1.
Rogaland
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Rogaland is a county in Western Norway, bordering Hordaland, Telemark, Aust-Agder, and Vest-Agder counties. Rogaland is the center of the Norwegian petroleum industry, in 2016, Rogaland had an unemployment rate of 4. 9%, one of the highest in Norway. In 2015, Rogaland had a fertility rate of 1.78 children per woman, the Diocese of Stavanger for the Church of Norway includes all of Rogaland county. Rogaland is the Old Norse name of the region which was revived in modern times, during Denmarks rule of Norway until the year 1919, the county was named Stavanger amt, after the large city of Stavanger. The first element is the genitive case of rygir which is probably referring to the name of an old Germanic tribe. The last element is land which means land or region, in Old Norse times, the region was called Rygjafylki. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 11 January 1974, the arms are blue with a white or silver pointed cross in the centre. The cross is based on the old cross in Sola. It was erected in memory of Erling Skjalgsson after his death in 1028 and this type of cross was very common in medieval Norway. Rogaland is mainly a coastal region with fjords, beaches, and islands, the vast Boknafjorden is the largest bay, with many fjords branching off from it. Together, this conurbation is ranked above the city Trondheim in population rankings in Norway, there are many cities/towns in Rogaland other than Stavanger and Sandnes. They include Haugesund, Egersund, Sauda, Bryne, Kopervik, Åkrehamn, Karmøy has large deposits of copper. Sokndal has large deposits of ilmenite, Rogaland is the most important region for oil and gas exploration in Norway, and the Jæren district in Rogaland is one of the countrys most important agricultural districts. There are remains in Rogaland from the earliest times, such as the excavations in a cave at Viste in Randaberg and these include the find of a skeleton of a boy from the Stone Age. Various archeological finds stem from the times, the Bronze Age. Many crosses in Irish style have been found, Rogaland was called Rygjafylke in the Viking Age. Before Harald Fairhair and the Battle of Hafrsfjord, it was a petty kingdom, the Rugians were a tribe possibly connected with Rogaland. The ONS is an international conference and exhibition with focus on oil and gas
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
4.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
5.
Salt Lake City Cemetery
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The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
6.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
7.
Haugesund
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Haugesund is a town and municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The town is the population centre of the Haugaland region in northern Rogaland. The majority of the population of Haugesund lives in the urban area surrounding the city centre. The town is situated on an important sound, the Karmsundet. In the early years, the waters off Haugesund were a huge source of herring. Despite being barely a village then, King Harald Fairhair lived at Avaldsnes. In the last decades, the town, like its neighbours, has been turning towards the petroleum industry, Haugesund is a small municipality, only about 73 square kilometres. The population is 36,538, giving the municipality a population density of 534.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. The urban area of the town of Haugesund, which crosses over slightly into the neighboring municipality of Karmøy, has a total of about 40,152 people. This leaves about 2,000 residents of Haugesund that live outside the town of Haugesund in the portion of the municipality. The Haugesund Region, a metropolitan area, which consists of the municipalities Karmøy, Haugesund, Tysvær, Sveio. Despite being a young town, the areas around Haugesund were lands of power during the Viking Age. Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, had his home at Avaldsnes, Fairhair was buried at Haraldshaugen, a burial mound adjacent to the Karmsundet strait. This site is the namesake of the town and municipality of Haugesund, the national monument at Haraldshaugen was raised in 1872, to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872. The Battle of Hafrsfjord has traditionally been regarded as when western Norway was unified under a monarch for the first time. The urban village area of Haugesund was declared to be a town, on 1 January 1911, a small urban area of Skåre that directly abutted the town of Haugesund was transferred to Haugesund. On 1 January 1958, the remainder of the municipality of Skåre was merged with the town of Haugesund, on 1 January 1965, the island of Vibrandsøy was transferred from Torvastad municipality to Haugesund. Haugesund has a historical bond to the sea and especially the herring
8.
Harriet Backer
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Harriet Backer was a Norwegian painter who achieved recognition in her own time and was a pioneer among female artists both in the Nordic countries and in Europe generally. She is best known for her detailed interior scenes, communicated with rich colors, Backer was born to an affluent family in Holmestrand in Vestfold county, Norway. At 12, she moved with her family to Christiania where she took lessons in drawing and painting and she studied with Johan Fredrik Eckersberg and with Norwegian theologian and artist Christen Brun and attended the painting school of Knud Bergslien. Later, she was a student of Eilif Peterssen and Léon Bonnat and she studied in Munich and was associated with Madame Trélats art school in Paris. She traveled extensively throughout Europe as a companion to her sister, the pianist Agathe Backer-Grøndahl and she studied in Paris and Munich, and was influenced by impressionism, though her work is mostly classified as realist. She never belonged to any school but her work is compared with that of her friend Eilif Peterssen. Harriet Backer worked in the tradition of realism in painting, where she is regarded as both a naturalist and an early Impressionist, from 1889-1912, she operated an art school and was an influence on a number of younger artists including Marie Hauge, Lars Jorde and Henrik Lund. She also gave art lessons to the novelist Cora Sandel, Harriet Backer won a silver medal at the Exposition Universelle and received the Kings Medal of Merit in Gold in 1908. She was a member of Nordlendingenes Forening and in 1912 he was awarded the Petter Dass Metal, Lange, Marit Ingeborg Harriet Backer ISBN 978-82-05-19301-7 Lange, Marit Ingeborg Harriet Backer, 1845-1932, Kitty L
9.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
10.
Salt Lake Temple
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The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet, it is the largest LDS temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete. The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre Temple Square in Salt Lake City, in 1912, the first public photographs of the interior were published in the book The House of the Lord, by James E. Talmage. Since then, various photographs have been published, including by Life magazine in 1938, the temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction. Due to its location at LDS Church headquarters and its historical significance, the Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As such, there are meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies. The official name of the Salt Lake Temple is also unique, in 1999, as the building of LDS temples accelerated, the church announced a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples. For temples located in the United States and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the state or province. For temples outside of the U. S. and Canada, however, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was made an exception to the new guidelines and was not renamed the Salt Lake City Utah Temple. The temple also includes some elements thought to evoke Solomons Temple at Jerusalem and it is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the Molten Sea in Solomons Temple. At the east end of the building, the height of the pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet, or 120 cubits. The temple is located in downtown Salt Lake City, with mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre temple site, the surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wall is a uniform 15 feet high but varies in appearance because of the southwest slope of the site. The location for the temple was first marked by Mormon prophet Brigham Young, in 1901 the apostle Anthon H. Lund recorded in his journal that it is said that Oliver Cowderys divining rod was used to located the temple site. The temple site was dedicated on February 14,1853 by Heber C, groundbreaking ceremonies were presided over by Young, who laid the cornerstone on April 6 of that year
11.
Sanpete County, Utah
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Sanpete County is a county located in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 27,822 and its county seat is Manti, and its largest city is Ephraim. The county was created in 1850 and it was named for the Ute chief Sanpitch, which was changed to Sanpete. According to William Bright, the name comes from the Ute word saimpitsi and it was deemed favorable to settlement, and Brigham Young called Isaac Morley and George Washington Bradley to organize about fifty families to move south and settle San Pete. The settlers arrived in the valley on November 19,1849 and they numbered 224 men, women, and children and were led by Isaac Morley, Charles Shumway, and Seth Taft and George Washington Bradley. After some debate, the first settlement in the valley was established on the present site of Manti, over the course of the 19th Century, many of the settlers came from Scandinavian countries, as documented in the Saga of the Sanpitch. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,603 square miles. The geographical center of Utah is located in Sanpete County, just west of Ephraim, Sanpete County is bounded along its eastern side by the Wasatch Plateau. The Wasatch Plateau rises to elevations of approximately 11,000 feet, most of the Wasatch Plateau is encompassed by the Manti Division of the Manti-La Sal National Forest. Runoff from the slopes of these mountains provides water to the countys cities. Central Sanpete is dominated by the Sanpete Valley, where most of the cities are located. The western side of the valley is bounded by the lower and drier San Pitch Mountains, the San Pitch River, runs from north to south through Sanpete and empties into the Sevier River in southwestern Sanpete. This portion of the Sevier River Valley is known as Gunnison Valley, the population density was 14 people per square mile. There were 7,879 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 43% White,0. 31% Black or African American,0. 87% Native American,0. 48% Asian,0. 36% Pacific Islander,4. 06% from other races, and 1. 49% from two or more races. 6. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2005 Sanpete County had a population that was 88. 7% non-Hispanic whites. African Americans now constituted 0. 5% of the population, Native Americans were 1. 0% of the population. Asians were 0. 8% of the population, Pacific Islanders were growing faster in numbers than Asians and were tied with Asians at 0. 8%
12.
