1.
Modernism
–
Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
Modernism
Modernism
–
Eugène Delacroix 's
Liberty Leading the People, 1830, a
Romantic work of art
Modernism
–
A
Realist portrait of
Otto von Bismarck
Modernism
–
Odilon Redon, Guardian Spirit of the Waters, 1878, charcoal on paper,
The Art Institute of Chicago
2.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
3.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
–
Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
–
Flag
Ontario
–
Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
–
The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Canadian dollar
–
The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
Canadian dollar
–
$5 gold Canadian coin from 1914. Reverse side shown depicting a shield with the arms of the Dominion of Canada. The coin weighs 8.36 grams and is 90% gold giving it 7.524 grams of gold. It has a diameter of 21.59 mm and a thickness of 1.82 mm at the rim.
Canadian dollar
–
2011
Polymer notes (Frontier Series)
Canadian dollar
–
$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898.
Canadian dollar
–
Bank of Montreal, 10 dollars (1935) First note printed for the series.
6.
City of Toronto
–
The municipal government of Toronto, or City of Toronto, is a public corporation providing services to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is administered by 44 elected councillors, who along with the mayor, torontonians elect a new council every four years, in October. The City of Toronto is legally bound by the City of Toronto Act and it lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. The Council itself forms several committees after every election to divide the administration of the corporation, the Council also forms several Community Councils which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the Mayor, the top civil servant in the corporation is the City Manager, who reports to the Mayor and City Council. Prior to 2005, the city had various departments headed by Commissioners and these heads were simplified by replacing the departments with divisions headed by Deputy Manager. All department heads now report to the City Manager.8 billion, the citys net debt stood at $4.4 billion as of the end of 2010 and has an AA credit rating from Standard & Poors, and an Aa1 credit rating from Moodys. Toronto is expected to pay million of the debt in 2011. The citys debt increased by $721 million in 2010, the City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeeding York, which was administered directly by the then-province of Upper Canada. The new city was administered by a council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the councillors, was William Lyon Mackenzie. The first law passed was an Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires, the first mayor directly elected to the post was Adam Wilson, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, to finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes, Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944. Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such as Parkdale, after 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an group of suburban villages. Change to the structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954. The new regional government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, to manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new regional government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities
City of Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
City of Toronto
–
Coat of arms
City of Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
City of Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
7.
Viljo Revell
–
Viljo Gabriel Revell was a Finnish architect of the functionalist school. In Finland he is best known for the design of the Lasipalatsi and Palace Hotel, internationally, Revell is best known for designing the New City Hall of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Revell, originally spelt Rewell, was born in Vaasa in 1910 and he graduated as an architect from the Helsinki University of Technology in 1937. His next major work was the so-called Teollisuuskeskus, comprising offices, hotel, roof-terrace restaurant and ground-floor shops, the building was also based on a competition winning proposal, made together with architect Keijo Petäjä, and was completed in 1952 in time for the Helsinki Olympic Games. The building was completed in 1965, the year following Revell’s premature death, Revell married Maire Myntti in 1941, they had three daughters born in 1942,1943 and 1945. He served as artillery officer in World War II, and he was one of the survivors of the sinking of the Finnish Navy flagship. The work was financed by the Finnish Association of Architects, under the name of the Standardization Institute, as part of the research the group had contacts with a similar organisation in Germany, run by architect Ernst Neufert. Media related to Viljo Revell at Wikimedia Commons Viljo Revell 1910–1964
Viljo Revell
–
Viljo Revell (right) with
Aarne Ervi in 1943
Viljo Revell
–
Viljo Revell
Viljo Revell
–
Lasipalatsi, Helsinki, with Kokko, Laisaari and Riihimäki (1935).
Viljo Revell
–
Palace Hotel, Helsinki, with Petäjä (1952).
8.
Ontario Heritage Act
–
Part V of the Act allows for the designation of heritage conservation districts. Until 2005, a designation of a property under the Act allowed a municipality to delay, but not ultimately prevent, in 2005, the provincial government enacted changes to strengthen the Act. Under the amended legislation, a landowner who is refused a permit under the Act no longer has an automatic right to demolish a designated building once the cooling off period has expired. Where the OMB refuses to issue a permit, the landowner would have no choice, the amended legislation also contains provisions which enable municipalities to enact by-laws to require owners of designated buildings to maintain the structures and their heritage elements. Such by-laws are intended to prevent demolition by neglect, although the collapse of Walnut Hall in Toronto demonstrates that such buildings are still at risk, experience with the new provisions of the Act has been mixed. Municipalities, who were significantly greater authority with the amendments, have, in some cases, used the authority to prevent or delay development proposals. In one case a golf course was designated when the local Council received a proposal to develop it for housing, another flashpoint has been proposals to develop or significantly alter church properties. The Guide to Conserving Heritage Places of Worship in Ontario Communities is part of the Ontario Heritage Toolkit, the Guide provides an understanding of how religious and heritage preservation goals can be balanced. Properties under federal jurisdiction are also problematic, enterprises such as banking, navigation, various federal private members bills attempt to restrict demolition of historic properties, but all are narrow in scope and provide no protection against demolition by neglect
Ontario Heritage Act
–
Old City Hall in Toronto in 1907. Its proposed demolition in the 1960s contributed to increased heritage awareness in Ontario, which led to heritage protection measures such as the Ontario Heritage Act.
Ontario Heritage Act
–
Plaque on a structure in
Markham, showing that the building is protected under the Act.
9.
Municipal government of Toronto
–
The municipal government of Toronto, or City of Toronto, is a public corporation providing services to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is administered by 44 elected councillors, who along with the mayor, torontonians elect a new council every four years, in October. The City of Toronto is legally bound by the City of Toronto Act and it lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. The Council itself forms several committees after every election to divide the administration of the corporation, the Council also forms several Community Councils which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the Mayor, the top civil servant in the corporation is the City Manager, who reports to the Mayor and City Council. Prior to 2005, the city had various departments headed by Commissioners and these heads were simplified by replacing the departments with divisions headed by Deputy Manager. All department heads now report to the City Manager.8 billion, the citys net debt stood at $4.4 billion as of the end of 2010 and has an AA credit rating from Standard & Poors, and an Aa1 credit rating from Moodys. Toronto is expected to pay million of the debt in 2011. The citys debt increased by $721 million in 2010, the City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeeding York, which was administered directly by the then-province of Upper Canada. The new city was administered by a council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the councillors, was William Lyon Mackenzie. The first law passed was an Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires, the first mayor directly elected to the post was Adam Wilson, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, to finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes, Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944. Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such as Parkdale, after 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an group of suburban villages. Change to the structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954. The new regional government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, to manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new regional government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities
Municipal government of Toronto
–
Logo of The City of Toronto
10.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
–
Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
–
Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
–
Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
11.
Old City Hall (Toronto)
–
The Old City Hall is a Romanesque civic building and court house in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the home of the Toronto City Council from 1899 to 1966, the building is located at the corner of Queen and Bay Streets, across Bay Street from Nathan Phillips Square and the present City Hall in the Downtown Toronto. The heritage landmark has a clock tower which heads the length of Bay Street from Front Street to Queen Street as a terminating vista. Old City Hall was designated a National Historic Site in 1984, Torontos Old City Hall was one of the largest buildings in Toronto and the largest civic building in North America upon completion in 1899. It was the citys third city hall. It housed Torontos municipal government and courts for York County and Toronto, York County offices were also located in Old City Hall from 1900 to 1953. With the establishment of Metropolitan Toronto, the county moved to Newmarket. Designed by prominent Toronto architect Edward James Lennox, the building more than a decade to build. Work on the began in 1889 and was built on the site of old York buildings including the Lennox hotel. It was constructed of sandstone from the Credit River valley, grey stone from the Orangeville, Ontario area, angry councillors, due to cost overruns and construction delays, refused E. J. Lennox a plaque proclaiming him as architect for the building in 1899. Not to be denied, Lennox had stonemasons sign his name in corbels beneath the upper floor eaves around the entire building, an annex to this building, Manning Chambers, was built by Lennox at the northwest corner of Bay and Queen Street. Completed in 1900, the 5 storey building was demolished to make way for the current Toronto City Hall. Manning Chambers was built for and named after former mayor Alexander Manning, a public square was originally planned in front of the city hall called Victoria Square. The space would be a square with diagonal walkways meeting at a central statue of Queen Victoria. The plan never came into being and a space was allocated in front of the building by Queen Street. It, too, was never built, though the City Beautiful movement did influence the design principles of nearby University Avenue. Four gargoyles were placed on the corners of the Clock Tower in 1899, in 2002, bronze casts of the gargoyles were reinstalled
Old City Hall (Toronto)
–
Toronto's Old City Hall
Old City Hall (Toronto)
–
1898 drawing of the proposed square in front of Old City Hall (south of Queen Street) in Canadian Builder and Architect.
Old City Hall (Toronto)
–
Drawing of the Queen Street elevation in 1887 plans.
Old City Hall (Toronto)
–
South elevation with tower facing Queen Street and east elevation facing James Street.
12.
