1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Cadillac Fairview
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Cadillac Fairview Corporation Limited is a Canadian company that invests in, owns, and manages commercial real estate, mainly in Canada and the United States. The name Cadillac Fairview came into existence in 1974 as a result of the merger between Cadillac Development Corporation Ltd and Fairview Corporation, Cadillac Development Corporation was founded by partners Ephraim Diamond, Joseph Berman, and Jack Kamin in Toronto in 1953 as a developers of high-rise apartment buildings. Fairview Corporation was established in 1958 as the estate division of Cemp Investments. Before merging, Cadillac and Fairview already had strong ties since 1968, Cadillac Fairview owns, develops and manages property, malls and large office and retail spaces across the Western Hemisphere, mostly in North America. Cadillac Fairview has also developed housing, such as the Erin Mills New Town. The company was purchased by the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan in March 2000, in 2006 it expanded its operations to Brazil. As of March 2017, the states that its portfolio of 73 properties. According to Cadillac Fairview, this change was intended to link the Corporation with a shopping experience in the minds of Canadian consumers. Notable properties managed by Cadillac Fairview, some co-owned with other investors, are listed below
5.
Eaton's
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Eaton Company Ltd. was a Canadian department store retailer, and once Canadas largest. It was founded in 1869 in Toronto by Timothy Eaton, a Presbyterian Ulster Scot immigrant from what is now Northern Ireland. Eatons grew to become a retail and social institution in Canada, with stores across the country, buying offices around the globe, a changing economic and retail environment in the late 20th century and mismanagement culminated in the chains bankruptcy in 1999. In an era when haggling for goods was the norm, the chain proclaimed We propose to sell our goods for CASH ONLY – In selling goods, in addition it had the long-standing slogan Goods Satisfactory or Money Refunded. In 1869 Timothy Eaton sold his interest in a small store in the market town of St. Marys, Ontario and bought a dry-goods. The first store was only 24 by 60 feet, with two windows, and was located a fair distance from Torontos then fashionable shopping district of King Street West. The business prospered, and Eaton moved the store one block north in August 1883 into much larger premises at 190 Yonge Street, the store’s first telephone, with phone number 370, was installed in 1885. In 1886, the first elevator in an establishment in Toronto was installed in the Eaton store. Eaton maintained the lease on the empty store at 178 Yonge Street until its expiry in 1884 in order to delay the plans of one of his competitors. Over time, the competition between the Simpsons and Eaton’s department stores, facing each other across Queen Street West, became one of Toronto’s great business rivalries, by 1896, Eatons was billing itself as Canada’s Greatest Store. The store continued to expand in size, and new buildings were constructed to house the mail order division, the number of people employed in Eatons operations numbered 17,500 in 1911. In 1919, the Eatons buildings in Toronto contained a space of over 60 acres. At the beginning of the 20th century, Eatons conducted a business in Western Canada through its catalogue. Eatons considered Winnipeg, Manitoba as the most logical location for a new mail order warehouse to serve its western customers. A store was not originally part of the plans, John Craig Eaton, the son of Timothy Eaton, became an early proponent of building a combined store and mail order operation in Winnipeg. Although Timothy Eaton initially had misgivings over the difficulties involved in managing a store 2,100 kilometres from Toronto, Eatons acquired a city block on Portage Avenue at Donald Street, and the five-storey Eatons store opened to much fanfare on July 15,1905. The landmark red brick store, known as the Big Store to Winnipeggers, was a success, the initial staff of 750 grew to 1200 within a few weeks of the opening. By 1910, three storeys were added to the store and other buildings were constructed
6.
Eberhard Zeidler
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Eberhard Heinrich Zeidler, OC OOnt is a Canadian architect. He studied at the Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe, West Germany and he immigrated to Canada in 1951 and joined the firm with Blackwell and Craig of Peterborough, Ontario. In 1963, he moved to Toronto, and the firm became Craig, Zeidler, eb Zeidler continues to go to work daily as a Senior Partner Emeritus at the firm, now called, Zeidler Partnership Architects, in Toronto. The firm also has offices in Calgary, Victoria, BC, London, Berlin, Beijing and he has also received the Order of Ontario. He won a medal from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada in 1986, building Cities Life ISBN9781459704138 Artfact biography Zeidler Partnership Architects Eberhard Zeidler - verso francais list of Zeidler Partnership developments
7.
Anchor store
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In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
8.
Hudson's Bay (retailer)
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Hudsons Bay is a chain of 90 department stores that operate exclusively in Canada. It is the brand of the Hudsons Bay Company, North Americas oldest company. It has its headquarters in the Simpson Tower in Toronto, in French, the chain is known as la Baie dHudson, short for Compagnie de la Baie. The chain uses both the English and French versions of the name in parts of the country. The stores are department stores, with a focus on high-end fashion apparel, accessories. Price points at Hudsons Bay are comparable to U. S. retailers Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, the average store size is 135,000 square feet. Flagship downtown stores are located in Canadas largest cities, Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Ottawa, Edmonton and they carry an extensive range and selection of goods than regular Hudsons Bay stores. The largest of the stores is the Toronto store on Queen Street. Toronto has another smaller store along the Mink Mile at Bloor Street East, from 1881 up until 1960, all Hudsons Bay Company stores were located in Western Canada and the Canadian Arctic. In 1960, the HBC acquired Morgans, a Montreal department chain with stores in Ontario and that same year, all the Morgans stores in Ontario were converted to the Hudsons Bay Company brand. Four years later in 1964, its stores outside of Quebec were re-branded as The Bay and its stores in Quebec maintained the Morgans name until 1972, when they were re-branded as La Baie. The Toronto Queen Street flagship store was previously a Simpsons department store, in 1991, Hudsons Bay Company stopped selling fur. In 1997 the company reopened its fur salons, including an assortment of high-end designer furs. Fur salons included many exclusive fur designers, including Louis Féraud, Givenchy, Black Diamond Mink, in Downtown Toronto, the Queen Street store includes the department The Room on the third floor. It is a 21, 500-square-foot curated collection carrying some of the most prestigious, labels include Balmain, Emmanuel Ungaro, Halston, Gianfranco Ferre, Moschino, Armani Collezioni, Akris Punto, Lida Baday, Andrew Gin, Bellville Sassoon, and David Hayes. On July 16,2008, it was announced that Hudsons Bay Company had been purchased by the US firm NRDC Equity Partners, in August 2008, Bonnie Brooks was hired as president and chief executive officer of the Hudsons Bay Company. A significant transformation of the chain has followed, during its initial public offering in October 2012, HBC announced that it would be re-branding The Bays stores under the name Hudsons Bay, marking the chains first major re-branding since 1964. The new brand, designed by the New York City-based advertising agency Lipman, was introduced in March 2013
9.
Nordstrom
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Nordstrom, Inc. is an American chain of luxury department stores headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1901 by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin, the company began as a retailer and expanded its inventory to include clothing, accessories, handbags, jewelry, cosmetics. Select Nordstrom stores also include wedding and home furnishings departments, Nordstrom also serves customers through nordstrom. com, nordstromrack. com, and its online private sale site, HauteLook. Nordstrom, Inc. s common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. In 1887, at the age of 16, like many other Swedes in the late 19th century and he was born in the village of Alvik, close to the city of Luleå in Northern Sweden. His name at birth was Johan Nordström which he later anglicized to John Nordstrom, after landing in New York, he first began working in Michigan. As he moved across the country, he worked a series of menial jobs and he was able to save enough money to purchase a 20-acre potato farm in Arlington, Washington, near Seattle. In 1897, he joined the Klondike Gold Rush in Canadas Yukon Territory, after two years of prospecting, he finally struck gold, but sold his disputed claim for $13,000. Returning to Seattle with his wealth, he married Hilda Carlson and looked for a business venture, finally settling on a shoe store that opened in 1901. Carl F. Wallin, the co-founder of the store, was the owner of the adjacent shoe repair shop, John and Hilda had five children, three of whom would follow him into the family business, Everett W. Elmer J. and Lloyd N. Nordstrom. By the time Wallin & Nordstrom opened their store in Seattle in 1923, Elmer. In 1928, John W. Nordstrom retired and sold his shares to two of his sons, Everett and Elmer, in 1929, Wallin also retired and sold his shares to them. The 1930 grand opening of the remodeled Second Avenue store marked the change of name to Nordstrom, Lloyd Nordstrom subsequently joined the company in 1933, and the three brothers ran the business together for almost forty years. By 1958, Nordstrom had expanded to eight stores in two states but still sold only shoes and their expansion was based on customer service, deep product offerings and full size ranges. Apparel came with its purchase of Best Apparel of Seattle in 1963, the companys name was changed to Nordstrom Absolute Best in 1969. By 1968, the second generation debated selling the company as Everett neared retirement, instead, they were convinced by the third-generation Nordstroms—Bruce A. James F. and John N. together with John A. MacMillan -- to take the public instead, and allow the cousins to take over the business. In 1971, the company was public on NASDAQ under the ticker NOBE
10.
