1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
2.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
3.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
4.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
5.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
6.
Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
7.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Delicious Vinyl
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Delicious Vinyl is an American independent record label founded by Matt Dike and Michael Ross in 1987 and based in Los Angeles. The label is distributed by Concord Bicycle Music, Michael Ross was a student at UCLA when he met Matt Dike, a DJ from New York City, during the 1980s. Dike was working at the Rhythm Lounge in Hollywood and they discovered that they were both members of Impact Record Pool, a service that provided new 12 records to club DJs, and that they shared an interest in soul, funk, and hip-hop. Soon Dike became the top DJ at Power Tools, a club in Los Angeles, in 1987, they founded Delicious Vinyl, an independent record label. Almost immediately the label was a success, Delicious Vinyls first release was Crackerjack by Master Rhyme and On Fire/Cheeba Cheeba by Tone Loc, a Los Angeles gang member. Cheeba Cheeba and Crackerjack got played on L. A. s rap radio station KDAY and it caused controversy for criticising N. W. A. Tone Locs Wild Thing sold three million copies and it was helped by a video parody of Robert Palmers Addicted to Love. Tone Locs follow-up single, Funky Cold Medina, an ode to a beverage, sampled Foreigner and Kiss. Young MC recorded the hit single Bust a Move. The labels third release was a single by Mellow Man Ace that is one of the earliest instances of rap recorded in Spanish. But the label was not strictly a rap label, as they signed London-based rare-groove group The Brand New Heavies, in 1991, Delicious Vinyl reissued the self-titled Masters of Reality. Matt Dike left the label in 1992, Michael Ross retained ownership of Delicious Vinyl, making it one of the longest-running independent labels in hip-hop history. Delicious Vinyl signed The Pharcyde, the quartet of Bootie Brown, Imani Wilcox, Slimkid Tre and their debut album Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde featured the hit single Passing Me By. Produced by J-Swift, the album half a million copies. Masta Ace joined the label delivering two strong albums, 1993s Slaughterhouse and 1995s Sittin on Chrome, other significant acts on the label in the mid 90s included Born Jamericans and The WhoRidas. The first single from the project was Peaches version of Tone Locs Wild Thing. 1989, Master Rhyme - Go Off Shot 1999, Waxing Off, The First Decade 2000, Delicious Vinyl Presents. Prime Cuts Vol
9.
Rhino Entertainment
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Rhino Entertainment Company is an American specialty record label and production company founded in 1978. It is currently the division for the Warner Music Group. Founded in 1978, Rhino was originally a novelty and reissue label during the 1970s and 1980s, one of Rhinos early artists was The Twisters, whose Los Angeles popularity far exceeded their album sales. The labels on early Rhino records featured the mascot character. Some of the labels earliest successes with reissues were achieved by acquiring the rights to the White Whale Records catalog that included the Turtles, by the mid-1980s, most of Rhinos releases were reissues of previously released recordings licensed from other companies. Rhino was quick to get into the disc market, releasing dozens of oldies CDs at the dawn of the CD age in 1984. Their retrospective compact disc releases, such as those in the Billboard Top Hits series, are often remastered to restore or improve upon the original analog audio quality. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the company continued to sign artists and release new music, on the main Rhino label and on subsidiary labels such as RNA. In 1985, Rhino signed a distribution agreement with Capitol Records. During 1989 Rhino and Capitol’s parent EMI made a deal to jointly acquire Roulette Records, Rhino received the US rights to Roulettes catalog, excluding jazz. When the distribution deal with Capitol ended in 1992, Rhino signed a new deal with Atlantic Records. In 1998, Time Warner bought the other half of Rhino, the Rhino Records retail store, which was not part of the sale, closed in 2005. Periods, in addition to WBs own post-1949 period, Rhinos soundtrack releases include Gone with the Wind, The Wizard of Oz, Easter Parade, North by Northwest, Casablanca, King Kong, Doctor Zhivago, Superman, and Finians Rainbow. The Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. film soundtrack libraries are managed by Warner Bros. in-house label subsidiary. In 1999, Rhino started the Rhino Handmade division of limited-edition releases available primarily from their website, all Handmade deluxe editions were limited to about 3,000 copies or less, and once sold out were not re-pressed. In 2003, co-founders and longtime executives Richard Foos and Harold Bronson left Rhino, soon after, Foos inaugurated a new label, Shout. Factory, which began releasing dozens of CDs and videos mirroring the original early-1990s Rhino philosophy, in 2004, Time Warner spun off its music divisions and today Rhino is part of the newly organized Warner Music Group. In June 2006, Warner Strategic Marketing in the U. K. was dissolved, the division has two main factions, TV-advertised compilations and catalog material from the Warner vaults
10.
