1.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
EMS level
–
This is most likely an emergency department at a hospital. In such services, the EMS is not summoned by members of the public, in some jurisdictions, EMS units may handle technical rescue operations such as extrication, water rescue, and search and rescue. Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world, in some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic first aid certifications, additionally many EMS systems are staffed with Advanced Life Support personnel, including paramedics, nurses, or, less commonly, physicians. Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history, the New Testament contains the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a man who was beaten is cared for by a Samaritan. Luke 10,34 - He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil, then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him. Also during the Middle Ages, the Knights Hospitaller were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield, the first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey, Napoleon Bonapartes chief surgeon. Larreys projects for flying ambulances were first approved by the Committee of Public Safety in 1794, in civilian ambulances, a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London during 1832. This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, the first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio by 1865. In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and it was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. Named the Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society, it served as a model for similar societies worldwide and this was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle. Canadian historians dispute this with the city of Toronto claiming The first formal training for ambulance attendants was conducted in 1892, two-way radios became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances in some areas. Prior to World War II, there were areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician. In many locations, however, ambulances were hearses - the only vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient - and were thus frequently run by funeral homes. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as combination cars, prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations, City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or fire department. No laws required minimal training for personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid
3.
Firefighting apparatus
–
A firefighting apparatus describes any vehicle that has been customized for use during firefighting operations. These vehicles are highly customized depending on their needs and the duty they will be performing and these duties can include firefighting, vehicle extrication, dangerous goods investigations, urban search and rescue, medical emergency, swift water rescue and plane crashes. While fire engine red remains the most common color for firefighting apparatus, for example, the Chicago Fire Department has a long-standing tradition of painting their apparatus black over red. Neighboring departments will often use different colors to distinguish their apparatus. For example, the Santa Barbara Fire Department uses the fire engine red while the neighboring Santa Barbara County Fire Department elects to use blue over white. A study by the American Psychological Association published in February 2014 indicated that lime-yellow is a significantly safer color for emergency vehicles because of its increased visibility, the study showed that lime-yellow fire apparatus were half as likely to be involved in accidents as red vehicles. See Fire Department Rehab Water tender - also known as a tanker, the fire pump was reinvented in Europe during the 16th century, reportedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and Nuremberg in 1657. A book of 1655 inventions mentions a steam pump used to raise a column of water 40 feet. Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop during fires at night and these buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Lynns 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jencks, by 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines, the first used in New York City were of his make. The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted the institution of a fire company by Benjamin Franklin in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743 and these earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually powered and the water was supplied by bucket brigade dumped into a tub where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source doing away with the bucket brigade, philadelphia fire engine manufacturers Sellers and Pennock model the Hydraulion is said to be the first suction engine produced in 1822. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake, the earliest engines were small and were carried by four men or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. The earliest four-wheel carriage mounted engines were pulled to the fire by hand, as the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine, john Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, the first self-propelled steam-driven fire engine was built in New York in 1841. It was the target of sabotage by firefighters and its use was discontinued and that same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts began selling what some have described as the worlds first modern fire engine
4.
Fire station
–
It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, firefighters may have special means to allow entry to the floor quickly when a call for help is received. This arrangement also allows for an area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have an alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm. However, sometimes the only alarm is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a volunteer fire department where volunteers do not staff the station, in a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career firefighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which practice their skills. The approaches to a station are often posted with warning signs. In larger cities fire stations are named for the primary fire companies and apparatus housed there, such as Ladder 49. Rural fire stations are named for the county, town or village. Fire department Firemans pole Olathe, Kan, Fire Department West Jackson Fire Department, GA Raleigh and Wake County, NC fire departments Killorglin Fire & Rescue, County Kerry, Ireland
5.