Saks Fifth Avenue
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Saks Fifth Avenue is an American luxury department store owned by the oldest commercial corporation in North America, the Hudsons Bay Company. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, Saks Fifth Avenue is the successor of a business founded by Andrew Saks in 1867 and incorporated in New York in 1902 as Saks & Company. Saks died in 1912, and in 1923 Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, Inc. which was owned by a cousin of Horace Saks, Bernard Gimbel, operating as a separate autonomous subsidiary. On September 15,1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City, with a full-block avenue frontage south of St Patricks Cathedral, facing Rockefeller Center. The architects were Starrett & van Vleck, who developed a reticent, the first full-line year-round Saks store opened in Chicago, in 1929, followed by another resort store in Miami Beach, Florida. In 1938, Saks expanded to the West Coast, opening in Beverly Hills, by the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores, including resort locations such as Sun Valley, Idaho, Mount Stowe, and Newport, Rhode Island. More full-line stores followed with Detroit, Michigan, in 1940 and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Downtown Pittsburgh, the company moved to its own freestanding location approximately one block from its former home on the fourth floor in the downtown Gimbels flagship. The San Francisco location opened in 1952, competing locally with I, BATUS Inc. acquired Gimbel Bros. Inc. and its Saks Fifth Avenue subsidiary in 1973 as part of its diversification strategy. More expansion followed from the 1960s through the 1990s including the Midwest, in 1990, BATUS sold Saks to Investcorp S. A. which took Saks public in 1996 as Saks Holdings, Inc. In 1990, Saks Off 5th was launched, an outlet store offshoot of the main brand, in 1998, Proffitts, Inc. the parent company of Proffitts and other department stores, acquired Saks Holdings Inc. Upon completing the acquisition, Proffitts, Inc. changed its name to Saks, since 2000 Saks has opened international locations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, and Mexico City. In August 2007, the United States Postal Service began an experimental program selling the plus zip code extension to businesses, the first company to do so was Saks Fifth Avenue, which received the zip code of 10022-SHOE for the eighth-floor shoe department in its flagship Fifth Avenue store. During the 2007-2009 recession, Saks Fifth Avenue had to some stores and to cut prices and profit margins. It took three years before it could start selling at closer to full price, on July 29,2013, the Hudsons Bay Company, owner of the competing chain Lord & Taylor, announced it would acquire Saks Fifth Avenues parent company for US$2.9 billion. Plans called for up to seven Saks Fifth Avenues to open in major Canadian markets, the store opened in February 2016 with a second Toronto area location in the Sherway Gardens shopping center opening in spring 2016. On January 6,2014, Marigay McKee, previously Chief Merchant at Harrods and she stepped down 15 months later on April 2,2015, and was replaced by Marc Metrick, a former executive at Saks’s parent company, Hudson’s Bay. Starting in 2015 Saks began a million, three-year restoration of its Fifth Avenue flagship store. In the summer of 2015, it was announced that Saks will debut a new location in Greenwich, in the fall of 2015, Saks was planning to replace its existing store at the Houston Galleria with a new store
11.
H&M
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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, known for its fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. H&M and its associated brands operate in 62 countries with over 4,000 stores and, as of 2015 and it is the second largest global clothing retailer, just behind Spain-based Inditex. The company was founded by Erling Persson in 1947, when he opened his first shop in Västerås, the shop, called Hennes, exclusively sold womens clothing. In 1968, Persson acquired the hunting apparel retailer Mauritz Widforss, which led to the inclusion of a collection in the product range. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, shortly after, in 1976, the first store outside of Scandinavia opened in London. H&M continued to expand in Europe, and began to online in 1998. The two-letter domain was registered in the early 1990s, but data on the first registration is lost, the first US store opened in 2000 on Fifth Avenue, New York. In 2008, the company announced in a release that it would begin selling home furnishings. Initially distributed through the online catalogue, there are now H&M Home stores located internationally. Its worth was estimated at $12–16 billion, H&M operated 2,325 stores at the end of 2011, and 2,629 stores at the end of August 2012. Its 3, 000th store opened in September 2013 in Chengdu, the first H&M store to open outside of Sweden was in Norway in 1964, and the first to open outside of Scandinavia was in the United Kingdom in 1976. H&Ms expansion outside of Europe started with the US in 2000, in November 2004, selected company stores offered an exclusive collection by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld. In November 2005, the company launched a collection by Stella McCartney and, in November 2006, in March 2007, it launched another collaboration designed by the pop star Madonna. In June 2007 the company worked with game developers Maxis to create a stuff pack for the latters The Sims 2 computer game, in November 2007, the company launched a collection by Italian designer Roberto Cavalli. It was reported that the sold out very quickly. Also in 2007, another design with Kylie Minogue was launched in Shanghai, in the spring of 2008 the Finnish company Marimekko was selected as guest designer and was followed by Japanese Comme des Garçons in the fall. In 2008, H&M used the song Hang On by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website. For spring and summer 2009, the British designer Matthew Williamson created two exclusive ranges for the company – the first being a collection of womens clothes released in selected stores, the second collection saw Williamson branch into menswear for the first time, only in selected stores
12.
Canadian Tire
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Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited is a Canadian retail company which sells a wide range of automotive, sports and leisure, and home products. Some stores also sell toys and food products and its head office is in Toronto, Ontario. On September 15,1922, at 8,34 John William Billes and Alfred Jackson Billes invested their savings of $1,800 in the Hamilton Tire. Hamilton Tire & Garage was sold in 1923 and the Billes brothers moved several times before they settled their site at 639 Yonge Street, in 1934, the first official associate store opened in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1937, Canadian Tire moved into the new Main store at 837 Yonge Street and this location remains as an associate store in the chain today. The first Canadian Tire catalogue consisted of a price list in the format of a 24 ×10 folder, sent in 1926 to car owners in Southern Ontario, this initial price sheet folder heralded the beginning of the Mail Order Department at Canadian Tire. Since then, the company has grown to over 487 stores, the company is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Canadian Tire has experienced a period of significant growth and success, in its last five-year strategic plan it attained top-quartile total returns to shareholders among all publicly traded North American retailers, with a total return of 286%. Canadian Tire is a partner of the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus. Certain merchandise items are branded specifically for Canadian Tire, the most recognized of these are Mastercraft, which offers a wide range of tools, SuperCycle, BluePlanet, Likewise and MotoMaster. NOMA, a company that exists in Canada as a trademark only, during the 1980s, Canadian Tire sold electronic items under the name Pulser, such as radios, stereos, televisions, walkmans, cassette tapes, etc. It is unknown when the company began or went defunct, there are 504 stores across Canada. Canadian Tire Stores are each owned and operated by an associate dealer, the buildings and lands are owned or leased by the company and everything inside the building, from fixtures to merchandise, is owned by the dealer. The majority of stores operate in distinct categories of parts, automotive service, tools and hardware, sporting goods, housewares. The company sells products ranging from spark plugs and tires to sporting goods and apparel, since 2003, Canadian Tire has converted the majority of its old traditional and new-format stores, as well as built new stores, making it the most modern network in the country. Last year, Canadian Tire introduced its two newest store formats - the Smart store and Small Market store, currently, the second largest Canadian Tire store is located in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. It incorporates a Marks Work Wearhouse within its doors, the largest opened in Edmonton, Alberta in June,2015. With the demise of Targets businesses in Canada in 2015, Canadian Tire took over the lease of 12 of the former Target store locations, in May 2011, Canadian Tire announced the purchase of Forzani Group, a Canadian sporting goods retailer
13.