Funky Cold Medina
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Funky Cold Medina is a hip hop song written by Young MC, Michael L. Ross and Matt Dike, and first performed by Tone Lōc. It was the single from Lōcs debut album Lōc-ed After Dark. The single was released on March 18,1989, and rose to #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 the following month where it went platinum and it peaked on the UK Singles Chart at #13 in May of that year. The song title refers to an aphrodisiac, which is presented in the accompanying video as a steaming potion. The lyrics tell the tale of Lōcs initially unsuccessful attempts to attract women at a bar, at the suggestion of another patron, he plies his intended with that medina thing. He first tests the drink on his dog, who immediately latches onto his leg and attempts to arouse himself sexually, in the end, Lōc concludes the concoction is simply not worth the trouble. After the song became popular, several different cocktails were introduced bearing the name Funky Cold Medina, molotov made their own cover version of Funky Cold Medina in 1998. Andrew E, a Filipino rapper, recorded a song called Andrew Ford Medina in 1991 which has almost the same samples as the song, irish puppet turkey Dustin the Turkey covered the song on his 1998 album Faith of our Feathers, with the lyrics, Funky Ford Cortina. Funky Cold Medina is featured in the movie You, Me and Dupree in a scene in which Owen Wilsons character Dupree has sex with his blind date, a Mormon librarian named Mandy. The song was used in an episode of Scrubs where Dr. Kim Briggs is crying while she hears this song, weird Al Yankovic mentioned Funky Cold Medina in his parody of Locs song Wild Thing called Isle Thing, about Gilligans Island. Appears on the soundtrack of the video game Saints Row, The Third, the fictional Mormon boy band Everclean from the mockumentary Sons of Provo mention the song in their intro to their song Diddly Whack Mack Mormon Daddy. Funky Cold Medina is the name of the move of professional wrestling tag team the Canadian NINJAs. Lou Reed selected the song as one of his picks of 1989, the Spartan Cheerleaders used this song for the perfect cheer on Saturday Night Live in the skit Spartan Cheerleaders at a Chess Tournament. Funky Cold Medina is referenced in the song Mas Tequila by Sammy Hagar, brooklyn Nine-Nine referenced the song in season 3 episode 23 Greg and Larry. Funky Cold Medina is referenced in the song, Pandy Fackler by Ween, futurama references the song in Benders Big Score. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rapista. PH - Sampling 101, Funky Cold Medina x Andrew Ford Medina
11.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
12.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
13.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
14.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
16.
Poetic Justice (film)
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Poetic Justice is a 1993 American romantic drama film starring Janet Jackson and Tupac Shakur with Regina King and Joe Torry. It was written and directed by John Singleton, the main character, Justice, writes poems which she recites throughout the movie. The poems featured in the film were written by Maya Angelou, the Last Poets make an appearance toward the end of the film. Poetic Justice reached #1 in the box office its opening weekend and it eventually grossed a total of $27,515,786. Jackson received nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, with the Billboard Hot 100 number one song and it was later referenced in Kendrick Lamars single Poetic Justice, which was titled after and based on the film. The song sampled Jacksons Any Time, Any Place, Shakur and fellow actors Lloyd Avery II and Dedrick Gobert would all meet violent deaths after the release of this film. Justice is a woman living in South Central, Los Angeles. She was named Justice by her mother, who gave birth to her while attending law school. After the shooting death of her boyfriend Markell, Justice falls into a deep depression and she spends the majority of her time in the house she inherited from her grandmother, with her cat White Boy, only going out to her job at a local hair salon. Justice is a poet, she reads many of her poems throughout the course of the film. Justice is at the hair salon working one day when a postal clerk named Lucky comes in. She rebuffs his advances with the help of her female boss, Lucky has also had tragedy in his life, his main focus is caring for his young daughter Keisha. He had to remove her from the care of her mother, Angel. Lucky dreams of a career in music and shows considerable promise. Justices friend Iesha manages to talk Justice into taking a trip to Oakland with Ieshas boyfriend, Chicago. Justice warily accepts, mainly because she has to go to Oakland for a hair show, unbeknownst to Justice, Lucky is Chicagos co-worker also on the trip, and she will now be sharing a postal van with him and their two mutual friends. Initially they argue, but over the course of the film soften towards each other as they discover their similarities, the foursome make a couple of detours, the first being a family reunion barbecue they see signs for on the road. Here it becomes apparent that Iesha and Chicagos relationship is troubled, Iesha openly flirts with other men at the barbecue, while Chicago broods watching her behavior
17.
