1.
Richard Fleischer
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Richard O. Fleischer was an American film director. Fleischer was born in Brooklyn, the son of Essie and animator/producer Max Fleischer, after graduating from Brown University, he went to Yale School of Drama, where he met his future wife, Mary Dickson. His film career began in 1942 at the RKO studio, directing shorts, documentaries, and compilations of forgotten silent features, Fleischer moved to Los Angeles and was assigned his first feature, Child of Divorce, a vehicle for Sharyn Moffett. It was successful so Fleischer was assigned to another Moffett vehicle, Banjo, RKO agreed to loan him out to Stanley Kramer and Carl Foreman, who had admired Child of Divorce, to make So This Is New York for the Kramer Company at Columbia. Back at RKO Fleischer made a based on a story by Foreman. His other early films were taut film noir such as Bodyguard, Follow Me Quietly, Armored Car Robbery. Fleischer says he tried to graduate to A pictures during this time. When Norman Krasna and Jerry Wald set up at RKO, they asked Fleischer to see if he could make an out of any of the film shot for Its All True. Another project that did not come to fruition was a film starring Al Jolson, rKOs owner, Howard Hughes, was impressed by The Narrow Margin and hired Fleischer to re-shoot portions of His Kind of Woman. Hughes was pleased with the results and agreed to loan out Fleischer to Stanley Kramer to make The Happy Time, Fleischer was put under contract to the Kramer Company. The Happy Time was successful and Fleischer was meant to follow it with another for Kramer and Foreman, however the film was never made because the partnership between Foreman and Kramer ended. He accepted an offer from MGM to make Arena, a story starring Gig Young. In 1954, he was chosen by Walt Disney to direct 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas and he was able to accept an offer to direct a thriller for Buddy Adler at 20th Century Fox, Violent Saturday. This was successful and Fox signed Fleischer to a term contract. He would work for that studio for the fifteen years. Fleischers first film under his new contract with Fox was The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing and he then made Bandido, a Western with Robert Mitchum. Kirk Douglas hired Fleischer to make The Vikings, which was big hit. Back at Fox, Fleischer made Compulsion, a drama with Orson Welles for producer Richard D. Zanuck
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Kinji Fukasaku
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Kinji Fukasaku was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He is known for directing the Japanese portion of the Hollywood film Tora, Tora. yakuza films including the seminal Battles Without Honor and Humanity, samurai period pieces such as Shoguns Samurai, and his controversial final film Battle Royale. He was also known for his trademark shaky camera technique, which he used extensively in many of his films from the early 1970s, in 1997, he received the Purple Medal of Honor from the Japanese government for his work in film. Kinji Fukasaku was born in 1930 in Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture as the youngest of five children, when he was 15 years old, Fukasakus class was drafted, and he worked as a munitions worker during World War II. In July 1945, the class was caught in artillery fire, since the children could not escape artillery fire, they had to dive under each other in order to survive. The surviving members of the class had to dispose of the corpses After the war, Fukasaku studied cinema at Nihon University, in the countrys first film department, before switching to the literature department for scriptwriting his junior year. There he studied under Kogo Noda and Katsuhito Inomata, after graduating in 1953, Fukasaku became an assistant director at Toei in June 1954, where he worked under people such as Masahiro Makino and Yasushi Sasaki. Fukasaku made his debut in 1961 with the two featurettes Wandering Detective, Tragedy in Red Valley and Wandering Detective, Black Wind in the Harbor. His first feature length, for the New Toei subsidiary was High Noon for Gangsters that same year and his first film for the Toei Company proper was The Proud Challenge the following year starring Kōji Tsuruta. He had his breakthrough hit in 1964 with Ken Takakura starring in Jakoman, from 1966 to 1971, he created several modern gang films for Toei usually starring Tsuruta, such as Kaisanshiki, Bakuto Kaisanshiki and Nihon Boryokudan, Kumicho. In 1968 he directed The Green Slime, a United States-Japan science fiction co-production, in 1970, Fukasaku was recruited to direct the Japanese portion of another US-Japan film, Tora. Tora. after Akira Kurosawa pulled out, using his pay from the project, he bought the rights to adapt Under the Flag of the Rising Sun. The movie was acclaimed, even being selected as Japans entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 45th Academy Awards in 1972. That year also saw the release of Street Mobster starring Bunta Sugawara, Battles Without Honor and Humanity was released in 1973. Up to this point, Japans many yakuza films had usually been tales of chivalry set in the pre-war period, a commercial and critical success, it gave rise to seven sequels by Fukasaku and three movies that are based on the series but directed by others. After directing several more films, Graveyard of Honor, Cops vs. Thugs, Yakuza Graveyard. He focused on historical epics, Shoguns Samurai, The Fall of Ako Castle, Samurai Reincarnation, Virus was Japans most expensive production at the time, and became a financial flop. However, two years after it he directed the acclaimed comedy Fall Guy, winning both the Japan Academy Prize for Picture of the Year and Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film of the Year
3.
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl Francis Zanuck was an American film producer and studio executive, he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. He earned three Academy Awards as producer for Best Picture during his tenure, but was responsible for many more, Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Frank Zanuck, who owned and operated a hotel in Wahoo. Zanuck was of part Swiss descent and was raised a Protestant, at age six, Zanuck and his mother moved to Los Angeles, where the better climate could improve her poor health. At age eight, he found his first movie job as an extra, in 1918, despite being sixteen, he deceived a recruiter, joined the United States Army, and served in France with the Nebraska National Guard. Upon returning to the US, he worked in many jobs while seeking work as a writer. He found work producing movie plots, and sold his first story in 1922 to William Russell and he moved into management in 1929, and became head of production in 1931. In 1933, Zanuck left Warners over a dispute with studio head Jack L. Warner. A few days later, he partnered with Joseph Schenck to form 20th Century Pictures, Inc. with financial help from Josephs brother Nicholas Schenck, mayer, President and Studio head of Loews, Inc and its subsidiary Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, along with William Goetz and Raymond Griffith. 20th Century released its material through United Artists, after a dispute with United Artists over stock ownership, Schenck and Zanuck negotiated and bought out the bankrupt Fox studios in 1935 to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation. Zanuck was Vice President of Production of this new studio and took an approach, closely involving himself in scripts. When the U. S. who was chauffeured by limousine to Long Island each morning from a luxury Manhattan hotel. Appalled by such privileged cosseting, Zanuck stormed down to Washington, D. C. and into the War Department, demanding a riskier assignment from Chief of Staff and he even persuaded Lord Mountbatten to allow him along on a secret coastal raid across the Channel to occupied France. The daring nighttime attack on a German radar site was a success, navy even before the U. S. entered the war, and he was horrified to discover himself drafted into Zanucks Africa unit. Cant I ever get away from you, I bet if I die and go to heaven, youll be waiting for me under a sign reading Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. Unlike Col. Warner, most colonels from the studio system—Col, Frank Capra, Col. Anatole Litvak, Col. Hal Roach—were actually doing their cinematic jobs, often, like Zanuck, under enemy fire. Nonetheless, when Col. Zanuck was named in this investigation in 1944, whatever the reason, despite having published his own first-person account of his wartime adventures he resigned. Zanuck returned to Twentieth Century-Fox in 1944 and he avoided the studio and instead read books at home, surrounded by his growing family, and caught up on all the films he had missed while overseas in his private screening room
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Hideo Oguni