Best Buy
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Best Buy Co. Inc. is a U. S transnational consumer electronics corporation headquartered in Richfield, Minnesota, a Minneapolis suburb. Internationally, it operates in Canada and Mexico. It was formerly operational in China until February 2011 and in Europe until 2012, the company was founded by Richard M. Schulze and Gary Smoliak in 1966 as an audio specialty store. In 1983, it was renamed and rebranded with more emphasis placed on consumer electronics, Best Buys subsidiaries include Geek Squad, Magnolia Audio Video, and Pacific Sales. Best Buy sells cellular phones from Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, Sprint Corporation, Boost Mobile, Hubert Joly serves as Best Buys chairman and CEO. In August 1966, Richard M. Schulze and a partner opened Sound of Music. Schulze financed the opening of his first store with his personal savings, in 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year, in 1969, Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music had three stores and became a publicly held company listed on the NASDAQ exchange, Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, the store’s roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom was left intact. In response, Schulze decided to have a “Tornado Sale” of damaged and he poured the remainder of his marketing budget into advertising the sale, promising “best buys” on everything. Sound of Music made more money during the four-day sale than it did in a typical month, in 1983, with seven stores and $10 million in annual sales, Sound of Music was renamed Best Buy Company, Inc. The company also expanded its offerings to include home appliances and VCRs. Later that year Best Buy opened its first superstore in Burnsville, the Burnsville location featured a high-volume, low price business model, which was borrowed partially from Schulze’s successful Tornado Sale in 1981. In its first year, the Burnsville store out-performed all other Best Buy stores combined, Best Buy debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1987. In 1989, the company introduced a new store concept dubbed “Concept II. ”Concept II replaced dimly lit industrial-style stores with brighter and more fashionably fixtured stores. Stores also began placing all stock on the floor rather than in a stock room, had fewer salespersons. Best Buy also did away with commissioned salespeople, the commission-free sales environment “created a more relaxed shopping environment free of the high-pressure sales tactics used in other stores, ” but was unpopular with salespersons and suppliers
14.
Dundas station (Toronto)
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Dundas is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street, wi-fi service is available at this station. Dundas Station opened in 1954 as part of the stretch of the Yonge subway line from Union to Eglinton Station. The original address,300 Yonge Street, is commonly used in TTC system maps. On 27 September 1997, 23-year-old Charlene Minkowski was killed when she was pushed onto the tracks in front of a train at Dundas by Herbert Cheoung. Cheoung was given a sentence which included no parole for 15 years, in 2002, this station became accessible with elevators. On 4 August 2014, 44-year-old Arshad Sajid sexually assaulted a female TTC transit ambassador just after 3,25 pm, transit Enforcement Officers were dispatched and the suspect was found in the station. He pleaded guilty, sentenced to 45 days in jail, and has an 18-month ban from riding the subway and he has also been fined $200 for the act, and $250 in compensation to the victim. The station is located under Yonge Street at Dundas Street and is built on three levels, the southeast, southwest, and northeast accessible entrances are located at Yonge Dundas Square, in the Eaton Centre and at 10 Dundas East inside the Cineplex Cinemas building respectively. All elevators that connect the entrance to the station are not provided by the TTC, Dundas is the only station in Toronto where the northbound and southbound platforms are in separate fare-paid areas, owing to the constrained space and difficult geology at this location. The station has connections to the Toronto Eaton Centre,10 Dundas East and the Atrium on Bay. The station features William McElcherans Cross Section, located by the northwest entrance and it depicts a vibrant urban scene of pets, shoppers, businessmen and other commuters. The piece was created out of terra cotta and fired in two-foot-square tiles, north of the station, the subway continues to travel through its tunnels underneath Yonge Street, passing over a double crossover, before entering College station. South of the station, it continues underneath Yonge Street, over Lower Queen station, nearby landmarks include Dundas Square, the north end of the Eaton Centre, the Toronto Coach Terminal, Toronto City Hall, the Ed Mirvish Theatre, and 10 Dundas East. Buildings on the campus of Ryerson University surround the station to west, north, nearby public art galleries include the Ryerson Image Centre and Gallery Arcturus
15.
Queen station
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Queen is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located under Yonge Street north from Queen Street to Shuter Street, wi-fi service is available at this station. Queen Station opened in 1954 as part of the stretch of the Yonge subway line from Union to Eglinton stations. The original address given to the station,171 Yonge Street, is commonly used in TTC system maps. The address provided by the TTC website,3 Queen Street East, is located across from the Maritime Life Tower, in 1997, this station became accessible with elevators. On 13 December 2013, the Toronto Police were called in after gun shots were fired on board a train at the station. The Passenger Assistance Alarm was pressed, and the station was evacuated soon after, a man in his 20s was shot and was rushed to nearby St. Michaels Hospital in life-threatening condition, but stable on the day after. The station continued to be closed on 14 December 2013, with service from Bloor to Union stations being replaced by shuttle bus service. Early subway expansion plans called for an east-west subway for streetcars under Queen Street, strictly speaking, it is only a roughed-out second set of platforms built underneath a currently-operating station. It is located directly underneath the existing station, the station was designed as part of a planned but never-built streetcar subway that would have run east and west along Queen Street. A similar station was planned underneath the existing Osgoode station, although underground pipes and conduits were specifically routed around this intended site, construction was never started. The plan to build a subway under Queen Street was delayed and then cancelled in favour of an east-west line further north. As a result, the Lower Queen Station was never put into service, unlike the abandoned platform at Lower Bay, this station is not used in any way save as an occasional storage facility and film set, and the aforementioned passageway. The station lies under Yonge Street north of Queen Street to Shuter Street, the station has seven entrances from street level, which includes accessible entrances from inside the Eaton Centre and the Maritime Life Tower. Below street level are the concourses, with one above and across the end of the platforms. The only tenant in the station is Gateway Newstands, and there is one located on platforms inside the fare-paid area
16.
Shopping mall
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A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
17.
Downtown Toronto
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Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
18.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
19.
Mall of America
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Opened in 1992, it is the largest mall in the United States in terms of number of stores and total floor area. The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group,80 percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, Illinois, Ohio, and Canada. The malls concept was designed by the Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who own the largest shopping mall in North America. Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, in 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14,1989, organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity, the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde. In 1987, the Ghermezian brothers also met with Niagara Falls, discussions lasted for several months but a suitable economic package could not be put together by New York officials. Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11,1992, Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of Americas 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota, the mall employs over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons. During its run as an entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects. In early-2000 a Mardi Gras-themed bar, Fat Tuesday, shut its doors due to indecent exposure, the dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teachers Insurances 27. 5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, on November 3,2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US$1 billion. In 2007, there was a plan called Phase II. It will develop a large empty parcel of land north of the mall, the project will also include a dinner theatre, ice rink, three hotels, and a waterpark, similar in design to the West Edmonton Mall. The cost of expansion was $2.1 billion and will double the size with a 5,200. Mall of America has signed contracts to bring in Great Wolf Resorts as the operator, as well as Bass Pro Shops. The expansion section will connect to the mall on all four levels, there will be fine art exhibits and an NHL-size ice rink for public and private skating. A new parking structure will be included, adding 8,000 spaces to the complex, another considered plan would have seen fashion, architecture, and restaurants based on European styles. In early 2011, construction began on an expansion of the side of the mall near Killebrew Drive
20.
Ala Moana Center
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Ala Moana Center, commonly known simply as Ala Moana, is the largest shopping mall in Hawaii. It is also the seventh largest shopping mall in the United States, before the construction of the mall, the land was a swamp. Dredging projects nearby spearheaded by Walter F. Dillingham created excess coral which filled the swamp, land reclaimed, son and successor Lowell Dillingham initiated the Ala Moana Center project in 1948 and broke ground in 1957. The Ala Moana Center was developed and designed by Don Graham, critics viewed Grahams unusual design, which oriented the mall away from the Pacific Ocean and included two levels for retail and parking, as a potential failure. However, the Ala Moana Center proved a success after its opening, Graham worked as the centers first general manager after its opening. When it opened in 1959, Ala Moana Center became the largest shopping mall in the United States, General Growth Properties of Chicago currently owns and operates Ala Moana Center. Its original tenants included Sears, Roebuck and Company, F. W. Woolworth Company, Foodland, Longs Drugs, and Shirokiya, among other local shops. Ala Moana Centers second-phase expansion included the 1961 addition of the Ala Moana Office Building, in 1982, Ala Moana Center was purchased by a partnership of Japanese corporation, Daiei, and an insurance company. In 1995, Daiei became the sole owner, once a management vendor for Daiei, General Growth Properties purchased Ala Moana Center in 1999. The Makai Market food court was built in 1987, a 1999 expansion created a berth for Neiman Marcus and created more upper-level retail spaces. The report described the mall as a gold mine, with annual sales of more than $1 billion. In the early 2000s, the mall underwent extensive renovation and expansion, transforming it into the modern, during this period the mall added two new wings, a Makai wing to the south anchored by Neiman Marcus, and a Mauka wing to the north headlined by Nordstrom. On February 23,2012, Sears Holdings Corporation announced it would close its store at Ala Moana Center by early 2013, Sears held its original location and had a presence at the mall since its opening in 1959. The closing was part of a $270 million sale of 11 Sears properties nationwide to General Growth, the Wall Street Journal estimated that the Ala Moana Sears location was the largest portion of the deal, comprising between $200 million to $250 million of the overall sale price. The Ala Moana location closed permanently at 7 PM on June 2,2013, the expanded wing opened on November 12,2015, replacing the existing wing on the western end of the mall, including the space previously occupied by Sears. Costing US$25 million in 1959, Ala Moana Center had eighty-seven stores, Ala Moana Center was remodeled extensively in various phases. New designs reflected modern Hawaiian architectural principles, emphasizing the importance of the symbolism of natural phenomena found in Hawaiʻi. Asian Pacific Rim motifs have been adopted reflecting the large Asian population of residents in Hawaiʻi, for decades, a centerpiece of Ala Moana Center was its koi ponds
21.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
22.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
23.