Missionary (LDS Church)
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Mormon missionaries may serve on a full- or part-time basis, depending on the assignment, and are organized geographically into missions. The mission assignment could be to any one of the 418 missions organized worldwide, the LDS Church is one of the most active modern practitioners of missionary work, reporting that it had over 74,000 full-time missionaries worldwide at the end of 2015. Most full-time Mormon missionaries are young men and women in their late teens and early twenties. Missionaries are often assigned to serve far from their homes, including in other countries, many missionaries learn a new language at a missionary training center as part of their assignment. Missions typically last two years for males,18 months for females, and 6 to 18 months for older couples, the LDS Church strongly encourages, but does not require, missionary service for young men. All Mormon missionaries serve voluntarily and do not receive a salary for their work, many Latter-day Saints save money during their teenage years to cover their mission expenses. Throughout the churchs history, over one million missionaries have been sent on missions, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said, Every young man should fill a mission. Completing a mission is described as a rite of passage for a young Latter-day Saint. The phrase the best two years of my life is a common cliché among returned missionaries when describing their experience, hinckley had suggested that a mission is not to be a rite of passage, this cultural aspect remains. With the usual starting age of 18–20, a provides a clear event or marker for the traditional age of adulthood. Young men between the ages of 18 and 25 who meet standards of worthiness are strongly encouraged to consider a two-year and this expectation is based in part on the New Testament passage Go ye therefore, and teach all nations. Prior to the announcement, some held that male missionaries may be 18 years old because of educational or military requirements. It was also announced that women may serve beginning at age 19 instead of 21. In 2007, approximately 30% of all 19-year-old LDS men became Mormon missionaries, from LDS families that are active in the church, in cases where an immediate family member dies, the missionary has the choice to travel home for the funeral or to remain on the mission. Missionaries can be sent home for violating rules, and occasionally missionaries choose to go home for health or various other reasons. However, the vast majority of serve the whole two-year or eighteen-month terms. As of 2007, 80% of all Mormon missionaries were young, single men, 13% were young single women, women who would like to serve a mission must meet the same standards of worthiness and be at least 19 years old. Women generally serve as missionaries for 18 months, married retired couples, on the other hand, are encouraged to serve missions, but their length of service may vary from 6 to 36 months depending on their circumstances and means
13.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
14.
Art Students League of New York
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The Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, the League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, entitled LINEA. The breakaway group of students included women, and was originally housed in rented rooms at 16th Street. Influential board members from this period included painter Thomas Eakins. Membership continued to increase, forcing the League to relocate to larger spaces. In 1889, the League participated in the founding of the American Fine Arts Society, together with the Society of American Artists, the American Fine Arts Building at 215 West 57th Street, constructed as their joint headquarters, has continued to house the League since 1892. In the late 1890s and early 1900s an increasing number of artists came to study. Among them was a young Miss Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and eventually her husband Thomas Furlong, the avant-garde couple served the league in executive and administrative roles and as student members throughout the American modernism movement. Alice Van Vechten Brown, who would later develop some of the first art programs in American higher education, in the years after World War II, the G. I. Bill played an important role in the history of the League by enabling returning veterans to attend classes. As of 2010, the League remains an important part of New York City art life, from 1906 until 1922, and again after the end of World War II from 1947 until 1979, the League operated a summer school of painting at Woodstock, New York. In 1995, the Leagues facilities expanded to include the Vytlacil campus in Sparkill, New York, named after and based upon a gift of the property, since its inception, the Art Students League has employed notable professional artists as instructors and lecturers. Most engagements have been for a year or two, and some, like those of sculptor George Grey Barnard, were quite brief. Others have taught for decades, notably Frank DuMond and George Bridgman, bridgmans successor was Robert Beverly Hale. In 1988, Robert Cenedella took over the George Grosz Chair, luis Mora, Robert Neffson, Maxfield Parrish, Jules Pascin, Joseph Pennell, Richard C. Pionk, Larry Poons, Richard Pousette-Dart, Abraham Rattner, Peter Reginato, Frank J. Alden Weir, and William Zorach
15.
Monument
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The term monument is often applied to buildings or structures that are considered examples of important architectural and/or cultural heritage. Monuments have been created for thousands of years, and they are often the most durable, in more recent times, monumental structures such as the Statue of Liberty and Eiffel Tower have become iconic emblems of modern nation-states. The term monumentality relates to the status and physical presence of a monument. Monuments are frequently used to improve the appearance of a city or location, planned cities such as Washington D. C. New Delhi and Brasília are often built around monuments, for example, the Washington Monuments location was conceived by LEnfant to help organize public space in the city, before it was designed or constructed. Older cities have monuments placed at locations that are important or are sometimes redesigned to focus on one. As Shelley suggested in his famous poem Ozymandias, the purpose of monuments is often to impress or awe. Structures created for purposes that have been made notable by their age. This can happen because of age and size, as in the case of the Great Wall of China. Monuments are also designed to convey historical or political information. They can be used to reinforce the primacy of political power. The social meanings of monuments are rarely fixed and certain and are contested by different social groups. This contention of meaning is a theme of modern post processual archaeological discourse. Until recently, it was customary for archaeologists to study large monuments, New ideas about what constitutes the archaeological record have revealed that certain legislative and theoretical approaches to the subject are too focused on earlier definitions of monuments. An example has been the United Kingdoms Scheduled Ancient Monument laws, recently, more and more monuments are being preserved digitally through organisations as CyArk. Cenotaphs and other memorials to commemorate the dead, usually war casualties, e. g. India Gate and Vimy Ridge Memorial, or disaster casualties, such as the Titanic Memorial, Belfast. Church monuments to commemorate the dead, located above or near their grave, often featuring an effigy, columns, often topped with a statue, e. g. Berlin Victory Column, Nelsons Column in London, and Trajans Column in Rome. Gravestones, small monuments to the deceased, placed at their gravesites, e. g. the tombs and vaults of veterans in Les Invalides, mausoleums and tombs to honor the dead, e. g. the Great Pyramid of Giza and Taj Mahal
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Temple Square
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Temple Square is a 10-acre complex, owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in the center of Salt Lake City, Utah. In recent years, the usage of the name has changed to include several other church facilities that are immediately adjacent to Temple Square. Contained within Temple Square are the Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake Tabernacle, Salt Lake Assembly Hall, the Seagull Monument, and two visitors centers. In 1847, when Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, LDS Church president Brigham Young selected a plot of the ground and proclaimed. When the city was surveyed, the block enclosing that location was designated for the temple, Temple Square is surrounded by a 15-foot wall that was built shortly after the block was so designated. The square also became the headquarters of the LDS Church, other buildings were built on the plot, including a tabernacle and Endowment House, both of which were later torn down. The Salt Lake Tabernacle, home of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, was built in 1867 to accommodate the churchs general conferences, another church building, the Salt Lake Assembly Hall, was later built with a seating capacity of 2,000. As the church has grown, its headquarters have expanded into the surrounding area, the Hotel Utah, another building on this block, was remodeled in 1995 as additional office space and a large film theater and renamed the Joseph Smith Memorial Building. In 2000, the church purchased the section of Main Street between this block and Temple Square and connected the two blocks with a called the Main Street Plaza. In 2000, the church completed a new,21,000 seat Conference Center on the north of Temple Square. The Family History Library and the Church History Museum are located on the block west of Temple Square. Attracting 3 million to 5 million visitors a year, Temple Square is the most popular tourist attraction in Utah, by comparison, Utahs five National Parks—Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, and Arches—had a combined total of 5.3 million visitors in 2005. The grounds, as well as the Gardens at Temple Square, often host concerts, during the Christmas holiday season, approximately 100,000 Christmas lights sparkle from trees and shrubs around Temple Square each evening until 9 pm. The lighting of Temple Square is an event, usually attended by more than 10,000 people. They are also locations for street musicians to perform, especially during the holiday season. Temple Square serves as the point for all street addresses in Salt Lake City. The Salt Lake Temple is the largest and best-known of the 150 operating LDS temples and it is the sixth temple built by the church overall, and the fourth operating temple built following the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois. Today, Temple Square features two visitors centers, called the North Visitors Center and the South Visitors Center, the North Visitors Center was built first and features a replica of the Christus, a statue of Jesus Christ by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen
17.