Fire engine
–
A fire engine is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire departments/fire services often employ their vehicles for other uses including emergency medical services. The terms fire engine and fire truck are used interchangeably. The primary purposes of an engine include transporting firefighters to an incident scene, providing water with which to fight a fire. Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models and they are normally fitted with audible and visual warnings, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The standard fire engine is an apparatus designed primarily for firefighting operations, the tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and what sort of terrain the department must handle. For example, departments located near bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools, floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department, some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as preconnects, the preconnects are attached to the engines onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. The name is derived from the fact that the ladder is mounted on a turntable on the back of a truck chassis. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic, modern telescopic ladders are either hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier and they may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. A ladder can also be mounted behind the cab and this is sometimes called mid-ship and the arrangement allows a lower travel height for the truck, and also can be more stable in certain conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the ladder for ease of use, other appliances may simply have a track-way which will hold a manually-run hose reel securely, and prevent it from falling to the ground. In the United States, a truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and it has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability
6.
Water tender
–
A water tender, also known as a tanker in some regions, is a specialized firefighting apparatus designed for transporting water from a water source to a fire scene. Water tenders are capable of drafting water from a stream, lake or hydrant and this class of apparatus does not necessarily have enough pumping capacity to power large hose lines, though it utilizes a smaller pump to draft from bodies of water. Water tenders are used there is no working fire hydrant within reach of other fire equipment. Most water tenders are designed to carry loads of 1000 gallons or more, in the US,1000 gallons is the requirement in the NFPA standards. Some may carry up to or even upwards of 5000 gallons of water – even more with a trailer, typically water tenders support engines and/or trucks like aerials in fires. Water tenders can be used also in chemical accidents, to clean highways after collisions, some water tenders carry fire fighting equipment and crew much like an engine. These water tenders are able to operate relatively independently, some water tenders actually combine a fire engine and water tender. This kind of unit may have seats for up to six firefighters, a tank of more than 3000 gallons. This configuration may be found, for example, in rural areas, very light water tenders are sometimes used in wildfires. For example, a tank of 265 gallons can be carried by a cross-country vehicle to extinguish smoldering stubs on rough terrain. A water tender typically carries some fire fighting equipment, there are various national standards and recommendations on equipment to be carried on water tenders. Some water tenders may carry various kinds of hoses and spray nozzles for use in forest, building, or industrial fires, as well as a portable water tank. In addition, tools like axes, flashlights, chemical fire extinguishers, a water extinguisher, an SCBA, a first aid kit, adapters. Some tenders carry also foaming agents, and extinguishing powders or gases, sometimes these materials are carried in larger amounts on very specialized, separate units like hose trucks, powder trucks, carbon dioxide extinguishing trucks etc. Specialized Airport Crash Tenders are used at airports to larger amounts of water. Several areas also own converted semi-trailer fuel tankers, capable of holding thousands of litres of petrol. These are most often used in severe HazMat situations, such as oil refinery fires or fuel tanker accidents, Fire Chiefs Vehicle Heavy rescue vehicle Fire apparatus Fireboat Portable water tank
7.
Hazardous materials apparatus
–
A Hazardous Material Apparatus is a specialized piece of firefighting equipment used by firefighters responding to calls involving potentially hazardous materials. Due to the nature of dangerous goods, these vehicles are highly customized to fit the needs of the fire department responsible for the apparatus. The needs of a small town such as Santa Barbara will not be the same as that of a big city such as Los Angeles. In the United States NFPA regulation 471 details the Recommended Practice For Responding To Hazardous Materials Incidents, while no specifications are given for the HazMat vehicle, the document does outline some of the equipment required including a radiation detector, pH meter and other air sampling devices. A typical HazMat vehicle will have a dedicated to a command. Often fitted with computers, televisions, two-way radios and other equipment and this command center is usually located in a portion of the vehicle that slides out or expands much like is found on a typical recreational vehicle. HazMat vehicles also come with a portable lab complete with sinks
8.