Toronto Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
24.
Yonge Street
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Yonge Street is a major arterial route connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Upper Great Lakes. Yonge Street is actually 86 kilometres long, the construction of Yonge Street is designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada. Yonge Street was fundamental in the planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the capital with northern Ontario, today, no section of Yonge Street is a provincial highway. The street was named by Ontarios first colonial administrator, John Graves Simcoe, for his friend Sir George Yonge, in Toronto and York Region, Yonge Street is the north-south baseline from which street numbering is reckoned east and west. See the Public Transit section below, Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay, a four-lane arterial road proceeding north by north-west. Torontos Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the industrial area now converted from port, rail. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline, beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canadas tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria. Between Front Street and Queen Street, Yonge Street is bounded by historic and commercial buildings, the east side has two historic performance venues, the Ed Mirvish Theatre and the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. In addition, Massey Hall is located just to the east on Shuter Street, opposite the Eaton Centre lies Yonge-Dundas Square. It is used for public events. Another stretch of busy retail lines both sides of Yonge Street north of Dundas Street, including Sam the Record Man until its closure on June 30,2007, the density of businesses diminishes north of Gerrard Street, residential towers flank this section. The Art Deco College Park building, a shopping complex of the T. Eaton Company, occupies most of the west side of Yonge Street from Gerrard Street north to College Street and it was converted into a residential and commercial complex after the building of the Eaton Centre. From College Street north to Bloor Street, Yonge Street serves smaller street-level retail, the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is a major crossroads of Toronto, informally considered the northern edge of the downtown core. Subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth intersects the Yonge line here, with the transfers between lines making Bloor-Yonge Station the busiest in the city. The Hudsons Bay Centre and Two Bloor West office towers dominate the corner, the Mink Miles borders extend from Yonge to Avenue Road along Bloor
25.
Queen Street West
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Queen Street begins in the west at the intersection of King Street, The Queensway, and Roncesvalles Avenue. Queen Street was the baseline for the original east-west avenues of Torontos grid pattern of major streets. The western end of Queen is now best known as a centre for Canadian broadcasting, music, fashion, performance, over the past twenty-five years, Queen West has become an international arts centre, and a major tourist attraction in Toronto. Since the original survey in 1793 by Sir Alexander Aitkin, commissioned by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, for its first sixty years, many sections were referred to as Lot Street. These 40 hectares lots were placed along the side of the first east–west road laid in York. In 1837 Lot Street was renamed in honour of Queen Victoria, Queen West is local vernacular which generally refers to the collection of neighbourhoods that have developed along and around the thoroughfare. Many of these were originally ethnically-based neighbourhoods, the earliest example from the mid-19th century was Claretown, an Irish immigrant enclave in the area of Queen Street West and Bathurst Street. From the 1890s to the 1930s, Jewish immigrants coalesced in the known as the Ward. The intersection of Queen and Bay Streets also served as the end of a thriving Chinatown in the 1930s. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the area was also the heart of Torontos Polish, from the 1950s through the 1970s, many immigrants from Portugal settled in the area. Gentrification over the past twenty years has caused most recent immigrants to move to more affordable areas of the city as desirability of the area drives up prices. Since the 19th century, Queen Street West at Yonge Street has been one of Torontos primary shopping destinations, today, Eatons is gone, but the Toronto Eaton Centre still remains at the same location, one of Canadas largest office and shopping complexes. Similarly, Simpsons is also gone, but the department store building remains on the south side of Queen Street, occupied by the Hudsons Bay. Further west, this stretch of Queen Street is dominated by institutional and cultural buildings such as Old City Hall, Toronto City Hall, Osgoode Hall and the Four Seasons Centre. In the 1960s and into the early 1980s, this stretch of Queen Street West was a commercial strip, known for greasy spoon restaurants. The late 1980s, saw the relocation of CityTV to 299 Queen Street West which gentrified the area almost overnight, a more mainstream culture soon attracted other artists, wider audiences, and wealthier businesses to the area. The push continued into the mid and late 2000s and into Parkdale until that area also became associated with trendy businesses. By the mid 1990s with the opening of stores such as Le Chateau, probably the first chain store on the strip, the name Queen Street became synonymous with the such as trendy, hip
26.
Dundas Street
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Dundas Street /ˈdʌnˌdæs/, is a major historic arterial road in Ontario, Canada. The road connects the city of Toronto with its western suburbs, three provincial highways—2,5, and 99—followed long sections of its course, although these highway segments have since been downloaded to the municipalities they passed through. A historic alternate name for the street was Governors Road, Dundas Street is also one of the few east–west routes to run uninterrupted through the Greater Toronto Area, from Toronto to Halton Region. Within Toronto, the TTCs 505 Dundas streetcar route serves the street from Riverdale to the Junction, the route of Dundas through the city of Toronto is irregular. The streets various sections were constructed as several smaller named streets, running parallel. Crossing the lower reaches of the Don River west of Broadview Avenue, at Yonge Street, Dundas intersects the citys unofficial heart at Yonge-Dundas Square, within sight of downtown landmarks such as the Eaton Centre and Ryerson University. Called Dundas Street West from this point westward, the route passes Canadas financial heart to the south on Bay Street, at Spadina Avenue, Dundas serves as the east–west axis of the citys largest Chinatown. West of Ossington Avenue, it meanders northwards towards Bloor Street near the intersection of Roncesvalles Avenue, proceeding due west from Keele through the Junction, Dundas parallels the CP Rail line through the mixed industrial-residential district. At Scarlett Road the route veers southwest toward a crossing over the Humber River valley. Beyond the river, Dundas serves as the boundary of the upscale Kingsway residential district. Passing the historic St. Georges Church-on-the-Hill, Dundas again heads southwest toward the village of Islington. The road passes through Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington, the street loses the name Dundas St. west of Highway 6, as the route follows a still-provincially maintained stretch of Highway 5, entering rural Brant County near St. In London, the street ends just east of the confluence of the Thames River before it crosses the Kensington Bridge to west London, originally, this section was called Dundas Street West with the eastern portion being Dundas Street East. However, since construction in the mid-1980s, the western portion has been called Riverside Drive. Some Londoners still refer to Dundas Street East though no part of the street retains that name, immigrant communities have sprung up along the route of Dundas Street within Toronto, with most still retaining elements of their original character. This district was settled by emigrants from Portugal and Brazil. Downtown centre Dundas Street is centrally located in downtown Toronto, about midway between Front Street and Bloor Street and it serves as a major east–west thoroughfare for vehicular, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic downtown and beyond. Since the building of the Eaton Centre and the Yonge-Dundas Square and it is estimated that over 56 million people pass this intersection each year
27.
Trinity Square (Toronto)
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Trinity Square is a public square in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bounded by the Toronto Eaton Centre, a building known as Bell Trinity Square. The squares primary feature is the Anglican Church of the Holy Trinity, the Henry Scadding House and Holy Trinity Rectory are heritage buildings that are also located in the square. It includes a fountain and ornamental pond, and a labyrinth path, the Square was once the Terauley estate of John Simcoe Macaulay, which had been acquired by his father James Macaulay in 1797. Macaulay sold his home and land in 1845, giving land for the construction of the Church of the Holy Trinity, by 1900, the area around the church became the Eatons Annex. The site of Bell Trinity Square, a building built in 1982 by John B. Parkin Associates, was home to the 10 floor Eatons House Furnishing Building. By the 1970s the Eatons complex came down after a fire, the church and square were threatened by demolition to make way for the Toronto Eaton Centre. The parishioners of the church successfully resisted and forced the design to be changed. Protests from Toronto citizens also led to the preservation of Old City Hall south of the square, the landscaped square is paved with a combination of granite and precast concrete block pavers arranged in different patterns. Its walkways are lined with densely planted trees, there is a water feature consisting of a tall outlet of water falling from a wall into an ornamental pond. Water also flows through a stream beside the walkway to Bay Street. This walkway is designed with the Church of the Holy Trinity as a terminating vista and it also extends views of the church to Hagerman Street on the north side of Toronto City Hall and to the podium of City Hall itself. At Bay Street, the walkway is flanked by two mounted on tall columns composed of exposed metal frames, painted blue. The columns are defined by three sections, with the widest at the bottom and they are positioned towards the edges of the walkway to compliment and frame the two towers of the Church of the Holy Trinity and to provide a formal entrance to the square. Adjacent to the church is a tower similar in scale. In addition, there are three large colonnade-like structures which serve as an entrance to the Toronto Public Labyrinth, the labyrinth is an ancient symbol dating back more than three thousand years. It is a symbol of pilgrimage and of our journey through life
28.