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Hideo Oguni was a Japanese writer who wrote over 100 screenplays. He is best known for co-writing screenplays for a number of films directed by Akira Kurosawa, including Ikiru, The Seven Samurai, Throne of Blood and The Hidden Fortress. His first film with Kurosawa was Ikiru, and according to film professor Catherine Russell, film critic Donald Richie regarded him as the humanist among Kurosawas writers. In 2013, Oguni and frequent screenwriting collaborators Kurosawa, Shinobu Hashimoto, writing credits other than for Kurosawa films include Heinosuke Goshos Entotsu no mieru basho in 1953, Koji Shimas Warning from Space in 1956, Tora. Tora. and Hiroshi Inagakis Machibuse in 1970, hideo Oguni at the Internet Movie Database
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Akira Kurosawa
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Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese filmmaker. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936, following a brief stint as a painter. After years of working on films as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he made his debut as a director in 1943, during World War II. The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films, Kurosawas wife, Yōko Yaguchi, was also an actress in one of his films. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed approximately a film a year, including a number of highly regarded films such as Ikiru, Seven Samurai, in 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. Kurosawa was born on March 23,1910 in Ōimachi in the district of Tokyo. In addition to promoting physical exercise, Isamu Kurosawa was open to western traditions and considered theater and he encouraged his children to watch films, young Akira viewed his first movies at the age of six. During this time, the boy also studied calligraphy and Kendo swordsmanship, another major childhood influence was Heigo Kurosawa, Akiras older brother by four years. In the aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, which devastated Tokyo, some commentators have suggested that this incident would influence Kurosawas later artistic career, as the director was seldom hesitant to confront unpleasant truths in his work. In the late 1920s, Heigo became a benshi for Tokyo theaters showing foreign films, Akira, who at this point planned to become a painter, moved in with him, and the two brothers became inseparable. Through Heigo, Akira devoured not only films but also theater and circus performances, while exhibiting his paintings, with the increasing production of talking pictures in the early 1930s, film narrators like Heigo began to lose work, and Akira moved back in with his parents. In July 1933, Heigo committed suicide, only four months later, Kurosawas eldest brother also died, leaving Akira, at age 23, the only one of the Kurosawa brothers still living, together with his three surviving sisters. In 1935, the new film studio Photo Chemical Laboratories, known as P. C. L and his half-mocking view was that if the deficiencies were fundamental, there was no way to correct them. Kurosawas essay earned him a call to take the exams, and director Kajirō Yamamoto. The 25-year-old Kurosawa joined P. C. L. in February 1936, during his five years as an assistant director, Kurosawa worked under numerous directors, but by far the most important figure in his development was Kajiro Yamamoto. Of his 24 films as A. D. he worked on 17 under Yamamoto, many of them featuring the popular actor Kenichi Enomoto. Yamamoto nurtured Kurosawas talent, promoting him directly from third assistant director to assistant director after a year. In the last of Kurosawas films as an assistant director, Horse, Kurosawa took over most of the production, One important piece of advice Yamamoto gave Kurosawa was that a good director needed to master screenwriting
6.
Gordon Prange
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Gordon William Prange was the author of several World War II historical manuscripts which were published by his co-workers after his death in 1980. Several became New York Times bestsellers, including At Dawn We Slept, Tora. which was produced in 1970, while Prange took a leave of absence from the University of Maryland to serve as the technical consultant during its filming. Prange was a lecturer at the University of Maryland. Gordon William Prange was born on July 16,1910, in Pomeroy and his parents were Al, a blacksmith and his wife Johanna. He had one older brother Russell and he attended Pomeroy High School where he excelled in baseball and track athletics. He was also known as the class clown and he graduated from Pomeroy in 1928 and enrolled at the University of Iowa intending to become a coach, but switched to history. He obtained his bachelors degree, his Masters in 1934, and he studied at the University of Berlin in 1935 to 1936, during which he said, I saw Hitler operate firsthand and heard him speak a number of times. In 1937 he married Anne Root, a daughter from Iowa City. They had two daughters and a son and they moved to Maryland where Prange took employment as a history instructor at the University of Maryland. Prange died on May 15,1980 in Baltimore, Maryland from cancer, Prange Park in Pomeroy is named after him. Attack on Pearl Harbor Events leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory Gordon W. Prange, Tora. in Readers Digest, November and December issues. All below by Gordon W. Prange, with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Prange Collection and at the University of Maryland Prange, Gordon W
7.
Ladislas Farago
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Ladislas Faragó was a military historian and journalist who published a number of best-selling books on history and espionage, especially concerning the World War II era. Moreover, French intelligence operative and right-wing polemist Pierre de Villemarest justified part of Faragos statements, Villemarest disagreed on the details of Bormanns survival, but agreed he did survive the escape from Hitlers Bunker. Villemarest states that Bormann was not a mere Soviet agent but was enough to get free from the Soviets protection. The main point of agreement between Farago and Villemarest being the resolute assertion of a survival of Bormann after the fall of Hitlers regime. Faragós book Aftermath contains several reproductions of genuine Argentinian secret police documents related to the life of Bormann after 1945 and he appeared as a contestant on the January 22,1957 episode of To Tell the Truth. His son, John M. Farago, is an Emeritus Professor of Law at the City University of New York School of Law
8.
Martin Balsam
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Martin Henry Balsam was an American character actor. Martin Balsam was born in the Bronx borough of New York City, to Russian Jewish parents, Lillian and Albert Balsam and he attended DeWitt Clinton High School, where he participated in the drama club. He studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the German director Erwin Piscator, Martin Balsam made his professional debut in August 1941 in a production of The Plays the Thing in Locust Valley. During World War II he served as a sergeant radio operator in a B-24 in the China-Burma-India theater of operations, in early 1948, he was selected by Elia Kazan to be a member in the recently formed Actors Studio. Balsam would go on to perform in episodes of the Studios dramatic television anthology series. He appeared in other television drama series, including Decoy with Beverly Garland, The Twilight Zone, as a psychologist in the pilot episode, Five Fingers, Target. The Eleventh Hour, Breaking Point, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Fugitive, agent in The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Episode, The Odd Man Affair, and guest starred in the two-part Murder, She Wrote episode and he also appeared in the Route 66 episode, Somehow it Gets to be Tomorrow. Balsam appeared in films as On the Waterfront,12 Angry Men, Time Limit, Breakfast at Tiffanys, The Carpetbaggers, Seven Days in May, The Anderson Tapes, Hombre, Catch-22. Little Big Man, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, All the Presidents Men, Murder on the Orient Express, The Delta Force, in 1960, he appeared in one of his best remembered roles as Detective Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. Along with Gregory Peck and Robert Mitchum, Martin Balsam appeared in both the original Cape Fear, and the 1991 Martin Scorsese remake and he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Arnold Burns in A Thousand Clowns. In 1968, he won a Tony Award for his appearance in the 1967 Broadway production of You Know I Cant Hear You When the Waters Running. He played Dr. Rudy Wells when the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg was adapted as a TV-movie pilot for The Six Million Dollar Man and he appeared as a spokesman/hostage in the TV movie Raid on Entebbe and as a detective in the TVM Contract on Cherry Street. He also appeared on an episode of Quincy ME, Balsam starred as Murray Klein on the All in the Family spin-off Archie Bunkers Place for two seasons and returned for a guest appearance in the shows 4th and final season. He even filled in for Charles Nelson Reilly on Match Game for one question when Reilly was late for a taping, in 1951, Balsam married his first wife, actress Pearl Somner. His second wife was actress Joyce Van Patten and this marriage lasted for four years and produced one daughter, Talia Balsam. He married his wife, Irene Miller, in 1963. They had two children, Adam and Zoe Balsam, and divorced in 1987, on February 13,1996, Balsam died of a sudden stroke in his hotel room in Rome, Italy, while on vacation
9.
