the defense, and the special teams, within those platoons, various specific positions exist depending on what each players main job is. In American football, the offense is the side in which the players have possession of the ball and it is their job to advance the ball towards the opponents end zone to score points. The backs and receivers are also known as skill position players or as eligible receivers. Offensive linemen are not usually eligible to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage during a play, the organization of the offense is strictly mandated by the rules, there must be at least seven players on the line of scrimmage and no more than four players behind it. The only players eligible to handle the ball during a play are the backs. The remaining players are considered ineligible, and may only block, within these strictures, however, creative coaches have developed a wide array of offensive formations to take advantage of different player skills and game situations. The following positions are standard in every game, though different teams will use different arrangements of them. The offensive line is responsible for blocking. The offensive line consists of, Center The center is the player who begins the play from scrimmage by snapping the ball to the quarterback. As the name suggests, the center usually plays in the middle of the offensive line, like all offensive linemen, the center has the responsibility to block defensive players. The center often also has the responsibility to call out blocking assignments, offensive guard Two guards line up directly on either side of the center. Like all interior linemen, their function is to block on both running and passing plays, in such cases, the guard is referred to as a pulling guard. Guards are typically shorter builds than tackles but taller than centers, offensive tackle Two tackles play outside of the guards. Their role is primarily to block on both running and passing plays, the area from one tackle to the other is an area of close line play in which blocks from behind, which are prohibited elsewhere on the field, are allowed. For a right-handed quarterback, the tackle is charged with protecting the quarterback from being hit from behind. Like a guard, the tackle may have to pull, on a running play, the six backs and receivers are those that line up outside or behind the offensive line
4.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
5.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
6.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
7.
The Hill School
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The Hill School is a coeducational preparatory boarding school located in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, about 35 miles northwest of Philadelphia. The Hill is part of the Ten Schools Admissions Organization, the School opened on May 1,1851, enrolling 25 boys for the first year. According to Paul Chancellor’s The History of The Hill School, 1851-1976, “He wanted to stress that he was not founding still another academy, there is a tendency to think that the boys’ boarding school as we know it existed as long as there have been private schools. Most of the 12 to 15 schools generally considered the group were established in the last half of the nineteenth century. Of this whole group of schools, The Hill was the first to be founded as a boarding school. In the thirty-five years of John Meigs administration The Hill, as it is known to all its boys, has one of the great secondary schools of the country. It might be said to bear the same relation to the English public schools of Rugby and Eton and it has the traditions of scholarship, good breeding, and moral ideals characteristic of the English-speaking race, and with them it has the spirit of American democracy. With the admission of 88 girls In 1918, faculty created an air school for children which has become the The Wyndcroft School. In 1910, several teachers purchased the Rust family farm in Wolfeboro and it also offered water sports, and other outdoor activities, and hired teachers from other prominent schools, and attracted students from both the US and abroad. The camp is currently run by the Wolfeboro Camp School. Areas of the school are included under the High Street Historic District Each grade at The Hill is known as a form, ninth grade is called third form, tenth grade is called fourth form, and so forth. The School’s academic year is divided into trimesters, casual academic dress and casual dress codes apply at other times. Two required nondenominational Chapel services are held during the school week, voluntary worship services are offered each weekend during the school year. The pipe club used to be an club for 5th and 6th formers for the purpose of smoking tobacco during leisure time and it operated by charging a membership fee, as well as from the sale of cigarettes. Playing cards was permitted in the Pipe club on Tuesdays and Thursdays only at the club. Indoor smoking with a lit flame is also grounds for immediate dismissal The Hill is one of the private schools in the United States to have a DECA club. Unlike at other schools, this is an independent activity, as The Hill does not offer courses in marketing. Despite this, several students make it to the international level
8.
Minnesota Golden Gophers football
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The Minnesota Golden Gophers football program represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Founded in 1882, the program is one of the oldest in college football, Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference. The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships,1904,1934,1935,1936,1940,1941, since 2009, the Gophers have played all their home games at TCF Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In January 2017, the Gophers fired head coach Tracy Claeys, the Minnesota Golden Gophers college football team played its first game on September 29,1882, a 4–0 victory over Hamline University. Eight years later in 1890, the Gophers played host to Wisconsin in a 63–0 victory, with the exception of 1906, the Gophers and Badgers have played each other every year since then. The 124 games played against each other is the most played rivalry in Division I-A college football, students began gathering to play the game recreationally and its popularity grew. Once the sport had taken off, it was only a matter of time before a team was formed to play against other schools, early teams were very loosely organized, not requiring all of the players to be students and not having designated coaches. The players on the team started to recruit faculty members who had played football at schools in the East to help organize the team, some years, they played without a coach. Other years, they played with multiple coaches, in total, from 1882 through 1899, the team played 16 seasons of football and had 15 different coaches. As the years went by, the structure started to become more formal. In 1900, the hiring of Dr. Henry L. Williams, the Gophers enjoyed quite a bit of success in the early 20th century, posting winning records from 1900 to 1919. Head coach Henry L. Williams developed the Minnesota shift, a predecessor to later quick line shifts, also Henry L. Williams led Minnesota to one of the NCAAs longest unbeaten streaks of 35 games, from 1903 to 1905 with 34 wins and 1 tie. In 1932, Bernie Bierman became the Gopher head coach and led the Gophers to their first dynasty, from 1934 to 1936 the Gophers went on a run of winning three straight National Championships, the last Division I team to accomplish this feat. During the run, Minnesota went unbeaten in 28 straight games,21 of which were consecutive victories, the school record for consecutive victories is 24, which spanned 3 seasons from 1903 to 1905. The Gophers also won two national championships in 1940 and 1941. Those two seasons comprised most of an 18-game winning streak that stretched from 1939 to 1942, after some mediocre seasons throughout the remainder of the 1940s and 1950s, the Gophers rose back to prominence in 1960 with their seventh national championship. That national championship followed a 1-8 record in 1958 and 2-7 record in 1959, Minnesota played in bowl games the two following years as well, in 1961 and 1962. The Gophers earned their first berth in the Rose Bowl by winning the 1960 Big Ten title, the following year, Minnesota returned to Pasadena despite a second-place finish in the conference
9.