Nathan Phillips Square
–
Nathan Phillips Square is an urban plaza in Toronto, Canada. It forms the forecourt to Toronto City Hall, or New City Hall, at the intersection of Queen Street West and Bay Street, the square was designed by the City Halls architect Viljo Revell and landscape architect Richard Strong. The square is the site of concerts, art displays, a farmers market, the winter festival of lights. During the winter months, the pool is converted into an ice rink for ice skating. The square attracts an estimated 1.5 million visitors yearly, with an area of 4.85 hectares, it is Canadas largest city square. The square is rectangular in shape, with the edge of the city meeting the square on an angle on the north side. The main portion of the square is paved with two sizes of reinforced concrete slabs, the square has a reflecting pool, a peace garden, a permanent stage and several sculptures, including Three-Way Piece No.2 by Henry Moore. Around the remaining perimeter of the square runs an elevated concrete walkway, outside the walkway are treed lawns dotted with various other memorials and monuments, such as Oscar Nemons statue of Sir Winston Churchill, and a Roman column. Beneath the square is one of the worlds largest underground parking garages, in 2012, illuminated disappearing fountains were installed among the slabs, used for decoration and cooling. The Square is property of the City of Toronto, smoking is prohibited in the entire square. The reflecting pool is situated in the south-east corner of the square, at the same time, a piece of the Berlin Wall was placed at the southern base of the central arch. To the west of the pool is a pavilion where food is available. The Peace Garden was created as a memorial to the bombing of Hiroshima. The sundial at the end of the garden pre-dates the peace memorial, inscribed with the words In appreciation of the opportunity to serve, it was originally installed in 1969. Johnson, and presented by Nathan Phillips to the residents of Toronto, the 600 m2 garden consists of a pavilion, a fountain, and surrounding plantings. The fountains pool encroaches into this corner, with an eternal flame placed in the water so as to appear as though it supports the pavilion structure, to symbolise hope. Pope John Paul II lit this flame with an ember from the Peace Flame in Hiroshima, the entire monument was formally dedicated by Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, in October 1984. As part of the redesign of the square, the Peace Garden was moved from the centre of the square to its western edge
Nathan Phillips Square
–
View of square from south-west
Nathan Phillips Square
–
The square seen from above.
Nathan Phillips Square
Nathan Phillips Square
13.
Chinatown, Toronto
–
A second area known as East Chinatown, extends along both streets from the intersection of Broadview Avenue and Gerrard Street. There are approximately six Chinatowns in Greater Toronto, including in the municipalities of Markham, the earliest record of Torontos Chinese community is traced to Sam Ching, who owned a hand laundry business on Adelaide Street in 1878. Ching was the first Chinese person listed in the directory and is now honoured with a lane named after him. The first Chinese cafe opened in 1901 and that grew to 19 in 1912. Torontos downtown Chinatown has two phases in its history since inception, First Chinatown, The original Chinatown was centred near present-day Elizabeth, more than three-quarters of the neighbourhood was commandeered as a result of the forced dispossession. Old Chinatown, The present downtown Chinatown is centred at Spadina Avenue, the first Chinatown of Toronto existed in the 1890s along York Street and Elizabeth Street between Queen and Dundas Streets within Torontos Ward district. Most of the space is now occupied by the new Toronto City Hall and its square, Nathan Phillips Square. The men originally found lodgings close to the station due to its convenience. By 1910, the Chinese population in Toronto numbered over a thousand, as in the rest of Canada and the US, due to entry resistance into other areas of employment the Chinese of Toronto had to resort to the labour of food service and washing laundry. In this time, hundreds of Chinese-owned businesses had developed, consisting mainly of restaurants, grocery stores, the first Chinese café in Toronto was opened in 1901 at 37 1/2 Queen Street West opposite City Hall. By 1912, there were 19 Chinese restaurants, half of which were in The Ward, by the early 1920s, this figure had risen to around 100 cafés and restaurants. The legislation was not well enforced and by 1923 there were 121 white women recorded as being in the employ of 121 Chinese restaurants in Toronto. The Toronto Police regularly raided Chinese restaurants for alleged alcohol and gambling offences, by the 1930s, Chinatown was a firmly established and well-defined community that extended along Bay Street between Dundas Street and Queen Street West. Like the rest of the country, Chinatown suffered a downturn in the Great Depression, with the closing of more than 116 hand laundries. Other large restaurants such as the Kwong Chow, the Golden Dragon, more than two-thirds of Elizabeth Street from Queen to Dundas Streets were destroyed. Construction on City Hall and Nathan Phillips Square began in 1961, at this time, community leaders including Jean Lumb established the Save Chinatown Committee, with Lumb acting as coordinator and face of the campaign. She later received the Order of Canada in 1976 for her role in helping to save Chinatown, more recently, the Dundas and Bay Street area, west to University Avenue, has been developing into a Little Japan district though several Chinese establishments remain on the block as well. The present day old Chinatown along Spadina was formerly a Jewish district, following the demolition of first Chinatown to make way for Toronto City Hall, the Chinese community migrated westward to the neighbourhood around Spadina Avenue and Dundas Street West
Chinatown, Toronto
–
Chinatown along
Spadina Avenue
Chinatown, Toronto
–
Chinese quarters in Old Chinatown, 1923
Chinatown, Toronto
–
"Old" Chinatown at the intersection of Spadina and Dundas
Chinatown, Toronto
–
Looking south on Chinatown from the
El Mocambo
14.
Queen Street West
–
Queen Street begins in the west at the intersection of King Street, The Queensway, and Roncesvalles Avenue. Queen Street was the baseline for the original east-west avenues of Torontos grid pattern of major streets. The western end of Queen is now best known as a centre for Canadian broadcasting, music, fashion, performance, over the past twenty-five years, Queen West has become an international arts centre, and a major tourist attraction in Toronto. Since the original survey in 1793 by Sir Alexander Aitkin, commissioned by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, for its first sixty years, many sections were referred to as Lot Street. These 40 hectares lots were placed along the side of the first east–west road laid in York. In 1837 Lot Street was renamed in honour of Queen Victoria, Queen West is local vernacular which generally refers to the collection of neighbourhoods that have developed along and around the thoroughfare. Many of these were originally ethnically-based neighbourhoods, the earliest example from the mid-19th century was Claretown, an Irish immigrant enclave in the area of Queen Street West and Bathurst Street. From the 1890s to the 1930s, Jewish immigrants coalesced in the known as the Ward. The intersection of Queen and Bay Streets also served as the end of a thriving Chinatown in the 1930s. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the area was also the heart of Torontos Polish, from the 1950s through the 1970s, many immigrants from Portugal settled in the area. Gentrification over the past twenty years has caused most recent immigrants to move to more affordable areas of the city as desirability of the area drives up prices. Since the 19th century, Queen Street West at Yonge Street has been one of Torontos primary shopping destinations, today, Eatons is gone, but the Toronto Eaton Centre still remains at the same location, one of Canadas largest office and shopping complexes. Similarly, Simpsons is also gone, but the department store building remains on the south side of Queen Street, occupied by the Hudsons Bay. Further west, this stretch of Queen Street is dominated by institutional and cultural buildings such as Old City Hall, Toronto City Hall, Osgoode Hall and the Four Seasons Centre. In the 1960s and into the early 1980s, this stretch of Queen Street West was a commercial strip, known for greasy spoon restaurants. The late 1980s, saw the relocation of CityTV to 299 Queen Street West which gentrified the area almost overnight, a more mainstream culture soon attracted other artists, wider audiences, and wealthier businesses to the area. The push continued into the mid and late 2000s and into Parkdale until that area also became associated with trendy businesses. By the mid 1990s with the opening of stores such as Le Chateau, probably the first chain store on the strip, the name Queen Street became synonymous with the such as trendy, hip
Queen Street West
–
Street signs for Queen Street West and Abell Street, in West Queen West
Queen Street West
–
Looking west along Queen Street from Yonge Street, circa 1885
Queen Street West
–
Shoppers crossing Queen Street West in 1910
Queen Street West
–
Queen Street West at James Street; 360 degree panoramic photo showing (from left to right) The Bay, Simpsons Tower, with a route
501 Queen TTC streetcar, Old City Hall, the
Cadillac-Fairview tower, and the Eaton Centre.
15.
Bay Street
–
Bay Street is a major thoroughfare in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the centre of Torontos Financial District and is used by metonymy to refer to Canadas financial services industry since succeeding Montreals St. James Street in that role in the 1970s. Bay Street begins at Queens Quay in the south and ends at Davenport Road in the north, the original section of Bay Street ran only as far north as Queen Street West. Sections north of Queen Street were renamed Bay Street as several streets were consolidated. The largest of these streets, Terauley Street, ran from Queen Street West to Grenville Street, at these two points, there is a curve in Bay Street. Bay Street is frequently used as a metonym to refer to Torontos Financial District, Bay Street banker, as in the phrase cold as a Bay Street bankers heart, was a term of opprobrium especially among Prairie farmers who feared that Toronto-based financial interests were hurting them. Within the legal profession, the term Bay Street is also used colloquially to refer to the large, the street was originally known as Bear Street because of frequent bear sightings in the early history of Toronto. It was renamed Bay Street in 1797 from the fact that it connected Lot Street to a bay at the Toronto Harbour, until 1922, the section of Bay running north from Queen Street and ending at College Street was known as Terauley Street. Several discontinuous streets existed north of College Street to Davenport Road, By-Law 9316 joined these streets together as far north as Scollard Street in 1922. Finally, By-Law 9884, enacted on January 28,1924, changed the name of Ketchum Avenue to Bay Street, there is a short street called Terauley Lane running west of Bay from Grenville Street to Grosvenor Street. The intersection of Bay and King Street is often seen as the centre of Canadian banking, the core cluster of towers has crept north with the addition of the 50-storey Bay Adelaide Centre and the Trump Tower Toronto. Significant condominium development on Bay, north of the district, boomed during the 1990s and construction continues on large, 40-plus storey condominiums. The area is defined by Dundas Street to the south and Bloor/Yorkville to the north and crosses through Torontos Discovery District, the area attracts many who work in the financial district and those who work in the Discovery District, nearby hospitals and schools. More than 67% of residents in this area are in the ages of 25-64. The intersection of Bay and Bloor is the location of the Toronto Transit Commissions Bay subway station, Bay Street is served by the route 6 Bay bus, which is one of the few downtown bus routes. The street used to be served by lines, which were gradually phased out after the north-south Yonge. The remaining streetcar tracks between Dundas and College Streets are now used for turns and diversions. City of London Financial district Wall Street Bay Street at Google Maps Bay Street Corridor neighbourhood profile
Bay Street
–
Bay Street looking towards
Old City Hall, its
terminating vista south of Queen Street.