So Yamamura
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So Yamamura was a Japanese actor and film director. He appeared in more than 110 films between 1947 and 1991, and directed four films and he was also known by the name Satoshi Yamamura, while his actual birth name is Koga Hirosada. In the US, he is known for his portrayals of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Combined Fleet. Tora. and of Mr. Sakamoto, the CEO of Assan Motors in Gung Ho, medal with Purple Ribbon Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette So Yamamura at the Internet Movie Database
10.
Joseph Cotten
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Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Jr. was an American film, stage, radio and television actor. Cotten achieved prominence on Broadway, starring in the stage productions of The Philadelphia Story. He first gained fame in the Orson Welles film Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons. He went on to one of the leading Hollywood actors of the 1940s, appearing in films such as Shadow of a Doubt, Love Letters, Duel in the Sun, Portrait of Jennie, The Third Man. One of his films was Michael Ciminos Heavens Gate. Joseph Cotten was born in 1905 in Petersburg, Virginia, the first of three born to Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Sr. an assistant postmaster, and Sally Willson Cotten. He grew up in the Tidewater region and showed an aptitude for drama, in 1923, when Cotten was 18, his family arranged for him to receive private lessons at the Hickman School of Expression in Washington, D. C. and underwrote his expenses. He earned spending money playing professional football on Sundays, for $25 a quarter, after graduation, he earned enough money as a lifeguard at Wilcox Lake to pay back his familys loan, with interest. He worked as an agent, and his work as a theatre critic inspired him to become involved in theatre productions, first in Virginia. Cotten made his Broadway debut in 1930, in 1934 Cotten met and became friends with Orson Welles, a fellow cast member on CBS Radios The American School of the Air. Welles regarded Cotten as a brilliant comic actor, and gave him the role in his Federal Theatre Project farce. Cotten was sure that Horse Eats Hat won him the notice of his future Broadway costar, Cotten made his film debut in the Welles-directed short, Too Much Johnson, a comedy that was intended to complement the aborted 1938 Mercury stage production of William Gillettes 1890 play. The film was never screened in public and was lost until 2013, Cotten returned to Broadway in 1939, creating the role of C. K. Dexter Haven opposite Katharine Hepburns Tracy Lord in the original production of Philip Barrys The Philadelphia Story. The play ran for a year at the Shubert Theatre, Hayward suggested that they call Cottens good pal, Orson Welles. Hes been making big waves out here, Hayward said, maybe nobody in Hollywood ever heard of the Shubert Theatre in New York, but everybody certainly knows about the Mercury Theatre in New York. After the success of Welless War of the Worlds 1938 Halloween radio broadcast, the two-picture deal promised full creative control for the young director below an agreed budget limit, and Welless intention was to feature the Mercury Players in his productions. Shooting had still not begun on a Welles film after a year, in mid-1940 filming began on Citizen Kane, portraying the life of a press magnate who starts out as an idealist but eventually turns into a corrupt, lonely old man. The film featured Cotten prominently in the role of Kanes best friend Jedediah Leland, nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1942, the film won only for Best Screenplay, for Mankiewicz and Welles
11.
E. G. Marshall
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Among his film roles he is perhaps best known as the unflappable, conscientious Juror #4 in Sidney Lumets courtroom drama 12 Angry Men. He also played the President of the United States in Superman II and Superman II, Marshall was born Everett Eugene Grunz in Owatonna, Minnesota, the son of Hazel Irene and Charles G. Grunz. During his life, he not to reveal what E. G. stood for. According to the Social Security Death Index, even his Social Security card showed his name as. He attended both Carleton College and the University of Minnesota, although most familiar for his later television and movie roles, Marshall also had a distinguished Broadway career. In subsequent years, hed land the roles in The Crucible. In 1973, he returned to the stage to play the title role in a highly praised production of Macbeth in Richmond, Virginia. From January 1974 until February 1982, Marshall was the original host of the nightly radio drama. He had seven children in all, including Jed, Sarah, Jill, Degen and he died of lung cancer in Bedford, New York, on August 24,1998. His grave is in the Middle Patent Rural Cemetery, located in the hamlet of Banksville, as a member of the Committee for National Health Insurance, E. G. Marshall was a long-time advocate for government-provided health care in the United States. During the 1968 United States presidential campaign, he filmed and narrated a political advertisement endorsing Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey, E. G. Marshall at the Internet Movie Database E. G. Marshall at the Internet Broadway Database E. G. Marshall at Internet off-Broadway Database E. G. Marshall at Find a Grave E. G. Marshall interview video at the Archive of American Television
12.
James Whitmore
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James Allen Whitmore Jr. was an American film, theatre, and television actor. During his extensive career, Whitmore won a Tony, Grammy, Golden Globe, and an Emmy and he is one of only 20 performers to win three of the four EGOT honors. Born in White Plains, New York, to Florence Belle and James Allen Whitmore and he went on to study at Yale University, but he had to quit playing football after severely injuring his knees. After giving up football, he turned to the Yale Dramatic Society, while at Yale, he was a member of Skull and Bones, and was among the founders of the Yale radio station. Whitmore planned on becoming a lawyer and graduated with a major in government from Yale University, when World War II broke out, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserves while finishing his degree. He graduated from Yale University in 1944, then served in the United States Marine Corps in the South Pacific, after World War II, Whitmore studied acting at the American Theatre Wing and the Actors Studio in New York. At this time, Whitmore met his first wife Nancy Mygatt and they married in 1947, and the couple had three sons before their divorce in 1971. The eldest son, James III, found success as an actor and director under the name James Whitmore. The second son, Stephen, became the spokesman for the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department. The youngest son, Daniel, was a Forest Service Snow Ranger and firefighter before he launched his own construction company, in 1979, Whitmore and Mygatt remarried, but they divorced again after two years. Whitmore was married to actress Audra Lindley from 1972 until 1979 and he co-starred in several stage performances with her both during and after their marriage. These included Elba, William Gibson’s Handy Dandy, and Tom Cole’s About Time, in 2001, he married actress and author Noreen Nash. Whitmore is the grandfather of Survivor, Gabon contestant Matty Whitmore, in 2010, James Whitmore, Jr. and his two children, actress-director Aliah Whitmore and artist-production designer Jacob Whitmore, formed the theatre group Whitmore Eclectic. They perform in Los Angeles, California, in his later years, Whitmore spent his summers in Peterborough, New Hampshire, performing with the Peterborough Players. Although not always politically active, in 2007, Whitmore generated some publicity with his endorsement of Barack Obama for U. S. President. In January 2008, Whitmore appeared in commercials for the First Freedom First campaign. An avid flower and vegetable gardener, Whitmore was also known to TV viewers as the commercial pitchman for Miracle-Gro garden products. Following World War II, Whitmore appeared on Broadway in the role of the sergeant in Command Decision, metro-Goldwyn-Mayer gave Whitmore a contract, but his role in the film adaptation was played by Van Johnson
13.