Urban search and rescue
–
Urban Search and Rescue involves the location, extrication, and initial medical stabilization of victims trapped in structural collapse due to natural disasters, mines and collapsed trenches. The causes of USAR incidents can be categorised as accidental and deliberate, structural collapse incidents can comprise unstable or collapsed structures in an unsafe position. Usually collapse incidents leave voids inside the debris that can result in numerous casualties trapped under large amounts of very heavy, USAR services can be faced with complex rescue operations within hazardous environment. Incidents experience shows that people are found alive many hours and days after rescue operations commence. USAR teams in different countries may be organised in a variety of ways, USAR task forces are often categorized for standardization. Depending upon the classification of the force, there can be close to 70 positions. But to be sure a full team can respond to an emergency, a task force is often a partnership between local fire departments, law enforcement agencies, federal and local governmental agencies and private companies. In the United States, these can be federally endorsed teams or state teams activated through mutual aid agreements, in England, the responsibility for USAR lies with local authority fire and rescue services. Equipment supplied to them is part of a government initiative known as the New Dimension programme which provides the training, the training that teams receive is an ongoing procedure combining classes from the local fire and rescue services and government agencies. USAR task forces are expected to be totally self-sufficient for the first 72 hours of a deployment, the equipment cache used to support a task force can weigh more than 60,000 pounds and is worth more than $1.4 million US. Katrina proved the difficulty of coordinating disaster response teams from around the country when some used ICS. Gather facts and make decisions on the course of action, for example, what types of structures are involved, the extent of damage, the layout of the building involved, what hazards are present, and what rescue personnel and equipment are available. Structural damage can be categorized as light, moderate, or heavy, sizeup is an ongoing process which should continue during all phases of search and rescue so operations can be modified as needed. Searchers should use a system or two-in, two-out system and have backup teams available. Techniques for searching for potential victims are based on identifying possible locations of victims, areas of entrapment inside damaged structures are called voids. There are several types of voids, such as the void. Voids can also include spaces where victims may have entered for self-protection during a disaster - such as under desks or in bathtubs or closets, possible search patterns include triangulation, a right/left search pattern, or a bottom-up/top-down search pattern. Searchers should stop frequently to listen for noises or attempted communication from victims, trapped victims are removed and medical aid rendered as necessary
9.
Fireboat
–
A fireboat is a specialized watercraft with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires. The first fireboats, dating to the late 18th century, were tugboats, older designs derived from tugboats and modern fireboats more closely resembling seafaring ships can both be found in service today. Some departments would give their multi-purpose craft the title of fireboat also and they are frequently used for fighting fires on docks and shore side warehouses as they can directly attack fires in the supporting underpinnings of these structures. They also have an unlimited supply of water available, pumping directly from below the hull. Some modern fireboats are capable of pumping tens of thousands of gallons of water per minute. An example is Fire Boat #2 of the Los Angeles Fire Department, fireboats are most usually seen by the public when welcoming a fleet or historical ships with a display of their water moving capabilities, throwing large arcs of water in every direction. Occasionally fireboats are used to carry firefighters, Emergency Medical Technicians, some may be used as icebreakers, like the Chicago Fire Departments Victor L. Schlaeger which can break 8 to 12 inch ice. They may also carry divers or surface water rescue workers, passengers from ships in danger can be also transferred to various kind of rescue boats. Also hydrocopters, rigid-hulled inflatable boats, fanboat and even hovercrafts and helicopters are used in fire, rescue, cities with fireboats are usually located on a large body of water with port facilities. Smaller fire departments lacking resources will use rigid-hulled inflatable boat or borrow boats from local rescue agencies, the first recorded fire-float was built in 1765 for the Sun Fire Insurance Company in London. This was a pump in a small boat, rowed by its crew to the scene of the fire. A similar craft was built in Bristol by James Hillhouse for the Imperial Fire Insurance Office in the 1780s. All fire fighting in Bristol was carried out either by private companies or the Docks Company until the formation of the Bristol Fire Brigade as a branch of the police in 1876. In New York City, a boat with a hand-pump was used to fight marine fires as early as 1809. By the middle of the century, self-propelled steam-fire-floats were beginning to be introduced. The FDNY leased the salvage tug John Fuller as the citys first powered fireboat in 1866, prior to the John Fuller, as early as the late 1700s, the FDNY used hand-pumpers mounted to barges and large rowboats. The first purpose built steam driven boats were introduced by Boston Fire Department, the first European fireboat to appear in Bristol was the Fire Queen, built by Shand Mason & Co. London, in 1884 for service in the city docks, the 53 ft. long craft was equipped with a three-cylinder steam pump supplying two large hose reels, one of these was replaced with a monitor, or water cannon, in 1900
10.