Blank Check (film)
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The story begins with convicted bank robber Carl Quigley escaping from prison. Soon after his break, Quigley enters a warehouse and recovers $1,000,000 he had hidden there sometime before his arrest.00. Quigley visits bank president Edward Biderman in his office to discuss his plan. Quigley leaves Biderman the stolen money, as the bills were consecutive and traceable, Quigley explains that his assistant, Juice will be stopping by Bidermans office with a check to be cashed for $1,000,000 the next day at 1,00 P. M. After the meeting, Quigley runs over Prestons bicycle in a Jaguar XJ while Preston was riding out of the parking lot chasing after Butch who stole his birthday check. Pressed for time as he sees a police car patrolling the area, Quigley gives Preston a signed blank check, instead, Preston fills out the check for $1,000,000 by printing it on his computer. He goes to the bank the day and is directed to Bidermans office by a teller. Thinking that Preston is Quigleys assistant, Juice, Biderman cashes his check with $1,000,000 from a safe behind a painting, as Preston is leaving the bank, the real Juice enters Bidermans office with another check for $1,000,000. Realizing that Biderman mistook Preston for Juice, the trio begins a search for Preston. Meanwhile, he embarks on a shopping spree over the course of 6 days. He spends $999,667.83 of the original $1,000,000, Preston covers himself by saying he is making these purchases for a millionaire known as Macintosh who lives in the castle house. He also makes friends with Henry who is Prestons limo driver, the entire time, Preston was being investigated by FBI agent Shay Stanley for money laundering, as the bills he was using to make his purchases were Bidermans watermarked ones. At a birthday party Preston throws for Mr. Macintosh that forced him into debt leaving only $332.17 in his account, he is forced into a showdown with Quigley, Juice and Biderman. When the trio is confronted by the FBI at Prestons castle house, however, with the FBI knowing that Mr. Macintosh had been using the watermarked bills, they arrest Quigley, Juice and Biderman. Shay kisses Preston on the lips before parting ways and Preston, after Preston gets home his family throws him a birthday party. His father apologizes for being so harsh with him when it came to money, Prestons family surprises him with a cake and ask him to make a wish. Preston thinks he already has everything he wished for, until he sees Shays flyer at the bank, brian Bonsall as Preston Waters Karen Duffy as Shay Stanley Miguel Ferrer as Carl Quigley aka Mr. The castle house that Preston buys was filmed at 1415 Wooldridge Drive in Austin, the theme park in the beginning of the movie was Six Flags Fiesta Texas, several of the parks attractions, including The Rattler and Power Surge, were filmed in this movie
18.
Posse (1993 film)
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Posse is a 1993 American revisionist Western film directed by and starring Mario Van Peebles. Featuring a large ensemble cast, the tells the story of a posse of African-American soldiers and one ostracized white soldier. The story starts with the group escaping with a cache of gold, the story is presented as a flashback told by an unnamed old man. The title of the film refers to a group of people who are summoned to help law enforcement officers, in 1898, Buffalo Soldiers from the U. S. Armys 10th Cavalry Regiment, led by Jessie Lee, are fighting in the Spanish–American War in Cuba. Colonel Graham orders Jessie to shoot a deserter in exchange for allowing the 10th to retreat, unable to kill a man in cold blood, Jessie demonstrates excellent marksmanship by shooting the mans cigar from his mouth. Colonel Graham then kills the deserter, and offers Jessies command of the 10th to Little J, Graham then orders the 10th to fall back in order to begin another mission, one in which they will be required to wear civilian clothing, as opposed to their Cavalry uniforms. They are ordered to rob a Spanish gold shipment, which is a setup to give the Colonel an excuse to execute the entire 10th Cavalry as deserters. As he meets them with his own force, his aide Weezie causes a distraction, allowing the 10th to shoot the Colonel. With Colonel Graham and his troops dead, the remnants of the 10th—including Jessie, Obobo, Angel and Little J, along with Weezie—sneak out of Cuba. Soon after arriving their arrival, Little J meets a gambler named Father Time and they begin playing poker, at which point Time is caught cheating. Little J helps the gambler escape and they go back to the room where the others are hiding, telling them We were never here in fear that the vengeful gamblers might come for them. Doing just as J feared, the come in search of him and Father Time, only to be shot in the back by Colonel Graham and his troops. Angel is killed in the firefight while Little J, Father Time and they meet up with Jessie who had left earlier to finish some business in a town out West. The newly formed posse heads West with Colonel Graham on their heels every step of the way and they make their way to Freemanville, a town founded by King David and composed entirely of African-Americans. Jessie is reunited with old acquaintances, including his good friend Carver. Carvers deputy goes to Cutterstown, not wanting to tip anyone off that Carver is working with Cutterstowns sheriff and he informs Bates that Jessie has returned to Freemanville. The posse enjoys the hospitality of Freemanville until Bates tells Carver that the town will burn unless Jessie is turned over to him, Bates and a few of his deputies attack Freemanville that same night looking for Jessie. One of the deputies beats Weezie in order to get answers, watching in disgust, Little J fights back in defense of Weezie
19.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
20.