Heber J. Grant
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Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
18.
Mormon handcart pioneers
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The Mormon handcart pioneers were participants in the migration of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to Salt Lake City, Utah, who used handcarts to transport their belongings. The Mormon handcart movement began in 1856 and continued until 1860, the trek was disastrous for two of the companies, which started their journey dangerously late and were caught by heavy snow and severe temperatures in central Wyoming. Despite a dramatic effort, more than 210 of the 980 pioneers in these two companies died along the way. John Chislett, a survivor, wrote, Many a father pulled his cart, with his children on it. They continue to be recognized and honored in such as Pioneer Day, Church pageants. The Latter Day Saints were first organized in 1830, early members of the Church often encountered hostility, primarily due to their practice of withdrawing from secular society and gathering in locales to practice their distinct religious beliefs. Their neighbors felt threatened by the Churchs rapid growth in numbers, its tendency to vote as a bloc and acquire political power, its claims of divine favor, and, later, the practice of polygamy. Violence directed against the Church and its members caused the body of the Church to move from Ohio to Missouri, Brigham Young said that he had received divine direction to organize the church members and head beyond the western frontier of the United States. Soon after the first Mormon pioneers reached Utah in 1847, the Church began encouraging its converts in the British Isles and elsewhere in Europe to emigrate to Utah. From 1849 to 1855, about 16,000 European Latter-day Saints traveled to the United States by ship, through the states by rail. Contributions to expand the fund were encouraged, Young also believed it would speed the journey. Young proposed the plan in a letter to Franklin D. Richards, President of the European Mission and his letter was published in the Millennial Star, the Churchs England-based periodical, on December 22,1855, along with an editorial by Richards endorsing the project. The cost of the migration was expected to be reduced by one-third, the response was overwhelming – in 1856 the Perpetual Emigration Fund supported the travel of 2,012 European emigrants, compared with 1,161 the year before. Built to Brigham Youngs design, the handcarts resembled a wheelbarrow, with two wheels five feet in diameter and a single axle four and a half feet wide. Running along each side of the bed were seven-foot pull shafts ending with a crossbar at the front. The crossbar allowed the carts to be pushed or pulled, cargo was carried in a box about three feet by four feet, with 8 inch walls. The handcarts generally carried up to 250 pounds of supplies and luggage, carts used in the first years migration were made entirely of wood, in later years a stronger design was substituted, which included metal elements. The handcart companies were organized using the handcarts and sleeping tents as the primary units, five persons were assigned per handcart, with each individual limited to 17 pounds of clothing and bedding
19.
Coralville, Iowa
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Coralville is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is a suburb of Iowa City and part of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 18,907 at the 2010 census. Coralville is the location of the Edgewater Park Site, a 3, Edgewater is the oldest site in Iowa with evidence of domesticated plant use. Coralville incorporated as a city in June first,1857, the citys name comes from the fossils that are found in the limestone along the Iowa River. In 1864 Louis Agassiz, a Harvard University zoologist, gave a lecture at the nearby University of Iowa titled “The Coral Reefs of Iowa City”, during the lecture he presented local samples of fossilized Devonian period coral. The lecture was well received and helped raise public interest in the local fossils, in 1866, more corals were discovered at the site of a new mill, inspiring the citizens of the area to name the settlement Coralville. They built handcarts out of native woods during their encampment so that an adult could haul a 600–700 pound load, a historical marker commemorating the Mormon Handcart Brigade was erected in 1936 by the Iowa Society DAR, with members of the Pilgrim Chapter present. Originally placed just south of 5th Street and west of 10th Street, it was moved in 1998 to S. T. Morrison Park and rededicated by the Nathaniel Fellows Chapter, placed near the entrance, today, the Mormon Handcart Park and Nature Preserve commemorates the site. There is also a street, Mormon Trek Blvd, named for the Mormons who went through that area, after World War II Coralville began to grow as many university students began to make their homes there. It had only 433 people in 1940, but by 1970 Coralvilles population had jumped to 6,130, the construction of Interstate 80 in the 1960s brought several motels, fast-food restaurants, and gas stations to Coralville. By the mid-1960s, the independent school district of Coralville was annexed by the Iowa City Community School District, Junior and senior high school students rode buses into Iowa City. Elementary students attended Central Elementary School, Kirkwood Elementary school was opened in the fall of 1964, giving the growing town its second school. By the fall of 1968, all school students from Coralville began attending the newly opened West High School. In 1971 the district built Northwest Junior High on property just to the south of Kirkwood Elementary, in 1997 Wickham Elementary School was opened. In 1958 the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed Coralville Dam along the Iowa River four miles north of the city, except for the Great Flood of 1993 and the Great Iowa flood of 2008, the dam has helped prevent serious flooding in the city. From June through August 1993, all three of Coralvilles main transportation links with Iowa City were submerged, the economic impact that year was severe, but the city had almost fully recovered within two years. The 2008 flood proved to be costly as the Iowa River surpassed the 1993 record crest at over 31.5 feet. The First Methodist Church was built 1963 to the designs by architect Thomas Patrick Reilly of Crites & McConnell,860 17th Street S. E, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52403
20.
Stanley J. Watts
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Stanley J. Watts is an American artist and sculptor, mostly in life size bronzes. Watts was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and grew up in the citys Sugarhouse neighborhood, Watts went on to attend Utah State University in Logan, Utah, but only to fail sculpture. After returning to Salt Lake City Watts was tutored by noted sculptor Avard Fairbanks, Watts has done many LDS Church-related works, including a large bronze piece depicting Joseph and Hyrum Smith on horseback, this statue is placed directly in front of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple. One of Watts most famous pieces is entitled, To Lift a Nation, media related to Stanley J. Watts at Wikimedia Commons Bio at his company website, AtlasBronzeCasting. com
21.
Cumorah
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Cumorah is a drumlin in Manchester, New York, United States, where Joseph Smith said he found a set of golden plates which he translated into English and published as the Book of Mormon. In the text of the Book of Mormon, Cumorah is a located in a land of the same name. The LDS Church has no position on the matter, and while these hypotheses are not held by some leaders and members of the LDS Church. The hill named Cumorah in Manchester, New York is where Smith said he discovered the golden plates contained the writings of the Book of Mormon. Smith wrote, On the west side of hill, not far from the top, under a stone of considerable size, lay the plates. Smith visited the hill each year on September 22 between 1823 and 1827 and was instructed by a messenger, whom Smith identified as the Angel Moroni. Smith was finally allowed to take the record on September 22,1827, eleven other men gave written testimony that they had also seen them and held them in their hands. The hill, which was unnamed prior to 1829, is situated a few miles from Smiths boyhood home on a farm that was owned by a local farmer. This farm was 4 miles south of Palmyra, on the road toward Canandaigua from Palmyra to Manchester, and is not far from Carangrie Creek. According to geologists, the hill was formed during the retreat of the Ice Age glaciers, since 1829, the Latter Day Saints have called the hill Cumorah, and local non-Mormons have called it Mormon Hill or Gold Bible Hill. The hill has also been called Inspiration Point, the hill and surrounding land was purchased in the 1920s by the LDS Church under the direction of church president Heber J. Grant. The transaction involved two separate purchases, the purchase of the Inglis farm, and the purchase of the Sexton farm. The LDS Church has constructed a monument that is topped with a statue of the Angel Moroni on the top of the hill, the stone box, described by Joseph Smith, as the location where the plates were found has not been located on the hill. In a letter, Oliver Cowdery, gives the location as the west side of the hill, shortly after Smith announced he had the plates, some local residents unsuccessfully searched the hill for a freshly dug hole where the plates might have come from. They did note a significantly sized hole on the East side of the hill that had been dug years previously by treasure seekers. In the Book of Mormon, Cumorah is mentioned in six verses, five in chapter 6 and one in chapter 8 of a subpart of the book, according to the record, Mormon is the caretaker of the records of his people, which are written on gold plates. His people, called the Nephites, were near to being destroyed by the Lamanites who had had many wars with the Nephites. Mormon wrote to the leader of the Lamanites to ask that he may gather his people unto the land of Cumorah, by a hill which was called Cumorah, Cumorah is described as being in a land with many waters, rivers, and fountains
22.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
23.