Yale Bulldogs football
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The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Yales football program is one of the oldest in the world, with 890 wins, Yale ranks second in wins in college football history, trailing only the University of Michigan. The Bulldogs were the dominant team in the days of intercollegiate football, winning 27 college football national championships. Walter Camp, known as the Father of Football, graduated from Hopkins Grammar School in 1876 and he later served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. The team made the down and went on to win the game in one of Yales greatest victories in its history, laRoche went on to spearhead the creation of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. When the Ivy League athletic conference was formed in 1955, conference rules prohibited post-season play in football. While Yale had always abstained from post-season play, other schools had participated in bowls before, and the new policy further insulated Yale. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Yale has won 14 Ivy League championships,1956,1960,1967,1968,1969,1974,1976,1977,1979,1980,1981,1989,1999,2006. Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875, the annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season. As of 2016, Yale leads the series 66–59–8, the Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in college football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry and the Princeton–Yale game. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, Harvard had been unbeaten versus Yale from 2007 to 2015. The nine game winning streak was the longest during the rivalry, Yales 2016 victory over Harvard in Cambridge, 21-14, ended the streak. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard
10.
1902 College Football All-America Team
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Camps 1902 All-America Team was published in Colliers Weekly, and Whitneys selections were published in Outing magazine. In its official listing of Consensus All-America Selections, the NCAA designates players who were selected by either Camp or Whitney as consensus All-Americans, using this criteria, the NCAA recognizes 14 players as consensus All-American for the 1902 football season. The consensus All-Americans are identified in bold on the list below, in 2008, Sports Illustrated sought to answer the question, Who would have won the Heisman from 1900-1934. Its selection for 1902 was Paul Bunker of Army, a player who converted from tackle to halfback, the All-America selections by Camp and Whitney were dominated by players from the East and the Ivy League in particular. In 1902, all 14 consensus All-Americans came from Eastern universities, the Yale Bulldogs had seven players who were designated as consensus All-Americans. The only two consensus All-Americans from schools outside the Ivy League were tackle Paul Bunker and center Robert Boyers, during the 1902 season, Fielding H. Yosts Point-a-Minute team at Michigan compiled an 11–0 record and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 644 to 12. Seven Michigan players were chosen for All-Western teams, including Willie Heston, Joe Maddock, Boss Weeks, Everett Sweeley, Paul J. Jones, Curtis Redden, yet, not one player from a western school was recognized as a first-team All-American by Camp or Whitney. In addition to Camp and Whitney, other writers and publications selected All-America teams in 1902. The list below includes the All-America selections made by the The Newark Advocate and The Post-Standard of Syracuse, only one player, guard Edward Glass of Yale, was unanimously selected by Camp, Whitney, the The Newark Advocate, and The Post-Standard. Chadwick, Yale Thomas A. Barry, Brown Willie Heston, Michigan Harold Weekes, Columbia Harold Metcalf, Yale Walter L. Foulke, Princeton Thomas Graydon, Harvard Morgan H
11.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
12.
College Football All-America Team
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The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. Camp took over the responsibility for picking the All-America team and was recognized as the selector in the early years of the 20th century. com. As of 2009, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes the All-America teams selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, Sporting News, if three of these organizations select a player to their first team, he automatically receives the consensus honor. If a player is named an All-American by all five organizations, depending upon the distribution of first team honors at any given position, it is possible to be consensus with fewer than three first-team selections. The University of Notre Dame has produced the most unanimous All Americans of any program, there have been 2,868 players from 156 colleges and universities since 1889 who were selected to at least one All-American first team. It has selected an All-America team since 1925, the American Football Coaches Association has selected an All-America team every year since 1945. It is often referred to as the Coaches All-America Team, the Coaches’ All-America Team has been sponsored by various entities throughout the years but it is now under its own banner, the AFCA. These are the sponsors/publishers of the team throughout the years and it is sometimes referred to as the Writers All-America Team. The FWAA has selected an All-America team with the help of its members, the All-America team is selected by a committee of writers representing all conferences and regions of the NCAA. The Writers Team has been highlighted in various media forums, from 1946-70, Look published the FWAA team and brought players and selected writers to New York City for a celebration. During that 25-year period, the FWAA team was introduced on television shows by Bob Hope, Steve Allen, Perry Como. After Look folded, the FWAA started an association with NCAA Films. The team was part of ABC Televisions 1981 College Football Series, from 1983-90, the team was either on ABC or ESPN, and since 1991 has returned to the national spotlight on ABC. The corporate sponsor for the Writers team is AT&T, after years of Cingular being the sponsor. Walter Camp, The Father of American Football, first selected an All-America team in 1889, the WCF claims an 80% participation rate in the voting for its All-America team. Sporting News, formerly known as The Sporting News and known colloquially as TSN, have teams college football editors and staff select teams, from that year through the 1962 season TSNs All-America team was picked by a poll of sportswriters. Beginning in 1964 the team was selected by professional scouts and observers, the Sporting News cited the advent of two-platoon football as the need to go to that system. United Press International is a organization that selected players in a national poll of sportswriters
13.