Fire protection
–
Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires. Buildings must be constructed in accordance with the version of the code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building construction with the building code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the current fire code, in the event of fire emergencies, Firefighters, fire investigators, and other fire prevention personnel called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a fire. Lessons learned from fires are applied to the authoring of both building codes and fire codes, when deciding on what fire protection is appropriate for any given situation, it is important to assess the types of fire hazard that may be faced. Some jurisdictions operate systems of classifying fires using code letters, whilst these may agree on some classifications, they also vary. Below is a showing the standard operated in Europe and Australia against the system used in the United States. 1 Technically there is no such thing as a Class E fire, however it is considered a dangerous and very deadly complication to a fire, therefore using the incorrect extinguishing method can result in serious injury or death. Class E, however refers to fires involving electricity, therefore a bracketed E. Fires are sometimes categorized as one alarm, two alarm, three alarm fires, there is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably, though it always refers to the level response by the local authorities. In some cities, the numeric rating refers to the number of stations that have been summoned to the fire. In others, the number counts the number of dispatches for additional personnel, active fire protection - manual and automatic detection and suppression of fires, such as fire sprinkler systems and systems. During this time, PFP was the dominant mode of protection provided in facility designs, with the widespread installation of fire sprinklers in the past 50 years, the reliance on PFP as the only approach was reduced. Lobby groups are divided into two camps favouring active or passive fire protection. Each camp tries to garner more business for itself through its influence in establishing or changing local and national building, the decision to favour AFP versus PFP in the design of a new building may be affected by the lifecycle costs. Lifecycle costs can be shifted from capital to operational budgets and vice versa, Fire protection within a structure is a system that relies on all of its components. The building is designed in compliance with the building code and fire code by the architect. A building permit is issued after review by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, likewise, if the sprinkler system or fire alarm system is inoperable for lack of proper maintenance, the likelihood of damage or personal injury is increased
11.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
12.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
13.
Old Toronto
–
Old Toronto is the retronym of the original city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1834 to 1998. It was first incorporated as a city in 1834, after being known as the Town of York, in 1954, it became the administrative headquarters for Metropolitan Toronto. It expanded in size by annexation of surrounding municipalities, reaching its final boundaries in 1967, finally, in 1998, it was amalgamated into the present-day megacity of Toronto. Post-amalgamation, the area within the boundaries of the city is variously referred to as the former city of Toronto or Old Toronto. Historically, Old Toronto has referred to Torontos boundaries before the Great Toronto Fire of 1904, the term downtown core is also sometimes used to refer to the district, which actually refers to the central business district of Toronto, which is located within the former city. Old Toronto has the highest population density in the Golden Horseshoe, the population was recorded in June 1834 at 9,252. In 1834, Toronto was incorporated with the boundaries of Bathurst Street to the west,400 yards north of Lot Street to the north, outside this formal boundary were the liberties, land pre-destined to be used for new wards. The liberties formally became part of the city in 1859 and the wards were remapped, the earliest Toronto neighbourhoods were the five municipal wards that the city was split into in 1834. The wards were named for the saints of the four nations of the British Isles and St. Lawrence. Today, only St. Lawrence remains a well-known neighbourhood name, the others have attached their names to a variety of still-existing landmarks, including three subway stations. As Toronto grew, more wards were created, still named after prominent saints, St. James Ward is preserved in the modern St. James Town neighbourhood, while the northern ward of St. Pauls has continued to the present as a federal and provincial electoral district. In 1833, several prominent reformers had petitioned the House of Assembly to have the town incorporated, the Tory-controlled House struggled to find a means of creating a legitimate electoral system that might nonetheless minimize the chances of reformers being elected. The bill passed on 6 March 1834 and proposed two different property qualifications for voting, there was a higher qualification for the election of aldermen and a lower one for common councillors. Two aldermen and two councilmen would be elected from each city ward, the mayor was elected by the aldermen from among their number, and a clear barrier was erected between those of property who served as full magistrates and the rest. Only 230 of the citys 2,929 adult men met this stringent property qualification, the second market building replaced the original wooden market building in 1831 and ran from King Street to Front Street. It was selected by the first mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie and his newspaper, the Colonial Advocate, rented space in the rear. This building, along much of the surrounding Market Block, was destroyed by fire in the 1849 Cathedral Fire. The site was rebuilt as St. Lawrence Hall in 1850, the second city hall, built in 1845 and renovated in 1850, was known as the New Market House
14.