Jason Robards
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Jason Nelson Robards, Jr. was an American stage, film, and television actor. He was a winner of the Tony Award, two Academy Awards and an Emmy Award and he was also a United States Navy combat veteran of World War II. He became famous playing works of American playwright Eugene ONeill and regularly performed in ONeills works throughout his career, Robards was cast both in common-man roles and as well-known historical figures. Robards was born in Chicago, the son of Hope Maxine Robards and Jason Robards, Sr. an actor who appeared on the stage. Robards was of German, English, Welsh, Irish, the family moved to New York City when Jason Jr. was still a toddler, and then moved to Los Angeles when he was six years old. Later interviews with Robards suggested that the trauma of his parents divorce, as a youth, Robards also witnessed first-hand the decline of his fathers acting career. The teenage Robards excelled in athletics, running a 4, 18-mile during his year at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles. Although his prowess in sports attracted interest from several universities, Robards decided to enlist in the United States Navy upon his graduation in 1940. Following the completion of training and radio school, Robards was assigned to a heavy cruiser. On December 7,1941, the Northampton was at sea in the Pacific Ocean about 100 miles off Hawaii, contrary to some stories, he did not see the devastation of the Japanese attack on Hawaii until the Northampton returned to Pearl Harbor two days later. The Northampton was later directed into the Guadalcanal campaign in World War IIs Pacific theater, during the Battle of Tassafaronga in the waters north of Guadalcanal on the night of November 30,1942, the Northampton was sunk by hits from two Japanese torpedoes. Robards found himself treading water until near daybreak, when he was rescued by an American destroyer, for her service in the war, the Northampton was awarded six battle stars. Two years later, in November 1944, Robards was radioman on the USS Nashville, on December 13, she was struck by a kamikaze aircraft off Negros Island in the Philippines. The aircraft hit one of the port five-inch gun mounts, while its two bombs set the midsection ablaze, with this damage and 223 casualties, the Nashville was forced to return to Pearl Harbor and then to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, for repairs. Robards served honorably during the war, but was not a recipient of the U. S. Navy Cross for bravery, contrary to what has been reported in numerous sources, the inaccurate story derives from a 1979 column by Hy Gardner. On the Nashville, Robards first found a copy of Eugene ONeills play Strange Interlude in the ships library, also while in the Navy, he first started thinking seriously about becoming an actor. He had emceed for a Navy band in Pearl Harbor, got a few laughs and his father suggested he enroll in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. Robards was awarded the Good Conduct Medal of the Navy, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, Robards got into acting after the war and his career began slowly
14.
Jerry Goldsmith
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Jerrald King Jerry Goldsmith was an American composer and conductor most known for his work in film and television scoring. A. Confidential, Mulan, The Mummy, three Rambo films, Explorers and five Star Trek films, Goldsmith was nominated for six Grammy Awards, five Primetime Emmy Awards, nine Golden Globe Awards, four British Academy Film Awards, and eighteen Academy Awards. Goldsmith, was born 10 February 1929 in Los Angeles, California and his parents were Tessa, a school teacher, and Morris Goldsmith, a structural engineer. He started playing piano at age six, but only got serious by the time he was eleven, at age sixteen, Goldsmith saw the 1945 film Spellbound in theaters and was inspired by veteran composer Miklós Rózsas soundtrack to pursue a career in music. There he was able to coach singers, work as an assistant choral director, play piano accompaniment, in 1950, Goldsmith found work at CBS as a clerk typist in the networks music department under director Lud Gluskin. There he began writing scores for radio shows as CBS Radio Workshop, Frontier Gentleman. In an interview with Andy Velez from BarnesandNoble. com, Goldsmith stated, CBS had a workshop, and once a week the employees, whatever their talents, whether they were ushers or typists, would produce a radio show. But you had to be an employee and they needed someone to do music, and I knew someone there who said Id be great for this. Id just gotten married and needed a job, so they faked a typing test for me, then I could do these shows. About six months later, the music department heard what I did, liked it and he later progressed into scoring such live CBS television shows as Climax. and Playhouse 90. He also scored multiple episodes of the television series The Twilight Zone, Kildare and The Man from U. N. C. L. E. His feature film occurred when he composed the music to the 1957 western Black Patch. He continued with scores to films as the 1957 western Face of a Fugitive. Jerry Goldsmith began the decade composing for television shows as Dr. Kildare. However, he began receiving widespread name recognition after his intimate score to the 1962 classic western Lonely Are the Brave. That same year, Goldsmith composed the mostly atonal and dissonant score to the 1962 pseudo-biopic Freud that focused on a period of the life of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Goldsmiths score went on to him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. Following his success with Lonely Are the Brave and Freud, Goldsmith went on to even more critical recognition with the theme music to The Man from U. N. C. L. E
15.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
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Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
17.
Biographical film
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A biographical film, or biopic, is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people. Such films show the life of a person and the central characters real name is used. Because the figures portrayed are actual people, whose actions and characteristics are known to the public, biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses. Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island, Custen, in Bio/Pics, How Hollywood Constructed Public History, regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era, and in particular, Darryl F. Zanuck. On the other hand, Binghams 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway, ellen Cheshires Bio-Pics, a life in pictures examines UK/US films from the 1990s and 2000s. Each chapter reviews key films linked by profession and concludes with further viewing list, christopher Robé has also written on the gender norms that underlie the biopic in his article, Taking Hollywood Back in the 2009 issue of Cinema Journal. The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction. The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticized, casting can be controversial for biographical films. Casting is often a balance between similarity in looks and ability to portray the characteristics of the person, anthony Hopkins felt that he should not have played Richard Nixon in Nixon because of a lack of resemblance between the two. The casting of John Wayne as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror was objected to because of the American Wayne being cast as the Mongol warlord. Egyptian critics criticized the casting of Louis Gossett, Jr. an African American actor, also, some objected to the casting of Jennifer Lopez in Selena because she is a New York City native of Puerto Rican descent while Selena was Mexican-American. Biographical novel Biography in literature List of biographical films
18.
War film
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War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been associated with the 20th century. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them, themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are categorized by their milieu, such as the Korean War. The stories told may be fiction, historical drama, or biographical, critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film. Subgenres, not necessarily distinct, include anti-war, comedy, animated, propaganda, the war film genre is not necessarily tightly defined, the American Film Institute, for example, speaks of films to grapple with the Great War without attempting to classify these. However, some directors and critics have offered at least tentative definitions, the director Sam Fuller defined the genre by saying that a war film’s objective, no matter how personal or emotional, is to make a viewer feel war. However, Neale notes, films set in the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars of the 19th century were called war films in the time before the First World War, the film scholar Kathryn Kane points out some similarities between the war film genre and the Western. Both genres use opposing concepts like war and peace, civilization, james Clarke notes the similarity between a Western like Sam Peckinpahs The Wild Bunch and war-movie escapades like The Dirty Dozen. They take place in the combat zones of World War II, against the established enemies, on the ground. They contain many repeated events, such as mail call, all presented visually with appropriate uniforms, equipment and she argues that the combat film is not a subgenre but the only genuine kind of war film. This in turn pushes combat scenes to the ends of war films. Not all critics agree, either, that war films must be about 20th century wars, the costliest war in U. S. history in terms of American life, this war has been the subject of, or the backdrop to, numerous films, documentaries and mini-series. One of the earliest films using the Civil War as its subject was D. W. Griffiths 1910 silent picture, The Fugitive. Some films such as Gettysburg focused on a battle during the war, or even on a single incident, like the French short film. Others like the 1993 miniseries North and South spanned the entire breadth of the war, some films deal with the human aspects of the war, such as The Red Badge of Courage, or Shenandoah, on the tragedy that the war inflicted on the civilian population. Ken Burnss The Civil War is the most watched documentary in the history of PBS, the first war films come from the Spanish–American War of 1898. Short actualities – documentary film-clips – included Burial of the Maine Victims, Blanket-Tossing of a New Recruit and these non-combat films were accompanied by reenactments of fighting, such as of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in action against the Spanish, staged in the United States
19.