Skyway
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A skyway, skybridge, or skywalk is a type of pedway consisting of an enclosed or covered bridge between two or more buildings in an urban area. This protects pedestrians from the weather, in North America skyways are usually owned by businesses, and are therefore not public spaces. Skyways usually connect on the first few floors above the floor, though they are sometimes much higher. The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail business, non-commercial areas with closely associated buildings, such as university campuses, can often have skyways and/or tunnels connecting buildings. The worlds largest discontinuous skyway network – Calgary, Albertas +15 Walkway system – has a length of 18 km. The Minneapolis Skyway System is the worlds largest continuous system and spans 8 miles connecting 69 blocks in downtown Minneapolis, on a smaller scale, terminals of large airports are often connected by skywalk systems, as at Manchester Airport, United Kingdom. Some cities have the equivalent of an underground, and there are also mixed subway/skyway systems. A number of cities have given intricate analysis to systems employing computer models to optimize skywalk layout. There is debate about the impact on urban areas of skyways. Robertson noted the negative impacts to street activities, and reductions to the property value at ground level, woo found that skywalk systems could be negatively associated with promoting consumerism. Cui called for research into the impact of skyways in developing countries. There are significant skyway networks in cities in the US Midwest, such as Saint Paul, Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, Rochester. Most networks in North America are privately owned, a notable exception in are the Saint Paul skyways, which are publicly owned. In Bangkok, Thailand there are more than 5.4 km of covered wide dedicated elevated skywalks with lighting and these were developed due to lack of proper sidewalks as well as street hawkers and local merchants taking advantage of any sidewalk space as makeshift commercial real estate. Most skywalks connect to a BTS station and utilize space underneath the rail line and these skywalks have connector ramps which connect stations to malls seamlessly and are paid for by the malls themselves, otherwise the city and BTS fund walkway development. A 50km long extension project was shelved in 2011 due to funding issues, in Hong Kong, China there are numerous foot bridge networks across the city. Particularly large networks exists around elevated or at grade MTR stations and connections between malls and housing estates in new town centers, the Central–Mid-Levels walkway system is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world according to Guinness World Records. Other large systems exist in Tsuen Wan and Mong Kok, the Mumbai Skywalk Project is a planned discontinuous network of over 50 km of skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India
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Richmond Street
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The following is a list of the east–west arterial thoroughfares in the Canadian city of Toronto. The city is organized in a grid pattern dating back to the laid out by Augustus Jones between 1793 and 1797. Most streets are aligned in the north-south or east-west direction, based on the shoreline of Lake Ontario, in other words, major north–south roads are generally perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline and major east–west roads are generally parallel to the lakes shoreline. The Toronto road system is influenced by its topography as some roads are aligned with the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Minor streets with documented history or etymology are listed in a separate section, roads are listed south to north. Queens Quay begins west of Bathurst Street at Stadium Road and ends at Lake Shore Boulevard East, the road bed is built entirely on infill, and is the closest road to Lake Ontario throughout the downtown core. In 1999, the Toronto Transit Commission opened a dedicated streetcar right-of-way in the median from Bay Street to Bathurst Street, the plan reduces the number of traffic lanes on Queens Quay to two, to the north side of the streetcar tracks. Additionally, the calls for the beautification and extension of the Harbourfront streetcar line along Queens Quay East between Yonge and Cherry Streets. The newly modified Queens Quay was completed in 2015 from Bathurst to Bay Street, Lake Shore Boulevard, often misspelled as Lakeshore Boulevard as shown on the street sign to the right for example, is so named because of its position along the Lake Ontario shoreline. Lake Shore Road travelled as far east as Roncesvalles, where it connected to Queen Street, incorporating various side streets such as Laburnam Avenue, Starr Avenue and Dominion Street, the route was pushed east to Bathurst Street on January 28,1924. From there it continued as Fleet Street to Cherry Street, keating Street continued east from a point just south of that intersection to Woodbine Avenue. These two streets were reconstructed to form a roadway, and renamed as part of Lake Shore Road on August 25,1959. The Frederick G. Gardiner Expressway, known locally as the Gardiner, is an expressway connecting downtown with the western suburbs, East of Dufferin Street, the roadway is elevated, running above Lake Shore Boulevard east of Bathurst Street. Elevated sections east of the Don were demolished and integrated into Lake Shore Boulevard, the highway is named for the first chair of the now-defunct Metropolitan Toronto Council, Frederick G. Gardiner, who championed it, the Don Valley Parkway and Spadina Expressway projects. The six-lane section east of the Humber River was built in segments from 1955 until 1964 by the Metropolitan Toronto government with provincial highway funds, the ten-lane section west of the Humber was formerly part of the QEW. The Gardiner Expressway is now owned and operated by the City of Toronto. When the Gardiner was built, it passed through industrial lands, one elevated section east of the Don River was demolished in 2001, and a study is underway to demolish that part of the elevated section east of Jarvis Street to the Don. Front Street is so named because it fronted the Lake Ontario shoreline at the time of the layout of York
30.
Bay Street
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Bay Street is a major thoroughfare in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the centre of Torontos Financial District and is used by metonymy to refer to Canadas financial services industry since succeeding Montreals St. James Street in that role in the 1970s. Bay Street begins at Queens Quay in the south and ends at Davenport Road in the north, the original section of Bay Street ran only as far north as Queen Street West. Sections north of Queen Street were renamed Bay Street as several streets were consolidated. The largest of these streets, Terauley Street, ran from Queen Street West to Grenville Street, at these two points, there is a curve in Bay Street. Bay Street is frequently used as a metonym to refer to Torontos Financial District, Bay Street banker, as in the phrase cold as a Bay Street bankers heart, was a term of opprobrium especially among Prairie farmers who feared that Toronto-based financial interests were hurting them. Within the legal profession, the term Bay Street is also used colloquially to refer to the large, the street was originally known as Bear Street because of frequent bear sightings in the early history of Toronto. It was renamed Bay Street in 1797 from the fact that it connected Lot Street to a bay at the Toronto Harbour, until 1922, the section of Bay running north from Queen Street and ending at College Street was known as Terauley Street. Several discontinuous streets existed north of College Street to Davenport Road, By-Law 9316 joined these streets together as far north as Scollard Street in 1922. Finally, By-Law 9884, enacted on January 28,1924, changed the name of Ketchum Avenue to Bay Street, there is a short street called Terauley Lane running west of Bay from Grenville Street to Grosvenor Street. The intersection of Bay and King Street is often seen as the centre of Canadian banking, the core cluster of towers has crept north with the addition of the 50-storey Bay Adelaide Centre and the Trump Tower Toronto. Significant condominium development on Bay, north of the district, boomed during the 1990s and construction continues on large, 40-plus storey condominiums. The area is defined by Dundas Street to the south and Bloor/Yorkville to the north and crosses through Torontos Discovery District, the area attracts many who work in the financial district and those who work in the Discovery District, nearby hospitals and schools. More than 67% of residents in this area are in the ages of 25-64. The intersection of Bay and Bloor is the location of the Toronto Transit Commissions Bay subway station, Bay Street is served by the route 6 Bay bus, which is one of the few downtown bus routes. The street used to be served by lines, which were gradually phased out after the north-south Yonge. The remaining streetcar tracks between Dundas and College Streets are now used for turns and diversions. City of London Financial district Wall Street Bay Street at Google Maps Bay Street Corridor neighbourhood profile
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Arcade (architecture)
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An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians, the walkway may be lined with stores. A blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall, blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that was taken into Gothic architecture. European shopping malls generally resemble the bazaars and souks of Asia, the word arcade comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’. One of the earliest examples of a European shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, the Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans, twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products, Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets, during the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe. An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and it was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings, shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration. Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels. S. W, australia Great Gostiny Dvor St. Petersburg, Russia The Passage St
32.