King of the Hill
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King of the Hill is a slice of life animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels that ran from January 12,1997 to May 6,2010 on Fox. It centers on the Hills, a middle-class American family in the city of Arlen. It attempts to retain a realistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional, the series popularity led to worldwide syndication, and reruns aired nightly on Adult Swim. The show became one of Foxs longest-running series, and briefly held the record for the second longest running animated sitcom in history, in 2007, it was named by Time magazine as one of the top 100 greatest television shows of all time. The title theme was written and performed by The Refreshments, King of the Hill won two Emmy Awards and was nominated for seven. The series had a total of 259 episodes over the course of its 13 seasons, the series finale aired on the Fox Network on September 13,2009. Four episodes from the season were to have aired on Fox, but later aired in syndication on local stations from May 3 to 6,2010. King of the Hill was a joint production by 3 Arts Entertainment, Deedle-Dee Productions, Judgemental Films, King of the Hill is set in the fictional suburbanesq town of Arlen, Texas. The show centers around the Hill family, whose head is the ever-responsible, hard-working, loyal, disciplined, the pun title refers to Hank as the head of the family as well as metaphorically to the childrens game King of the Hill. Hank is employed as an assistant manager at Strickland Propane, selling propane and propane accessories. He is very traditional and moral, and he takes good care of his dog, Ladybird. Her overconfidence and trusting nature often leads her into getting involved in schemes that Peggy doesnt recognize as criminal or irresponsible until its too late. Hank and Peggys only child, Bobby Hill, is a husky pre-pubescent boy who is friendly and well-liked, but not very bright. Throughout the series, Peggys niece, Luanne Platter, the daughter of her scheming brother Hoyt and his alcoholic ex-wife Leanne, lives with the Hill family. Naïve and very emotional, Luanne was originally encouraged to move out by her Uncle Hank, over the course of the series, Luanne works as a beauty technician and puppeteer at a local cable access TV station. Luanne later marries Elroy Lucky Kleinschmidt, an independently wealthy layabout who lives on the settlements he earns from frivolous lawsuits, Hank has a healthy relationship with his mother, Tillie, a kind woman who lives in Arizona. Hank is, at first, uncomfortable with his mother dating Gary, a Jewish man, in contrast, Hank has a love/hate relationship with his shin-less father, Col. Cotton Hill, a veteran of World War II who verbally abused Tillie during their marriage
21.
C Bear and Jamal
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C Bear and Jamal is an animated childrens television show that premiered on the Fox Kids programming block in 1996. It features a school kid named Jamal, whose constant companion was C Bear. C-Bear - - C-Bear is a teddy bear with a hip hop look. He comes to life when Jamal is around and is ready to give him advice. He has the power to take Jamal and himself on wild adventures, C-Bear is based partly on Tone Locs childhood teddy bear with which he would go on fantasy adventures. Jamal Harrison Wingo - - Jamal is a gullible 9 year old who seems to be in a jam. Hawthorne Wingo - - Hawthorne is the father of Jamal, who is always hungry, grandma - - Jamals grandmother, who cooks the food for her family and is very nice to everybody. Grandpa - - Jamals grandfather, who is bald and almost never leaves his chair, maya - - Jamals friend, who is very loud but hates it when she that. Big Chill - - Jamals chubby friend, who is always hungry, whenever hes entering a room hell say the b-i-g c-h-i double l is in the hizouse. Kwame - Jamals Afrocentric friend, who is dressed in African clothes every day and believes in power to the people, chipster - - Jamals odd friend, who likes to make his friends laugh and never thinks of himself as weird. Kim - - Jamals Korean friend, who is always on Mayas side, javier - - Jamals Hispanic friend, who doesnt tend to say mean things. Picture Editors, Don Barrozo, Lee Harting Post Production Sound Services, Advantage Audio, Inc. Hammans Production Managers, Barbara Cordova, Stephanie Elliott Assistant Film Editor, Kurtis Kunsak Negative Cutting, D and A Negative Cutting, Inc. Tim Heyen Telecine, Editel, Complete Post, Inc. C-Bear and Jamal at the Wayback Machine - Fox Kids C Bear and Jamal at the Internet Movie Database C Bear and Jamal at the Big Cartoon DataBase
22.