Bay Street
Bay Street
–
The intersection of Bay Street and
King Street is considered the heart of Canada's economy
16.
Modern architecture
–
Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
Modern architecture
–
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in
New York City (1959), interior, by
Frank Lloyd Wright.
Modern architecture
–
Contrasts in modern architecture, as shown by adjacent high-rises in
Chicago, Illinois.
IBM Plaza (right), by
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is a later example of the clean rectilinear lines and glass of the
International Style, whereas
Marina City, (left), by his student
Bertrand Goldberg, reflects a more sculptural
Mid-Century Modern aesthetic.
Modern architecture
–
The
Salk Institute complex in La Jolla, California, by architect
Louis Kahn.
Modern architecture
–
The
Robie House, 1910, in Chicago, Illinois.
17.
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
The
Palais Garnier (1861-75), an example of
Second Empire Beaux Arts style, typically employing
Neo-Baroque decorative elements
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Farmer Palace in
Kazan,
Russia
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
The
San Francisco War Memorial Opera House of 1932, among the last major American buildings constructed in the Beaux-Arts style
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman
goddesses Pomona and
Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the
channeled rustication of the stonework.
18.
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
Wright's home in
Oak Park, Illinois
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
The
Walter Gale House (1893) is
Queen Anne in style yet features window bands and a cantilevered porch roof which hint at Wright's developing aesthetics
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
William H. Winslow House (1893) in
River Forest, Illinois
19.
Walter Gropius
–
Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. In 1915 Gropius married Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler, Walter and Almas daughter, named Manon after Walters mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935, Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. On 16 October 1923, Gropius married Ilse Frank, and they remained together until his death in 1969 and they adopted a daughter together, Beate Gropius, known as Ati. Ise Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts, Walter Gropius was drafted August 1914 and served as a sergeant and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps in the First World War. He survived being buried under rubble and dead bodies, and shot out of the sky with a dead pilot. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice, Gropius then, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career, in school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, in 1910 Gropius left the firm of Behrens and together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer established a practice in Berlin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modernist buildings created during this period, the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, the factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments of European modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg and this locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and perhaps in Europe. Other works of early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. In 1913, Gropius published an article about The Development of Industrial Buildings, Gropiuss career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Called up immediately as a reservist, Gropius served as a sergeant major at the Western front during the war years and was wounded, Gropius was awarded an Iron Cross while fighting for four years for Germany on the Western Front. Gropiuss career advanced in the postwar period, henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropiuss appointment as master of the school in 1919, in principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was experimental and the emphasis, was theoretical, one example product of the Bauhaus was the armchair F51, designed for the Bauhauss directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde. In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym Mass
Walter Gropius
–
Walter Gropius (circa 1919). Photo by
Louis Held
Walter Gropius
–
Gropius in his sergeant's uniform during World War I
Walter Gropius
–
Bauhaus (built 1925–26) in Dessau, Germany
Walter Gropius
–
Walter Gropius's Monument to the March Dead (1921) dedicated to the memory of nine workers who died in Weimar resisting the
Kapp Putsch
20.
Imperial Oil Building
–
The Imperial Oil Building, now known as Imperial Plaza, is a skyscraper located at 111 St. Clair Avenue West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 21-storey building was completed in 1957 as the headquarters of Imperial Oil, the buildings design had previously been rejected for a proposed new Toronto City Hall. After several decades of use as the office of Imperial Oil. The interior layout in its office days was based on the concept, with most offices having windows. The ground floor features a famous mural, The Story of Oil. The mural is made of acetate and is mounted to the wall in such a way that vibrations in the building will not be transmitted to the artwork. In addition, a ventilation system behind the wall prevents moisture collecting on the material. Crawley Films of Ottawa was engaged to document the artworks realization, a three-part mural by Oscar Cahén was completed in 1956, for the buildings staff lounge and dining facility on the eighth floor. These were abstract compositions in bold, bright colours, one with a sun motif, painted on canvas, two sections were de-installed in 1979 and are now owned by the Robert McLaughlin Gallery in Oshawa, Ontario. As of 2014, they await conservation and a permanent home, the architectural model for this building was originally a proposed design for a new Toronto City Hall. Imperial Oil, in search of a design for their Toronto head office, bought the design from Mathers, during construction, catering to the wealthy local residents, welding was used, rather than the then-customary and much noisier riveting technique. The building, on completion, was the largest all-welded steel frame building in the world, as a result, Imperial Oil had to move its building closer to St. Clair Avenue than planned. Until she died in 1964, her property jutted into the Imperial Oil parking lot and her heirs sold the house for $70,000 to Imperial Oil, which demolished it to expand the parking lot. The last traces of Isabel Massies house, roughly across the street from 38 Foxbar Road, were dug up in 2012 when the subsequent owner excavated for a parking garage. As announced in a conference on September 29,2004, Imperial Oil re-located to Calgary. Thereafter, the building was unoccupied for several years, the soil was then excavated and replaced. In preparation for the sale, Imperial Oil told Deer Park United Church next door that they would no longer supply building heat to the church, effective July 2008. The church building remains vacant as of late 2016, but it is slated for incorporation into a new condominium development, the Imperial Oil building was sold in the summer of 2010 to condominium developer Camrost-Felcorp, which then began converting it into a condominium apartment building
Imperial Oil Building
–
View of the building from the northeast
Imperial Oil Building
–
The Imperial Oil Building from the west, giving a better view of the observation deck at its top
21.
St. Clair Avenue
–
St. Clair Avenue is a major east-west street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was laid out in the late 18th century by the British as a road,2 kilometres north of Bloor Street and 4 kilometres north of Queen Street. St. Clair Avenue has two sections, the western section extends from Moore Park in the east to Scarlett Road in the west, a distance of approximately 10 kilometres. An eastern section picks up on the far side of the Don Valley at Taylor Creek Park, like all streets in Toronto which cross Yonge Street, St. Clair is divided into separate East and West sections, each with its own street numbers beginning at Yonge Street. Unlike other concession roads in Toronto, St. Clair does not extend west into Etobicoke, St. Clair Avenue West has heavy automotive and public transit traffic. Over half the commuters in rush hour traffic travel by streetcar, the 512 St. Clair streetcar line connects with St. Clair and St. Clair West subway stations on Line 1 Yonge–University. St. Clair Avenue takes its name from Augustine St. Clare, the Grainger family, who rented a farm near the present-day intersection of Avenue Road and St. Clair, had viewed a stage production of Uncle Toms Cabin. Two members of the family, Albert and Edwin, adopted names of two characters as their names as each boy had no given middle name. Edwin added Norton to his name, and Albert chose St. Clare, although he used the spelling of St. Clair. As a joke, Edwin and Albert made street signs using their names and posted them at Yonge, the St. Clair sign survived for a while and the name became adopted as the name for the 3rd Concession Road. The first known printed use of the St. Clair name was in an 1878 publication, in 1913, a Roman Catholic church was built in the Earlscourt District, and named after the actual Saint Clare. St. Clares Church is at 1118 St. Clair Avenue West, on the side of the street. The parish opened the St. Clares Catholic School, an elementary school, the first European settlement on St. Clair was at Yonge Street, where the Heath family bought land in 1837. A thriving neighbourhood, Deer Park, was established by the 1850s, the next settlement was about 5.5 km west, at Old Weston Road, where settlement of Carlton Village began in the late 1840s. The western end of St. Clair experienced substantial development, with the municipalities of West Toronto, Earlscourt, Dovercourt and these municipalities were annexed by Toronto between 1908 and 1911, and the western section of St. Clair Avenue became entirely managed by the City of Toronto. To stimulate development along what was largely a rural road. Though the operators initially refused, they accepted the citys offer of $100,000 in 1915. The muddy road was opened to traffic in 1918, from 1937 to 1952, St. Clair West formed part of provincial Highway 5A, providing an alternate route between Islington and Yonge Street that avoided the congestion of Bloor Street
St. Clair Avenue
–
Saint Clair Avenue
St. Clair Avenue
St. Clair Avenue
–
Looking east on St. Clair Avenue West in Corso Italia in 2009 with the nearly completed streetcar right-of-way in centre
St. Clair Avenue
–
The middle lanes of St. Clair Avenue West carry streetcars underground to and from
St. Clair West Station.
22.
Architectural design competition
–
An architectural design competition is a type of competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning design is chosen by an independent panel of design professionals. This procedure is used to generate new ideas for building design, to stimulate public debate, generate publicity for the project. Winning first prize in a competition is not a guarantee that the project will be constructed, the commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. Architecture competitions have a more than 2, 500-year-old history, the Acropolis in Athens was a result of an architectural competition in 448 B. C. as were several cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many initiated by the church have been decided through design competition. Examples are the Spanish Stairs in Rome or in 1419, a competition was held to design the dome of the Florence Cathedral, open competitions were held in the late 18th century in several countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France and Sweden. In 19th century England and Ireland there have been over 2,500 competitions in five decades, the Institute of British Architects drafted a first set of rules in 1839, and a set of formal regulations in 1872. The German Regulations were introduced in 1867, in the same period in the Netherlands an association for the advancement of architecture started organising conceptual competitions with the aim of stimulating architects creativity. Project competitions or ideas competitions, depending on the intention of building the project or generating new ideas, single-stage or two-stage competitions, dependending on the scale and complexity of the competition. Anonymous or cooperative procedures, anonymity supports greater objectivity during the evaluation, in cooperative procedures, the authors are invited to make in-person presentations to the jury in order to explain their design strategies and allow individual discussion. In France and Germany design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost, most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built. Student competition Student competitions AB Student design competition Andersson E. Bloxham Zettersten, G. und Rönn, M. Architectural Competitions - Histories, stockholm, The Royal Institute of Technology and Rio Kulturkooperativ,2013
Architectural design competition
–
Competition for the design of the
Peace Palace in
The Hague, 1905 Entries (from left to right) by
Otto Wagner,
Franz Heinrich Schwechten,
Hendrik Petrus Berlage and built design by
Louis M. Cordonnier
Architectural design competition
Architectural design competition
Architectural design competition
23.
