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Tomorrow Never Knows

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For other uses, see Tomorrow Never Knows (disambiguation).

"Tomorrow Never Knows"
Tomorrow Never Knows sheet music cover.jpg
Cover of the Northern Songs sheet music (licensed to Sonora Musikförlag)
Song by the Beatles
from the album Revolver
Published Northern Songs
Released 5 August 1966
Recorded 6, 7 and 22 April 1966
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Length 2:58
Label Parlophone
Songwriter(s) Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s) George Martin
Audio sample

"Tomorrow Never Knows" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in August 1966 as the final track on their album Revolver, although it was the first song recorded for the album. Credited as a Lennon–McCartney song, it was written primarily by John Lennon.[4] The song marked a radical departure for the Beatles, as the band fully embraced the potential of the recording studio without any consideration for being able to reproduce the results in concert.

When writing the song, Lennon drew inspiration from his experiences with the hallucinogenic drug LSD and from the book The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead by Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner. On the recording, the Beatles incorporated musical elements that were unconventional in pop music, including musique concrète, avant-garde composition, and electro-acoustic sound manipulation.[5] The song features an Indian-inspired modal backing of tambura and sitar drone and bass guitar, with minimal harmonic deviation from a single chord, underpinned by a constant but non-standard drum pattern; added to this, tape loops prepared by the band were overdubbed "live" onto the rhythm track. Part of Lennon's vocal was fed through a Leslie speaker cabinet, which was normally used as a loudspeaker for a Hammond organ. The song's backwards guitar parts and effects marked the first use of reversed sounds in a pop recording, although the Beatles' 1966 B-side "Rain", which they recorded soon afterwards using the same technique, was issued over three months before Revolver.

On release, "Tomorrow Never Knows" was the source of confusion and ridicule for many of the Beatles' less progressive fans and for some members of the music press. It has since been recognised as "the most effective evocation of a LSD experience ever recorded", in author Colin Larkin's description,[6] and as a song that introduced into popular music lyrical themes espousing mind expansion, anti-materialism and Eastern spirituality. It has also been cited as an early and highly influential recording in the psychedelic music and electronic music genres, particularly for its pioneering use of sampling, tape manipulation, and other production techniques. Pitchfork Media placed the track at number 19 on its list of "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s", and Rolling Stone ranked it at number 18 on the magazine's list of the 100 greatest Beatles songs.

Background and inspiration[edit]

See also: Counterculture of the 1960s
Timothy Leary before a crowd of university students during a lecture tour in 1969. In his lyrics to "Tomorrow Never Knows", Lennon drew from Leary's espousal of LSD as a means to transcend material concerns.

John Lennon wrote "Tomorrow Never Knows" in January 1966, with lyrics adapted from the book The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead by Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner, which was in turn adapted from the Tibetan Book of the Dead.[7] Although Beatles aide Peter Brown believed that Lennon's source for the lyrics was the Tibetan Book of the Dead itself, which, he said, Lennon had read while under the influence of LSD,[8] George Harrison later stated that the idea for the lyrics came from Leary, Alpert and Metzner's book.[9] Paul McCartney confirmed this, stating that when he and Lennon visited the newly opened Indica bookshop, Lennon had been looking for a copy of The Portable Nietzsche and found a copy of The Psychedelic Experience that contained the lines: "Whenever in doubt, turn off your mind, relax, float downstream".[10]

Lennon said he bought the book, went home, took LSD, and followed the instructions exactly as stated in the text.[11][12] The book held that the "ego death" experienced under the influence of LSD and other psychedelic drugs is essentially similar to the dying process and requires similar guidance.[13][14] This is a state of being known by eastern mystics and masters as samādhi (a state of being totally aware of the present moment; a one-pointedness of mind).