FernGully: The Last Rainforest
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FernGully, The Last Rainforest is a 1992 Australian-American animated musical fantasy film, directed by Bill Kroyer. It was produced by Peter Faiman and Wayne Young, with the written by Jim Cox. Alan Silvestri composed the films score, the film features the voices of Jonathan Ward, Samantha Mathis, Tim Curry, Christian Slater, and Robin Williams. FernGully is set in an Australian rainforest inhabited by fairies including Crysta, together they rally the fairies and the animals of the rainforest to protect their home from the loggers and a malevolent pollution entity, Hexxus. The film was released to positive reviews, and was also generally considered a moderate financial success at both the box office and in home video sales. In 1998 it was followed by a direct-to-video sequel FernGully 2, The Magical Rescue, Crysta is a fairy with a curious nature living in FernGully, a pristine rainforest free from human intervention. The fairies of FernGully once lived in harmony with humans, but, Crysta is the apprentice of Magi, a motherly-figure fairy who imprisoned Hexxus in a tree. One day Crysta explores a new part of the forest and meets Batty and she refuses to believe him until she encounters lumberjacks cutting down trees. She sees Zak, a human whom Crysta accidentally shrinks when she tries to save him from being crushed by a falling tree. The tree that Hexxus is imprisoned in is cut down by Tony and Ralph, Hexxus quickly begins to regain his powers by feeding on pollution. He manipulates the humans to drive to FernGully, in FernGully, Zak meets Pips, a fairy male who is envious of Zaks relationship with Crysta. Zak begins to fall in love with Crysta, but hides the reason that the humans had returned. When the signs of Hexxuss resurrection begin to manifest themselves in poisoned trees and rivers, the fairies mount an attempt to defend their homes, but knowing their fight is hopeless, Zak convinces Batty to aid him in stopping the machine before it destroys them. When Zak makes his presence known to Tony and Ralph, Hexxus takes over the machine, Magi sacrifices herself to give the fairies a chance, and she tells Crysta to remember everything shes learned. Zak manages to stop the machine, depriving Hexxus the source of his power, Crysta seemingly sacrifices herself by allowing herself to be devoured by Hexxus and all seems lost, until he begins to sprout limbs and leaves like a tree. Pips and the rest of the rally to the powers they have been given. Hexxus is crushed and erased by the newly grown tree at the border of FernGully which bursts into bloom. Crysta appears after the fight, having survived her ordeal and successfully succeeded Magi as a magical fairy and she gives Zak a seed, begging him to remember everything that has transpired and she sadly restores him to his human size
23.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
24.
Epcot
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Epcot is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. It is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company through its Parks, inspired by an unrealized concept developed by Walt Disney, the park opened on October 1,1982, and was the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World, after the Magic Kingdom. The park is divided two sections, Future World, made up eight pavilions, and World Showcase, themed to eleven world nations. In 2015, the park hosted approximately 11.98 million guests, ranking it the third most visited park in North America. The park is represented by Spaceship Earth, a sphere that also serves as an attraction. Epcot was known as EPCOT Center until 1994 when it was later renamed Epcot 94, then Epcot 95, the theme park opened on October 1,1982. The dedication plaque near the states, To all who come to this place of joy, hope and friendship. Epcot Center is inspired by Walt Disneys creative genius, here, human achievements are celebrated through imagination, the wonders of enterprise, and concepts of a future that promises new and exciting benefits for all. May Epcot Center entertain, inform and inspire, and, above all, may it instill a new sense of belief and pride in mans ability to shape a world that offers hope to people everywhere. The parks name, EPCOT, is an acronym for Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, in Walt Disneys words, EPCOT will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry. It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed but will always be introducing and testing, and EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world of the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise. His original vision was for a community which would have been home to twenty thousand residents. This radial plan concept is influenced by British planner Ebenezer Howard. Transportation would have been provided by monorails and PeopleMovers Automobile traffic would be kept underground, the remaining portion of the model is visible on the left behind glass. Walt Disney was not able to obtain funding and permission to work on his Florida property until he agreed to first build Magic Kingdom. He died nearly five years before Magic Kingdom opened, after Disneys death, Walt Disney Productions decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city without Walts guidance. The original plans for the park showed indecision over the parks purpose, some Imagineers wanted it to represent the cutting edge of technology, while others wanted it to showcase international cultures and customs. At one point, a model of the park was pushed together against a model of a Worlds Fair international theme
25.