International Union of Architects
–
The International Union of Architects is an international non-governmental organization that represents over a million architects in 124 countries. The UIA was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1948, the General Secretariat is located in Paris. It is recognized by most United Nations agencies as the association in its field, including UNESCO, UNCHS, ESOSOC, UNIDO. The current president is Esa Mohamed from Malaysia, the UIA helds a triennal World Congress of Architecture each organised at a time by a member section in its respective country. In connection with the congress the general assembly of the organisation is held in which the office bearers. The next congress will be held in Seoul 2017 on the topic, Soul of City
International Union of Architects
–
USSR stamp and
souvenir sheet of 1958 dedicated to the 5th World Congress of Architecture
International Union of Architects
24.
Eero Saarinen
–
Eero Saarinen was a 20th-century Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neofuturistic style. Eero Saarinen was born on August 20,1910 to Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and his wife, Louise. They immigrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero was thirteen and he grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where his father taught and was dean of the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and he took courses in sculpture and furniture design there. He had a relationship with fellow students Charles and Ray Eames. Saarinen began studies in sculpture at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, France and he then went on to study at the Yale School of Architecture, completing his studies in 1934. Subsequently, he toured Europe and North Africa for a year, after his tour of Europe and North Africa, Saarinen returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. The firm was Saarinen, Swansen and Associates, headed by Eliel Saarinen, the firm was located in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, until 1961 when the practice was moved to Hamden, Connecticut. The Tulip Chair, like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the Knoll furniture company, founded by Hans Knoll, the competition award was mistakenly sent to his father. All of these designs were successful except for the Grasshopper lounge chair. One of Saarinens earliest works to international acclaim is the Crow Island School in Winnetka. The GM Technical Center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models, which allowed him to share his ideas with others, and gather input from other professionals. With the success of the scheme, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations such as John Deere, IBM, despite their rationality, however, the interiors usually contained more dramatic sweeping staircases, as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal Series. Saarinen served on the jury for the Sydney Opera House commission in 1957 and was crucial in the selection of the now internationally known design by Jørn Utzon, after his fathers death in July 1950, Saarinen founded his own architects office, Eero Saarinen and Associates. He was the partner from 1950 until his death in 1961. Many of these projects use catenary curves in their structural designs, one of the best-known thin-shell concrete structures in America is the Kresge Auditorium, which was designed by Saarinen. Another thin-shell structure that he created is Yales Ingalls Rink, which has suspension cables connected to a single backbone and is nicknamed the whale. The younger Saarinens leaded glass designs are a prominent feature of buildings throughout the campus. Saarinen was recruited by Donal McLaughlin, a school friend from his Yale days
Eero Saarinen
–
Eero Saarinen
Eero Saarinen
–
Womb Chair, Model No. 70, Designed 1947-1948
Brooklyn Museum
Eero Saarinen
–
"Pedestal" Armchair and Seat Cushion, Designed 1956
Brooklyn Museum
Eero Saarinen
–
Saarinen's
Gateway Arch in St. Louis
25.
Governor General of Canada
–
The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
Governor General of Canada
–
Incumbent
David Lloyd Johnston CC CMM COM CD FRSC(hon) FRCPSC(hon) since 1 October 2010
Governor General of Canada
–
Vincent Massey (far left), the first Canadian-born person appointed to the viceregal post since
Confederation.
Governor General of Canada
–
Michaëlle Jean reciting the oaths of office as administered by
Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005
Governor General of Canada
–
Georges Vanier, Canada's first
Francophone governor general
26.
Georges Vanier
–
Major-General Georges-Philéas Vanier PC DSO MC CD was a Canadian soldier and diplomat who served as Governor General of Canada, the 19th since Canadian Confederation. Vanier was born and educated in Quebec, in 1906, he was valedictorian when he graduated with a BA from Loyola College, one of Concordia Universitys founding institutions. Subsequently, Vanier returned to Canada and remained in the military until the early 1930s, Vanier proved to be a popular governor general, with his war record earning respect from the majority of Canadians, though, as a Quebecer, he was met with hostility by Quebec separatists. Vanier was born in the Little Burgundy neighbourhood of Montreal to an Irish mother and a French-Norman father, Vanier was called to the Quebec bar that year and, though he took up the practice of law, he considered entering the Catholic priesthood. But, with the outbreak of the First World War, he decided that offering his service to king and country should take priority, after Vanier, for his efforts, received the Military Cross in 1916, he continued fighting in the trenches. In late 1918, he led an attack at Chérisy and was shot in the chest and his recovery was lengthy, though he spent it in France, refusing to be evacuated while his fellow soldiers remained fighting. With the cessations of hostilities, however, Vanier, for his bravery, was awarded the Military Cross and given the 1914-15 Star. He thereafter returned to Montreal and once more found employment practicing law, on 29 September 1921, he married Pauline Archer and the couple had five children, including Thérèse Vanier and Jean Vanier. Vanier occupied that position for one year before again becoming aide-de-camp for Byngs viceregal successor. On 12 May 1937, Vanier, along with his son, Jean, watched from the roof of Canada House the coronation parade of their new king, George VI. In the procession below, Vanier would have one of the future governors general of Canada, Harold Alexander. In 1939, Vanier was elevated to the position of the Kings Envoy Extraordinary, throughout this time, Vanier attempted to convey to officials in Canada the seriousness of the situation in Europe, especially regarding refugees from the Nazi regime. Following the fall of Vichy France in 1944 to the Allied Forces, back in Paris, he and his wife continued to help the refugees who arrived at the embassy, arranging for them food and temporary shelter. It was in 1953 that Vanier retired from service and returned to Montreal, though he. Vanier simultaneously sat as a director of the Bank of Montreal, the Credit Foncier Franco-Canadien, and the Standard Life Assurance Company, Vanier was the first French Canadian governor general of Canada, his bilingualism proving to be an asset to his mandate of fostering Canadian unity. Following on that of Vincent Massey, an Anglophone, the appointment of Vanier established the tradition of rotating between French and English speaking persons, amongst most other circles in the country, however, he was lauded as a distinguished viceroy. I pray God that we may all go forward hand in hand and we cant run the risk of this great country falling into pieces. Despite his poor health, and his doctors warnings about strain, Vanier travelled across Canada and he was also active in encouraging children to achieve, using his role as Chief Scout of Canada to this end
Georges Vanier
–
Vanier as an officer in the 22nd Battalion of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1918.
Georges Vanier
–
Georges and Pauline Vanier in 1940
Georges Vanier
–
Vanier with
John Ross McLean,
Lester B. Pearson, and
Vincent Massey at
Canada House,
London, 1938
Georges Vanier
–
Vanier (seated, right), with
William Lyon Mackenzie King (seated, centre), and other members of the Canadian delegation dispatched to the United Kingdom to discuss war planning, 1941
27.
Great Lakes
–
Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the worlds surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is 94,250 square miles, and the volume is 5,439 cubic miles. Due to their sea-like characteristics the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the lakes have been a major highway for transportation, migration and trade, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade, and some threaten the regions biodiversity, though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, the lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the area of the entire basin is about the size of the UK. Lake Michigan is the one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U. S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes, Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, New York and Wisconsins jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes. This designation, however, is not universal and those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as the lower lakes, because they are farther south. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as down south, vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered upbound even though they are sailing toward its effluent current. The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man-made alterations, the St. Marys River, including the Soo Locks, connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron. The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron, the St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the Niagara River, including Niagara Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal, bypassing the Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, the Saint Lawrence River connects Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which connects to the Atlantic Ocean
Great Lakes
–
Satellite image of the Great Lakes, April 24, 2000, with lake names added
Great Lakes
–
Terra
MODIS image of the Great Lakes, January 27, 2005, showing ice beginning to build up around the shores of each of the lakes, with snow on the ground.
Great Lakes
–
Photograph of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron plus the
Finger Lakes of upstate New York, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the
International Space Station, with lake names added
Great Lakes
–
Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the
Great Lakes Megalopolis
28.
Marble
–
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
Marble
–
Marble in Carrrara marble quarry, Italy
Marble
Marble
–
The
Taj Mahal is entirely clad in marble.
Marble
–
Carlo Franzoni's sculptural marble
chariot clock depicting
Clio, the Greek
muse of history.
29.