The title never actually appears in the song's lyrics. Lennon later revealed that, like "A Hard Day's Night", it was taken from one of Ringo Starr's malapropisms.[11] In a television interview in early 1964, Starr had uttered the phrase "Tomorrow never knows" when laughing off an incident that took place at the British Embassy in Washington, DC, during which one of the guests had cut off a portion of his hair.[15][16] The piece was originally titled "Mark I"[10] and remained so until the Beatles were mixing the Revolver album in June.[17] "The Void" is cited as another working title, but according to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, this resulted from Neil Aspinall, one of the band's aides, erroneously referring to it as such in a contemporary issue of The Beatles Book.[18] Lennon said he settled on Starr's phrase "to sort of take the edge off the heavy philosophical lyrics".[17]

Musical structure[edit]

McCartney remembered that even though the song's harmony was mainly restricted to the chord of C, George Martin, the Beatles' producer, accepted it as it was and said it was "rather interesting".[9][nb 1] The harmonic structure is derived from Indian music, a genre that Harrison had introduced to the Beatles' sound late in 1965 with his sitar part on "Norwegian Wood", and is based on a high volume C drone played on a tambura.[20] The song's musical key is C Mixolydian.[21] The chord over the drone is generally C major, but some changes to B♭ major result from vocal modulations, as well as orchestral and guitar tape loops.[22][23]

According to author Peter Lavezzoli, the composition is the first pop song to eschew formal chord changes altogether.[24][nb 2] Despite this limitation, musicologist Dominic Pedler sees the Beatles' harmonic ingenuity displayed in the upper harmonies – "Turn off your mind", for example, is a run of unvarying E melody notes, before "relax" involves an E–G melody-note shift and "float downstream" an E–C–G descent.[28] "It is not dying" involves a run of three G melody notes that rise on "dying" to a B♭, at the start of the verse's fifth bar,[29] creating a ♭VII/I (B♭/C) "slash" polychord.[28][nb 3] Due to Lennon's adherence to Leary's text, "Tomorrow Never Knows" was also the first song by the Beatles to depart from any form of rhyming scheme.[31]

Recording[edit]

A cross-section showing the inner workings of a Leslie speaker cabinet

"Tomorrow Never Knows" was the first song attempted during the sessions for Revolver,[32] which started at 8 pm on 6 April 1966,[33] in Studio 3 at EMI Studios (subsequently Abbey Road Studios).[10] Geoff Emerick, who was promoted to the role of the Beatles' recording engineer for Revolver, recalled that the band "encouraged us to break the rules" and ensure that each instrument "should sound unlike itself".[34] Lennon sought to capture the atmosphere of a Tibetan Buddhist ceremony;[35] he told Martin that the song should sound like it was being chanted by a thousand Tibetan monks, with his vocal evoking the Dalai Lama singing from a mountaintop.[36][37] The latter effect was achieved by using a Leslie speaker. When the concept was explained to Lennon, he enquired if the same effect could be achieved by hanging him upside down and spinning him around a microphone while he sang into it.[10][38] Emerick made a connector to break into the electronic circuitry of the Leslie cabinet and then re-recorded the vocal as it came out of the revolving speaker.[39][40]

Detail of a Tibetan Buddhist temple. Lennon sought to capture the mood of Tibetan monks chanting from a mountaintop.

Further to their approach when recording Rubber Soul late the previous year, the Beatles and Martin embraced the idea of the recording studio as musical instrument on Revolver, particularly "Tomorrow Never Knows".[41] As Lennon hated doing a second take to double his vocals, Ken Townsend, the studio's technical manager, developed an alternative form of double-tracking called artificial double tracking (ADT) system, taking the signal from the sync head of one tape machine and delaying it slightly through a second tape machine.[42] The two tape machines used were not driven by mains electricity, but from a separate generator which put out a particular frequency, the same for both, thereby keeping them locked together.[42] By altering the speed and frequencies, he could create various effects, which the Beatles used throughout the recording of Revolver.[43] Lennon's vocal is double-tracked on the first three verses of the song: the effect of the Leslie cabinet can be heard after the (backwards) guitar solo.[44][45]