Revelation (Latter Day Saints)
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Latter Day Saints teach that the Latter Day Saint movement began with a revelation from God. They also teach that revelation is the foundation of the established by Jesus Christ. Continuous revelation provides individual Latter Day Saints with a testimony, described by Richard Bushman as one of the most potent words in the Mormon lexicon. In response to an inquiry on the beliefs of the church, Joseph Smith wrote what came to be called the Wentworth Letter, the fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth articles state the essence of Latter Day Saint belief concerning revelation. 5 We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophecy,6 We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth. 7 We believe in the gift of tongues, prophecy, revelation, visions, healing, interpretation of tongues, and so forth. 9 We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, the Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship, in the LDS Church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion. Joseph F. Smith, the president and Prophet of LDS Church, summarized the churchs belief concerning revelation by saying. In the principle of revelation from God to man. Christ is the head of his Church and not man, it… is a living, vital principle to be enjoyed on certain conditions only, namely – through absolute faith in God and obedience to his laws and commandments. The moment this principle is cut off, that moment the Church is adrift, james E. to live as best it may according to the laws of a bygone age. Latter Day Saints believe that God answers prayers, surely the Lord GOD will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the prophets. Some of it has operational and tactical. Much of it is not spectacular and these all had revelations for themselves. In our time God has revealed how to administer the Church with a membership of six million differently than when there were just six members of the Church. Hinckley further explained, A growing church, a church that is spreading across the earth in these times, needs constant revelation from the throne of heaven to guide it. With prayer and anxious seeking of the will of the Lord, we testify that direction is received, that comes
24.
Angel Moroni
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The Angel Moroni is, in Mormonism, an angel who visited Joseph Smith on numerous occasions, beginning on September 21,1823. An important figure in the theology of the Latter Day Saint movement, Moroni is featured prominently in Mormon architecture, besides Smith, the Three Witnesses and several other witnesses also reported that they saw Moroni in visions in 1829. Moroni is thought by Latter Day Saints to be the person as a Book of Mormon prophet-warrior named Moroni. The book states that Moroni buried them before he died after a battle between two pre-Columbian civilizations. After he died, he became an angel who was tasked with guarding the golden plates, according to Smith, he returned the golden plates to Moroni after they were translated and, as of 1838, Moroni still had the plates in his possession. There have been two conflicting accounts as to the name of the angel, initially, Smith merely referred to an angel without identifying its name. Around this time, Cowdery was writing a history of Smith in which he identified the angel as the prophet Moroni from the Book of Mormon. In July 1838, Smith wrote an article for the church periodical Elders Journal, in the form of questions and answers, how, and where did you obtain the book of Mormon. However, on May 2,1838, a few months before Smiths statement in Elders Journal, in this text, Smith identified the angel as Nephi, which is the name of the Book of Mormons first narrator. Smiths 1838 identification as Nephi was left unchanged when the 1838 history was published in 1842 in Times and Seasons, which Smith edited himself, in the latter, an editorial referred to the 1823 vision and praised the glorious ministry and message of the angel Nephi. After Smiths death, the identification as Nephi was repeated when The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints published its first edition of the Pearl of Great Price and it was also repeated in 1853 when Smiths mother Lucy Mack Smith published a history of her son. The Community of Christ publishes the story, including the identification of Nephi. Descriptions of the angel Moroni vary, in one of Smiths histories, he described him as an angel of light who had on a loose robe of most exquisite whiteness. According to Smiths sister Katharine, the angel was dressed in white raiment, of whiteness beyond anything Joseph had ever seen in his life and he saw his hands and wrists, and they were pure and white. Smith said that on the night of September 21,1823, Moroni appeared to him, in addition to Smith, several other early Mormons said they had visions where they saw the angel Moroni. Three Witnesses said they saw the angel in 1829, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, kimball, Lucy Harris, and Harrison Burgess. Mary Whitmer may also have seen Moroni, although she referred to the angel she saw as Brother Nephi, according to the Book of Mormon, Moroni was the son of Mormon, the prophet for whom the Book of Mormon is named. Moroni may have named after Captain Moroni, an earlier Book of Mormon figure
25.
Sylvester Q. Cannon
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He was the son of George Q. Cannon, an apostle and member of the churchs First Presidency, Cannon was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He studied at the University of Utah and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1899, Cannon began an LDS Church mission in Belgium. Cannon then served from 1900 to 1902 as president of the churchs Netherlands–Belgium Mission, Cannon also served as Francis M. Lymans secretary on a three-month trip to many nations along the Mediterranean and in the Middle East. From 1916 to 1925, Cannon served as president of the Pioneer Stake in Salt Lake City, in 1925, Cannon became the Presiding Bishop of the LDS Church, succeeding Charles W. Nibley. Cannons counselors were David A. Smith and John Wells, in 1938, Cannon was released as Presiding Bishop and was succeeded by LeGrand Richards. At the same time, Cannon was ordained an apostle and made an associate of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, when Quorum member Melvin J. Ballard died the next year, Cannon became a full member of the Quorum, he served in this position until his death. Cannon died in Salt Lake City from encephalomalacia, or softening of the brain and he was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Cannon, Winfield Q, sylvester Quayle Cannon, Tall in character and stature. Winfield Cannon and Wanda Cannon Trust
26.
Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)
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The Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the churchs Aaronic priesthood, upon the Presiding Bishops recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors, together these three compose the churchs Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, like all other functioning bishops in the church they are ordained high priests in the Melchizedek priesthood. The primary duties of the Presiding Bishopric are to oversee the affairs of the church. The Presiding Bishopric is also responsible for overseeing the churchs Aaronic priesthood, the office of Presiding Bishop shares its origin with that of bishop. Edward Partridge was the first man ordained to the office of bishop in the early Church of Christ on February 4,1831. This office became known as the First Bishop and later the Presiding Bishop to distinguish the calling from subordinate bishops who began to be called in the Nauvoo period. The first person to be referred to as the Presiding Bishop of the church was Newel K. Whitney, since beginning his term of service in 2015, the churchs current Presiding Bishop is Gérald Caussé. According to Orson Pratt and John Taylor, Vinson Knight was made the Presiding Bishop, with Samuel H. Smith and Shadrach Roundy as assistants, in January 19,1841. However, the LDS Church does not include Vinson Knight in its list of presiding bishops but considers Knight the third general bishop of the Church
27.
David O. McKay
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David Oman McKay was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, McKay was an authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history. The third child of David McKay and Jennette Eveline Evans McKay, David was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, McKays mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after McKay’s two older sisters died, his father was called on an LDS mission to his native Scotland, in his fathers absence, McKay had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother. McKays grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to McKays mother upon her death, be used for the education of the children. This money allowed McKay, his brother Thomas McKay, and their two sisters to attend the University of Utah, McKay graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president. Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain, like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, What Eer Thou Art and this message became a source of inspiration throughout his life. Upon his return in fall 1899, McKay taught at the school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy. He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2,1901 and they eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child. For his first three years at Weber, McKay taught mainly religion and literature classes, on April 17,1902, McKay was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper, McKay also oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with mens and womens basketball teams organized during McKays tenure. In 1905, they won their game against the University of Utah. With three vacancies, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney, and McKay were called as apostles in the LDS Churchs April 1906 general conference, McKay was 32 at the time. Prior to this appointment to service, McKay had planned on career in education. Even after his appointment, McKay stayed active in education, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908, McKay stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of some new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber schools board of trustees until 1922, McKay enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of the Salt Lake Tribune. They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah, in October 1906, McKay became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union
28.
Church History Museum
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The Church History Museum is the premier museum operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, and is opposite the west gates of the churchs Temple Square, until November 2008, it was called the Museum of Church History and Art. The museum closed in October 2014 for a refurbishment and remodeling of the first-floor exhibits. The museum has collections of art, artifacts, documents, photographs, tools, clothing, the Museum Store was founded along with the museum to support the many exhibits and programs. The Store also sells historical toys, literature, statuary, and pioneer-era clothing, a major instigator of the creation of the church museum was Florence S. Jacobsen, a church curator and a former general president of the Young Women organization of the church. It was dedicated and opened on April 4,1984, the Church History Museum is open six days a week. The Museum Store is closed Sundays
29.