Empire of Japan
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The Empire of Japan was the historical Japanese nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan. Imperial Japans rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei led to its emergence as a world power, after several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, the Empire also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples it conquered. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the State of Japan or simply rendered Japan in English. The historical state is referred to as the Empire of Japan or the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan in English. In Japanese it is referred to as Dai Nippon Teikoku, which translates to Greater Japanese Empire and this is analogous to Großdeutsches Reich, a term that translates to Greater German Empire in English and Dai Doitsu Teikoku in Japanese. This meaning is significant in terms of geography, encompassing Japan, due to its name in kanji characters and its flag, it was also given the exonym Empire of the Sun. After two centuries, the policy, or Sakoku, under the shoguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. The following years saw increased trade and interaction, commercial treaties between the Tokugawa shogunate and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the terms of these Unequal Treaties, the Shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, xenophobic movement. In March 1863, the Emperor issued the order to expel barbarians, although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The Namamugi Incident during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, Charles Lennox Richardson, the British demanded reparations but were denied. While attempting to exact payment, the Royal Navy was fired on from coastal batteries near the town of Kagoshima and they responded by bombarding the port of Kagoshima in 1863. For Richardsons death, the Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity, shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki and attacks against foreign property led to the Bombardment of Shimonoseki by a multinational force in 1864. The Chōshū clan also launched the coup known as the Kinmon incident. The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu, in early 1867, Emperor Kōmei died of smallpox and was replaced by his son, Crown Prince Mutsuhito. On November 9,1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned from his post and authorities to the Emperor, however, while Yoshinobus resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. On January 3,1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the palace in Kyoto. On January 17,1868, Yoshinobu declared that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration, on January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces
20.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
21.
Homophone
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A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning, and may differ in spelling. The words may be spelled the same, such as rose and rose, or differently, such as carat, caret, homophones that are spelled the same are also both homographs and homonyms. Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs, the term homophone may also apply to units longer or shorter than words, such as phrases, letters or groups of letters that are pronounced the same as another phrase, letter or group of letters. A word or unit with this property is said to be homophonous, homophone derives from the Greek homo-, same, and phōnḗ, voice, utterance. Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive the reader or to suggest multiple meanings, the last usage is common in poetry and creative literature. An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomass radio play Under Milk Wood, some examples from English are, pin and pen in many southern American accents. Merry, marry, and Mary in most American accents, the pairs do, due and forward, foreword are homophonous in most American accents but not in most English accents. Wordplay is particularly common in English because the multiplicity of linguistic influences offers considerable complication in spelling and meaning, malapropisms, which often create a similar comic effect, are usually near-homophones. Homophones of multiple words or phrases are known as oronyms. This term was coined by Gyles Brandreth and first published in his book The Joy of Lex, and it was used in the BBC programme Never Mind the Full Stops, examples of oronyms include, ice cream vs. Notable examples include, Initiate, My wife ate two sandwiches, initiate a bag o tater chips, Mayonnaise, Mayonnaise a lot of people here tonight. Innuendo, Hey dude I saw a bird fly innuendo, Moustache, I Moustache you a question. There are differences in such lists due to dialect pronunciations and usage of old words, in English, there are approximately 88 triples,24 quadruples,2 quintuples,1 sextet and 1 septet. If proper names are allowed then a nonet is Ayr, Aire, Eyre, heir, air, err, ere, eer, are. An extreme example is kikō, which is the pronunciation of at least 22 words, including, 機構, 紀行, 稀覯, 騎行, 貴校 (, 奇功, 貴公, 起稿, 奇行, 機巧, 寄港, 帰校, 気功, 寄稿, 機甲, 帰航, 奇効, 季候, 気孔, 起工, 気候, 帰港. The Korean language contains a combination of words that belong to Korean. For example, 화장하다, to put on makeup and 화장하다, also, 유산, inheritance and 유산, miscarriage. There are heterographs, but far fewer, contrary to the tendency in English, for example, 학문, learning, and 항문, anus
22.
Imperial Japanese Army
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The Imperial Japanese Army or IJA, literally Army of the Greater Japanese Empire, was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. Later an Inspectorate General of Military Aviation became the agency with oversight of the army. During the Meiji Restoration, the forces loyal to Emperor Meiji were samurai drawn primarily from the loyalist daimyōs of Satsuma. This central army, the Imperial Japanese Army, became even more essential after the abolition of the han system in 1871. One of the differences between the samurai and the peasant class was the right to bear arms, this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, based on the German General Staff, was established directly under the Emperor and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy. The Japanese invasion of Taiwan under Qing rule in 1874 was an expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the Mudan Incident of December 1871. The Paiwan people, who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, murdered 54 crewmembers of a merchant vessel from the Ryukyu Kingdom on the southwestern tip of Taiwan. 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to Miyako-jima in the Ryukyu Islands and it marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Not surprisingly, the new led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the riots, led by Saigō Takamori, was the Satsuma Rebellion. Thenceforth, the military existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial institution, top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and officers, particularly junior officers who were mostly from the peasantry, tended to draw the military closer to the people. In time, most people came to look more for guidance in matters more to military than to political leaders. By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army had grown to become the most modern army in Asia, well-trained, well-equipped, however, it was basically an infantry force deficient in cavalry and artillery when compared with its European contemporaries. The Sino-Japanese War would come to symbolize the weakness of the military of the Qing dynasty and this was the result by Japans 120, 000-strong western-style conscript army of two armies and five divisions, which was well-equipped and well-trained when compared with their Qing counterparts. The Treaty of Shimonoseki made the Qing defeat official, with a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. In 1899–1900, Boxer attacks against foreigners in China intensified eventually resulting in the siege of the legations in Beijing
23.
Combined Fleet
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For the Carrier Striking Task Force, see Kido Butai. The Combined Fleet was the main ocean-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy, the Combined Fleet was formally created for the first time on 18 July 1894 by the merger of the Standing Fleet and the Western Fleet. The Standing Fleet contained the navys most modern and combat-capable warships, the Western Fleet was a reserve force consisting primarily of obsolete ships deemed unsuitable for front-line combat operations, but still suitable for commerce protection and coastal defense. Vice-admiral Itoh Sukeyuki was appointed the first Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet. for the duration of the first Sino-Japanese War against China, the Combined Fleet was re-formed during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 to provide a unified overall command for the three separate fleets in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The IJN 1st Fleet was the battleship force, which formed the backbone of the navy and was intended to be used in a traditional line-of-battle showdown with an equivalent enemy battleship fleet. The IJN 2nd Fleet was a fast, mobile force with armored cruisers. The IJN 3rd Fleet was primarily a reserve fleet of obsolete vessels considered too weak for front-line combat service, admiral Togo Heihachiro was commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War. The Combined Fleet was not maintained as a permanent organization, but was created when necessary during fleet maneuvers or when called for by extraordinary circumstances. Thus, during the period from 1905–1924, the Combined Fleet was created only sporadically as the occasion or circumstances dictated, and disbanded immediately afterwards. As this was not intended to be permanent and since the commander of IJN 1st Fleet concurrently directed the Combined Fleet, from 1933, with the Manchurian Incident and the increasing tension with China, a permanent HQ staff for the Combined Fleet was established. By the late 1930s, it included most of Japans warships—only the base units, the Special Naval Landing Forces, the Combined Fleet came under direct command of the Imperial General Headquarters in 1937. With the start of the Pacific War with the attack on Pearl Harbor carried out by the Combined Fleets Kido Butai and it comprised the battleships, aircraft carriers, aircraft, and the components that made up the main fighting strength of the IJN. It was first mobilized on the whole for the Battle of Midway, after the devastating carrier losses at Midway and in the Solomon Islands campaign, the navy re-organized into a number of Area Fleets for local operational control of various geographic zones. The Combined Fleet then evolved into more of an administrative organization, in the resultant Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf the Japanese fleet was decimated. The remnants of the Combined Fleet fled to Okinawa, but further operations were hindered by lack of fuel, by the time of the final suicide mission of the battleship Yamato in Operation Ten-Go, the Combined Fleet had ceased to exist as an effective combat force. The Combined Fleet was formally dissolved on 10 October 1945, commander in chief Chief of staff DAlbas, Andrieu. Death of a Navy, Japanese Naval Action in World War II, a Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations Nihon Kaigun
24.