PATH (Toronto)
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PATH is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels, elevated walkways, and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is more than 30-kilometre long, according to Guinness World Records, PATH is the largest underground shopping complex in the world with 371,600 square metres of retail space. The PATH networks northerly point is the Toronto Coach Terminal at Dundas Street and Bay Street and its main axes of walkways generally parallel Yonge Street and Bay Street. It was the first underground pathway in Toronto, and is often credited as a historic precursor to the current PATH network. Another original underground linkage, built in 1927 to connect Union Station, the network of underground walkways expanded under city planner Matthew Lawson in the 1960s. Torontos downtown sidewalks were overcrowded, and new towers were removing the much-needed small businesses from the streets. Lawson thus convinced several important developers to construct underground malls, pledging that they would eventually be linked, the city originally helped fund the construction, but with the election of a reform city council this ended. This also converted low-valued basements into some of the most valuable retail space in the country, the first expansion of the network occurred in the 1970s with the construction and underground connection of the Richmond-Adelaide office tower and the Sheraton Centre hotel complex. In 1987, City Council adopted a unified wayfinding system throughout the network, a colour-coded system with directional cues was deployed in the early 1990s. Within the various buildings, pedestrians can find a PATH system map, the signage can be hard to find inside some of the various connected buildings. Building owners concerned about losing customers to neighbouring buildings insisted that the signs not dominate their buildings, the city relented and the result is the current system. Many complain that the system is hard to navigate, PATH provides an important contribution to the economic viability of the citys downtown core. Its underground location provides pedestrians with a haven from the winter cold and snow. In 2011, the City of Toronto released an expansion plan for the PATH. As part of the plan there will be 45 new entry points. Toronto planners have begun work to guide future PATH development and ensure PATH link construction is included in basement levels of key new buildings, more than 50 buildings or office towers are connected through the PATH system. It comprises twenty parking garages, five stations, two major department stores, two major shopping centres, six major hotels, and a railway terminal. Underground city Official website Official PATH map Online Directory of the PATH
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Toronto subway
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The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is a system consisting of three heavy rail lines operating predominantly underground and one elevated light metro line, collectively encompassing 69 stations and 68.3 kilometres of track. It accommodated an average of 1,066,100 passenger trips each weekday during the quarter of 2015. There are 4 rapid transit lines in Toronto plus another under construction, Line 1 Yonge–University, is the longest and busiest rapid transit line in the system. It opened as the Yonge subway in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, Today, the line is U-shaped having two northern terminals looping on its southern end via Union Station. An 8. 6-kilometre, six-station extension of Line 1 north to Vaughan is under construction, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, opened in 1966, runs parallel to Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Kipling Station in Etobicoke and Kennedy Station in Scarborough. There is a plan to extend Line 2 eastwards from Kennedy Station to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 3 Scarborough is an above-ground medium-capacity rail line serving the citys eponymous suburban district. The line runs from Kennedy Station to McCowan Station passing Scarborough Town Centre and this is the only rapid transit line in Toronto to use Intermediate Capacity Transit System technology. There is a plan to close and dismantle Line 3 after Line 2 is extended to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 5 Eglinton is a 19-kilometre light rail line under construction scheduled to open in 2021. The line will have 25 stations of which 15 will be underground, here is a list of line, extension and station openings on the Toronto subway system. Canadas first subway, the Yonge subway, opened in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, the line ran under or parallel to Yonge Street between Eglinton Avenue and Union Station. It replaced the Yonge streetcar line, Canadas first streetcar line, in 1963, the line was extended under University Avenue north to Bloor Street to connect with the Bloor-Danforth subway at the double-deck St. George Station. In 1974, the line was extended from Eglinton Station north to Finch Station, the Spadina segment of the line was constructed north from St. George Station initially to Wilson Station in 1978, and eventually to Downsview Station in 1996. Part of the Spadina segment runs in the median of an expressway, four decades of extensions gave the line a U-shaped route running from its two northern terminals and looping on its southern end at Union Station. As of 1996, the line was 30.2 kilometres long, opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east-west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line, initially, the subway line ran between Keele Station to Woodbine Station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington Station and east to Warden Station, opened in 1985, the Scarborough RT is a light metro line running from Kennedy Station to McCowan station. The TTC started to construct the line to use Canadian Light Rail Vehicles and this line was never extended, and the current plan is to close and dismantle the line, replacing it with an extension of Line 2 to Scarborough Town Centre
34.
Ted Rogers School of Management
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The Ted Rogers School of Management is the business school of Ryerson University, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1948 as the Faculty of Business, it was renamed as the Ted Rogers School of Management in 2007 after receiving a gift from Ted & Loretta Rogers. The school moved to its current purpose built 210,000 square foot location, situated at 55 Dundas West in the district in Downtown Toronto. The business school is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, the Ted Rogers School of Management is further divided into six schools, each offering undergraduate degrees tailored to their specializations. The Integrative Semester, completed in the students last term, allows the students to demonstrate their knowledge, ryersons Global MBA program is currently ranked 92nd in the world by the Economist MBA rankings, and no.10 in Canada for reputation by Canadian Business. The school houses the DMZ at Ryerson University, which is ranked as the best university business incubator in North America and no.3 in the world by UBI Global. ryerson. ca/tedrogersschool/
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Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
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Sears Canada
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Sears Canada Inc. is a Canadian retail chain headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The companys roots are in Simpsons-Sears, a joint venture with the Simpsons retail chain, Sears chain, which operated a national mail order business, and co-branded Simpsons-Sears stores modelled after the U. S. Following the purchase of Simpsons by the Hudsons Bay Company in 1978, the joint venture was dismantled, in 1999, Sears Canada acquired the remaining assets and locations of the historic Canadian chain Eatons. Sears Holdings now owns a 11. 7% share in the company, ESL Investments Incorporated is the largest shareholder of Sears Canada. The company also publishes a general merchandise catalogue and offers shopping online at www. sears. ca. of the United States. The deal to create Simpsons-Sears Limited, a Canadian catalogue and department store chain separate from the Simpsons chain, was signed on September 18,1952, each company invested $20 million and had equal representation on the new companys Board of Directors. The new company was to have two main objectives, the first was to expand Simpsons mail order business, which was sold to the new company. The second goal was to build a string of stores modelled on Sears, the agreement also contained a provision that would prove to be a major challenge in later years. Under its terms, Simpsons-Sears could not open a store within 25 miles of Simpsons existing stores in Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, Regina. In return, Simpsons promised not to build any stores outside of those five cities, Simpsons-Sears mail order business, however, was free to operate anywhere in Canada as was the new Simpsons-Sears Acceptance Company, the credit arm of the operation. On September 17,1953, the first Simpsons-Sears retail store opened in Stratford, the second Simpsons-Sears store opened in Kamloops, British Columbia in December of that year. In 1963, Simpsons-Sears opened its first full-line store in Quebec, the company made its public debut on the Toronto and Montreal Stock Exchanges on April 5,1965, with the listing of its Class “A” non-voting shares. That year, Sears began its partnership with the Boys and Girls Clubs of Canada. In 1968, Simpsons-Sears became the first Canadian retailer to begin buying products from Mainland China, in 1971, Simpsons-Sears opened a new head office building in downtown Toronto. In 1972, Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears agreed to end the 25-mile restriction and permit Simpsons, the following year, when Simpsons-Sears opened a store in the city of Mississauga, approximately 30 km west of Toronto. To avoid confusing customers used to Simpsons, new stores were opened under the Sears banner, all existing Simpsons-Sears stores were rebranded to the Sears banner as well. However, the name of the company remained Simpsons-Sears Limited, also in 1973, Sears achieved its first billion-dollar sales year. In 1974, Simpsons-Sears opened a Sears store at Hillcrest Mall in Richmond Hill, Ontario, in 1978, Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears put forward a plan to merge their businesses
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222 Jarvis Street
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222 Jarvis Street is an office building on Jarvis Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The inverted-pyramid-shaped building contains ten storeys and was completed in 1971, constructed of pre-cast concrete skinned in dark brown brick veneer, it was designed in the Brutalist style by architect Maxwell Miller as the head office of Sears Canada, a department store chain. It has 58,336 square metres of floor area. The property was sold in 2007 to the Ontario Realty Corporation, Sears Canada has since relocated its head office to the Toronto Eaton Centre. The building was connected to the adjacent building now known as the Merchandise Building, a former department store warehouse. The Government of Ontario chose 222 Jarvis Street as a model to show that buildings can be retrofitted to significantly reduce a buildings carbon footprint. The renovation was completed in the fall of 2011, the retrofit was undertaken by WZMH Architects, and is claimed to be as one of the largest retrofit projects in North America. It was completed under the Government of Ontario’s Toronto Accommodation Plan, a new two-storey glass atrium extends from the main-floor lobby and part of the second floor east toward Jarvis Street to bring in more natural light. The building has a system that runs from the basement to the ninth floor. A 190-square-metre skylight was cut into the roof to allow light into the centre of the building