East York
–
East York is a former municipality within the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was a borough within the overall municipality of Metropolitan Toronto until 1998. Before the amalgamation, it was Canadas only borough and it is separated by the Don River from the former City of Toronto. Traditional East York is southeast of the river, and the neighbourhoods of Leaside, Bennington Heights, the heart of East York is filled with middle-class and working-class homes, with extensive high-rise developments along peripheral major streets and in Crescent Town and Thorncliffe Park. East York was originally part of York Township, following the incorporation of the Township of North York in 1922, York Township was divided by Toronto, Leaside and North Toronto. Left with the option to join the City of Toronto or branch out on its own,448 East Yorkers voted to incorporate a new township. The Township of East York was incorporated on January 1,1924 with a population of 19,849, the western half of York Township retained its name. East York was originally populated by working class English people who valued the opportunity to own small homes of their own, with front lawns, many had immigrated from Lancashire and Yorkshire. In 1961,71. 7% of the population identified themselves as having British origins, in the late 1940s, after World War II, East York became home to many returning veterans and their families. Many inexpensive homes were built, including the houses around Topham Park, by the government, to house the returning veterans, the local government was both socially conscious and frugal, fitting the residents self-image of East York as filled with supportive neighbours and non-government organizations. For many years, the borough did not allow the serving of alcoholic beverages in any restaurants, the result was a heavy concentration of alcohol-serving restaurants and bars on Danforth Avenue, a main street in the city of Toronto running east-west just south of East York. The prohibition of serving alcohol was eliminated in the 1970s, the borough of East York was established in 1967 through the amalgamation of the former township of East York and the former town of Leaside. Leaside was an industrial and residential community. East York has over the years been an enclave for senior citizens, as the original owners from the 1940s age. East York had its own department with three stations, which are still in operation today under the combined Toronto Fire Services. Recently, rapid and accelerated gentrification has changed many neighbourhoods, many one-story bungalows have added second floors, and many shops have been converted to more upscale shops. Canadas only borough, East York was semi-autonomous within the municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. In 1998, East York, along with North York, York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, East Yorks last mayor was Michael Prue who went on to become city councillor for East York, and then a Member of Provincial Parliament for Beaches—East York in 2001
15.