Isoroku Yamamoto
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Isoroku Yamamoto was a Japanese Marshal Admiral of the Navy and the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II until his death. Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations and he was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War, so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway. He died when American code breakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down and his death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II. Yamamoto was born Isoroku Takano in Nagaoka, Niigata and his father was Sadayoshi Takano, an intermediate-rank samurai of the Nagaoka Domain. Isoroku is an old Japanese term meaning 56, the referred to his fathers age at Isorokus birth. In 1916, Isoroku was adopted into the Yamamoto family and took the Yamamoto name and it was a common practice for samurai families lacking sons to adopt suitable young men in this fashion to carry on the family name, the rank and the income that comes with it. In 1918 Isoroku married Reiko Mihashi, with whom he had two sons and two daughters, after graduating from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1904, Yamamoto served on the armored cruiser Nisshin during the Russo-Japanese War. He was wounded at the Battle of Tsushima, losing two fingers on his hand, as the cruiser was hit repeatedly by the Russian battle line. He returned to the Naval Staff College in 1914, emerging as a lieutenant commander in 1916, Yamamoto was part of the Japanese Navy establishment, who were rivals of the more aggressive army establishment, especially the officers of the Kwantung Army. This stance led him to oppose the invasion of China and he also opposed war against the United States partly because of his studies at Harvard University and his two postings as a naval attaché in Washington, D. C. where he learned to speak fluent English. Yamamoto traveled extensively in the United States during his tour of duty there and he was promoted to captain in 1923. On February 13,1924, at the rank of captain, later that year, he changed his specialty from gunnery to naval aviation. His first command was the cruiser Isuzu in 1928, followed by the aircraft carrier Akagi, Yamamoto was a strong proponent of naval aviation, and served as head of the Aeronautics Department before accepting a post as commander of the First Carrier Division. Yamamoto opposed the invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the subsequent land war with China, as Deputy Navy Minister, he apologized to United States Ambassador Joseph C. Grew for the bombing of the gunboat USS Panay in December 1937 and these issues made him a target of assassination threats by pro-war militarists. Yamamoto received a stream of hate mail and death threats from Japanese nationalists. His reaction to the prospect of death by assassination was passive, the admiral wrote, To die for Emperor and Nation is the highest hope of a military man. After a brave hard fight the blossoms are scattered on the fighting field, but if a person wants to take a life instead, still the fighting man will go to eternity for Emperor and country
25.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
26.
Pacific Ocean
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The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
27.
Minoru Genda
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Minoru Genda was a well-known Japanese military aviator and politician. He is best known for helping to plan the Pearl Harbor attack and he was also the 3rd Chief of Staff of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. Minoru Genda was the son of a farmer from Kake, Hiroshima Prefecture. Two brothers were graduates of Tokyo University, another brother graduated from Chiba Medical College, Genda graduated from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1924 and then took flight training for 11 months in 1928–1929, graduating with honors to become a fighter pilot. Genda was assigned to the aircraft carrier Akagi in 1931 and he was well known in the navy, and in 1932 Genda formed a demonstration team at Yokosuka, leading a division of biplanes around the country, conducting aerobatic demonstrations. He gained combat experience with the Second Combined Air Group during the Second Sino-Japanese War from the autumn of 1937, was flight instructor for the Yokosuka Air Group in 1938. Genda realized the potential of massing aircraft carriers to project air power, most naval strategists and tacticians of the time conceived of single carriers launching raids on enemy targets, or sailing with a fleet to provide air cover against enemy bombers. Genda understood the potential of massed air raids launched from aircraft carriers steaming together. Above all, Genda thought that modern and large naval air fleet would be necessary for survival if Japan was ever to fight a war with the United States, however, Gendas rank—captain—was too low to be of much strategic influence. The Pearl Harbor attack plan was the brainchild of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Yamamoto ordered a number of officers to study Pearl Harbor and to draw up an operational plan. Admiral Takijiro Onishi gathered together all the relevant facts that could be found about the area, once this was done, the attack plan itself was written primarily by Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka with assistance from Captain Genda and Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima. Yamamoto had become acquainted with Genda in 1933 when he served aboard the carrier Ryūjō, Yamamoto initially conceived of a one-way attack on Pearl Harbor from 500 to 600 miles away. In his scheme, returning aircraft would ditch in the ocean off Oahu, Yamamoto was focused on smashing the U. S. Pacific Fleet and sinking as many battleships as possible, the carefully recorded details were secretly documented during his brief tour in London and were hand-carried by Genda during his return trip to Japan for naval department studies. His official trip was in accord with British-Japanese naval accords authorizing official military attaché visits to the war front to observe, Gendas European trip provided added stimulus for Japanese strategic naval studies and exercises to discover weaknesses and formulate tactics that were later used against the U. S. On his return to Japan, he was assigned to the First Carrier Division and met with Yamamoto in early February 1941, Genda had previously considered an attack on Pearl Harbor in 1934 and had discussed the possibility then with Takijirō Onishi. Genda emphasized to Yamamoto that secrecy is the keynote and surprise the all-important factor, Genda felt that the task was difficult, but not impossible and began working on the details of the plan. Genda favored a three wave attack using six aircraft carriers for an air strike
28.
Mitsuo Fuchida
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Mitsuo Fuchida was a Japanese captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and a bomber aviator in the Japanese navy before and during World War II. He is perhaps best known for leading the first air attacks on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Working under the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo. After the war ended, Fuchida became a Christian evangelist and traveled through the United States and he settled permanently in the United States but never became a U. S. citizen. Mitsuo Fuchida was born in what is now part of Katsuragi, Nara Prefecture, Japan to Yazo and he entered the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima, Hiroshima, in 1921, where he befriended classmate Minoru Genda and discovered an interest in flying. He graduated as a midshipman on 24 July 1924, and was promoted to ensign on 1 December 1925 and he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 December 1930. Specializing in horizontal bombing, Fuchida was made an instructor in that technique in 1936, Fuchida joined the aircraft carrier Akagi in 1939 as the commander of the air group. Fuchida was made commander in October 1941, at 06,00, the first wave of 183 dive bombers, torpedo bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters took off from carriers 250 mi north of Oahu and headed for the U. S. At 07,40 Hawaiian Standard Time, Mitsuo Fuchida, who by this time had achieved the rank of commander, the first attack wave then banked west and flew along the northwest coast. Passing Waimea Bay at 07,49, Fuchida instructed his radio operator, Petty Officer 1st Class Norinobu Mizuki, Fuchida thinking Lt Cmdr Shigeru Itayas Zeros, missed the signal, fired a second flare. Lt Cmdr Kakuichi Takahashi, overall leader of the first wave dive bombers, thinking the dive bombers were to attack, he led his dive bombers into immediate attack position. Lt Cmdr Shigeharu Murata, overall leader of the torpedo bombers and he knew there was a misunderstanding which could not be rectified, so he led his torpedo bombers into attack positions. At 07,53, Fuchida ordered Mizuki to send the code words Tora, back to the carrier Akagi, the flagship of 1st Air Fleet. The message meant that complete surprise had been achieved, due to favorable atmospheric conditions, the transmission of the Tora. As the first wave returned to the carriers, Fuchida remained over the target to assess damage and he returned to his carrier only after the second wave had completed its mission. With great pride, he announced that the U. S. battleship fleet had been destroyed, Fuchida inspected his craft and found 21 large flak holes, the main control wires were barely holding together. The successful attack made Fuchida a national hero who was granted an audience with Emperor Hirohito. On 19 February 1942, Fuchida led the first of two waves of 188 aircraft in an air raid on Darwin, Australia
29.