College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
14.
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
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Pottstown is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States about 40 miles northwest of Philadelphia and 20 miles southeast of Reading, on the Schuylkill River. Pottstown was laid out in 1752–53 and named Pottsgrove in honor of its founder, the old name was abandoned at the time of the incorporation as a borough in 1815. In 1888, the limits of the borough were considerably extended, Pottstown is the center of a productive farming and dairying region. In the past, its iron and steel interests were very extensive, in 1900,13,696 people lived there, in 1910,15,599, in 1920,17,431, and in 1940,20,194 people lived there. The population was 22,377 at the 2010 census, Pottstown is not to be confused with Pottsville, a city in Schuylkill County well known for being the home of the Yuengling brewery. Modern-day Pottstown is established on land deeded to William Penn. Germans, Swedes and English were among the first European settlers in the area, after establishment of the first iron forge in 1714, Pottstowns fortunes became tied to the iron industry. Eventually, blast furnaces for production of iron and later opened in the area. Iron and steel production brought the Potts family, iron masters by trade and they established a forge in the area and built a large home just west of the Manatawny Creek. John Potts founded a town in 1761 on part of the 995 acres that he owned and it is the home of the nations oldest mills, Pottstown Roller Mill. Over time, Pottsgrove grew and in 1815, was incorporated under the name Pottstown becoming the borough in Pennsylvania after Norristown. The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad mainline between Reading and Philadelphia reached Pottstown in 1838, the extension of the railroad to Mount Carbon in 1842 facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods which helped Pottstowns economy to grow. In the few years following the extension of the railroad, the population grew from 600 to 1,850 residents, Pottstowns metal production grew and notably, steel from the borough was used in the Panama Canal and Golden Gate Bridge. In 1944, the adopted a city manager form of government. By 1964, the saw the need to re-organize the municipal government. At the time, it had one of the largest borough councils in the state and this was reduced to seven members in redrawn wards. Pottstown has a city form of government with a mayor. The mayor is Sharon Thomas and the manager is Mark Flanders, the borough is part of the Sixth Congressional District, the 146th State House District and the 44th State Senate District
15.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
16.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
17.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
18.
Hockey
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Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
19.
Frank Hinkey
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Frank Augustus Hinkey was an American college football player and coach. He was notable for being one of three college football players in history to be named a four-time consensus All-American. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951, born in Tonawanda, New York, he attended DeVeaux College and Phillips Andover. One writer claims when all-time ends are named, Hinkey invariably heads the list and he graduated from Yale University in 1895 and was a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones. He ran several businesses, including zinc smelting plants in Kansas and Illinois and he was head coach of the Yale team from 1913 to 1914. During those two seasons, he had an 11–7 record, according to Dr. Harry Marchs, often inaccurate book Pro Football, Its Ups and Downs, Hinkey was a referee at the 1903 World Series of Football held at Madison Square Garden. March states that the officials during the series were dressed in evening dress, from top hats down to white gloves. During the last play of the series in a game between the Franklin Athletic Club and the Watertown Red & Black, the Franklin players, knew that they had the game in hand. As a result, the Franklin backfield agreed to run over the clean and sharply dressed Hinkey in jest. Hinkey took the incident in good-nature and Franklins management agreed to pay his cleaning bill, Hinkey died from complications of tuberculosis on December 30,1925. Peterson, Robert W. Pigskin, The Early Years of Pro Football, Frank Hinkey at the College Football Hall of Fame Frank Hinkey at the College Football Data Warehouse
20.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
21.
Hammer throw
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The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular track and field competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin. The hammer used in sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a ball attached by a steel wire to a grip. The size of the varies between mens and womens competitions. With roots dating back to the 15th century, the version of the hammer throw is one of the oldest of Olympic Games competitions, first included at the 1900 games in Paris. The hammer evolved from its early origins to become part of the Scottish Highland games in the late 18th century. In the absence of weapons of war, the Scots turned to methods of military training. While the mens hammer throw has been part of the Olympics since 1900, womens hammer throw was first included in the Olympics at the 2000 summer games in Sydney, Australia, after having been included in the World Championships a year earlier. The mens hammer weighs 16 pounds and measures 3 feet 11 3⁄4 inches in length, like the other throwing events, the competition is decided by who can throw the implement the farthest. The ball moves in a path, gradually increasing in velocity with each turn with the high point of the hammer ball toward the target sector. The thrower releases the ball from the front of the circle, as of 2015 the mens hammer world record is held by Yuriy Sedykh, who threw 86.74 m at the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany on 30 August. The world record for the hammer is held by Anita Włodarczyk. Updated August 2015 Ivan Tsikhan of Belarus also threw 86.73 on 3 July 2005 in Brest, betty Heidler also threw 77.13 m,77.12 m. Gulfiya Agafonova of Russia also threw 77.36 on 26 May 2007 in Sochi, gwen Berry of the United States threw 76.31 on 21 May 2016 in Tucson, but this performance was annulled due to doping offense. Manuela Montebrun of France threw 75.20 on 18 May 2003 in Vineuil, the throw was made onto sloping ground, and therefore not a legal performance. IAAF list of records in XML HammerThrow. eu HammerThrow. org Statistics Hammer Throw Records Hammer Throw History
22.