Courthouse
–
A courthouse is a building that is home to a local court of law and often the regional county government as well, although this is not the case in some larger cities. The term is common in North America, in most other English-speaking countries, buildings which house courts of law are simply called courts or court buildings. In most of Continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies, the equivalent term is a palace of justice, in most counties in the United States, the local trial courts conduct their business in a centrally located courthouse which may also house county governmental offices. The courthouse is located in the county seat, although large metropolitan counties may have satellite or annex offices for their courts. In some cases this building may be renamed in some way or its function divided as between a building and administrative office building. Many judges also officiate at marriage ceremonies in their courthouse chambers. Either way, a typical courthouse will have one or more courtrooms, each United States district court also has a federally owned building that houses courtrooms, chambers and clerks offices. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California has a courthouse in Yosemite to hear misdemeanors, the courthouse is part of the iconography of American life and is equivalent to the city hall as the symbol of the municipium in European free cities. Courthouses are often shown in American cinema and they range from small-town rural buildings with a few rooms to huge metropolitan courthouses that occupy large plots of land. The style of American architecture used varies, with styles including federal, Greek Revival, neoclassicist. The Supreme Court of California ruled in 2002 that Los Angeles County was not liable to her three children under the California Government Tort Claims Act, after the Oklahoma City bombing, the federal government proceeded to heavily fortify all large federal buildings, including many urban courthouses. Some courthouses in areas with high levels of violent crime have redundant layers of security, see the category, Courthouses in Canada In Canada each municipality constructs its own courthouse, or several in the case of large cities. In smaller communities the court is in the building as the city hall. In the past many courthouses also included the local prison, one well-known court house in Canada is the Romanesque Revival Old City Hall in Toronto, Ontario. Lennox, Old City Hall was completed in 1899 and has been functioning as a municipal building ever since and this building can be described as Romanesque Revival due to multiple characteristics it shares with Romanesque architecture. Old City Hall has been designated a National Historical Site since 1989, appomattox Court House Court Courts of England and Wales List of courthouses
Courthouse
–
Bulloch County Courthouse in
Statesboro, Georgia, in the
United States.
Courthouse
–
Orange County, Vermont courthouse
Courthouse
–
Federal Courthouse,
Las Vegas, Nevada
Courthouse
–
The
Crook County Courthouse in
Prineville, Oregon
30.
Reflecting pool
–
A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a water feature found in gardens, parks, and at memorial sites. It usually consists of a pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets. Reflecting pools are designed with the outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation. They can be as small as a bath to as large as a major civic element. Their origins are from ancient Persian gardens, the Miroir deau on Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, France, is the worlds largest reflecting pool. The Mughal garden reflecting pools at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Chehel Sotoun in Iran The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the modernist Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada in Brasília, Brazil The King Center in Atlanta, Georgia commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located in New York City, has two reflecting pools on the location where the Twin Towers stood
Reflecting pool
–
Wells Cathedral in the reflecting pool of the garden of the
Bishop's Palace
Reflecting pool
–
The
Miroir d'eau by night in Bordeaux, France.
Reflecting pool
–
The reflecting pool of the
Taj Mahal
Reflecting pool
–
The reflecting pool in the Patio de los Arrayanes, at the Moorish
Alhambra of Granada, Spain
31.
Mayor of Toronto
–
This is a list of mayors of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Torontos first mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie was appointed in 1834 after his Reform coalition won the new City of Torontos first election, Torontos 65th and current mayor, John Tory, took office December 1,2014. From 1834 to 1857, and again from 1867 to 1873, instead, after each annual election of aldermen and councilmen, the assembled council would elect one of their members as mayor. For all other years, mayors were elected by popular vote. Prior to 1834, Toronto municipal leadership was governed by the Chairman of the General Quarter Session of Peace of the Home District Council. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, the City of Toronto has changed substantially over the years, the city annexed or amalgamated with neighbouring communities or areas 49 times from in 1883 to 1967. The newly created position of mayor for the resulting single-tier mega-city replaced all of the mayors of the former Metro municipalities and it also abolished the office of the Metro Chairman, which had formerly been the most senior political figure in the Metro government before amalgamation. According to Victor Loring Russell, author of Mayors of Toronto Volume I,14 out of the first 29 mayors were lawyers. According to Mark Maloney who is writing The History of the Mayors of Toronto,58 of Torontos 64 mayors have been Protestant, white, English-speaking, Anglo-Saxon, there have been two women and three Jewish mayors. Art Eggleton is the mayor of Toronto, serving from 1980 until 1991. Eggleton later served in politics from 1993 until 2004, and was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2005. David Breakenridge Read held the post of mayor of Toronto for the shortest period, Read was mayor for only fifty days in 1858. No Toronto mayor has been removed from office, Torontos 64th mayor, Rob Ford, lost a conflict of interest trial in 2012, and was ordered to vacate his position, but the ruling was stayed pending an appeal, which Ford won to remain in office. Due to his substance abuse admission and controversy in 2013, Council stripped him of many powers on November 15, from May until July,2014, Ford took a leave of absence from the mayoralty to enter drug rehabilitation. From 1953, Toronto was part of a municipality known as Metropolitan Toronto. This regional entity had the boundaries as present-day Toronto, but consisted of the City of Toronto and 12 other municipalities, each with its own mayor. From 1953 to 1997, the most senior figure in the Metropolitan Toronto government was the Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. In 1967, an internal amalgamation eliminated the seven smallest municipalities in Metropolitan Toronto, of these, the villages of Forest Hill and Swansea were amalgamated into the City of Toronto
Mayor of Toronto
–
Incumbent
John Tory since December 1, 2014
Mayor of Toronto
Mayor of Toronto
Mayor of Toronto
32.
Green roof
–
A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a barrier and drainage. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater. They effectively utilize the natural functions of plants to filter water, the term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels. See the PDF at for more information, Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off. Many green roofs are installed to comply with regulations and government fees. In areas with combined systems, heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood. Green roofs decrease the amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via condensation and transpiration, combating the urban heat island effect is another reason for creating a green roof. Traditional building materials soak up the radiation and re-emit it as heat. On Chicagos City Hall, by contrast, which features a roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1. 4–4.4 °C cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, Green roofs are a type of low impact development. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. Following this and other studies, it has now estimated that if all the roofs in a major city were greened. Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited space in cities. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds. Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds, an additional environmental benefit of greens roofs is the ability to sequester carbon. Carbon is the component of plant matter and is naturally absorbed by plant tissue
Green roof
–
Traditional
sod roof in Ljungris, Sweden
Green roof
–
Traditional
sod roofs can be seen in many places in the
Faroe Islands.
Green roof
–
Green Roof at the
British Horse Society headquarters
Green roof
–
Green roof of
Chicago City Hall
33.
Doors Open Toronto
–
Doors Open Toronto was developed as a millennium project in 2000, by the City of Toronto and has since attracted over 1.7 million residents and tourists. Doors Open Toronto gives people of all ages and backgrounds the opportunity to learn about Torontos history, get involved, Doors Open Toronto was the first city in North America to launch this type of program, and it has inspired similar programs across Canada and in the United States. Many participating buildings organize guided tours, exhibits, displays, most buildings are open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m. on both Saturday and Sunday, however some only open for limited hours. The public is advised to check the buildings to visit section of the official website, the list of buildings is made public on May 1 of the calendar year. Some Doors Open Toronto highlighted buildings include, R. C, harris Water Treatment Plant, Mackenzie House, and TTC carthouses. Doors Open Toronto relies heavily on the support of sponsors, the Toronto Star releases the official Doors Open Toronto program guide in May of each year and has been a vital supporter of the program. In 2012, City TV and Omni Television also came on board as Doors Open Toronto media sponsors, Doors Open Toronto is managed by the Cultural Services and Special Events Departments at the City of Toronto. Doors Open Toronto relies on the support, as well as enthusiasm of hundreds of volunteers, applications are available each fall and can be found on the Doors Open Toronto website. Since then, Doors Open Toronto has been held on the weekend of May
Doors Open Toronto
–
Canadian Broadcasting Centre
Doors Open Toronto
–
Doors Open Toronto logo
Doors Open Toronto
–
Toronto City Hall
Doors Open Toronto
–
Guided tour at the
Archives of Ontario
34.
Star Trek
–
Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
Star Trek
–
The Star Trek logo as it appears in the reboot
Star Trek
–
The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise.
Star Trek
–
Star Trek creator, producer and writer
Gene Roddenberry
Star Trek
–
Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock, played by
William Shatner and
Leonard Nimoy, pictured here in The Original Series.
35.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
–
Star Trek, The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran between 1987 and 1994. Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor served as producers at different times throughout its production. The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The first episode takes place in the year 2364,100 years after the start of the mission described in the original series. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the fifth to bear the name within the franchises storyline and these are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission, to strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations. TNG premiered the week of September 28,1987, drawing 27 million viewers, in total,176 episodes were made, ending with the two-hour finale All Good Things. The week of May 23,1994, the series was broadcast in first-run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations. Three additional Star Trek spin-offs followed The Next Generation, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, Star Trek, Voyager, and Star Trek, Enterprise. The series formed the basis for the seventh through to the tenth of the Star Trek films, and is also the setting of novels, comic books. In its seventh season, Star Trek, The Next Generation became the first, the series received a number of accolades including 19 Emmy Awards, two Hugo Awards, five Saturn Awards, and a Peabody Award. The series follows the adventures of a crew on board the starship USS Enterprise, the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry. The series is set about 70 years after the mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. Beverly Crusher, conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge, and junior officer Lieutenant Worf, the death of Lieutenant Yar in the series first season prompts an internal shuffle of personnel, making Worf official chief of security. Geordi La Forge is promoted to engineer at the beginning of season 2. The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise-D put on trial by a nefarious, the god-like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages, forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared. After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster, the crew departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds. Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures, several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists, including the Ferengi, the Cardassian, and the Borg
Star Trek: The Next Generation
–
Star Trek: The Next Generation
36.