The track includes the highly compressed drums that the Beatles favoured at the time, with reverse cymbals, reverse guitar, processed vocals, looped tape effects, and sitar and tambura drone.[38] In the description of musicologist Russell Reising, the "meditative state" of a psychedelic experience is conveyed through the musical drone, enhancing the lyrical imagery, while the "buzz" of a drug-induced "high" is sonically reproduced in Harrison's tambura rhythm and Starr's heavily treated drum sound.[29] Despite the implied chord changes in the verses and repeatedly at the end of the song,[29] McCartney's bass maintains a constant ostinato in C.[46] Reising writes of the drum part:

Starr's accompaniment throughout the piece consists of a kind of stumbling march, providing a bit of temporal disruption ... [The] first accent of each bar falls on the measure's first beat and the second stress occurs in the second half of the measure's third quarter, double sixteenth notes in stuttering pre-emption of the normal rhythmic emphasis on the second backbeat – hardly a classic rock and roll gesture.[29]

The use of ¼-inch audio tape loops resulted primarily from McCartney's admiration for Stockhausen's Gesang der Jünglinge.[47][48] By disabling the erase head of a tape recorder and then spooling a continuous loop of tape through the machine while recording, the tape would constantly overdub itself, creating a saturation effect, a technique also used in musique concrète.[47] The tape could also be induced to go faster and slower. McCartney encouraged the other Beatles to use the same effects and create their own loops.[23] After experimentation on their own, the various Beatles supplied a total of "30 or so" tape loops to Martin, who selected 16 for use on the song.[49] Each loop was about six seconds long.[49]

The overdubbing of the tape loops took place on 7 April.[38] The loops were played on BTR3 tape machines located in various studios of the Abbey Road building[50] and controlled by EMI technicians in Studio Three.[51] Each machine was monitored by one technician, who had to hold a pencil within each loop to maintain tension.[49] The four Beatles controlled the faders of the mixing console while Martin varied the stereo panning and Emerick watched the meters.[52][53] Eight of the tapes were used at one time, changed halfway through the song.[52] The tapes were made (like most of the other loops) by superimposition and acceleration.[54][55] According to Martin, the finished mix of the tape loops could not be repeated because of the complex and random way in which they were laid over the music.[9] Harrison similarly described the mix of loops as "spontaneous", given that each run-through might favour different sounds over another.[9]

A 7-inch reel of 1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) audio recording tape, which was the type used to create the song's tape loops

Five tape loops are prominent in the finished version of the song. According to author Ian MacDonald, writing in the 1990s, these loops contain the following:

  1. A recording of McCartney's laughter, sped up to resemble the sound of a seagull (enters at 0:07)
  2. An orchestral chord of B♭ major (0:19)
  3. A Mellotron on its flute setting (0:22)
  4. A Mellotron strings sound, alternating between B♭ and C in 6/8 time (0:38)
  5. A sitar playing a rising scalar phrase, recorded with heavy saturation and sped up (0:56).[56]

Author Robert Rodriguez writes that the content of the five loops has continued to invite debate among commentators, however, and that the manipulation applied to each of the recordings has made them impossible to decipher with authority.[57] Based on the most widely held views, he says that, aside from McCartney's laughter and the B♭ major chord, the sounds were two loops of sitar passages, both reversed and sped up, and a loop of Mellotron string and brass voicings.[58] In their book Recording the Beatles, Kevin Ryan and Brian Kehew list two loops of sitar recordings yet, rather than Mellotron, list a mandolin or acoustic guitar, treated with tape echo.[15][59]

The final overdubs were recorded on 22 April.[60] According to Lewisohn, who had access to EMI's studios logs and notes, these overdubs comprised Harrison's sitar and Lennon's Leslie-treated vocal part.[61][nb 4] After completing the recording, McCartney was eager to gauge the reaction of the band's contemporaries. On 2 May, he played the song to Bob Dylan at the latter's hotel suite in London; as the track started, Dylan said dismissively: "Oh, I get it. You don't want to be cute anymore."[63] According to Marianne Faithfull, who was also present, Dylan then walked out of the room.[64] McCartney recalled that when the Beatles played the song to members of the Rolling Stones and the Who, they "visibly sat up and were interested", whereas Cilla Black "just laughed".[65]