Boston Massachusetts Temple
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The Boston Massachusetts Temple is the 100th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Boston Massachusetts Temple is located in the Boston suburb of Belmont, when LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the building of temples in April 1998, he also spoke of a goal to have 100 temples built by the end of 2000. The Boston Massachusetts Temple marked the completion of that goal, richard G. Scott, of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, presided over the groundbreaking on 13 June 1997, and the building was completed three years later. About 82,600 visitors toured the temple during a prior to its dedication. A local radio station and newspaper working together produced the first on-line tours of a temple and it included narration accompanied by photographs of the temples interior. Because of a lawsuit filed by neighbors of the temple site, hinckley remained optimistic and said the temple work would commence with or without a steeple. His optimism was rewarded when the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled in favor of the church the following May, previously, a judge had ruled that the buildings steeple was not a necessary element of the Mormon religion. Therefore, under the law the building height limit could be enforced, the judges concluded that, It is not for judges to determine whether the inclusion of a particular architectural feature is necessary for a particular religion. On September 21,2001 the steeple with the famous angel Moroni was set in place, the Boston Massachusetts Temple is large relative to most other LDS temples with a total of 69,600 square feet, four ordinance rooms, and four sealing rooms. The exterior is finished with white granite. Notable presidents of the temple include Loren C, dunn, Robert S. Wood and Steven C. The Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,434 Mass
30.
Idaho Falls Temple
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The Idaho Falls Idaho Temple is the tenth constructed and eighth operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in the city of Idaho Falls, Idaho it was the first LDS temple built in Idaho, the LDS temple in Idaho Falls was announced on March 3,1937. The building was designed by the board of temple architects, Edward O. Anderson. Cannon, Ramm Hansen, John Fetzer, Hyrum Pope, Lorenzo Snow Young, the exterior of the temple was completed in September 1941 and the interior was expected to be completed the following year. However, with World War II shortages, it delayed the completion of the temple for four more years, in spite of delays, LDS Church president George Albert Smith dedicated the Idaho Falls Temple just one month after the war ended, on September 23,1945. The temple was built on a 7-acre plot, has 4 ordinance rooms and 9 sealing rooms, the name of the temple was changed from the Idaho Falls Temple to the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple in 1999 when the church introduced standardized naming conventions for temples worldwide. Beginning March 16,2015, the temple closed for renovations that were anticipated to take approximately 18 months. On November 11,2016, the LDS Church that following anticipated completion of the renovations, the temple will be rededicated on Sunday, June 4,2017. Notable presidents of the temple include David A. Smith and John H. Groberg
31.
Atlanta Georgia Temple
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Members of the church consider it a literal house of God comparable to the ancient Israelite temple where, as recorded in Bible, God spoke with Samuel. Emphasizing this belief, the buildings façade bears the inscription Holiness to the Lord – The House of the Lord, the announcement to build a temple in Georgia was made by the churchs First Presidency in April 1980. Ground breaking ceremonies were held on March 7,1981, with church president Spencer W. Kimball presiding, an estimated 10,000 spectators were in attendance. And we are all taking a big step toward that goal on this beautiful hillside today as we break ground on what will soon be the first Mormon Temple in the entire Southern United States, the building contract was awarded to Cube Construction, Inc. In 1988 the property was developed to include a meetinghouse for regular Sunday worship. The Atlanta Temple was the first of seven temples built in the early 1980s. Its dimensions were smaller than previous temples and the designs did not include a spire. However, at a meeting held in Tucker, Georgia, on January 10,1982. Fetzer announced the addition of a spire including a 10-foot-6-inch statue of the angel Moroni, the Atlanta Temple was dedicated in services held on June 1–4,1983, by Gordon B. It was the first of over 90 temples he dedicated, may all who enter these holy precincts feel of Thy spirit and be bathed in its marvelous, sanctifying influence. May they come with clean hands and pure hearts and in a spirit of love, may their minds be lifted above the mundane affairs of the world to a higher and more heavenly plane. May they strive more diligently to banish from their lives those elements which are inconsistent with the covenants they have made with Thee. Wilt Thou bless them, dear Father, with peace in their hearts and peace in their homes. ”On November 14,1997, Hinckley rededicated the temple after significant renovations to the interior, Latter-day Saints consider it a sacred privilege to serve in the temple. With the exception of a staff of grounds keepers, maintenance engineers, office workers. Prior to the construction Latter-day Saints in the South traveled to either the Washington D. C, until the dedication of the Orlando Florida Temple in October 1994 members of the church in the Caribbean also came to the Atlanta Temple. During the first decade of the Atlanta Temples operation it was not unusual for Latter-day Saints from Venezuela, between 1983 and 2000 bus loads of worshipers came to the Atlanta Temple from across the South every weekend, sometimes staying in the temple all day Friday and again on Saturday. It became the hub for Latter-day Saints in the region. As of October 2015, the district area serves 124 congregations in Georgia,11 in Tennessee
32.
Los Angeles California Temple
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When it was dedicated in 1956, it was the largest of the churchs temples, though it has since been surpassed by the Salt Lake Temple due to later expansions. The temple serves 41 stakes in Los Angeles, Ventura, Kern, Santa Barbara, the Los Angeles Temple was announced on March 23,1937 by church president Heber J. Grant, when the church purchased 24.23 acres from the Harold Lloyd Motion Picture Company. Construction was to begin soon thereafter, but financial difficulties relating to the Great Depression, the temple plans were revised at this time to include a priesthood assembly room, an unusual feature in temples built after the Salt Lake Temple. It was also expanded to accommodate an unprecedented 300 patrons per session and this was the first temple with an angel Moroni statue since the Salt Lake Temple. When the statue was installed it faced southeast, as the temple does and it was later turned to face due east at the request of church president David O. McKay. This was the last temple designed to use live actors instead of a film to present the endowment, the motion-picture presentation soon replaced the live actor presentation, and the progressive presentation was replaced with stationary ordinance rooms. In 2003, the temple reverted to a presentation of the endowment. The Los Angeles California Temple was closed for renovations in late November 2005, with reopening originally scheduled for May 2006, the renovation also included a seismic overhaul and a complete redesign and reconstruction of the baptistry, which had long been plagued by mold due to poor ventilation. Located at 10777 W. Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, at the left and right of the temple are two fountains, and at the front is a large reflection pool. Several family-themed statues further beautify the grounds, in December, the temple grounds are decorated with thousands of multi-colored lights in celebration of Christmas. While not as prominent as the temples in Oakland, San Diego. Numerous church facilities are on its grounds including a meetinghouse, a field, the headquarters of the churchs California Los Angeles Mission. The remaining land, along Manning Avenue, was subdivided for residential lots, along with the Bern Switzerland Temple, dedicated a few months before, these were the churchs first temples built outside of an LDS-dominated area. The very light brown pigmentation of the Mo-Sai blend has the advantage of concealing the thin layer of soot that accumulates on most buildings in Los Angeles, the temple is 369 feet long,269 feet wide and has an overall height of 257 feet. Atop the temple stands a 15-foot tall statue of the angel Moroni, the buildings architect, Edward O. Anderson, patterned it after Mayan architecture. The rooms include a baptistry, celestial room, four rooms, ten sealing rooms. The Los Angeles Temple features murals on the walls of its progressive-style ordinance rooms, the only other temple with celestial room murals is the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple
33.