The Kidnapping of the President
–
The Kidnapping of the President is a 1980 Canadian-American political thriller film starring William Shatner, Hal Holbrook, Van Johnson and Ava Gardner. It was produced and directed by George Mendeluk and co-produced by John Ryan from a screenplay by Richard Murphy and Charles Templeton, the original music was by Nash the Slash and Paul Zaza and the cinematography by Mike Molloy. The film was made by Presidential Films and Sefel Films and distributed by Crown International Pictures, the elaborate bomb keeps the Secret Service at bay until Assanti is killed. However, the explosives are timed to detonate at midnight, so Secret Service agent Jerry OConnor has to find a way into the truck to rescue the President before it detonates, also involved are U. S Vice-President Ethan Richards and his wife Beth. The film differs in a number of ways from the novel by Charles Templeton on which it was based. The novel set the kidnapping in New York Citys Herald Square, the Kidnapping of the President at the Internet Movie Database
The Kidnapping of the President
–
Theatrical Film Poster
37.
William Shatner
–
William Shatner is a Canadian actor, author, producer, and director. In his seven decades of television, Shatner became an icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS Enterprise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek and he has written a series of science fiction novels called TekWar, which were adapted for television. Shatner also appeared in the NBC series, 3rd Rock from the Sun in seasons 4 and 5 as the role of the Big Giant Head whom the characters of the Series reported to. He has worked as a musician, an author, a director, and he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the final season of the legal drama The Practice and its spinoff series Boston Legal, a role that earned him two Emmy Awards. Shatner was born on March 22,1931, in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Anne and Joseph Shatner and he has two sisters, Joy and Farla. His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the name to Shatner. All of Shatners grandparents were Jewish immigrants, and he was raised in Conservative Judaism, Shatner attended two schools in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Willingdon Elementary School and Westhill High School, and is an alumnus of the Montreal Childrens Theatre. He studied Economics at the McGill University Faculty of Management in Montreal, Canada, in June 2011, McGill University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Letters. Shatner began performing at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, in 1954, he was cast as Ranger Bob on The Canadian Howdy Doody Show. Shatner was an understudy to Christopher Plummer, the two would appear as adversaries in Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. Shatner had a role in an Alfred Hitchcock Presents third-season episode titled The Glass Eye. In 1959, he received good reviews when he played the role of Lomax in the Broadway production of The World of Suzie Wong. He appeared twice as Wayne Gorham in NBCs Outlaws Western series with Barton MacLane, in 1961, he starred in the Broadway play A Shot in the Dark with Julie Harris and directed by Harold Clurman. Walter Matthau and Gene Saks were also featured in this play, Shatner featured in two episodes of the NBC television series Thriller and the film The Explosive Generation. Guthrie had called the young Shatner the Stratford Festivals most promising actor, Shatner was not as successful as the others, however, and during the 1960s he became a working actor who showed up on time, knew his lines, worked cheap and always answered his phone. His motto was Work equals work, but Shatners willingness to take any role, no matter how forgettable, in the 1963–1964 season, he appeared in episodes of two ABC series, Channing and The Outer Limits. In 1963, he starred in the Family Theater production called The Soldier and that same year, he guest starred in Route 66, in the episode, Build Your Houses with Their Backs to the Sea
William Shatner
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Shatner as Capt. Kirk in Star Trek
William Shatner
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Shatner (
Archie Goodwin, left) and
Kurt Kasznar (
Nero Wolfe) in the aborted 1959
CBS television series
Nero Wolfe
William Shatner
–
Shatner's star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame
William Shatner
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Shatner's star on
Canada's Walk of Fame
38.
Hal Holbrook
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Harold Rowe Hal Holbrook Jr. is an American film and stage actor and television director. Holbrook first received acclaim in 1954 for a one-man stage show he developed while studying at Denison University. He made his debut in Sidney Lumets The Group. He later gained fame for his performance as Deep Throat in the 1976 film All the Presidents Men. He was known for his role as Abraham Lincoln in the 1976 miniseries Lincoln and he has also appeared in such other films as Julia, The Fog, Creepshow, The Firm, Hercules, and Men of Honor. Holbrooks role as Ron Franz in Sean Penns Into the Wild earned him both Screen Actors Guild Award and Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor, until Robert Duvall was nominated for an Academy Award in 2015, Holbrook was the oldest actor to receive a Best Supporting Actor nomination. In 2009, Holbrook received critical acclaim for his performance as recently retired farmer, Abner Meecham, as a television actor, Holbrook is known for starring in and directing four episodes in Designing Women as Reese Watson, opposite his wife, Dixie Carter. Later in his career, he has starred in roles in Sons of Anarchy, The Event. He has guest-starred in many acclaimed television series such as NCIS, The West Wing, The Sopranos, ER, Bones, Greys Anatomy. Holbrook has won five Primetime Emmy Awards and a Tony Award for his 1966 portrayal of Twain in Mark Twain Tonight, in 2003, Holbrook was honored with the National Humanities Medal by President George W. Bush. Holbrook was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Aileen Holbrook, a vaudeville dancer, and Harold Rowe Holbrook Sr. After being abandoned by his parents at age two, he and his two sisters were raised by his paternal grandparents first in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and then in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood. From 1942 through 1946, Holbrook served in the United States Army in World War II and was stationed in Newfoundland, while stationed in Newfoundland, he performed in theater productions such as the play Madam Precious. Holbrooks first solo performance as Twain was at Lock Haven State Teachers College in Pennsylvania in 1954, Ed Sullivan saw him and gave Holbrook his first national exposure on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 12,1956. Holbrook was also a member of the Valley Players, a theater company based in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He joined The Lamns in 1955, where he began developing his one-man show and he was a member of the cast for several years and performed Mark Twain Tonight as the 1957 season opener. The State Department even sent him on a European tour, which included pioneering appearances behind the Iron Curtain, in 1959, Holbrook first played the role off-Broadway. Columbia Records recorded an LP of excerpts from the show, Holbrook performed in a special production for the New York Worlds Fair for the Bell Telephone Pavilion
Hal Holbrook
–
Holbrook in the 1977 TV adaptation of the play
Our Town.
Hal Holbrook
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Hal Holbrook in The Brighter Day Scene, August 1954
Hal Holbrook
–
President
George W. Bush and
Laura Bush pose for a photo with Holbrook (center), a recipient of the
National Humanities Medal in the
Oval Office on November 14, 2003.
Hal Holbrook
–
Holbrook in December 2009
39.
The Tuxedo
–
The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy–action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. Jimmy Tong is a taxi driver notorious for his speed and ability to get his customers anywhere in the least amount of time and his reputation lands him a job as the personal chauffeur of the mysterious but wealthy Clark Devlin. Jimmy does not really know what his new job is, but Devlins friendly nature, imperturbable demeanor, and willingness to offer Jimmy advice wins Jimmy over. The tuxedo is a capable of granting its wearer special abilities which Jimmy must use to stop the criminal organization responsible for Devlins attempted murder. The group is a terrorist organization disguised as a corporation named Banning Corporation and is headed by the notorious and its goal is to take over the global drinking water supply, starting with the poisoning of major US reservoirs by means of genetically modified water strider insects. These water striders have bacteria that can spread from person to person, by pure chance Jimmy is joined by a genius scientist with aspirations of field work, Delilah Del Blaine. At first, Blaine thinks Jimmy is weird and annoying, and she confiscates his borrowed tuxedo and attempts to stop the evil Dietrich Banning on her own by feigning a desire to become a turncoat for Banning Corporation. Using his own tuxedo, Jimmy defeats the villain, Banning and he is then infected with bacteria from the water strider. The other remaining water striders do the same and they attack Banning and he then dies instantaneously. As compensation for his role in bringing down Banning, the organization uses its resources to orchestrate an operation so that Jimmy can finally meet his dream girl, feeling a tentative attraction for each other, they walk away to buy coffee. Both composers ultimately had cues included in the final version, varèse Sarabande released a soundtrack album on October 1,2002, including different cues written by the composers for the same scenes. Cues by Debney are in italics, cues by Beck in bold, on a reported budget of $60 million, the movie grossed $50,547,998 in the United States. In its opening weekend the film grossed a moderate $15 million from 3,022 theaters, the film total worldwide gross is $104,391,623 USD. The film received negative reviews from critics. Based on 138 reviews, the currently has a rating of 22% on Rotten Tomatoes. List of films featuring powered exoskeletons The Tuxedo at the Internet Movie Database The Tuxedo at Rotten Tomatoes The Tuxedo at Box Office Mojo Jackie Chan interview for The Tuxedo
The Tuxedo
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The Tuxedo
40.
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
–
Resident Evil, Apocalypse is a 2004 science fiction action horror film directed by Alexander Witt and written by Paul W. S. Anderson. It is the installment in the Resident Evil film series. The film opened to theaters on September 10,2004, on a budget of $40 million, the film grossed $51 million domestically and $129 million worldwide, surpassing the box office gross of the previous installment. Resident Evil, Apocalypse received mostly negative reviews critics, who praised the action sequences. The film was released to DVD on December 28,2004, when the team reprograms and opens the sealed blast doors, they are slaughtered by the massive crowd of T-virus infected zombies. With the zombies released, they reach Raccoon City, spreading the infection among the general population, Alice awakens in the deserted Raccoon City hospital attached to wiring, and after unstrapping herself, she manages to exit her room. Finding no one in the hospital, she wanders outside only to find the city a ghost town and she arms herself with a shotgun from a police car and wanders the city looking for supplies. She is constantly disturbed by visions of a man, who was revealed to be experimenting on her, she now has superhuman agility, however, the T-virus infects a man having a heart attack, turning him into a zombie that bites Payton at the city gates. Elsewhere, Carlos Olivera and other Umbrella soldiers link up with Special Tactics And Rescue Squad units to defend against an onslaught of zombies. Their positions are overrun, causing Carlos and his team to retreat with a bitten Yuri, Jill, Payton, and news reporter Terri Morales lock themselves in a church, where a panicked man is also hiding. Inspecting the church, Jill finds a priest who has been feeding other people to his zombified sister and they soon find the church is full of Lickers. The priest and the man are killed, but Jill, Payton. In the meantime, Umbrella dispatches their Nemesis Program to fight the zombies in order to test him, when Nemesis encounters a surviving citizen, L. J. and members of S. T. A. R. S. The latter open fire on Nemesis, Nemesis guns the team down but spares L. J. s life when he drops his weapons. Meanwhile, Dr. Ashford has refused extraction, since Angela is missing and he hacks into the citys CCTV system, uses it to contact Alice and the other survivors, and offers to arrange their evacuation in exchange for their rescuing Angela. Alice, seeing no escape, accepts the offer. Seeing no choice, the others join Alice in heading for the school, however, Nemesis appears and shoots Payton dead. Alice separates and assaults him, but she is overwhelmed and forced into retreat, Jill and Terri make it to the school, and they pick up L. J. on the way
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
–
Theatrical Release poster
41.