Type B Cipher Machine
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The machine was an electromechanical stepping-switch device. The information gained from decryptions was eventually code-named Magic within the US government, the codename Purple referred to binders used by US cryptanalysts for material produced by various systems, it replaced the Red machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office. The Japanese also used Coral and JADE stepping-switch systems, the Japanese Navy did not cooperate with the Army in pre-war cipher machine development, and that lack of cooperation continued into World War II. The Navy believed the Purple machine was difficult to break that it did not attempt to revise it to improve security. This seems to have been on the advice of a mathematician, Teiji Takagi, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was supplied Red and Purple by the Navy. No one in Japanese authority noticed weak points in both machines, just before the end of the war, the Army warned the Navy of a weak point of Purple, but the Navy failed to act on this advice. The Army developed their own cipher machines on the principle as Enigma. The Army judged that these machines had lower security than the Navys Purple design, in any case, the Japanese Navy had planned to develop their first cipher machine for the following London Naval Treaty. Japanese Navy Captain Risaburo Ito, of Section 10 of the Japanese Navy General Staff Office, the development of the machine was the responsibility of the Japanese Navy Institute of Technology, Electric Research Department, Section 6. In 1928, the chief designer Kazuo Tanabe and Navy Commander, Genichiro Kakimoto developed a prototype of Red, the prototype machine was finally completed as 91-shiki injiki in 1931. The year 1931 was year 2591 in the Japanese Imperial calendar, thus it was prefixed 91-shiki from the year it was developed. The 91-shiki injiki Roman-letter model was used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Angōki A-kata. The Red machine was unreliable unless the contacts in its half-rotor switch were cleaned every day and it enciphered vowels and consonants separately, perhaps to reduce telegram costs, and this was a significant weak point. The Navy also used the 91-shiki injiki Kana-letter model at its bases, in 1937, the Japanese completed the next generation 97-shiki injiki. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs machine was the Angōki B-kata, codenamed Purple by United States cryptanalysts, the chief designer of Purple was Kazuo Tanabe. His engineers were Masaji Yamamoto and Eikichi Suzuki, Eikichi Suzuki suggested the use of a stepping switch instead of the more troublesome half-rotor switch. Clearly, the Purple machine was more secure than Blue, the Purple machine inherited a weakness from the Red machine that six letters of the alphabet were encrypted separately. It differed from RED in that the group of letters was changed and announced nine days
30.
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
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The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps. Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the air corps ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances, the B-17 was primarily employed by the United States Army Air Forces in the daylight strategic bombing campaign of World War II against German industrial and military targets. The B-17 also participated to an extent in the War in the Pacific, early in World War II. From its prewar inception, the USAAC promoted the aircraft as a weapon, it was a relatively fast, high-flying. It developed a reputation for toughness based upon stories and photos of badly damaged B-17s safely returning to base, the B-17 developed a reputation as an effective bomber, dropping more bombs than any other U. S. aircraft in World War II. Of the 1.5 million tonnes of bombs dropped on Germany, in addition to its role as a bomber, the B-17 was also employed as a transport, antisubmarine aircraft, drone controller, and search-and-rescue aircraft. As of May 2015, ten aircraft remain airworthy, none of them are combat veterans. Dozens more are in storage or on static display, the oldest of these is a D-series veteran of combat in the Pacific and the Caribbean. On 8 August 1934, the U. S. Army Air Corps tendered a proposal for a bomber to replace the Martin B-10. The air corps was looking for a capable of reinforcing the air forces in Hawaii, Panama. Requirements were that it would carry a useful bombload at an altitude of 10,000 ft for ten hours with a top speed of at least 200 mph. They also desired, but did not require, a range of 2,000 mi, the competition for the air corps contract would be decided by a fly-off between Boeings design, the Douglas DB-1, and the Martin Model 146 at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio. The prototype B-17, with the Boeing factory designation of Model 299, was designed by a team of engineers led by E. Gifford Emery and Edward Curtis Wells and it combined features of the experimental Boeing XB-15 bomber with the Boeing 247 transport aircraft. The B-17s armament consisted of up to 4,800 lb of bombs on two racks in the bay behind the cockpit, and initially possessed five.30 caliber machine guns. It was powered by four Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines each producing 750 hp at 7,000 ft, the first flight of the Model 299 was on 28 July 1935 with Boeing chief test-pilot Leslie Tower at the controls. Richard Williams, a reporter for the Seattle Times, coined the name Flying Fortress with his comment, Why, when the Model 299 was rolled out bristling with multiple machine gun installations. The most unusual gun emplacement was the installation which allowed the single machine gun to be fired toward almost any frontal angle
31.
Harold Rainsford Stark
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Harold Rainsford Stark served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II. Stark was the US Navys 8th Chief of Naval Operations, from August 1,1939 to 26 March 1942, Stark enrolled in the United States Naval Academy in 1899 and graduated with the class of 1903. As a plebe there he received the nickname Betty, from 1907 to 1909, Stark served on the battleship USS Minnesota before and during the U. S. Atlantic Fleets cruise around the world, Stark served on the staff of Commander, US Naval Forces operating in Europe from November 1917 to January 1919. From 1934 to 1937, Rear Admiral Stark was Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and he then from July 1938 served at sea as Commander Cruiser Division Three and Commander of Cruisers in the Battle Fleet, with the rank of Vice Admiral. In August 1939, Stark became Chief of Naval Operations with the rank of Admiral, in that position, he oversaw the expansion of the Navy during 1940 and 1941, and its involvement in the Neutrality Patrols against German submarines in the Atlantic during the latter part of 1941. It was at time that he authored the Plan Dog memo. It appears the decision was taken without the knowledge or prior consent of the government and it violated the London Naval Treaty, to which the U. S. was signatory. His most controversial service involved the growing menace of Japanese forces in the period before America was bombed into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor, captain Edwin T. Layton was Kimmels chief intelligence officer at the time of the attack. John Costello, in Days of Infamy, points out MacArthur had complete access to both PURPLE and JN-25, plus over eight hours warning, and was caught by surprise. Moreover, as SCAP official historian Gordon Prange and his colleagues note in December 7,1941, defense of the fleet was General Shorts responsibility, among others, Morison and Layton agree Turner was most responsible for the debacle, as does Ned Beach in Scapegoats. In addition, there was confusion over where Japan might strike. As CNO, Stark oversaw combat operations against Japan and the European Axis Powers that officially began in December 1941, in March 1942, Stark was relieved as CNO by Admiral Ernest King. He went to England the next month to become Commander of U. S. Naval Forces in Europe. From his London headquarters, Admiral Stark directed the naval part of the buildup in England and U. S. naval operations. He received the title of Commander of the Twelfth Fleet in October 1943. Admiral Stark built and maintained relations with British civilian and naval leaders, who generally adored him. Stark was particularly important in dealing with Charles de Gaulle, it was thanks to Stark the U. S. -British-Free French relationship continued to work and he earned high praise from King for his work
32.