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
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Ace Ventura, Pet Detective is a 1994 American comedy detective film directed by Tom Shadyac, and co-written by and starring Jim Carrey. It was developed by the original writer, Jack Bernstein. The film co-stars Courteney Cox, Tone Lōc, Sean Young, in the film, Carrey plays Ace Ventura, an animal detective who is tasked with finding the Miami Dolphins mascot that was abducted. Despite receiving mixed reviews critics, Ace Ventura, Pet Detective was a box office success. It spawned a sequel, Ace Ventura, When Nature Calls, a direct-to-video spin-off Ace Ventura, Jr. Pet Detective, Ace Ventura is a Miami private investigator who specializes in the retrieval of tamed or captive animals. Despite the occasional successes, he struggles to pay rent and repair his battered 1970s Chevrolet Monte Carlo and he keeps dozens of different animals in his apartment, and his eccentricities make him the laughing stock of the Miami-Dade Police Department. Two weeks before the Miami Dolphins football team is due to play in the Super Bowl, the team mascot, besides notifying the police, Melissa Robinson, the teams Chief Publicist, also hires Ace to find Snowflake. Ace discovers a rare triangular-cut orange amber stone, which he speculates to be part of a 1984 AFC Championship ring, Ace tracks down the players in the team photo and sees their ring, but is dismayed to find every ring intact. Roger Podacter, Miami Dolphins Head of Operations, mysteriously falls to his death from his apartment, at the crime scene, Miami Police Lieutenant Lois Einhorn concludes the death to be a suicide. However, Ace proves it was a murder, embarrassing and infuriating Einhorn, Ace learns of a former Dolphins player named Ray Finkle, who also owned a ring but did not appear in the team photo, as he was added later in the season. Finkle missed the goal kick at the end of Super Bowl XIX. Ace visits Finkles parents and discovers that he blames Dan Marino for taking the snap incorrectly, Finkle became so obsessed with the loss and Marino that he became insane and was admitted to a mental hospital. However, despite Ace warning Melissa to send extra protection, Marino is still kidnapped, Ace visits Einhorn and explains his theory, Finkle kidnapped Marino out of revenge due to blaming him for his career having failed. Also, he took offense to the Dolphins giving Snowflake his number and teaching it to kick a field goal, Einhorn compliments him on his finding, and tells him to let the police finish the job. Ace declines, saying it is his job to find Snowflake, Ace and Robinson go to the mental hospital where Finkle was committed. Ace searches Finkles belongings and discovers an article about a missing woman named Lois Einhorn. Studying this, Ace realizes that Lieutenant Lois Einhorn is, indeed, soon after, Ace makes himself vomit and sets his clothes on fire, feeling disgusted that he made out with Finkle. On Super Bowl Sunday, Ace follows Finkle to a yacht storage facility
26.
Ace Ventura Jr.: Pet Detective
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Ace Ventura Jr. Pet Detective is a 2009 telefilm, and the third and final Ace Ventura film. It is a direct-to-video spin-off sequel to the films Ace Ventura, Pet Detective and Ace Ventura, When Nature Calls, although Jim Carrey does not appear in the film. The film began production in Orlando, Florida on September 17,2007, was directed by David M. Evans and written by Jeff Sank, Jason Heimberg, Ventura must follow in his fathers footsteps to save his mother from going to jail. In the beginning, Ace is chasing a rat and he catches it, and walks straight into the alligator habitat. Later in a dream Ace sees a panda being captured, soon his mother is blamed for the theft. She asks if she can make one phone call and she calls Rex Ventura, Aces paternal grandfather. Rex tells Ace the history of the Ventura Family and their relationship with animals, Rex Ventura is an elderly man with several animals such as a cat, a turtle and a dog which Ace thinks is dead. On his mothers trial, Ace presented evidence that proves that his mother didnt commit the crime, however, the Ranger, at school the next day, Ace hears that many of his classmates, including his crush Laura, have lost their pets. Laura has lost her pet emerald green koi fish, Ace goes to school the next day and talks to a boy nicknamed A-Plus. A-Plus has a lab in his locker, which Ace uses as his office. They believe Dr. Sickinger has stolen the panda because he has created a site called Pandafanatic and it turns out that he used to work for Quenton Pennington Jr. a rich kid whose family motto is, What a Pennington wants a Pennington gets. Dr. Sickenger is found to be innocent, so Ace must look for a new culprit, in the end Ace finds that Pennington, Sr. stole Ting Tang and other famous animals, and Pennington Jr. stole Aces classmates pets. His mothers name is cleared and is rewarded for his heroics. Aces father does not appear in this film, until Rex comes in to look after Ace, Aces mom simply told her son that his dad disappeared on a business trip without going into greater detail. Ace Ventura Sr. was never seen or heard from again after that, film Threat gave the film 1½ stars out of 5, stating Its disappointing that this is the next, and most likely final step of the Ace Ventura franchise. Common Sense Media gave it 2 out of 5 stars, summing the film up as a Funny, Movie Metropolis also gave a negative review, stating What was pretty juvenile in the first place becomes literally juvenile in this straightforward kids romp. If I were a kid, I might like it, but Im not a kid, and I didnt. Ace Ventura Jr. Pet Detective at the Internet Movie Database Ace Ventura Jr. Pet Detective at AllMovie Ace Ventura Jr. Pet Detective at the TCM Movie Database
27.