Lennon later said: "I should have tried to get near my original idea, the monks singing. I realise now that's what I wanted."[39][66] The Beatles continued to experiment with reversed sounds and tape-speed variation during the Revolver sessions.[67][68] On "Rain", which was issued as the B-side of their "Paperback Writer" single in May 1966, part of Lennon's vocal track was reprised backwards over the coda,[69] while Harrison planned and recorded his lead guitar parts for "I'm Only Sleeping" with the tape direction reversed, in order to achieve a dislocated effect.[70][71][nb 5] The discarded take 1 of "Tomorrow Never Knows" was issued on the Anthology 2 compilation in 1996.[66][37]

Interpretation[edit]

Harrison questioned whether Lennon fully understood the meaning of the song's lyrics:

You can hear (and I am sure most Beatles fans have) "Tomorrow Never Knows" a lot and not know really what it is about. Basically it is saying what meditation is all about. The goal of meditation is to go beyond (that is, transcend) waking, sleeping and dreaming. So the song starts out by saying, "Turn off your mind, relax and float downstream, it is not dying."

Then it says, "Lay down all thoughts, surrender to the void – it is shining. That you may see the meaning of within – it is being." From birth to death all we ever do is think: we have one thought, we have another thought, another thought, another thought. Even when you are asleep you are having dreams, so there is never a time from birth to death when the mind isn't always active with thoughts. But you can turn off your mind, and go to the part which Maharishi described as: "Where was your last thought before you thought it?"

The whole point is that we are the song. The self is coming from a state of pure awareness, from the state of being. All the rest that comes about in the outward manifestation of the physical world (including all the fluctuations which end up as thoughts and actions) is just clutter. The true nature of each soul is pure consciousness. So the song is really about transcending and about the quality of the transcendent.

I am not too sure if John actually fully understood what he was saying. He knew he was onto something when he saw those words and turned them into a song. But to have experienced what the lyrics in that song are actually about? I don't know if he fully understood it.[9]

Release and reception[edit]

'Tomorrow Never Knows' was the most experimental and psychedelic track on Revolver, in both its structure and production. This was not a song that could be easily sung by a rock group live, as the special effects and tape manipulation that were integral to the tune could not be re-created on-stage. In addition, there was a conspicuous absence of the riffs and verse-bridge-chorus-dominated construction that had colored virtually every original Beatles composition before 1966 ... [T]he lyrics were philosophical, existential, sometimes inscrutable reflections on the state of being: a heavy subject for popular music, whether in 1966 or any other year.[73]

– Music critic Richie Unterberger

"Tomorrow Never Knows" was sequenced as the final track on Revolver, which EMI's Parlophone label issued on 5 August 1966.[74][75] In his design for the LP cover, Klaus Voormann drew inspiration from the song, recognising the need for artwork that would capture the Beatles' new direction[76] and the avant-garde aspect of the recording.[77] Voormann later said that he found "Tomorrow Never Knows" "frightening", adding that it was "so far away from the early Beatles stuff that even I myself thought, well, the normal kind of Beatles fan won't want to buy this record. But they did."[78] In an interview in October 1966, Harrison described the song as "easily the most amazing new thing we've ever come up with", but acknowledged that it might represent "a terrible mess of a sound" to listeners who approached the track without "open ears". He added: "It's like the Indian stuff. You mustn't listen to Eastern music with a Western ear."[79]

Reaction to the release was "generally ecstatic", according to MacDonald, with listeners marvelling at the album's "aural invention".[80] To the Beatles' less progressive fans, however, the radical changes in the band's sound were the source of confusion.[81][82] The editor of the Australian teen magazine Mirabelle wrote: "Everyone, from Brisbane to Bootle, hates that daft song Lennon sang at the end of Revolver."[65] In his review for the NME, Allen Evans said, in response to the lyric's exhortation to "relax and float downstream": "But how can you relax with the electronic, outer-space noises, often sounding like seagulls? … Only Ringo's rock-steady drumming is natural."[83] Peter Jones of Record Mirror commented: "You need some sort of aural microscope to get the message from this. But it's darned compelling listening."[84] In the recently launched Crawdaddy!, Paul Williams derided "Tomorrow Never Knows" and the album's single, "Yellow Submarine", saying of Lennon's song: "A good artist doesn't publish first drafts."[85]