George Marshall
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George Catlett Marshall, Jr. was an American statesman and soldier. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman and he was hailed as the organizer of victory by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, Marshall was a 1901 graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, after serving briefly as commandant of students at the Danville Military Academy in Danville, Virginia, Marshall received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry in February,1902. He was the Honor Graduate of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, in 1916 Marshall was assigned as aide-de-camp to J. Franklin Bell, the commander of the Western Department. After the United States entered World War I, Marshall served with Bell while Bell commanded the Department of the East. He was assigned to the staff of the 1st Division, and assisted with the mobilization and training in the United States. Subsequently assigned to the staff of the American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, after the war, Marshall was assigned as an aide-de-camp to John J. Pershing, who was then serving as the Armys Chief of Staff. He later served on the Army staff, commanded the 15th Infantry Regiment in China, in 1927, he became assistant commandant of the Armys Infantry School, where he modernized command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War II. In 1932 and 1933 he commanded the 8th Infantry Regiment and Fort Screven, Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks from 1936 to 1938, and received promotion to brigadier general. During this command, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civilian Conservation Corps camps in Oregon, in July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division on the War Department staff, and he was subsequently appointed as the Armys Deputy Chief of Staff. When Chief of Staff Malin Craig retired in 1939, Marshall became acting Chief of Staff and he served as Chief of Staff until the end of the war in 1945. As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in U. S. history, Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, a requirement for holders of five-star rank. As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall received credit for the Marshall Plan for Europes post-war rebuilding, after resigning as Secretary of State, Marshall served as chairman of American Battle Monuments Commission and president of the American National Red Cross. After resigning as Defense Secretary, Marshall retired to his home in Virginia and he died in 1959 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. George Catlett Marshall, Jr. was born into a family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall, Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute, where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order in 1901. He was an All-Southern tackle for the VMI Keydets varsity football team in 1900, following graduation from VMI in 1901, Marshall sat for a competitive examination for a commission in the U. S. Army. While awaiting the results he took the position of Commandant of Students at the Danville Military Institute in Danville, Marshall passed the exam and was commissioned a second lieutenant in February,1902
33.
Nakajima B5N
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The Nakajima B5N was the standard carrier torpedo bomber of the Imperial Japanese Navy for much of World War II. Although the B5N was substantially faster and more capable than its Allied counterparts, nevertheless, the B5N operated throughout the whole war, due to the delayed development of its successor, the B6N. Primarily a carrier-based aircraft, it was occasionally used as a land-based bomber. The B5N carried a crew of three, pilot, navigator/bombardier/observer, and radio operator/gunner, the B5N was designed by a team led by Katsuji Nakamura in response to a 1935 specification by the Navy for a torpedo bomber to replace the Yokosuka B4Y. Internally designated Type K by Nakajima, it competed with the Mitsubishi B5M for a production contract. The first prototype flew in January 1937 and was ordered into production soon afterwards with the full designation Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber, the B5N soon saw combat, first in the Sino-Japanese War, where combat experience revealed several weaknesses in the original B5N1 production model. These were mainly concerned with the lack of protection that the design offered its crew, although its performance was only marginally better, and its weaknesses remained un-remedied, this version replaced the B5N1 in production and service from 1939. It was this version that would be used by the Navy in the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the B5N2 Kate carried Mitsuo Fuchida, the commander of the attack on Pearl Harbor, with one from the carrier Hiryu credited with sinking the battleship Arizona. Five torpedo bombers were shot down in the first wave, the B5N served as the basis for a follow-on design, the B6N, which eventually replaced it in front line service. The B5N continued to fly in secondary roles, such as training, target towing, some of the aircraft used for this latter purpose were equipped with early radars and magnetic anomaly detectors. B5Ns were also used as bombers during the defence of the Philippines in October 1944. Later in the war, they were used for kamikaze attacks. B5N1-K, Many B5N1s were converted into advanced training aircraft, altogether, around 1,150 production examples were built, however, not a single complete example has survived from World War II. Tora. and have used in a number of movies. One recovered B5N2 is at the Wings museum in Balcombe, West Sussex, UK, a B5N was unveiled at the Pacific Aviation Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii on 18 April 2016. Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War General characteristics Crew,3 Length,10.30 m Wingspan,15.52 m Height,3.70 m Wing area,37.7 m² Empty weight,2,279 kg Loaded weight,3,800 kg Max. A number of B5N1s were equipped with 2 ×7.7 Type 97 machine guns in the wings
34.
United States Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
35.
Cordell Hull
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Cordell Hull was an American politician from the U. S. state of Tennessee. He is known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during most of World War II. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, Cordell Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, Tennessee, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. He was the son of Elizabeth and William Pascal Hull and he became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party at the age of 19. In 1891, Hull graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University subsequent to his studies at National Normal University and was admitted to the bar and he served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. During the Spanish–American War, he served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, Hull served 11 terms in the United States House of Representatives and authored the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. After an electoral defeat in 1920, Hull served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee and he was returned to the House in 1922 and was then elected to the Senate in 1930, but resigned upon being named Secretary of State in 1933. Hull served for the senate and the house for 30 years combined, in 1934, Hull was appointed Secretary of State by Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served 11 years until he retired from public office. Hull became the force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, drafting, along with his staff. He resigned as Secretary of State in November 1944 because of failing health, in 1945, Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for co-initiating the United Nations. There is now a Cordell Hull Museum located near his birthplace in Byrdstown, Tennessee, Hull was born in Olympus, Pickett County, Tennessee, third of the five sons of William Paschal Hull and Mary Elizabeth Riley Hull. His brothers were named Orestes, Sanadius, Wyoming, and Roy, Hulls father reportedly tracked down and killed a man because of a blood feud. Hulls mothers family holds the DAR distinction of the most documented ancestors to have fought in the Revolutionary War. Hull devoted a section in his memoirs Cabin on the Hill to dispelling an old rumor that his mother was part Cherokee Indian, Hull attended college from 1889 until 1890. He gave his first speech at the age of 16, at the age of 19, Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party. In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar and he served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. During the Spanish–American War, Hull served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. At the age of 45, in 1917 he married a widow Rose Frances Whitney Hull, of an Austrian Jewish family of Staunton, Virginia, Mrs. Hull died at age 79, in Washington, D. C. in 1954
36.
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
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Isoroku Yamamotos sleeping giant quotation is a quote by the Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto regarding the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by forces of Imperial Japan. The quotation is portrayed at the end of the 1970 film Tora. Tora. as, I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant, the quotation is also featured in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor. Although the quotation may well have encapsulated many of his feelings about the attack. The line serves as an ending to the depiction of the Pearl Harbor attack. Randall Wallace, the screenwriter of the 2001 film Pearl Harbor, richard Fleischer, stated that while Yamamoto may never have said those words, the films producer, Elmo Williams, had found the line written in Yamamotos diary. Williams, in turn, has stated that Larry Forrester, the screenwriter, however, Forrester cannot produce the letter, nor can anyone else, American or Japanese, recall it or find it. Regardless of the provenance of the quote, Yamamoto believed that Japan could not win a war with the US. Moreover, he seems later to have believed that the Pearl Harbor attack had been a blunder—even though he was the person who came up with the idea of an attack on Pearl Harbor. It is recorded that Yamamoto alone spent the day after Pearl Harbor sunk in apparent depression, I would rather you made your appraisal after seeing what the enemy does, since it is certain that, angered and outraged, he will soon launch a determined counterattack. As it happened, the Battle of Midway, the naval battle considered to be the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Similar to the quotation was another quotation that, while real, was widely misinterpreted in the US press. Yamamoto, when asked his opinion on the war, pessimistically said that the only way for Japan to win the war was to dictate terms in the White House. However, in the US, his words were recast as a jingoistic boast that he would literally dictate peace terms at the White House, prange, Gordon, Donald M. Goldstein, Katherine V. Dillon. At Dawn We Slept, The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor, the Reluctant Admiral, Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy
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