Fefe Dobson
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Felicia Lily Fefe Dobson is a Canadian singer/songwriter and recording artist. Born in Toronto, Ontario, her career began when Jive Records attempted to develop her as a musician when she was a teenager. She then sang for Island/Def Jam, where the executives contracted her and her self-titled debut album, released in 2003, earned her two Juno Award nominations. Her second studio album, Sunday Love, was not released, during production of Dobsons subsequent studio album Joy, with her managers record label, she was re-signed to her original major recording company. Both companies continued working on Joy, and after experiencing numerous delays, it was released in November 2010 in Canada and her music has been covered by other artists and featured in cinema, television, and more. Dobson was born on February 28,1985, in Scarborough, Ontario, Dobsons mother is of English, Aboriginal, and French ancestry and her father is of Jamaican heritage. She went to school at Wexford Collegiate Institute. During her childhood, she took singing lessons at the New Conservatory of Music in Agincourt, Fefe Dobson, also graduated from Heritage Park Public School in her youth days. Dobson began sending demo tapes – recorded on a karaoke machine – to many recording companies in North America when she was 11 years old. Then at the age of 13 years, she started playing the piano, Dobson started writing music at the age of 13 years, and the company Jive Records attempted to develop her as a popular musician, which she eventually refused. After that experience, Dobson met Jay Levine and contracted with Nelly Furtados manager Chris Smith, Smith arranged showcases with several recording companies. Universal Music Canada president Randy Lennox showed interest in her, and persuaded Island Def Jam CEO Lyor Cohen and his manager of A&R, Jeff Fenster, to fly to Toronto for another showcase. Dobson played a showcase for Island/Def Jam, about 30 seconds into the first song – a punk thrash track about longing, titled Stupid Little Love Song – the executives contracted her. Dobsons self-titled debut album was released December 9,2003 by Island Records, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums Chart. Four singles were released from the album, Bye Bye Boyfriend, Take Me Away, Everything, there is an official music video for each of the singles. Two of the tracks, Everything and Unforgiven, were used in the film The Perfect Score. The New York Times reviewer wrote, The albums assiduous, ungrammatical crux is in Kiss Me Fool, Dobson was also heavily influenced by Jay Levine and James Bryan McCollum of the Canadian band Prozzäk, who co-wrote and helped produce her debut album. During much of 2004, Dobson promoted her album, performing live on the program Total Request Live and for numerous magazine covers
28.
Fefe Dobson (album)
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Fefe Dobson is the debut album of Canadian singer-songwriter Fefe Dobson. It was released on December 9,2003, the album was co-written by Dobson with producers Jay Levine and James Bryan McCollum. The album consists mainly of pop rock and punk music, and deals mainly with the topics of love, several songs on the album are done acoustically while the remaining tracks feature prominent guitar and drum beats. The album was released to positive reviews from critics, however. The album debuted at one on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums Chart. It debuted at number 111 on the Billboard 200 chart, eventually peaking at 67, despite the minor success of the single Everything in the UK, the album failed to chart there, or anywhere outside of the US and Canada. The album did, however, spawn several successful singles, the first of these, titled Bye Bye Boyfriend was released during the final quarter of 2003 to generally positive critical and commercial performance. However, the single was released in Canada. The second single, Take Me Away, was her first single to be released internationally, the single became her second hit in Canada, as well as her only single to date that has charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. In 2004, Dobson released a new single, Dont Go, the song was also featured in a Tommy Hilfiger commercial starring Dobson. In March 2004, the album was certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for sales of 100,000 copies and it has also sold over 300,000 copies in the US, giving it sales a roundabout 500,000 copies worldwide. Dobson started writing at the age of 14, and caught the ear of Jive Records a year later, the label loved her voice and set her up with a number of producers, with an eye towards developing a pop star. But she refused the idea and left the label, after that experience, Dobson met Jay Levine and signed with Nelly Furtado’s manager Chris Smith. Smith arranged showcases with several labels, universal Music Canada president Randy Lennox showed interest in her, and coaxed Island Def Jam CEO Lyor Cohen and his head of A&R, Jeff Fenster, to fly to Toronto for another showcase. Dobson played a showcase for Island/Def Jam, about 30 seconds into the first song —- a punk thrash track about longing, Dobson wrote most of the music on the album, along with producer Jay Levine. However, several other producers pitched in to write for the album. The album was written in two years, mainly by Dobson herself. The music heard on Fefe Dobsons debut album is generally pop-rock, several songs on the album are also in an acoustic format, stripped down to just Dobson and the guitar
29.