John Flanagan (athlete)
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John Flanagan was a three-time Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw, winning in 1900,1904, and 1908. John Flanagan was born in the townland of Kilbreedy East, near Martinstown in County Limerick and he emigrated to the United States of America in 1896. At that time he held the world record for the hammer throw. He competed for both the New York Athletic Club and the Irish American Athletic Club, and was part of a group of Irish-American athletes known as the Irish Whales, in 1900 Flanagan represented his new country at the Olympic Games. Flanagan, the only man to medal for the Americans. Hare and Josiah McCracken, both football players from Pennsylvania, took silver and bronze. Flanagan also competed in the throw, finishing seventh. It was during that time that he one of the masters of the three-turn technique. In the 1904 Olympic Games, sporting the Winged Fist of the Irish American Athletic Club and he placed second to the Canadian, Étienne Desmarteau, in the 56-pound throw event. In 1905, while attached to the 37th Precinct, Flanagan competed in the Police Athletic Association games held at Celtic Park in New York, in the 1908 Olympics in London, Flanagan broke his own record with a hammer throw of 170 feet,4.5 inches. The silver that went to another New York City police officer. John Flanagan competed in the tug-of-war as well, on July 24,1909, at the age of 41, Flanagan set his last world record in the hammer, with a throw of 56.18 meters. He returned home to Limerick in 1911 and took over the family following the death of his father in 1912. He continued to compete in Ireland and won his final international event when competing against Scotland in 1911 and he also won the Irish Hammer Championships of 1911 and 1912. Following his retirement, he coached a number of athletes, including Patrick OCallaghan and he died at home in Limerick, aged 70, on 03 June 1938. A statue of Flanagan was erected beside Martinstown Church in Limerick in 2001, the Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report. Sports-reference profile Olympic biography and photos Irish America Archives - NYU Winged Fist Organization John Flanagan - Modern Hercules
23.
James J. Corbett
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James John Gentleman Jim Corbett was an American professional boxer and a former World Heavyweight Champion, best known as the man who defeated the great John L. Sullivan. In 1854, Jims father, Patrick Corbett, had emigrated from Ballycusheen, Ballinrobe, County Mayo, James Corbett returned to Ballinrobe in 1894, and among the highlights of his visit were the boxing demonstrations he gave in Ballinrobe Town Hall. The proceeds from the entrance fees were donated for the upkeep of Partry Church, where his uncle. He also donated a stained glass window to the church and he also coached boxing at the Olympic Club in San Francisco. He stood at 6 ft 1 in, with a reach of 73 inches, dubbed by the media as Gentleman Jim Corbett, he graduated from Sacred Heart High School in San Francisco and was rumored to have a college education. He also pursued a career in acting, performing at a variety of theatres and he has been called the Father of Modern Boxing for his scientific approach and innovations in technique. They fought to a no-contest after 61 rounds, the fight vaulted Corbett to even greater national prominence and the public clamored for a contest between Sullivan and him. The champion reluctantly agreed, and the fight was finally set, Corbett went into rigorous training and was even more confident of his chances after he sparred with Sullivan in a short exhibition match on a San Francisco stage. On September 7,1892, at the Olympic Club in New Orleans, Louisiana, Corbetts new scientific boxing technique enabled him to dodge Sullivans rushing attacks and wear him down with jabs. Corbett did not prove to be a Fighting Champion in todays terms, what must be remembered is this was an era before boxing commissions and the regulation of the sport was minimal at best. Boxing was outlawed in most states, so arranging a time, Corbett treasured his title and viewed it as the ultimate promotional tool for his two main sources of income, theatrical performances and boxing exhibitions. In his only title defense on January 25,1894. On September 7,1894, he took part in the production of one of the first recorded boxing events and this was filmed at the Black Maria studio at West Orange, New Jersey, and was produced by William K. L. It was only the second boxing match to be recorded, Jim Corbett lost his Heavyweight Championship to the Cornish British boxer Bob Fitzsimmons in Carson City, Nevada. Corbett was dominant for most of the fight and knocked Fitzsimmons to the canvas in the sixth round, Fitzsimmons recovered and, though badly cut, rallied from that point on. When Mrs. Fitzsimmons called out, Hit him in the slats, where slats meant the abdominal area, her husband followed her advice. The body blows took their toll, and though Corbett continued to outbox his opponent masterfully, ringsiders could see the champion slowing down. Fitzsimmons put Corbett down in the 14th round with a body blow to the solar plexus
24.