Laie Hawaii Temple
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Laie Hawaii Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located on the northeast shore of the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu. The temple sits on a hill, a half-mile from the Pacific Ocean. In addition to building and construction, the temple has been dedicated for use by several presidents of the LDS Church. The temple site was dedicated by Joseph F. Smith on June 1,1915, Spencer W. Kimball rededicated the Temple after significant expansion on June 13,1978. After seismic upgrades and remodeling, Thomas S. Monson rededicated the Temple on November 21,2010, the Laie Hawaii Temple was the first temple built by the LDS Church outside of the contiguous United States. The temple is also the oldest to operate outside of Utah, the Laie Hawaii Temple was formerly known as the Hawaiian Temple or the Hawaii Temple until the implementation of the standard naming convention for LDS temples. During the California Gold Rush, the first ten Mormon missionaries to Hawaii departed San Francisco on the ship Imaum of Muscat, after 20 days at sea, the ship arrived on December 12,1850, in Honolulu Harbor at what was then known as the Sandwich Islands. These nine missionaries formed the basis of the Sandwich Islands Mission, the first LDS Church congregation in Hawaii was established on the island of Maui in 1851. Missionaries settled on the island of Lānaʻi in 1854, and in Lāʻie on the island of Oʻahu in 1865, in 1865, the Church purchased a 6, 000-acre sugarcane plantation as a gathering place for the Latter-day Saints in the area. While on a mission to the Sandwich Islands, Joseph F. Smith first proposed building a temple in Hawaii during a meeting in Lāʻie on February 15,1885. Cannon, one of the original ten missionaries, visited Lāʻie in 1900, in 1915, Joseph F. Smith, then sixth president of the LDS Church, announced plans for the first temple outside the contiguous United States and chose Lāʻie for its construction. The temple builders volunteered to help the ship and were given the lumber out of gratitude, the lumber taken from the ship proved to be just enough to finish the temple. When news of the new Laie Hawaii Temple reached Native Hawaiian converts living far from home in the town of Iosepa, Utah, although the Hawaiians had lived in Iosepa since 1889, the closest temple, Salt Lake Temple, was 75 miles away from the colony. Moving to Laie gave the Hawaiians the ability to be closer to the new temple, by January 1917, most of the Hawaiians returned home, leaving Iosepa a ghost town. LDS Church President Heber J. Grant presided over the Hawaiian Temples dedication on November 27,1919, Grant called the Hawaiian people descendants of Lehi, and saw the future of the new temple in Lāʻie as a magnet for Polynesian converts. After the temple was completed, more Polynesians moved to Lāʻie, tourists were also drawn to the area, and guide books of the time compared the Lāʻie temple to the Taj Mahal. The 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor gave rise to another tale about the Laie Hawaii Temple in Mormon folklore. Some stories suggest that the Japanese pilot who attempted to attack the temple was converted to the LDS Church after he saw a picture of the temple in the possession of Mormon missionaries in Japan
34.
Avard Fairbanks
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Avard Tennyson Fairbanks was a prolific 20th-century American sculptor. Three of his sculptures are in the United States Capitol, possibly his most well-known artistic contribution was designing the ram symbol for Dodge. Fairbanks studied in at the Art Students League of New York beginning at age 13, Fairbanks received his bachelors degree from Yale University and his masters degree from the University of Washington. For three years Fairbanks studied on a Guggenheim Fellowship in Florence, Italy and he received his Ph. D. in anatomy from the University of Michigan. He was also a professor of sculpture at the University of Michigan, Fairbanks, who was an artist and art professor. His mother, Lilly Annetta Huish, died about a year after he was born and she was a cousin of Orson Pratt Huish. Avards brother J. Leo Fairbanks was also an artist, while Fairbanks was living in Ann Arbor, he served for a time as the president of the branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in that city. Among Fairbanks children is Jonathan Leo Fairbanks, who was curator of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the early 1990s, Fairbanks also briefly served as a foster parent to Jack Henry Abbott as detailed in Abbotts second book, My Return. In 1918, Avard worked with his brother J. Leo Fairbanks on friezes for the Laie Hawaii Temple and it was during this time that he married Beatrice Maude Fox in Honolulu, Hawaii. She was a native of Salt Lake City whom he had met in Utah and this would not be Fairbanks last connection with temples. The statues of the Angel Moroni on the Washington D. C, Temple, the Jordan River Utah Temple, Seattle Washington Temple and the São Paulo Brazil Temple are all Fairbanks work. Many of the sculptures on Temple Square in Salt Lake City are by Fairbanks, for a time in the 1920s Fairbanks was a member of the faculty of the University of Oregon. It was while here that he made his Oregon Trail sculpture, around 1925–26, he designed several bas relief panels, cast in bronze, for large doors of the United States National Bank Building, in Portland. Fairbanks later became a professor at the University of Utah and he created a sculpture of the restoration of the Melchizedek priesthood for the Mormon Pavilion at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. Although most of his work was free-standing sculptures, Fairbanks did return to the frieze when he made some for the Harold B. Lee Library on Brigham Young University campus. Fairbanks made a statue of Lycurgus that led to his being knighted by King Paul of Greece and he also did multiple statues of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington. He created the Pegasus sculpture in the northeast garden at the Meadow Brook Hall in Rochester Hills, Mormon art Ortho R. Fairbanks, nephew The Pioneer Mother Memorial, Vancouver, Washington Fairbanks, Eugene F. A Sculptors Testimony in Bronze and Stone, the Sacred Sculpture of Avard T. Fairbanks, Salt Lake City, Utah, Fairbanks Art and Books, ISBN 0-916095-58-4, OCLC32926833
35.
Cardston Alberta Temple
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The Cardston Alberta Temple is the eighth constructed and sixth of the still-operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in Cardston, Alberta, it is the oldest LDS temple outside the United States and it is one of eight temples that do not have an angel Moroni statue, and one of three without spires, similar to Solomons Temple. The other two are the Laie Hawaii and Mesa Arizona temples and it is also one of only two LDS temples built in the shape of a cross, the other being the Laie temple. The temple was announced on June 27,1913, and was built on Temple Hill, the site expanded to more than 10 acres in the mid-1950s. The granite used in building the temple was hand-hewn from quarries in Nelson, originally dedicated on August 26,1923, by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant, an addition was rededicated on July 2,1962 by Hugh B. Brown. The first temple president was Edward J. Wood, who served from 1923 to 1948, the temple was renovated in the 1990s, and Gordon B. Hinckley rededicated it on June 22,1991, the temple has four ordinance rooms, five sealing rooms, and a floor area of 88,562 square feet. In 1992, the temple was declared a National Historic Site, notable presidents of the temple include Edward J. Wood, Merlin R. Lybbert, Joseph E. Jack, and Heber B. The current president is Clark L. Hardy, comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Torleif S. Paintings from the Alberta Temple, Ensign Brown, Hugh B, the LDS Concept of Marriage, Improvement Era,65, 570–575 Steele, C. Frank, Trek to the North, Improvement Era,65, 568–569, 590–591 Official Cardston Alberta Temple page Augustine, nathans Exhaustive Guide to the Temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10
36.
Mesa Arizona Temple
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The Mesa Arizona Temple is the seventh operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in the city of Mesa, Arizona, it is the first of six LDS temples built or planned in the state, the LDS temple in Mesa was one of the first to be constructed by the church. Similar to the Cardston Alberta Temple, the decided to hold a competition for the design of the temple with the exception of only inviting three Salt Lake firms to participate. The winning design was proposed by Don Carlos Young, Jr. while none of the three settlements were particularly large in their own right, they were considered thriving centers of largely Latter-day Saint populations. The long and arduous trip to existing temples located in the state of Utah would prove costly and even dangerous for the faithful of the era, as such, it was seen as necessary to construct temples in these communities. The plan to build a temple in Mesa, Arizona was finally announced on October 3,1919, the site was dedicated shortly after on November 28,1921 and on April 25,1922 the groundbreaking ceremony took place. Heber J. Grant conducted the ceremony, upon its completion in 1927 it was the third largest temple in use by the church and the largest outside of Utah, and remains among the largest temples constructed to this day. The temple is a design featuring the primary structure atop a pedestal. Below the cornice, eight frieze panels depict the gathering of Gods people from the Old and New World, when construction was finished on the temple, the public was able to take tours through the temple. Two hundred thousand people were able to take a tour through the Mesa Temple, the temple was dedicated on October 23,1927 by Heber J. Grant. By that afternoon, the temple was being put to use, in 1945, the temple was distinguished by becoming the first to offer temple ordinances in Spanish, the first time they were offered in a language other than English. Spencer W. Kimball re-dedicated the temple on April 16,1975, just north of the temple is a visitors center where people can enjoy murals, videos, displays, and other activities. The visitors center also houses a replica of a statue of Jesus Christ by Danish artist Bertel Thorvaldsen called the Christus, the visitors centers and grounds are staffed by Mormon missionaries and the public is welcome to walk on the temple grounds and enjoy the well-kept gardens. During Christmas there is a display and a nativity scene. Notable presidents of the temple include David K. Udall, Junius E. Driggs, the current president is J. Brent Hatch. Ida R. Alldredge Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Torleif S. W, the Arizona Temple, Improvement Era,30, 1062–1072 Mesa Arizona Temple page Mesa Arizona Temple Visitors Center Mesa Temple Christmas Lights Mesa Temple Easter Pageant
37.