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Timothy Eaton
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Timothy Eaton was a Canadian businessman who founded the Eatons department store, one of the most important retail businesses in Canadas history. He was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland and his parents were Scottish Protestants, John Eaton and Margaret Craig. As a 20-year-old Irish apprentice shopkeeper, Timothy Eaton sailed from Ireland to settle with other members in southern Ontario. On 28 May 1862, Eaton married Margaret Wilson Beattie and they had five sons and three daughters. Among the sons were John Craig Eaton and Edward Young Eaton, one of the daughters, Josephine Smyth Eaton, survived the sinking of the RMS Lusitania off the Irish coast in 1915. His granddaughter, Iris Burnside, was lost, in 1854 for a short time he worked in a haberdashery store in Glen Williams Ontario. His sister married William Reid they owned a farm in Georgetown Ontario a short distance from Glen Williams. In 1865, with the help of his brothers Robert and James, Timothy Eaton set up a business in the town of Kirkton, Ontario. Undaunted, he opened a dry goods store in St. Marys, in 1869, Eaton purchased an existing dry-goods and haberdashery business at 178 Yonge Street in Toronto. In these tiny communities, the arrival of Eatons catalogue was a major event, and, when rendered obsolete by the new season’s catalogue, it served another important use in the outdoor privy of most every rural home. Timothy Eaton spawned a colossal retail empire that his offspring would expand coast to coast, reaching its high point during World War II, limited employed more than 70,000 people. Eaton died of pneumonia on January 31,1907 and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto and he was succeeded by his son, John Craig Eaton. In 1919, two life-sized statues of Timothy Eaton were donated by the Eatons employees to the Toronto and Winnipeg stores in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company. For years, it was tradition for customers in both Toronto and Winnipeg to rub the toe of the statue for good luck, museum-goers in Toronto and hockey fans in Winnipeg continue to rub Timothy’s toe for luck. In 1985, his granddaughter, Nancy Eaton, was murdered by a childhood friend. Timothy Eaton Memorial Church, in Toronto, was erected in 1914, the town of Eatonia, Saskatchewan was named after Timothy Eaton. The ground of Ballymena RFC, originally the grounds of the Mid-Antrim Sports Association is called Eaton Park. A school in Scarborough, Ontario, Timothy Eaton Business and Technical Institute, was named after him opened in 1971 for classes and his grandson was flying ace Henry John Burden
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Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
40.
Old City Hall (Toronto)
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The Old City Hall is a Romanesque civic building and court house in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the home of the Toronto City Council from 1899 to 1966, the building is located at the corner of Queen and Bay Streets, across Bay Street from Nathan Phillips Square and the present City Hall in the Downtown Toronto. The heritage landmark has a clock tower which heads the length of Bay Street from Front Street to Queen Street as a terminating vista. Old City Hall was designated a National Historic Site in 1984, Torontos Old City Hall was one of the largest buildings in Toronto and the largest civic building in North America upon completion in 1899. It was the citys third city hall. It housed Torontos municipal government and courts for York County and Toronto, York County offices were also located in Old City Hall from 1900 to 1953. With the establishment of Metropolitan Toronto, the county moved to Newmarket. Designed by prominent Toronto architect Edward James Lennox, the building more than a decade to build. Work on the began in 1889 and was built on the site of old York buildings including the Lennox hotel. It was constructed of sandstone from the Credit River valley, grey stone from the Orangeville, Ontario area, angry councillors, due to cost overruns and construction delays, refused E. J. Lennox a plaque proclaiming him as architect for the building in 1899. Not to be denied, Lennox had stonemasons sign his name in corbels beneath the upper floor eaves around the entire building, an annex to this building, Manning Chambers, was built by Lennox at the northwest corner of Bay and Queen Street. Completed in 1900, the 5 storey building was demolished to make way for the current Toronto City Hall. Manning Chambers was built for and named after former mayor Alexander Manning, a public square was originally planned in front of the city hall called Victoria Square. The space would be a square with diagonal walkways meeting at a central statue of Queen Victoria. The plan never came into being and a space was allocated in front of the building by Queen Street. It, too, was never built, though the City Beautiful movement did influence the design principles of nearby University Avenue. Four gargoyles were placed on the corners of the Clock Tower in 1899, in 2002, bronze casts of the gargoyles were reinstalled
41.
Church of the Holy Trinity (Toronto)
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The Church of the Holy Trinity is an Anglican church in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada at Trinity Square. The funds for its construction were a gift from Mary Lambert Swale of Settle, Swale had originally made the donation anonymously, but her name was eventually revealed. She had provided the gift with the stipulation that the church be open to the public, other Torontonians assisted with the completion of this public project including Alexander Dixon who assisted with the project both financially and politically. The lands for the church were given by the Honourable John Simcoe Macaulay in 1845, Macaulays cottage, Teraulay was then situated on an estate named Macaulays Fields which extended from present day Yonge to Bay Streets, and from todays Albert Street to just south of Dundas Street. Building lots filled in the edges of the property to the north, south, and west of the Trinity site, and the central portion of the property was donated for the construction of the church. Eventually the east side of the Trinity site was sold to permit retail frontage on Yonge Street, enclosing Trinity Church, the building was dedicated on October 27,1847. Holy Trinity was the fourth Anglican church in Toronto, after St. James Cathedral, Little Trinity, the churchs first rector was Henry Scadding. The original Eaton Centre construction plans called for the church to be demolished as well, since its construction, the city of Toronto has expanded so that the church now finds itself in the middle of Toronto’s urban core. The church also has an outreach to Torontos LGBT community. Holy Trinity has also become an important venue for artistic events, due to the churchs excellent acoustics, Canadian band Cowboy Junkies recorded their 1988 breakthrough album The Trinity Session at the church on November 27,1987. In 2006, they returned to record a 20th anniversary edition of the album, designed by Henry Bowyer Lane, the Church of the Holy Trinity is approximately five storeys tall. Though the scale of the church is modest, its height is emphasized through details which point upward, in relation to human scale, the church feels big, tall, and strong. Even though it is surrounded by buildings, its role as a terminating vista has been preserved for the pedestrian lane from Bay Street to Trinity Square. It is visible from Toronto City Halls podium green roof, the churchs Gothic Revival design is evident in the materials and elements of the building. This style emphasizes verticality and light, which is achieved through the use of stained glass windows. Like many Gothic churches, the Church of the Holy Trinity uses limestone for its foundation and window tracery, as well as sandstone, brick and this church follows the Gothic church characteristic of a cruciform in plan. The pointed arch is repeated throughout the building, present in the doors, windows. The stained glass windows are translucent and allow daylight into the church, each with its own unique design, together, the variety of window designs speaks about the Bible and the history of the building
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Eaton's Annex
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Located on Albert Street, directly behind the Eatons Main Store and Torontos City Hall, the Eatons Annex was a 10-storey building containing both retail and office space. The Main Store and the Annex, however, were the two buildings open to the public. In 1900, the two buildings were connected by an underground passageway open to employees and shoppers. It was the first underground pathway in Toronto open to the public, when it was first constructed in the 1890s, the Annex contained Eatons housewares and furniture departments. When these departments were moved to the new College Street store in 1930, while the Main Store catered to middle class budgets, and the College Street stores offerings were more upscale, the Annex store was directed to Torontos working classes. It offered many of the departments and types of goods as Eatons other two Toronto stores, but in cheaper varieties, and with less extensive in-store displays and customer service. As such, the Annex represented one of the first instances in Canada where a traditional, the Eatons Annex and some surrounding warehouses were destroyed by fire on May 9,1977. Parts of the Annex survive as Trinity Square, a portion of the Bell Trinity Square office complex currently occupies the former Annex site. The same underground passage that formerly linked the Annex and the Main Store now connects the Eaton Centre to the Bell Trinity Centre, and is part of the PATH network. In honour of this store, a hill at the Caledon Ski Club, consuming Producers, Retail Workers and Commodity Culture at Eatons in Mid-Twentieth-Century Toronto, Masters Thesis, Department of History, Queens University,2001. Nasmith, George G. Timothy Eaton, Toronto, McClelland, phenix, Patricia, Eatonians, The Story of the Family Behind the Family, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart Limited,2003. Santink, Joy L. Timothy Eaton and the Rise of His Department Store, Toronto, scribe, The, Golden Jubilee 1869-1919, A Book to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the T
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College Park (Toronto)