James J. Jeffries
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James Jackson Jeffries was an American professional boxer and former World Heavyweight Champion. He was known for his enormous strength and stamina, using a technique taught to him by his trainer, former Welterweight and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan, Jeffries fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward. He was able to absorb tremendous punishment while wearing his opponents down, a natural left-hander, he possessed one-punch knockout power in his left hook, and brawled his way to the top of the rankings. Jeffries stood 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in tall and weighed 225 pounds in his prime and he could run 100 yards in just over ten seconds, and could high jump over 6 feet. In 1891, Jeffries father moved his family from their Ohio farm to Los Angeles, James worked for a while as a boilermaker before going into boxing. In later life, The Boilermaker was one of his professional nicknames, as a powerfully built and athletic teenager, Jeffries boxed as an amateur until age 20, when he started fighting professionally. In his third fight, Jeffries knocked out the highly regarded black boxer Hank Griffin in the fourteenth round, Jack Johnson had fought Griffin on three separate occasions. Jeffries fought the top contender, Gus Ruhlin, to a draw. Ruhlin was knocked down with a punch at the end of the final round and was saved by the bell from being counted out. The decision was met with reactions from the audience, many of whom felt Jeffries won. On his way to the title in 1898, Jeffries knocked out Peter Jackson and this had been only the second defeat in Jacksons entire career, his first loss was from a four-round fight over thirteen years earlier around the beginning of his career. Jeffries defeated the formidable Mexican Pete Everett by knockout in only the round on April 22,1898. His next fight was against the Irishman Tom Sharkey, the fight went the full twenty rounds and Sharkey was knocked down in the eleventh round. After defeating the big, fast-moving, sharp-jabbing black, Bob Armstrong, on June 9,1899 in Brooklyn, New York he defeated Bob Fitzsimmons by KO in the eleventh round to win the Heavyweight Championship of the World. That August, he embarked on a tour of Europe, putting on exhibition fights for the fans, Jeffries was involved in several motion pictures recreating portions of his championship fights. Filmed portions of his bouts and of some of his exhibition matches survive to this day. In his first title defense, he won a decision in a rematch over Tom Sharkey. Jeffries set the record for the quickest KO in a Heavyweight title fight ever and his next defense was against the former Heavyweight Champion and legendary technician, James J. Corbett
25.
Meriden, Connecticut
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Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford. In 2010, the population of the city was 60,868, Meriden was originally a part of the neighboring town of Wallingford. It was granted a separate meetinghouse in 1727, became a town in 1806 with over 1000 residents and it was once proposed as the Connecticut state capital. It was named for the town of Meriden, West Midlands, England, popular myth also states that it is named after the Merry Den tavern that may have been located near present-day U. S. Route 5. The oldest house in town still standing, built by Solomon Goffe in 1711, became a museum in 1986, the Solomon Goffe House. The grave of Winston Churchills great-great-great maternal grandfather, Timothy Jerome, can be seen today at what is now called Burying Ground 1720 at the juncture of Dexter Avenue and Lydale Place. At the time the location was known as Buckwheat Hill, Timothy Jeromes son, Samuel, is the great-great grandfather of Jennie Jerome, Winston Churchills mother. Meriden earned the nickname Silver City, due to the number of silver manufacturers. In addition to hollowware, Meriden was also a significant center of cutlery production (various silver companies, Meriden Cutlery, the small city is also for the historical production of glass and lamps. During this time, several mansions and houses of note were built, Charles Parker and his younger brother opened their first factory in Meriden in 1832, with a capital outlay of $70.00. Over the years they manufactured a variety of products‚ from steam engines, train wheels. During the Civil War, Parkers Meriden Machine Company was under Union contract to produce 10,000 repeating rifles and 15,000 Springfield rifles, Parker began producing his own shotgun, referred to as The Gun of 1866. On March 7,1860, Abraham Lincoln spoke in Meriden seeking the Republican presidential nomination, Meriden also was an important site for graphic arts innovation. In 1888, the Meriden Gravure Company was founded by Charles Parker and James F. Allen, the company developed an expertise in high quality image reproduction, which initially was driven by the needs of the silver industry. Hubbard Park in the Hanging Hills was financed by Walter Hubbard, the design for the park was originally conceived by Hubbard in consultation with the Olmsted Brothers, sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, America’s foremost landscape architect. In 1900, Castle Craig on a peak was dedicated in the park, the Curtis Memorial Library opened in 1903. The Meriden Firearms Co. manufactured small arms from 1905 to 1918, the stock was owned by Sears, Roebuck & Company. From 1937 until 1947, the International Silver Company sponsored the Silver Theater, the radio program featured many Hollywood actors and actresses of the time like Jimmy Stewart and Rosalind Russell
26.