Idaho Falls Idaho Temple
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The Idaho Falls Idaho Temple is the tenth constructed and eighth operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in the city of Idaho Falls, Idaho it was the first LDS temple built in Idaho, the LDS temple in Idaho Falls was announced on March 3,1937. The building was designed by the board of temple architects, Edward O. Anderson. Cannon, Ramm Hansen, John Fetzer, Hyrum Pope, Lorenzo Snow Young, the exterior of the temple was completed in September 1941 and the interior was expected to be completed the following year. However, with World War II shortages, it delayed the completion of the temple for four more years, in spite of delays, LDS Church president George Albert Smith dedicated the Idaho Falls Temple just one month after the war ended, on September 23,1945. The temple was built on a 7-acre plot, has 4 ordinance rooms and 9 sealing rooms, the name of the temple was changed from the Idaho Falls Temple to the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple in 1999 when the church introduced standardized naming conventions for temples worldwide. Beginning March 16,2015, the temple closed for renovations that were anticipated to take approximately 18 months. On November 11,2016, the LDS Church that following anticipated completion of the renovations, the temple will be rededicated on Sunday, June 4,2017. Notable presidents of the temple include David A. Smith and John H. Groberg
38.
Oakland California Temple
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The Oakland California Temple is the 15th constructed and 13th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. During a January 23,1961 meeting, plans for the temple were announced by David O. McKay, ground was broken on May 26,1962, with the cornerstone laid May 25,1963, and dedication on November 19,1964. Located in the city of Oakland, California, at 4770 Lincoln Ave, it is the only LDS temple built with a modern five-spire design and its architect was Harold W. Burton. The exterior of the temple is reinforced concrete faced with white granite from Raymond. On the north and south faces of the temple are two friezes, it is the last LDS temple to have such. The back is a depiction of Christ descending from heaven to the people of the American continent soon after his resurrection in the Holy Land, the front illustrates Christ preaching his gospel to the people. The temple sits on a prominent site in the Oakland hills and has become a local landmark, through the front courtyard are stairways which lead to the temple terrace situated above the ground floor of the temple. From the temple grounds and terrace are spectacular views of the Bay Area, including downtown Oakland, the Bay Bridge, Yerba Buena Island, downtown San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge. The grounds are accented by flowers, palm trees, and a formal-style man-made river running from one fountain to the other. The temple was built on an 18. 3-acre plot, has four rooms, seven sealing rooms. The visitors center has free tours around the grounds and atop the temple daily, the building of the Oakland Temple, as well as other temples in California was planned as early as 1847. The site where the Oakland Temple now stands was inspected by David O. McKay, then second counselor in the First Presidency, the 14.5 acres were purchased by the church on January 28,1943. Ground was broken for the temple in 1962, on February 23,2017 the LDS Church announced that beginning February 2018, the temple will close for renovations that are anticipated to be completed during 2019. Notable presidents of the temple have included Lorenzo N. Hoopes, in the nearby Interstake Center, local members performed a Latter-day Saint pageant for many years. The pageant, commonly known as the Temple Pageant, was a stage production rehearsing the history. It was one of only a few temple pageants around the country, others include the Easter Pageant in Mesa, Arizona, until its retirement, it was the only such pageant performed indoors as well as the only one to be fully accompanied by a live orchestra. Initially, the pageant consisted of three acts performed over three nights, however, it was eventually shortened to an hour and a half. In November 2007, a letter sent to stake and mission presidents in the region from D, todd Christofferson, then of the Presidency of the Seventy, indicated that the pageant would no longer be held
39.
Salt Lake City and County Building
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The Salt Lake City and County Building, usually called the City-County Building, is the seat of government for Salt Lake City, Utah. The historic landmark formerly housed offices for Salt Lake County government as well, construction of the building was riddled with controversy. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the City and County Building was the symbol of non-Mormon citizens open defiance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and it was designed to rival the Salt Lake Temple as the citys architectural centerpiece. It is even thought that the clock tower and statues were designed to mimic the temples spires. Ironically, the building was originally the 1880s brainchild of the Church-backed Peoples Party, when the non-Mormon Liberal Party was campaigning for city government, they deemed the proposed joint building an example of the Churchs extravagance and wastefulness. In a reversal of stance, the Liberals decided to go ahead with the building when they gained power in 1890. Construction began in February on State Street at about 100 South, for nebulous reasons, construction was halted that November after only the foundation had been laid. The mostly non-Mormon city council questioned the buildings plans which had completed during the Peoples Party reign. The Deseret News complained that the Liberals were wasting taxpayer money, ultimately, the original plans and site for the building were scrapped and the whole project was moved to the buildings current location at Washington Square. The Deseret News claimed this move served the City Council, which owned property around the site, nonetheless construction on new plans began by late 1891. The cornerstone was laid July 25,1892, the architectural firm of Monheim, Bird, and Proudfoot designed the Richardsonian Romanesque building. Henry Monheim, an architect since the 1870s, and George W. Bird and Willis T. Proudfoot of Wichita. Their firm won a design contest against fourteen other submissions. However, The Salt Lake Herald—another LDS-backed paper—claimed that the competition was a pretentious fraud, Monheim, a Prussian immigrant, died one year into construction. Bird and Proudfoot moved to Philadelphia and Chicago respectively by 1896, the building was monstrously over budget. Estimated by the firm at $350,000, the contractor bid $377,978. Complicating matters was the Panic of 1893 which cut Salt Lake City and County revenues nearly in half, as a result of this, plans for large stained glass windows for the building were discarded. Although now used exclusively by Salt Lake City government, the building served many functions
40.
Mormon Meteor
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The Mormon Meteor I and III were two land speed record cars built in the 1930s by Ab Jenkins. The Duesenberg Special was a speed record car. The engine was tuned by August Duesenberg, with the compression ratio raised to 7.5,1. High performance parts developed for the Special, especially the rams horn twin-carburetor inlet manifold, would be used on later supercharged Js, financing for the Duesenberg Special came from sponsorship solicited by Ab Jenkins from oil companies and accessory manufacturers and distributors. Jenkins guaranteed his sponsors that he would break established speed records with the car. He delivered on his guarantee in October 1935, when he set a record of 153.97 mph. The 24-hour record would be held until 1961, in search of higher speed records, Jenkins had the Duesenberg Special modified by replacing the Duesenberg engine with a Curtiss Conqueror aircraft engine. August Duesenberg designed new parts to connect the engine to the cars drivetrain. Work on the car was supervised by August Duesenberg and done largely by him and this version of the car was named Mormon Meteor and Ab Jenkins began breaking records with it in 1936, beginning with a 500 kilometres record of 164.47 mph. Jenkins and Babe Stapp drove the car to a 24-hour average of 153.82 mph, in 1937, Jenkins and Louis Meyer increased the cars 24-hour record to 157.27 mph. The combination of the V12 aircraft engine and the almost stock Duesenberg chassis caused understeer at high speed, Jenkins had August Duesenberg, now an independent engineer after the closure of Duesenberg Inc. design and build a new chassis to contain the aircraft engine. The car was kept in street form until 2004 and that year, the family that had owned it since 1959 had it sold at Gooding & Companys Pebble Beach Auction. The new owner had the car restored to its 1935 racing condition and entered it in the 2007 Pebble Beach Concours dElegance, the car was known in its original form as the Duesenberg Special. After the aircraft engine was installed, the Deseret News held a contest to name the car, the winning name of Mormon Meteor was announced on August 1,1936. Although the term Mormon Meteor refers to the car in aircraft-engined form and this has resulted in the Duesenberg Special being referred to as Mormon Meteor I and the actual Mormon Meteor being referred to as Mormon Meteor II. The Mormon Meteor III was built in 1937 to handle the large Curtiss Conqueror airplane engine and it was built by both Abs son Marv Jenkins and Augie Dusenberg. Ab sent Marv to build the car with Dusenberg at only age 17 and it had many unique features, such as the body offset by six inches on the frame to help the car turn on the track. In 1939, Jenkins drove the car 171 mph and broke all of the 12-hour endurance records, the Mormon Meteor III set a 24 hour record of 161.180 mph in 1940 that would not be broken until 1990
41.