Writing in 1977, author Nicholas Schaffner said that those who had been confused by the lyrics were most likely unfamiliar with hallucinogenic drugs and Timothy Leary's message, but that the transcendental quality became clear during the build-up to the 1967 Summer of Love.[86][nb 6] The song was parodied, as "L.S. Bumblebee", as part of a satirical sketch on the Swinging London phenomenon in the Not Only ... But Also 1966 Christmas TV special,[88] which included a cameo appearance by Lennon.[89] Sung by comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, both of whom are dressed in Indian clothing, the song evokes the seagull sounds of "Tomorrow Never Knows" through the presence of a bird squawking in the studio, and includes lyrics playing on the sensory contradictions of lines such as "Listen to the colour of your dreams" from the Beatles track.[88][90]

In 2006, Pitchfork Media ranked "Tomorrow Never Knows" at number 19 on its list of "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s"[91] and Q magazine placed the track 75th on a list of "The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time".[15] "Tomorrow Never Knows" appears at number 18 on Rolling Stone's list of the best Beatles songs[92] and at number 4 on a similar list compiled by Mojo.[93]

Love remix[edit]

The Love project, which combined "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "Within You Without You"

In 2006, Martin and his son, Giles Martin, remixed 80 minutes of Beatles music for the Las Vegas stage performance Love, a joint venture between Cirque du Soleil and the Beatles' Apple Corps.[94] On the Love album, the rhythm to "Tomorrow Never Knows" was mixed with the vocals and melody from "Within You Without You", creating a different version of the two songs.[95][96]

Reviewing the album for PopMatters, Zeth Lundy wrote: "The 'Within You Without You'/'Tomorrow Never Knows' mash-up, perhaps the most thrilling and effective track on the entire disc, fuses two especially transcendental songs into one: ... a union of two ambiguous, open-ended declarations of spiritual pursuit."[97] In their chapter on the Beatles' psychedelic period in The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles, authors Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc describe "Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows" as "the most musically and visually stunning segment" of the Cirque du Soleil show.[98] The Love remix is one of the main songs in The Beatles: Rock Band.[99]

In popular culture[edit]

According to Colin Larkin, writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music, "Tomorrow Never Knows" has been recognised as "the most effective evocation of a LSD experience ever recorded".[6] Ian MacDonald says that the song's message represented a revolutionary concept in mainstream society in 1966. He adds: "'Tomorrow Never Knows' launched the till-then élite-preserved concept of mind-expansion into pop, simultaneously drawing attention to consciousness-enhancing drugs and the ancient religious philosophies of the Orient, utterly alien to Western thought in their anti-materialism, rapt passivity, and world-sceptical focus on visionary consciousness."[100]

In music[edit]

Hernan Campbell of Sputnikmusic recognises "Tomorrow Never Knows" as "the most important Psychedelic composition in the history of the genre" and "the epitome of everything that psychedelia stands for".[101] In the opinion of former Mojo editor Paul Trynka, the track benefited most from the Beatles' ability to channel their ideas into a recognisable song form, a discipline that ensured their psychedelic recordings were superior to those by the Grateful Dead and other contemporary San Francisco acts.[102] Writing in his book Electronic and Experimental Music, Thom Holmes includes "Tomorrow Never Knows" in his list of the "pioneering works" in electronic music. He says that the track "ushered in a new era in the use of electronic music in rock and pop music".[103] In the book Encyclopedia of Classic Rock, David Luhrssen and Michael Larson say that with Revolver the Beatles "erased boundaries of time and culture", adding: "Ancient met modern on 'Tomorrow Never Knows' as sitars encountered tape loops. 'Tomorrow Never Knows' reintroduced the sustained repetition of the drone, absent in Western music since the Middle Ages and only recently discovered by avant-garde composer La Monte Young."[104] According to Peter Lavezzoli, in his book The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, "'Tomorrow Never Knows' was the most groundbreaking production to date in popular music" and he says it "still retains a terrifying visceral power".[24]