The Sentinel (2006 film)
–
The film stars Michael Douglas as the veteran agent, Kiefer Sutherland as his protégé, Eva Longoria as a rookie Secret Service agent, and Kim Basinger in the role of the First Lady. It is based on the novel of the name by former Secret Service Agent Gerald Petievich. It was filmed in Washington, D. C. and in the Canadian cities of Toronto and Kleinburg, pete Garrison is a Secret Service agent and one of the personal bodyguards for First Lady of the United States Sarah Ballentine, with whom he is having an affair. He is one of the oldest and most experienced agents, having been involved in saving Ronald Reagans life and his close friend and fellow agent, Charlie Merriweather, is murdered. Garrison gets word from an informant that the killing of Merriweather is related to an assassination plot against the President. The intelligence provided by the informant reveals the presence of a mole with access to the Presidents security detail, the Secret Service Protective Intelligence Division, led by Garrisons estranged friend and former protégé David Breckinridge, with rookie partner Jill Marin, is tasked with investigating the plot. Breckinridge orders every agent to be subjected to a polygraph test, after delaying for some time, Garrison is subjected to a polygraph. The agent in charge of the Presidential Protective Division, William Montrose, as the President and first lady visit Camp David, Garrisons informant calls, demanding that his payment be made at a shopping mall food court. Garrison goes to him, but he disappears in the crowd. The agents pursue the assassin, but he escapes, simultaneously, the presidential helicopter is shot down by a surface-to-air missile outside of Camp David, though neither the President nor his wife were aboard. Garrison failed the polygraph test due to concealing his affair with the First Lady, Breckinridge confronts him at his home and interrogates him, pinning him as the prime suspect. The source of rancor between them comes to light, Breckinridge believes Garrison had an affair with his wife and caused the breakup of their marriage, Garrison escapes capture and conducts his own investigation of the assassination plot. He tries to contact the informant who gave him the tip, in pursuit, Breckinridge gets the drop on Garrison but is unable to kill him, despite having given other agents shoot to kill orders. Using his contacts with agents and family members, Garrison tracks down the location of one of the assassins. He searches his apartment, finding evidence that shows the perpetrators are headed to Toronto to attack the president at a G8 summit. He leaves it in the apartment and tells Marin about it, the Presidents wife discloses her affair with Garrison to Breckinridge, who now understands why Garrison failed his polygraph test. Together in Toronto, Garrison and Breckinridge discover the identity of the assassins and the mole, senior agent William Montrose, Montrose is in charge of directing security at the summit. The leader of the assassins blackmails Montrose into helping him, threatening the agents family, emotionally torn, Montrose is instructed to jam Secret Services radios, and leave the summit with the President via a specific route
The Sentinel (2006 film)
–
The Sentinel
42.
Group of Eight
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The G8 is an inter-governmental political forum of the world′s major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies. The summit came to be known as the Group of Seven, or G7, Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In March 2014 Russia was suspended following the annexation of Crimea, however, the European Union is represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a nonenumerated participant, but originally could not host or chair summits. The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host, collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP. G7 can refer to the states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G7 heads of government. The former term, G6, is now applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union. G7 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers, G7 foreign ministers, or G7 environment ministers. Each calendar year the responsibility of hosting the G8 is rotated through the states in the following order, France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy. The holder of the sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year. Nevertheless, the G7/G8 retains its relevance as a group for the West. The concept of a forum for the major industrialized countries emerged prior to the 1973 oil crisis. When running the idea past President Nixon, he noted that he would be out of town and offered use of the White House, taking their name from the setting, this original group of four became known as the Library Group. In mid-1973, at the World Bank-IMF meetings, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan to the four nations. The informal gathering of senior officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan. Presidents, moreover, Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau was forced into an early election, of the members of the Group of Five, all were new to the job with the exception of Pierre Trudeau. S. President Gerald Ford could get together in a retreat and discuss election results. Until the 1985 Plaza Accord no one outside a tight official circle knew when the seven finance ministers met, the summit was announced the day before and a communiqué was issued afterwards. Following 1994s G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held meetings with leaders of the G7 after the groups summits
Group of Eight
–
At the 34th G8 Summit at
Toyako, Hokkaido, formal photo during Tanabata matsuri event for world leaders—
Silvio Berlusconi (Italy),
Dmitry Medvedev (Russia),
Angela Merkel (Germany),
Gordon Brown (UK),
Yasuo Fukuda (Japan),
George W. Bush (U.S.),
Stephen Harper (Canada),
Nicolas Sarkozy (France),
José Manuel Barroso (EU)—July 7, 2008.
Group of Eight
Group of Eight
–
Leaders of the G8 on 18 June 2013, in
Lough Erne, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Group of Eight
–
G8 leaders confer during the
2009 summit in
L'Aquila (
Abruzzo, Italy).
43.
Red (2010 film)
–
Red is a 2010 American action comedy film inspired by the limited comic book series of the same name created by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner and published by the DC Comics imprint Homage. In the film version, the title is derived from the designation of former CIA Agent Frank Moses, meaning Retired, the film was released on October 15,2010. The film grossed $199 million worldwide, in 2011, the film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Musical or Comedy Film. A sequel, Red 2, was released on July 19,2013, another sequel, Red 3, is in development. Frank Moses, retired black-ops CIA agent, lives alone in Cleveland, lonely, Frank often chats on the phone with Sarah Ross, a worker at the General Services Administrations Pension Office in Kansas City, Missouri. He creates opportunities to talk to her by tearing up his pension checks, one night, a wetwork squad raids Franks house and attempts to kill him, but he easily wipes them out. Knowing they have tapped his phone, he believes Sarah will be targeted, in Kansas City, as Sarah refuses to go with him, he forcibly ties her up and gags her with duct tape. Meanwhile, CIA agent William Cooper is assigned by his boss, Cynthia Wilkes, to hunt down, to find out who is targeting him, Frank tracks down his old associates for help. He goes to New Orleans, Louisiana and visits his C. I. A, mentor, Joe Matheson, who now lives in a nursing home. Joe tells Frank that the hit squad murdered a reporter for The New York Times. Locked in a motel by Frank, Sarah escapes, another agent, posing as a police officer, tries to kidnap her, but Frank returns in time. Cooper attacks them, but Frank tricks the police into arresting Cooper, the two head to New York City and find clues left behind by the deceased reporter, which leads them to a hit list. They then find Marvin Boggs, another former black ops agent, Marvin tells them the people on the list, including Frank and Marvin, are connected to a secret 1981 mission in Guatemala. Another person on the list, Gabriel Singer, is still alive, the trio tracks down Singer, who tells them that the mission involved extracting a person from a village. Singer is then assassinated by a helicopter-borne machine-gunner, and the team escapes as Cooper closes in, Frank goes to ex-Russian secret agent Ivan Simanov, who helps him infiltrate CIA headquarters. In the CIA archive, the keeper, who has much respect for Frank. Frank confronts Cooper in his office and the two have a vicious fight, though victorious, Frank is shot during his escape. Having escaped an attempt on his life, Joe arrives and helps extract the team and they hide out in the home of former wetwork agent Victoria, who treats Franks wound and joins the team
Red (2010 film)
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Theatrical release poster
Red (2010 film)
–
Mirren and Willis at a panel for the film at
San Diego Comic-Con in July 2010
44.
Flashpoint (TV series)
–
Flashpoint is a Canadian police drama television series that debuted on July 11,2008 on CTV. In the United States, the originally aired on CBS, then aired on Ion Television. The series was broadcast on the Canadian French-language network V in Quebec, the series was created by Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern and stars Hugh Dillon, Amy Jo Johnson, David Paetkau, Sergio Di Zio and Enrico Colantoni. It was announced January 25,2011 that Ion Television had acquired all rights to the held by CBS including the option to continue production. After the fourth season of Flashpoint concluded, a season was ordered. On May 1,2012, the announced that the fifth season would be the last of the series. The series finale aired on December 13,2012, the show focuses on a fictional elite tactical unit, the Strategic Response Unit, within a Canadian metropolitan police force. The SRU are tasked to resolve extreme situations that regular officers are not trained to handle, including hostage-taking, bomb threats, although the team is seldom seen doing so, they do sometimes discuss the day job of serving high-risk arrest warrants. Equipped with high-tech tools and a cache of weapons and explosives, members use negotiation tactics and intuition to try to avoid the use of deadly force, the outcome of a given situation is often determined by a split-second decision, hence the shows title. Ruth Marshall left the series after Season 1 and Mark Taylor left after the episode of Season 2 after his character, Lou. During Amy Jo Johnsons maternity leave, she was replaced by Jessica Steen. Steen left the main cast in the episode of Season 2, Part 1. Taylor was replaced by Olunike Adeliyi, who portrays Leah Kerns as of the episode of Season 2. In season 4, episode 5, Michael Cram, known as Wordy, Cram was replaced by Clé Bennett, portraying Rafik Rousseau. This character left by the first episode of Season 5, two episodes later, Adeliyis character returned to Team One. In an interview, the creators stated that they liked to cast only Canadians in Flashpoint. The latter two both reside in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Bass holds dual Canadian-U. S, Flashpoint began life in 2005 as a part of a CTV project that encouraged actors to submit scripts to the network. The original Flashpoint script was for a two-hour TV movie, cTVs interest in the project led to Flashpoints being reworked as a regular CTV series, which was approved in mid-December 2007
Flashpoint (TV series)
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Flashpoint intertitle
Flashpoint (TV series)
45.