Smith College
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Smith College is a private, independent womens liberal arts college with coed graduate and certificate programs, located in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest member of the Seven Sisters, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked it tied for 12th among the best National Liberal Arts Colleges. The college was chartered in 1871-1891 by a bequest of Sophia Smith and opened its doors in 1875 with 14 students, by 1915–16 the student enrollment was 1,724 and the faculty numbered 163. Today, with some 2,600 undergraduates on campus, and 250 students studying elsewhere, on August 28,1942, a total of 120 women reported to the school for training. Smith has been led by 11 presidents and two acting presidents, for the 1975 centennial, the college inaugurated its first woman president, Jill Ker Conway, who came to Smith from Australia by way of Harvard and the University of Toronto. The campus was planned and planted in the 1890s as a garden and arboretum. The campus landscape now encompasses 147 acres and includes more than 1,200 varieties of trees, Smith College has 285 professors in 41 academic departments and programs, for a faculty, student ratio of 1,9. Smith Colleges acceptance rate in 2015 was 35. 97% and it was the first womens college in the United States to grant its own undergraduate degrees in engineering. The Picker Engineering Program offers a single ABET accredited Bachelor of Science in engineering science, Smith recently joined the SAT optional movement for undergraduate admission. Smith runs its own junior year abroad programs in four European cities, Paris, Hamburg, Florence and these programs are notable for requiring all studies to be conducted in the language of the host country. In some cases live in homestays with local families. Nearly half of Smiths juniors study overseas, either through Smith JYA programs or at more than 40 other locations around the world, junior math majors from other undergraduate institutions are invited to study at Smith College for one year through the Center for Women in Mathematics. The Center also offers a year of math study to women who either did not major in mathematics as undergraduates or whose mathematics major was not strong. The Louise W. and Edmund J. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute supports collaborative research without regard to the boundaries of academic departments. Each year the Institute supports long-term and short-term projects proposed, planned and organized by members of the Smith College faculty, by becoming Kahn Fellows, students get involved in interdisciplinary research projects and work alongside faculty and visiting scholars for a year. Students can develop skills through Smiths two-year Phoebe Reese Lewis Leadership Program. Participants train in public speaking, analytical thinking, teamwork strategies, through Smiths internship program, Praxis, The Liberal Arts at Work, every undergraduate is guaranteed access to one college funded internship during her years at the college. This program enables students to access interesting self-generated internship positions in social welfare and human services, the arts, media, health, education, the 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Smith as more selective
27.
Skull and Bones
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Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
28.
Mike Murphy (trainer and coach)
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He also coached the American track athletes at the Summer Olympics in 1900,1908, and 1912. He also spent a year in approximately 1884 as the trainer of boxing champion John L. Sullivan. The Washington Post in 1913 called Murphy the father of American track athletics and he was considered the premier athletic trainer of his era and was said to have revolutionized the methods of training athletes and reduced it to a science. He is credited with establishing many innovative techniques for track and field and he was born in February 1860 either in Southboro, Westboro or Natick, Massachusetts. He was the son of Irish immigrants, a man of humble birth, Murphys father had a reputation as an athlete, and Murphys desire as a youth was to become a great athlete. He has been reported to have traveled the country participating in six-day races at the age of 20 and to have been a boxer. Then, after years of grueling running indoors without anything but glory, Murphy branched out as a sprinter. At least one published report states that Murphy was himself one of the greatest professional sprinters this country ever saw, other accounts indicate that he never achieved great success as an athlete. Finn reportedly joked to a group of athletes, Lets send Stocky Murphy, because Murphy was not a champion among them, Finns comments brought a round of jeers. But Finn continued, Never mind that, that fellow has a head on him that will get him some day than our legs will. A Philadelphia sports writer noted the irony of fate that Murpy had the talent to develop athletic prodigies though nature did not deign to bless him with even an average physique. That writer described Murphy when the first met in 1895 as a small, spare, even delicate-looking man, dressed in a plain suit. As Yale gained supremacy in athletics, Murphys fame spread, and in the fall of 1889, Murphy remained in Detroit for three years, and while there, he developed a reputation for having a sixth sense in being able to spot athletic talent. His first discovery in Detroit was John Owen who went on to become the fastest sprinter in America, the action of Owen looked promising to Murphy. Mr. Owen, why dont you be a sprinter and he asked while the players were wiping off perspiration between acts. Why, I couldnt run a lick, but Murphy insisted, and from that seeming guess work selection of a future great was developed John Owen, the first amateur sprinter to cover one hundred yards under ten seconds. After Owen set the record of 9-4/5 seconds in the 100-yard dash, Owen focused his efforts on the 220-. Murphy told the press in 1891 that he was confident that Owen will be able to create new records for both these distances next summer, while in Detroit, Murphy also discovered Harry M. Jewett, Owens successor as Americas greatest sprinter
29.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
30.
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
31.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
32.
C. P. H. Gilbert
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For the American architect with a similar name, see Cass Gilbert. Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, most often referred to as C. P. H. Gilbert, was an American architect of the late-19th and early-20th centuries best known for designing townhouses, Gilberts family comes of English and New English ancestry. One of the members was Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to whom Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a patent for the colonization of North America, Sir Humphreys ambitious plans ended when he was lost at sea with most of his company on his return voyage from the exploration of Newfoundland. Other members of the family, however, soon planted the name in North America, loring Gilbert was a leading commission merchant who had a successful career. Etchebery, and they had one son, Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, C. P. H. Gilbert received a careful education, studying both in America and in Europe, such as the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. After being prepared for college he took courses in civil engineering and architecture, and later studied painting, sculpture. After college, he began work as an assistant in the office of a prominent firm of architects. As a young man he designed buildings in the towns of Colorado. In 1886, at the age of twenty-five, Gilbert began practicing as an architect in New York City, one of Gilberts first projects was the design of fourteen brownstone rowhouses that now form a part of the Manhattan Avenue Historic District. Gilbert designed the block for Hoboken developer John Brown in 1886, another noteworthy building was the 1888 Richardsonian Romanesque mansion at Eighth Avenue and Carroll Street in Park Slope, Brooklyn for Thomas Adams Jr. a chewing gum magnate. From 1893 on, Gilbert had a large business, which grew steadily. In addition, he was a director or a stockholder in a number of manufacturing companies outside of New York. He saw action during the Spanish–American War of 1898, where he was a veteran, after the war he returned to New York. By 1900 Gilbert had a reputation as a specialist in designing opulent townhouses, among Gilberts Fifth Avenue palazzi is the 1905 Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant, son of railroad tycoon Henry B. Through the 1920s he designed more than 100 New York City mansions in various styles, Gilbert also designed a number of mansions and buildings on Long Island and in upstate New York in the 1920s. Gilbert retreated from life, and by the late 1920s stopped designing any new houses. He retired to Pelham Manor, New York in Westchester County and he is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. He also was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and a veteran of Squadron A, Gilbert was married to Florence Cecil Moss, daughter of Theodore Moss of New York City, and had two children, Dudley Pierrepont Gilbert and Vera Pierrepont Gilbert
33.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
34.