Musicologist Walter Everett describes Revolver as "an innovative example of electronic music" and says that "Tomorrow Never Knows" was also "highly influential" on psychedelic rock.[105][nb 7] He identifies its studio effects and musical form as central to Pink Floyd's "Pow R. Toc H." and recognises the same use of extreme tape-speed manipulation in subsequent recordings by Jim Hendrix and Frank Zappa, and backwards tapes in the work of Hendrix, Pink Floyd, the Byrds, the Who, the Electric Prunes, Spirit, Tomorrow, Soft Machine and the First Edition. He also identifies the Leslie-treated vocal as a precedent for similar experimentation by Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, the Moody Blues, Cream, Yes, Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath.[107]

Steve Turner highlights the sound sampling and tape manipulation on the song as having had "a profound effect on everyone from Jimi Hendrix to Jay Z".[108] Having introduced these techniques to mainstream pop, Turner writes, "Tomorrow Never Knows" inspired the sampling that became commonplace over ten years later – such as in Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" and other examples of an artist taking a well-known riff or musical motif from an existing song; in David Byrne and Brian Eno's My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, with its use of assorted spoken-word and vocal samples; in recordings by Big Audio Dynamite, which included samples from film soundtracks; and in Moby's Play, with its incorporation of little-known and disparate vocal tracks.[108] In 2011, DJ Spooky said of the Beatles' song:

"Tomorrow Never Knows" is one of those songs that's in the DNA of so much going on these days that it's hard to know where to start. Its tape collage alone makes it one of the first tracks to use sampling really successfully. I also think that Brian Eno's idea of the studio-as-instrument comes from this kind of recording.[109]

Recalling his introduction to "Tomorrow Never Knows" in 1966, American producer Tony Visconti has said: "It was incredible how the music matched the lyrics and, previous to this album, nobody was writing like that." He also said that Revolver "showed how the studio could be used as an instrument" and contributed to his decision to relocate to London, because, "I had to learn how people made records like this."[110] In his 2004 book Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings, David Howard pairs Martin's work on "Tomorrow Never Knows" with Phil Spector's 1966 production of "River Deep – Mountain High" as the two "visionary achievements in sound" that ensured that "the recording studio was now its own instrument: record production had been elevated into art."[111]

The song is referenced in the lyric to the 1995 Oasis song "Morning Glory": "Tomorrow never knows what it doesn't know too soon".[112] Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher also references the song in "I've All I Need" from his debut solo album As You Were. The Chemical Brothers have referred to "Tomorrow Never Knows" as the template for their music;[113] their 1996 track "Setting Sun" is a direct tribute to it, as is "Let Forever Be". John Foxx of Ultravox also cited the song as an influence, saying that "As soon as I heard it, I knew it contained almost everything that I would want to investigate for the rest of my life."[102]

Cover versions[edit]

In television[edit]

The song was featured during the final scene of the 2012 Mad Men episode "Lady Lazarus". Don Draper's wife Megan gives him a copy of Revolver, calling his attention to a specific track and suggesting, "Start with this one".[119] Draper, an advertising executive, is struggling to understand youth culture, but after contemplating the song for a few puzzled moments, he shuts it off.[120] The track also played over the closing credits.[121] The rights to the song cost the producers around $250,000,[120] "about five times as much as the typical cost of licensing a song for TV".[119]

Personnel[edit]