Cavalcade of Lights Festival
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See also, Festival of Lights Cavalcade of Lights is an annual event highlighting the lighting of the official City of Toronto Christmas tree at Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto. The event has been held annually since 1967, the event falls on the final weekend of November to kick off the holiday season with the official illumination of the square and Christmas tree. The lighting display features the official Christmas tree and more than 300,000 energy-efficient LED lights that are illuminated from dusk to 11,00 p. m. every night throughout the holiday season. In 2004, the event expanded city-wide by adding displays of energy-efficient LED lighting in Toronto neighbourhoods, the Cavalcade of Lights has presented Canadian and international performers as part of each years festivities. Past performers in recent years have included,2005, Esthero, In Essence, Patrizia Rock Soprano Lisa Odjig, DJ Starting from Scratch, Circus Orange and the Arabesque Dance Company. 2006, Joel Plaskett, jacksoul, God Made Me Funky, Stabilo, Lindy, Divine Brown, Faith Chorale and Kayte Burgess. 2007, Kim Stockwood, Murray McLauchlan, Nikki Yanofsky, Sarah Slean, Louis Pitre, Jully Black, Suzi McNeil, DJ Alvaro, Tomi Swick, DJ Tricky Moreira, The Golden Dogs and In-Flight Safety. 2014, Maestro Fresh Wes, Kardinal Offishall, and Shad Main website https, //vimeo. com/80768345
Cavalcade of Lights Festival
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Cavalcade of lights banner on speaker stack, with stage in background
46.
Toronto City Council
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The Toronto City Council is the governing body of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Members represent wards throughout the city, and are known as councillors, for ease of electoral division, wards are based upon the citys federal electoral districts as of the year 2000. While the federal districts have been redistributed since then, the boundaries remain the same. The city council has 45 members,44 ward councillors plus the mayor, the current decision making framework and committee structure at the City of Toronto was established by the City of Toronto Act and came into force January 1,2007. The decision-making process at the City of Toronto involves committees that report to City Council, Committees propose, review and debate policies and recommendations before their arrival at City Council for debate. Citizens and residents can only make deputations on policy at committees, each City Councillor sits on one committee. The Mayor is a member of all committees and is entitled to one vote, There are three types of committees at the City of Toronto, the Executive Committee, Standing Committees and other Committees of Council. The City posts agendas for council and committee meetings on its website, the Executive Committee is an advisory body chaired by the mayor. The Executive Committee is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, the role of the Executive Committee is to set the City of Torontos priorities, manage financial planning and budgeting, labour relations, human resources, and the operation of City Council. Source, City of Toronto There are eleven other committees that report to Toronto City Council, the seven standing policy committees are, There are four other committees that report to Council, Source, City of Toronto All members of Toronto city council serve on a community council. Community Councils report to City Council but they also have final decision-making power on certain items, such as front yard parking and appointments to local boards, the city is divided into four community councils. The salary for the mayor was $177,499 for 2014, the salary for a city councillor was $105,397 for 2014. In 2017, Councillor pay will be $111,955, the office of the Mayor is located on the second floor at Toronto City Hall. The general public and media can access it via stairs, office staff and the Mayor can reach the office by elevator from the ground floor or the garage. Staffing roles and hiring is directed by the Mayor and not by Council or City of Toronto, before that Toronto had a Board of Control, as did former cities North York and Etobicoke. Vacancies in a seat may be filled in one of two ways, either by the holding of a by-election or through direct appointment of an interim councillor chosen by the council in an internal vote. The process often results in public debate, however, the by-election process is widely seen as more democratic, while the appointment process is seen as less expensive for the city to undertake. Peter Leon considered registering as a candidate in the 2014 election following his appointment as a councillor in 2013
Toronto City Council
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Toronto City Council
Toronto City Council
–
The inaugural meeting of the newly elected Toronto City Council in January 1911.
47.
Metro Hall
–
Metro Hall is a 27-storey Postmodern office tower at the corner of Wellington and John Streets in Toronto, Canada. It looks out onto Pecaut Square, Part of the three-tower Metro Centre complex, the building was completed in 1992 to house the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its employees. The building continues to be used in other capacities by the new City of Toronto following municipal amalgamation in 1998, following Metros inception in 1954, its politicians and employees were scattered in more than a dozen buildings around Toronto. Two proposals for a new hall exclusively for Metro use were shortlisted, the proposal by CN called for a building adjacent to the SkyDome. The winning proposal by Marathon Realty was a cluster of three towers looking down on Roy Thomson Hall and it was built to the west of downtown in the former industrial area that saw a number of major developments around the same time. The plan was not without controversy, the massive structure cost approximately $211 million, which many felt could be better spent. Proponents of the claimed that the building would save money in the long term due to savings on rent. The agreement to build the new Hall was signed in 1988, and it was linked to the PATH underground walkway system, stretching the underground walkway system further west. Only the main building housed Metro employees with the two smaller structures rented out by Marathon to private companies, Pecaut Square, a large public square between the buildings, was completed as part of the Metro Hall project. It was formerly known as Metro Square, but in April 2011, the lower level of the main building contains other amenities such as a community centre and library. In 1998 the Metro level of government was merged with the city governments, Metro Hall was nonetheless used temporarily while City Hall was refitted to accommodate the large number of councillors. The empty council chamber was used as a homeless shelter in 1999 at the behest of then city councillor Jack Layton. There was some talk of selling Metro Hall, but it remains in use for municipal employees. In 2001 the city asked for bids, but the highest received was $125 million, Metro Hall was used for filming in the Left Behind films as the U. N. building, or Global Community Headquarters. It was also used for television shows including an episode of 1-800-Missing. A scene from the 2010 film Saw 3D, involving a trap, was filmed at Pecaut Square. The building has been protected under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act, the designation notes that the architects are Brisbin Brook Beynon Architects. East York Civic Centre Etobicoke Civic Centre Scarborough Civic Centre York Civic Centre North York Civic Centre Toronto City Hall Mel Lastman Square Albert Campbell Square Nathan Phillips Square
Metro Hall
–
Metro Hall as seen from Pecaut Square.
48.
East York Civic Centre
–
The East York Civic Centre was the municipal office of the former Borough of East York, Canada, now part of Toronto as the result of municipal amalgamation. The two-storey civic buildings, located on the side of Coxwell Avenue, were completed in 1990. Prior to 1990 it was the site of the East York Municipal Offices, the Township of East York Municipal Building was located nearby at 243 Sammon Avenue. Since 1998, the offices have not been used as council chambers, the East York Community Council became the Downtown Community Council and sits at Toronto City Hall. From 2002 to 2005, the chambers were used to hold public hearings in the Toronto Computer Leasing Inquiry. It now houses various offices and city services department for residents of East York. A farmers market takes place at the Civic Centre from May to November, a cenotaph is located on the Civic Centres Memorial Gardens, a simple park surrounding the building. The True Davidson Chambers is named for former mayor True Davidson, the chambers is rectangular room with a semi-circular desk seating 11 members and small second floor visitors gallery. North York Civic Centre Etobicoke Civic Centre Scarborough Civic Centre York Civic Centre Metro Hall Toronto City Hall
East York Civic Centre
–
East York Civic Centre
49.
Etobicoke Civic Centre
–
The Etobicoke Civic Centre in the Eatonville neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, once housed the municipal government of the former City of Etobicoke. The building was built in 1958 by the firm Shore and Moffat to replace the single storey brick Township of Etobicoke Municipal Hall at 4946 Dundas Street, the building exterior is clad in Queenston limestone and framed by glass and aluminum. The original building features a clock tower with a non-numeric clock face. A limestone cenotaph was constructed in 1968 in memory of those who gave their lives in World War I, World War II, the original plan was to convert the clock tower as a cenotaph. The war dates are located on a plaque and above it a large metal cross. Adjacent to the Cenotaph, a plaque commemorating Corporal Frederick George Topham. The Board of Education and Ontario Hydro built structures next to the Civic Centre, in 1973 an addition was added to the original by the same architectural firm. Etobicoke was amalgamated into the City of Toronto in 1998, the building also houses a number of local municipal departments and services. A farmers market operates from spring to fall yearly, the historic Applewood Shaver House across the street is used for weddings. A lone male entered the Civic Centre and caused damaged to the exterior and interior as well as City vehicles on March 28 or 29,2016. The new site will require the re-construction of the current intersection at Six Points, the new location will house city offices as well as, recreation centre public library child care centre central civic square
Etobicoke Civic Centre
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Etobicoke Civic Centre
50.
North York Civic Centre
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The North York Civic Centre is a building that once served as the city hall for the former City of North York, Ontario, Canada. Designed by Adamson Associates Architects, the building is located on Yonge Street north of Sheppard Avenue, the construction of the building was intended to act as a catalyst for the development of the North York City Centre, a downtown area for the formerly suburban North York. The building received The Governor Generals Medal for Architecture in 1982, with municipal amalgamation, North York is now part of the City of Toronto, and the building no longer serves as a city hall. Today, the building is home to the North York Community Council, opposite the Civic Centre is the North York Central branch of the Toronto Public Library. The Civic Centre is served by the Toronto Transit Commissions North York Centre subway station
North York Civic Centre
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North York Civic Centre