Colt AR-15
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The Colt AR-15 is a lightweight,5. 56×45mm, magazine-fed, air-cooled semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be manufactured with the use of aluminum alloys. Introduced in 1964, Colt has made many different types of AR-15 rifle and carbine models, including the AR-15, AR-15A2, AR-15A3, Sporter, HBAR, Government, Target, Match and it is based on the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, a select-fire weapon intended for military sales. In 1959, ArmaLite sold the design to Colt due to financial difficulties, after some modifications, the rifle eventually became the United States military M16 rifle. Shortly thereafter, Colt began to make semi-automatic versions for civilian sales, the term AR-15 is a Colt registered trademark, which they use to denote only the semi-automatic rifle versions available for civilian and law enforcement sales. The term AR-15 signifies Armalite rifle, design 15, other manufacturers make AR-15 clones and variants marketed under separate designations, although these are frequently referred to as AR-15s. This article discusses the semiautomatic version manufactured by Colt, the Colt AR-15 is based on the 5.56 mm ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, which is a smaller lighter version of the 7.62 mm ArmaLite AR-10. Both of these rifles were designed by Eugene Stoner, Robert Fremont, in 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt. After a Far East tour, Colt made its first sale of Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifles to Malaya on September 30,1959, Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 select-fire Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 rifles in December 1959. Colt marketed the Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifle to various military services around the world, after modifications, the new redesigned rifle was adopted by the United States military as the M16 rifle. Most Colt ArmaLite AR-15 rifles in U. S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 rifle configuration, Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its semi-automatic variants that were marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers. The original AR-15 was a lightweight weapon, weighing less than 6 pounds with empty magazine. Later heavy-barrel versions of the civilian AR-15 can weigh upwards of 8.5 lb, patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR-15. The bolt carrier acts as a cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston. This mechanism is called direct gas impingement, although it differs from prior gas systems. Stoner did not consider the AR-15 to be a direct impingement mechanism. Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, here, the gas tube protrudes into a gas key, which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier
30.
Des Moines, Iowa
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Des Moines /dᵻˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County, a small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22,1851, as Fort Des Moines and it is located on and named after the Des Moines River, which likely was adapted from the French colonial name, Rivière des Moines, meaning River of the Monks. The citys population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census, the five-county metropolitan area is ranked 91st in terms of population in the United States with 599,789 residents according to the 2013 estimate by the United States Census Bureau. Des Moines is a center of the U. S. insurance industry and has a sizable financial services. The city was credited as the one spot for U. S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article. The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group, the Meredith Corporation, Ruan Transportation, EMC Insurance Companies, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield. Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo, Voya Financial, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, ACE Limited, Marsh, Monsanto, in recent years Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Facebook have established data processing and logistical facilities in the Des Moines metro. Forbes magazine ranked Des Moines as the Best Place for Business in both 2010 and 2013, in 2014, NBC ranked Des Moines as the Wealthiest City in America, according to its criteria. Des Moines is an important city in U. S. presidential politics, as the capital of the state, many presidential candidates set up campaign headquarters in Des Moines. Des Moines takes its name from Fort Des Moines, which was named for the Des Moines River and this was adopted from the name given by French colonists. Des Moines translates literally to either from the monks or of the monks, the historian Virgil Vogel claimed that the name was derived from Moingona, the Algonquian clan name for Loon, one of the clans of the local Native American people. Some historians and researchers lacking linguistic or Algonquianist training concluded that Moingona meant people by the portage or something similar and this was the site of the earliest known encounters between the Moingona and European explorers took place. This was some 200 miles from the Des Moines River, based on archeological evidence, the juncture of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers has attracted humans for at least 7,000 years. Several prehistoric occupation areas have been identified by archeologists in downtown Des Moines, discovered in December 2010, the Palace is an expansive 7, 000-year-old site found during excavations prior to construction of the new wastewater treatment plant in southeastern Des Moines. It contains well-preserved house deposits and numerous graves, more than 6,000 artifacts were found at this site. State of Iowa archaeologist John Doershuk was assisted by University of Iowa archaeologists at this dig, at least three Late Prehistoric villages, dating from about AD1300 to 1700, stood in or near what developed later as downtown Des Moines. In addition,15 to 18 prehistoric American Indian mounds were observed in area by early settlers
31.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
32.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
33.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
34.
UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014
35.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