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College Park is a shopping mall, residential and office complex on the southwest corner of Yonge Street and College Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Eatons began secretly assembling land at Yonge and College Streets in 1910 for a new store, the First World War put the plans on hold, but Eatons retained the land. During the 1920s, plans were made to shift all Eatons operations from their location at Yonge Street. The effort was unsuccessful, and Simpsons chose instead to expand its Queen Street store, just as the war had intervened a decade earlier, however, the Great Depression curtailed the grandiose plans for the site. The first phase of the project, a department store of 600,000 square feet, was the part of the complex that was ever built. Nevertheless, foundation pillars,10 feet in diameter, were driven 30 feet down into bedrock during the construction of the first phase to accommodate the tower. On October 30,1930, the new store was opened by Lady Eaton, the matriarch of the Eaton family, and her son John David Eaton, Tyndall limestone was used for the imposing exterior. Accentuating the Tyndall limestone was granite and a corrosion-resistant alloy of nickel, the monel metal was used copiously on the building as trim and in panels along the window and door frames. In addition to this metal trim, cast stone and carvings acted as detailed decorative elements on the façade, marble was imported from Europe for the interior columns and colonnade. Lady Eaton arranged for two rooms to be removed from two manor houses in England and reassembled in the furniture department of the College Street store. The French architect Jacques Carlu, was retained to design the interior of the Eatons Seventh Floor, including the 1300-seat Eaton Auditorium, itself an Art Moderne masterpiece, the Eatons Seventh Floor was at the heart of Torontos cultural life for many years. The Auditorium played host to the performers of its day, including Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Frank Sinatra. Canadas own Glenn Gould, fond of the Auditoriums excellent acoustics, classified specifically as a stripped classical art deco style, Eatons College Street emphasized symmetry in the plan and rhythm in the arrangement of the fenestration, doors, and pilasters. A distinct repetitive pattern can be distinguished with the windows and pilasters as well as with the arrangement of large entrances, there are three small windows on the upper levels between each pilaster, and three large shop windows between each entrance. The original Eatons College Street was designed with large windows on the floor level to attract window shoppers. The floor level also highlights another classical art deco characteristic of having a large distinctive base, aside from the oversized windows, on Eatons College Street, the base was made even more prominent through the use of the granite and stone carvings framing it. On higher levels however, the fenestration became long vertical strips separated by pilasters which highlighted the verticality of the structure as opposed to its mass. The pilasters of the levels have fluting and capitals of ionic composition
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Cenotaph
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A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. The word derives from the Greek, κενοτάφιον kenotaphion Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world with many built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe. The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs including one for Dante Alighieri, a cenotaph is the focal point of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, South Africa. It is situated below the main point of interest, a marble Historical Frieze in the Hall of Heroes. The Hall of Heroes itself has a dome from the summit of one can view the interior of the monument. At noon on 16 December each year the sun shines through another opening in the dome onto the middle of the cenotaph, the ray of sunshine symbolises Gods blessing on the lives and endeavours of the Voortrekkers. 16 December is the date in 1838 that the Battle of Blood River was fought, durban, South Africa, has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Port Elizabeth, South Africa, has a cenotaph, on either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life, surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929, a surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II. In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18 and it was unveiled by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, the cenotaph was commemorated in 1977. A monument which has come to be known to as the Cenotaph was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame. Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda in 1920. In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale Universitys Hewitt Quad honours men of Yale who died in battle, the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph. It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead and it was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827
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Simpsons (department store)
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The Robert Simpson Company, or Simpsons, was a Canadian department store chain, founded by Robert Simpson in 1858. The Hudsons Bay Company purchased the chain in 1978, and it ceased operation in the 1990s, the dry goods store that later became the Robert Simpson Company opened in 1858 in Newmarket, Ontario. A fire destroyed the store in 1870 and reopened two years later, in Toronto, Robert Simpson House at 384 Botsford Street was his home Newmarket from 1861 to 1876. The company was renamed the Robert Simpson Company Limited in May 1896 shortly before Robert Simpsons sudden death on 14 December 1897, at the age of 63. In 1912, Charles Luther Burton became assistant general manager at the Robert Simpson Company, then under the directorship of his old friend, by 1929, Burton was president of Simpson’s, becoming chairman of the board in 1948 when his son Edgar assumed the presidency. Throughout its history Simpsons was the carriage trade department store in Toronto. The motto Youll enjoy shopping at Simpsons was conceived by Robert Simpson, until 1972, the operating name of the company was Simpsons. During a time of increased pressure and sensitivity towards French language issues in Quebec, although not yet law, companies began dropping the English possessive s from their names. However, management did not want the company known as Simpson, so it dropped the apostrophe, after the Hudsons Bay Company acquired the company, it changed the name of the chain to Simpson for the stores in Quebec while retaining the Simpsons name in other provinces. The deal to create Simpsons-Sears Limited, a Canadian catalogue and department store chain separate from the Simpsons chain, was signed on September 18,1952, each company put up $20 million and had equal representation on the new companys Board of Directors. The new company was to have two main objectives, the first was to expand Simpsons existing mail order business, which was sold to the new company. The second goal was to build a string of stores modelled on Sears, the agreement also contained a provision that would prove to be a major bone of contention in the coming years. Under its terms, Simpsons-Sears could not open a store within 25 miles of Simpsons existing stores in Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, Regina. In return, Simpsons promised not to build any stores outside of those five cities, Simpsons-Sears mail order business, however, was free to operate anywhere in Canada and so was the new Simpsons-Sears Acceptance Company, the credit arm of the operation. On Thursday, September 17,1953, the first Simpsons-Sears retail store opened in Stratford, the second Simpsons-Sears store opened in Kamloops, B. C. in December of that year. Enormous rooms with special ventilation were built to house IBM punch card main frame machines in two locations. In 1972, Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears agreed to end the 25-mile restriction and permit Simpsons and it was a very successful campaign that lasted two years. In 1978, the Hudsons Bay Company acquired Simpsons and federal law required the partnership to terminate, thus Simpsons
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Eaton family
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The Eaton family of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, were owners of the Eatons department stores, a national chain that was founded in 1869, and became bankrupt in 1999. At the familys height, their net worth was around $2 billion, today, after the stores demise, The Boys—John, Chuck, Thor and George—are collectively worth around $450 million. The Eatons were well known for their lifestyle and generous philanthropy. Today, they and their wives and children continue to hold prominent positions in Torontos society circles, notes Not exhaustive - listing is generally restricted to siblings of Timothy Eaton, his children, spouses, and significant descendants. - order of succession as the head of Eatons
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The Salvation Army
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The Salvation Army is a Christian Protestant church and international charitable organisation structured in a quasi-military fashion. The organisation reports a membership of over 1.5 million, consisting of soldiers, officers. Its founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and it is present in 127 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries. The theology of the Salvation Army is derived from that of Methodism although it is distinctive in institution, the Armys doctrine is typical of evangelical Protestant denominations. The Armys purposes are the advancement of the Christian religion, of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole. The Army was founded in 1865 in London by one-time Methodist circuit-preacher William Booth as the East London Christian Mission, in 1878 Booth reorganised the mission, becoming its first General and introducing the military structure which has been retained to the present day. The current world leader of The Salvation Army is General André Cox, the Salvation Army was founded in Londons East End in 1865 by one-time Methodist Reform Church minister William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission. The name The Salvation Army developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May, William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, We are a volunteer army. Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, Volunteer, Im no volunteer, Im a regular. Railton was instructed to cross out the volunteer and substitute the word salvation. The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag and its own hymns, often with words set to popular, Booth and the other soldiers in Gods Army would wear the Armys own uniform, for meetings and ministry work. He became the General and his ministers were given appropriate ranks as officers. When William Booth became known as the General, Catherine is known as the Mother of The Salvation Army, William preached to the poor, and Catherine spoke to the wealthy, gaining financial support for their work. She also acted as a minister, which was unusual at the time. William Booth described the approach, The three ‘Ss’ best expressed the way in which the Army administered to the down and outs, first, soup, second, soap. In 1880, the Salvation Army started its work in three countries, Australia, Ireland, and the United States. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. The Booths did not include the use of sacraments in the Armys form of worship, other beliefs are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol, smoking, taking illegal drugs and gambling
Dundas