According to Ian MacDonald:[122]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Lennon first played the song to Brian Epstein, Martin and the other Beatles at Epstein's house at 24 Chapel Street, Belgravia, London.[19]
  2. ^ Limited chord changes, typical of Indian classical music, were a characteristic of several of the songs the Beatles recorded early in the sessions for Revolver.[25][26] Harrison's "Love You To" similarly features an implied ♭VII chord as its only departure from the I chord (of C major).[27]
  3. ^ This is a prominent device in Beatles songs such as "All My Loving", "A Hard Day's Night", "Help!", "Norwegian Wood", "Hey Jude", "Revolution", "Dear Prudence" and "Get Back".[30]
  4. ^ According to author John Winn, however, Lewisohn is mistaken. Winn says the overdubs that day were: organ, tambourine and piano, all on one track of the multitrack tape; Lennon manually doubling his non-Leslie vocal over the first two verses; and lead guitar (possibly played by McCartney) recorded with the tape direction reversed.[62]
  5. ^ The band experimented further with tape loops in their later projects. Examples include "Carnival of Light", an unreleased piece recorded during the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band sessions; the Sgt. Pepper track "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!"; and "Revolution 9", released on The Beatles.[72]
  6. ^ In her 2014 book Beatleness, sociologist Candy Leonard quotes the reaction of contemporary fans to the song. One recalls that his anxiety was heightened by the album's sequencing: "['Tomorrow Never Knows'] was the last thing they were leaving me with … I was hoping they don't completely go this way."[87]
  7. ^ In his book Turn on Your Mind, which he titled in recognition of the song, Jim DeRogatis lists Revolver in first place in his "Ultimate Psychedelic Rock Library", and ranks "Tomorrow Never Knows" as the best of all the Beatles' psychedelic rock songs, ahead of "Rain".[106]

References[edit]

  1. ^ DeRogatis 2003, pp. 14, 48.
  2. ^ Gorlinski 2010, p. 275.
  3. ^ Hoberman, J. (10 November 2010). "Before There Was MTV, There Was Bruce Conner". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  4. ^ Gilliland, John (1969). The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance (audio). Pop Chronicles. Show 39, tracks 4–5. digital.library.unt.edu.
  5. ^ Horn, David. Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 11: Genres: Europe, Volumes 8-14. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 1. Muze. p. 489. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
  7. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 188.
  8. ^ Brown & Gaines 1980.
  9. ^ a b c d e The Beatles 2000, p. 210.
  10. ^ a b c d Spitz 2005, p. 600.
  11. ^ a b The Beatles 2000, p. 209.
  12. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 600–601.
  13. ^ Mansnerus, Laura (1 June 1996). "Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 1960s, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  14. ^ "The first English language translation of the famous Tibetan death text". Summum. 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
  15. ^ a b c Womack 2014, p. 917.
  16. ^ Turner 2016, pp. 208–09.
  17. ^ a b Everett 1999, p. 35.
  18. ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 70.
  19. ^ Miles 1997, p. 290.
  20. ^ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 174–75.
  21. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. 454.
  22. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 291–92.
  23. ^ a b Spitz 2005, p. 601.
  24. ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 175.
  25. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 194fn, 198.
  26. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 41, 42.
  27. ^ Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 96.
  28. ^ a b Pedler 2003, p. 263.
  29. ^ a b c d Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 94.
  30. ^ Pedler 2003, p. 215.
  31. ^ Everett 1999, p. 34.
  32. ^ Winn 2009, p. 7.
  33. ^ Miles 2001, p. 228.
  34. ^ Irvin, Jim (2002). "Into Tomorrow". Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967). London: Emap. p. 45.
  35. ^ Turner 2016, p. 219.
  36. ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 106.
  37. ^ a b Winn 2009, p. 8.
  38. ^ a b c Miles 1997, p. 291.
  39. ^ a b The Beatles 2000, p. 211.
  40. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 602.
  41. ^ Luhrssen & Larson 2017, pp. 25–26.
  42. ^ a b Martin 1994, p. 82.
  43. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 603.
  44. ^ "Tomorrow Never Knows" (Verses 4/7: 1:27 until 2:47)
  45. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 191.
  46. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 26, 38.
  47. ^ a b Rodriguez 2012, pp. 101–02.
  48. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 168fn, 198–99.
  49. ^ a b c Martin 1994, p. 80.
  50. ^ Martin 1994, pp. 80–81.
  51. ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 71.
  52. ^ a b Martin 1994, p. 81.
  53. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 190.
  54. ^ Miles 1997, p. 292.
  55. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 190-191.
  56. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. 169.
  57. ^ Rodriguez 2012, pp. 108–09.
  58. ^ Rodriguez 2012, p. 108.
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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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