Sugar House, Salt Lake City
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Sugar House is a neighborhood in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is one of the citys oldest neighborhoods and the name is two words. Sugar House is the site of Westminster College, a strip mall is located on the corner of 2100 South and 700 East. The corner of 2100 South and 1300 East features three low-rise office buildings, between the shopping center and 2100 South is a small park named Hidden Hollow Natural Area, created in 2001 as a development project to beautify the city in preparation for the 2002 Winter Olympics. It was rehabilitated based on the initiative of school children, Sugar House Park is a park located between I-80,2100 South,1300 East, and 1700 East. The park is host to a celebration with fireworks each July 4. Sugar House is located within the Salt Lake City grid system, according to the Community Council, it runs from 500 East to Foothill Drive and north to south from 1300 South to the city limits about 3000 South. According to Salt Lake City’s master plan, it runs from 500 East to Parleys Way and 2000 East, many local businesses as well as private residences, although not strictly located within the bounds of Sugar House, use the name because of the areas name recognition. The business and commercial center of the neighborhood is located at 1100 East 2100 South which is also the end terminus of Highland Drive. However, recent redevelopment of the Granite Block have forced many of these stores to either relocate or close, zoning changes have created concerns that the new development will be less friendly to local businesses. Sugar House was established in 1853, six years after Brigham Young led the Latter-Day Saint settlers into the valley, the name came as a suggestion from Margaret McMeans Smoot, the wife of then mayor of Salt Lake City, Abraham O. Smoot. Sugar House Prison, the first Utah state prison, was located in Sugar House during the 19th century, the prison was closed in 1951 and moved to Draper. All of the buildings were torn down and the land was converted into Sugar House Park, in 1928, at the dedication ceremony of the Sprague Library, Mayor John F. Bowman suggested Sugar House from then on be referred to as South East Salt Lake City. In the early 20th century, the corner of 1100 East and 2100 South was known as furniture row because three furniture stores were located there, two have closed and one, Sterling Furniture, remains. Rockwood Furniture closed its doors in 1999 and Granite Furniture closed its Sugar House location in 2004, in 1990, the Sugar House Center shopping center was completed. This brought large national chains to the area for the first time, efforts began to establish a vintage style rail trolley to connect the Sugar House Business District to the TRAX station on 2100 South in South Salt Lake. The study determined that a trolley running along a rail line was the preferred alternative. The S Line began service on 8 December 2013 as planned, in September 2007, the owner of the Granite Block development on the corner of 1100 East and 2100 South, the site of many independent shops, announced plans to redevelop the area
42.
First Vision
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The First Vision refers to a vision that Joseph Smith said he received in the spring of 1820, in a wooded area in Manchester, New York, which his followers call the Sacred Grove. Smith described it as a personal theophany in which he received instruction from God, Smiths followers believe the vision reinforces his authority as the founder and prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. According to the account Smith told in 1838, he went to the woods to pray about which church to join, at the last moment, he was rescued by two shining personages who hovered above him. One of the beings told Smith not to any existing churches because all taught incorrect doctrines. Smith wrote several accounts of the beginning in 1832. The First Vision also corroborated distinctive Mormon doctrines such as the nature of God the Father. Smith wrote or dictated several versions of his story. Taken together, these accounts set forth the following details, Smith said that when he was twelve, he became interested in religion. During this period of concern, he determined to turn to God in prayer. An early account says the purpose of prayer was to ask God for mercy for his sins while later accounts emphasize his desire to know which church he should join. Therefore, as his mother had years before when concerned about an important religious question. He said he went to a stump in a clearing where he had left his axe the day before and he said his prayer was interrupted by a being from the unseen world. Smith said the being caused his tongue to swell in his mouth so that he could not speak, in some of the accounts, he described being covered with a thick darkness and thinking that he would be destroyed. At his darkest moment, he knelt a third time to pray and, as he summoned all his power to pray, at that moment, he said his tongue was loosed and he saw a vision. Smith said he saw a pillar of light brighter than the sun that slowly descended on him, growing in brightness as it descended. As the light reached the tops, Smith feared the trees might catch fire. But when it reached the ground and enveloped him, it produced a peculiar sensation, is mind was caught away from the natural objects with which he was surrounded, and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision. While experiencing the vision, he said he saw one or more personages, in one, Smith said he saw the Lord
43.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
44.
Bingham Canyon Mine
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The mine is the largest man-made excavation in the world. The mine is owned by Rio Tinto Group, an international mining, the copper operations at Bingham Canyon Mine are managed through Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation which operates the mine, a concentrator plant, a smelter, and a refinery. The mine has been in production since 1906, and has resulted in the creation of a pit over 0.6 miles deep,2.5 miles wide and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966 under the name Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine. The mine experienced a landslide in April 2013 and a smaller slide in September 2013. They reported their find to their leader, Brigham Young, who advised against pursuing mining operations because the survival, the brothers applied themselves to that purpose as directed and did not stake a claim. In 1850, the Bingham family went to settle what is now Weber County and it was not until 17 Sept.1863 that extraction of ore began and the potential of the canyons mineral resources began to be widely recognized. Ogilvie and 23 others located the West Jordan claim, soon followed by the Vidette claim, at first, mining was confined to placer gold, lead-silver and copper-gold. Porphyry copper required processing and a railroad, which reached the canyon in 1873, enos Andrew Wall started working claims in 1887. His extensive tunnels and test pits, on his 200 acres, the canyons 19th Century mines were relatively small, and it wasnt until the end of the century that very large-scale exploitation of the canyons ore bodies began to develop with open-pit mining. In 1896, Samuel Newhouse and Thomas Weir acquired the Highland Boy Mine, together they formed the Utah Consolidated Gold Mines, Ltd. with English investors. They then formed the Boston Consolidated Gold and Copper Co. Ltd. for development of copper ore adjacent to the Utah Copper Company site. Another significant development took place in 1903, when Daniel C, Wall organized the Utah Copper Company. Utah Copper immediately began construction of a mill at Copperton, just beyond the mouth of the canyon. The success of Utah Copper in mining the huge but low-grade porphyry copper ore body at Bingham Canyon was based on Jacklins 1904 decision to use open-pit mining, steam shovels. Utah Copper and Boston Consolidated merged after their separate surface operations approached each other in 1906, the Kennecott Copper Corporation, established to operate mines in Kennecott, Alaska, purchased a 25 percent financial interest in Utah Copper in 1915, which they increased to 75 percent in 1923. Binghams Canyon mine expanded rapidly, and by the 1920s the region was a beehive of activity, some 15,000 people of widely varying ethnicity lived in the canyon, in large residential communities constructed on the steep canyon walls. The population declined rapidly as mining techniques improved, and several of the camps were swallowed up by the ever-expanding mine. By 1980, when Lark was dismantled, only Copperton, at the mouth of Bingham Canyon and with a population of 800, the 21 separate mining operations in existence by 1911 were consolidated into two in 1970, Kennecott and The Anaconda Minerals Company
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Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
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Utah State Capitol
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The Utah State Capitol is the house of government for the U. S. state of Utah. The building houses the chambers and offices of the Utah State Legislature, the offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, the capitol is the main building of the Utah State Capitol Complex, which is located on Capitol Hill, overlooking downtown Salt Lake City. The Neoclassical revival, Corinthian style building was designed by architect Richard K. A, Kletting, and built between 1912 and 1916. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, beginning in 2004, the capitol underwent a major restoration and renovation project. The project added two new buildings to the complex, while restoring many of the public spaces to their original appearance. One of the largest projects during the renovation was the addition of a base isolation system which allow the building to survive as much as a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. After completion of the renovations, the building was rededicated and resumed operation in January 2008. The first Euro-American settlers arrived in what would become Utah on July 24,1847 and these settlers, Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young, appealed to the United States Congress for statehood in 1849, asking to become the State of Deseret. Their proposal was denied, but they received recognition in September 1850 when the U. S. Government created the Territory of Utah as part of the compromise of 1850. A territorial assembly, known as the Utah Territorial Legislature, was created to be the body for the territory. One of the first official acts of the assembly was to designate a capital city for the territory, on October 4,1851, Millard County and its capital of Fillmore were created in the empty Pavant Valley for this purpose. The area was named for then current president Millard Fillmore and its centralized location in the territory made it seem an ideal place for Utahs capital city. Construction started on Utahs first capitol building, known as the Utah Territorial Statehouse, the building was designed by LDS Church Architect Truman O. Angell, and was funded with $20,000 appropriated by the United States Congress. The $20,000 was insufficient to pay for the capitol as designed, in December 1855, the fifth Utah Territorial Legislature met in the building. As a result, in December 1856 Salt Lake City was designated Utahs capital, as time passed, those smaller buildings became inadequate, so several local leaders and businessmen began to call for a new permanent capitol building. Several of these requested that Salt Lake City donate about 20 acres of land, specifically an area known as Arsenal Hill, just north of the intersection of State. The City Council of Salt Lake responded by approving a resolution on March 1,1888, a Capitol Commission was created to review the design and construction process for the new building. The commission selected Elijah E. Myers, who designed the Michigan, Texas