Minnesota shift
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The Minnesota shift was an American football shift maneuver. It was the forerunner to all quick shifts in American football, the intent of the Minnesota shift was to keep the defense off balance and disguise the offenses intended point of attack. To be effective, the shift into the new formation was supposed to be done quickly and the ball snapped immediately afterward. University of Minnesota Golden Gophers coach Dr. Henry L. Williams is credited with its invention in the first decade of the 20th century, the maneuver gained national attention when it was adopted by period powerhouse Yale University in 1910. Williams, an 1891 graduate of Yale, had repeatedly offered to mentor his alma mater in the formation. In 1910, the Elis suffered early season setbacks at the hands of inferior opponents, former Yale end Thomas L. Shevlin, who had served as an assistant coach at Minnesota, taught the team the shift. Yale used the Minnesota shift against both opponents, and beat Princeton, 5–3, and tied Harvard, 0–0. In 1917, Wisconsin head coach John R. Richards claimed that Chicagos legendary Amos Alonzo Stagg, the following season, Michigan also effectively shut down the shift behind good line play
35.
Minnesota Golden Gophers
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The Minnesota Golden Gophers are the college sports team of the University of Minnesota. The university fields both mens and womens teams in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, swimming, tennis, mens-specific sports include baseball, football, and wrestling. Womens-specific sports include rowing, soccer, softball, and volleyball, the Gophers womens ice hockey team is a six-time NCAA champion and seven-time national champion. In womens ice hockey, the Gophers belong to the Western Collegiate Hockey Association, in all other sports, they belong to the Big Ten Conference. Most of the facilities that the use for training and competitive play are located on the East Bank of the Minneapolis campus. There are arenas for mens and womens basketball as well as ice hockey, the Gopher football team began playing at TCF Bank Stadium in September 2009. The womens soccer team plays on the St. Paul campus in Elizabeth Lyle Robbie Stadium, the Cheerleaders and the Dance Team are also part of the universitys athletic department, they are present at events for basketball, ice hockey, football, and volleyball. During the 2006–2007 academic year, the Golden Gophers wrestling team won the NCAA national championship, the Golden Gophers also won conference championships in mens ice hockey, mens golf, womens rowing, mens swimming and diving, and womens indoor track and field. The University Mascot is derived from a nickname for the state of Minnesota, the original design was based on the thirteen-lined ground squirrel. The state nickname derives from a cartoon by R. O. Sweeny. The cartoon depicted state legislators as gophers dragging the state in the wrong direction, the nickname was associated with the university as early as the publication of the first yearbook in 1888, which was titled The Gopher. Other early yearbooks included depictions of gophers as well, and the University of Minnesota football coach Clarence Spears officially named the team the Gophers in 1926. After the radio announcer Halsey Hall began referring to the team as the Golden Gophers due to the color of their uniforms, school songs for the university include Minnesota Rouser, Minnesota March, Go Gopher Victory, Our Minnesota, Minnesota Fight, Hail. Minnesota, and the Battle Hymn of the Republic, the Minnesota Gophers have won 19 NCAA national championships. The NCAA itself does not award a championship for Division I-A football, the NCAA began awarding national championships for mens basketball in 1939, previous champions were retroactively named by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. The NCAA began awarding national championships for mens ice hockey in 1948, previous championships were awarded by the Amateur Athletic Union, the NCAA began awarding national championships for womens ice hockey in 2001, previous championships were awarded by the American Womens College Hockey Alliance. Yost, it is painted with the victories of the two teams, floyd of Rosedale – Since 1935 the Gophers and the Iowa Hawkeyes have fought to win this bronze pig. The Gophers won the 2010 and 2011 match up for the pig, Paul Bunyans Axe – Minnesota and the Wisconsin Badgers have passed this trophy back and forth since 1948, although it records the two teams encounters since 1890
36.
Walter Camp
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Walter Chauncey Camp was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the Father of American Football. Among a long list of inventions, he created the line of scrimmage. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost and he attended Yale College, where he played and coached college football. Camps Yale teams of 1888,1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national champions, Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general, by the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, Walter Camp was of English descent. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1875, at Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, the Linonian Society, and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever, in 1873, he attended a meeting where representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale universities created the intercollegiate football association. They created the rule that each team is only allowed 15 plays per drive and he played as a halfback at Yale from 1876 to 1882. Harvard player Nathaniel Curtis took one look at Camp, then only 156 pounds and he worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. On June 30,1888, Camp married Alice Graham Sumner, sister of sociologist William Graham Sumner and they had two children, Walter Camp, Jr. who attended Yale as well and was elected as a member of Scroll and Key in 1912, and Janet Camp Troxell. Camp served as the football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University. On Christmas 1894, he and Amos Alonzo Staggs Chicago Maroons organized an early intersectional contest, Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a player, when the ball was fairly held. College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrimmage be replaced with a line of scrimmage where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession and this change effectively created the evolution of the modern game of American football from its rugby football origins. This is significant as rugby union has no point value award for this action, the NCAA emerged from the national talks, but worked to Yales disadvantage relative to rival Harvard, according to Branch. By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and his stories also appeared in major daily newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual All-American team, by the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the Father of Football
37.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
38.
George B. Chadwick
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George Brewster Chadwick was an All-American football player and coach. He played college football for Yale University from 1899 to 1902 and was the coach of the 1903 Yale football team. After working for a time in the hardware and sales fields, Chadwick had a career as a teacher of English, history. Chadwick was born in Brooklyn, New York, in June 1880 and his father Charles Noyes Chadwick was the president of C. N. Chadwick Co. manufacturers of childrens underwaists and boys shirtwaists. His mother was Alice Ann Chadwick was born in Northern Ireland, Chadwick attended the Froebel Academy, Brooklyn Latin School and Brooklyn High School. Chadwick enrolled at Yale University in 1898 and he played halfback for the Yale Bulldogs football team from 1899 to 1902. In December 1901, he was selected by his teammates as the captain of the 1902 Yale football team and he led the 1900 and 1902 Yale teams to undefeated seasons, and he was also selected as a first-team College Football All-American in 1900 and 1902. He scored all of Yales points in a 12–5 victory over Harvard in 1902 on runs of 53 and 55 yards, in his book, The History of American Football, Allison Danzig referred to Chadwick as the phantom line cleaver. While playing football at Yale, Chadwick was 5 feet 10 inches in height, in 1951, Chadwick recalled the Yale teams on which he played, noting that our game was not as intricate or deceptive as it is today but that the old game had precision. While attending Yale, Chadwick was also a member of the University Glee Club, Psi Upsilon, after graduating as part of Yales class of 1903, Chadwick agreed to return as the schools head football coach in the fall of 1903. Chadwick coached the 1903 Yale football team to an 11–1 record, the 1903 teams only loss came against Princeton by a score of 11–6. During the period from 1899 to 1912, Yale had 14 different head coaches in 14 years – despite compiling a combined record of 127–11–10 in those years. At the conclusion of the 1903 football season, Chadwick accepted a position with the Southern Railroad Company, St. Louis and he held positions with that company in Princeton, Indiana, and East St. Louis, Illinois. In August 1904, he employed by the Simmons Hardware Company in St. Louis. At the time of the 1910 United States Census, Chadwick was living with his parents in Brooklyn, as of 1917, Chadwick was reported to be employed by The Patterson Manufacturing Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. During World War I, Chadwick served in the U. S. Army, after the war, he worked as the editor of a Red Cross magazine. At some point after 1918, Chadwick became a school teacher and he taught English, history and Latin at various private boys schools. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Chadwick was living in Ridgefield, Connecticut, in 1927, he published his only book - Chuck Blue of Sterling - a story of college life and football
39.
Joseph Rockwell Swan (coach)
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Joseph Rockwell Swan was an American investment banker, football player and coach. He played college football for Yale University from 1899 to 1901 and was the coach of the 1902 team. He was also affiliated with the New York Botanical Garden as its president, Swan was born in Utica, New York in 1878. He was the son of Joseph R. Swan and Emma Mann Swan and he attended preparatory school at the Groton School. Swan enrolled at Yale University and played for the Yale Bulldogs football team from 1899 to 1901, Swan was a member of the 1900 Yale team that finished its season with a perfect 13–0 record, outscoring opponents by a combined score of 336 to 10. After graduating as part of Yales class of 1902, Chadwick agreed to return as the head football coach in the fall of 1902. Swan coached the 1902 Yale football team to an 11–0–1 record, the 1902 teams only setback came in a 6–6 tie against Army. During the period from 1899 to 1912, Yale had 14 different head coaches in 14 years – despite compiling a combined record of 127–11–10 in those years. Swan subsequently had a 40-year career in the investment banking field and he began his career with the National Commercial Bank of Albany and became secretary of the Union Trust Company of Albany. In 1910, he became a partner in the Wall Street firm of Kean, during World War I, Swan served as an officer of the American Red Cross in Europe. In December 1918, Swan was hired as a president of the Guaranty Trust Company. When the Guaranty Company was formed in 1920 as a firm and subsidiary of Guaranty Trust Company. During the 1920s, he was active in the Investment Bankers Association, in January 1928, Swan was elected as the president of the Guaranty Company. Following the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as President of the United States, Swan served on the Investment Bankers Code Committee and he was also instrumental in the establishment of self-governance for the securities industry, including the formation of the National Association of Securities Dealers. He led Edward B. Smith & Co. in a 1937 merger with Charles D, Barney & Co. and became the senior partner of the merged company, Smith Barney & Co. Swan continued as the partner at Smith Barney until his retirement in January 1944. Swan also served as the president of the New York Botanical Garden from 1937 to 1949, when he retired from Smith Barney in 1944, Swan indicated that he intended to devote most of his attention to a 900-acre farm in Connecticut where he conducted experiments with flowers. Swan was married to Nathalie Henderson Swan, and they had three daughters, Nathalie, Emma and Lois, swans wife was a founder of the Junior League of New York and a trustee of Bennington College and the Teachers College of Columbia University