Etobicoke
–
Etobicoke /ɛˈtoʊbᵻkoʊ/ is a suburban district forming the western part of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Etobicoke was first settled by Europeans in the 1790s, the municipality grew into city status in the 20th century, several independent villages and towns developed within the area of Etobicoke, only to be absorbed later into Etobicoke during the era of Metro Toronto. Etobicoke was dissolved in 1998, when it was amalgamated with other Metro Toronto municipalities into the City of Toronto, Etobicokes population is very diverse, with people from all over the world including South Asians, East Asians, Middle Easterners, West Indians, Africans and Europeans. Etobicoke is primarily suburban in development, with a population density than central Toronto, larger main streets, shopping malls. Etobicoke has several expressways within its borders, including the Queen Elizabeth Way, Gardiner Expressway, Ontario Highway 427, Ontario Highway 401 and Ontario Highway 409. Etobicoke is connected to the rest of Toronto by four stations of the Bloor-Danforth subway, which has its terminus at Kipling Avenue. Etobicoke has one institution, Humber College, which has two campuses. Different groups of First Nations peoples used the land that is now Etobicoke at different times, as the Algonquins gradually moved west from the Atlantic to Lake Erie, it is almost certain that they would have occupied this land at some point. By the time they were settled on the shores of Georgian Bay. During the 17th century they were pushed out by the powerful Haudenosaunee confederacy, after continued harassment from the Iroquois, south, a coalition of the Ojibway, Odawa, and Potawatomi Algonquin nations, known as the Three Fires, gradually pushed the Haudenosaunee off this land. The Algonquian-speaking Mississauga settled here by 1695, fishing and growing crops more locally in the summer, the name Etobicoke was derived from the Mississauga word wah-do-be-kang, meaning place where the alders grow. This was the way they described the area between Etobicoke Creek and the Humber River, the first provincial land surveyor, Augustus Jones, also spelled it as ato-be-coake. Etobicoke was finally adopted as the name in 1795 at the direction of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe. The British officials intended Etobicoke to be included in the Toronto Purchase of 1787, however, the Mississauga and government disagreed as to whether the western boundary of the purchase was the Humber River or the Etobicoke River. The dispute was settled between the Government of Canada and the Mississauga First Nation in 2010. Immigrants from the British Isles were among the new settlers, as well as Loyalists who had left the rebellious Thirteen Colonies, by then the new United States. Early settlers included many of the Queens Rangers, who were land in the area by Simcoe to help protect the new capital of Upper Canada. In 1793-95, the Honourable Samuel Smith, a colonel in the Queens Rangers, received land grants of 1,530 acres, extending from todays Kipling Avenue to Etobicoke Creek, and north to Bloor Street
16.
North York
–
North York is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located north of Old Toronto, between Etobicoke to the west and Scarborough to the east. As of the 2011 Census, it had a population of 655,913 and it was first created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former city of York, a municipality that was located along the western border of Old Toronto. Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1954, it was one of the fastest growing parts of the due to its proximity to Old Toronto. In 1998, North York was amalgamated with the rest of Metropolitan Toronto to form the new city of Toronto, the Township of North York was formed on June 13,1922 out of the rural part of the Township of York. The rapidly growing parts of the township remained in that township, as North York became more populous, it became the Borough of North York in 1967, and then on February 14,1979, the City of North York. To commemorate receiving its city charter on St. Valentines Day and it now forms the largest part of the area served by the North York Community Council, a committee of Toronto City Council. North York used to be known as an agricultural hub composed of scattered villages. The area boomed following World War II, and by the 1950s and 1960s, on August 10,2008, a massive explosion occurred at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases propane facility just southwest of the Toronto-Downsview Airport. This destroyed the depot and damaged several homes nearby, about 13,000 residents were evacuated for several days before being allowed back home. One employee at the company was killed in the blast and one died while attending to the scene of the accident. A follow-up investigation to the incident made several recommendations concerning propane supply depots and it asked for a review of setback distances between depots and nearby residential areas but didnt call for restrictions on where they can be located. North York residents are highly multicultural, the neighbourhood with the largest percentage of visible minorities in North York is the Grandravine-Yorkwoods area in Jane and Finch with 93%. The western half of North York is culturally different from the eastern half, chinese cultural groups dominate the eastern half of North York making up 22% of the population from Yonge Street to Victoria Park Avenue. South Asians are mainly spread out evenly in North York, there are large South Asian communities in Emery and Flemingdon Park. The neighbourhood with the largest percentage of South Asians in North York Gateway-Glenway area is Flemingdon Park with 46%, Black Canadians dominate the western half of North York making up 19% of the population past Allen Road. Most of North Yorks Black community is along Jane Street and areas around it, smaller areas such as Jane and Finch, Lawrence Heights, and Trethewey had more than 40% of its population identified as Black. Most are from the Caribbean but there is also a large west African population, the Jane & Wilson neighbourhood has the largest Ghanaian community in Toronto
17.
Scarborough, Toronto
–
Scarborough is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs, it occupies the part of the city. Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east and it was named after the English town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. First settled by Europeans in the 1790s, Scarborough has grown from a collection of rural villages. Incorporated in 1850 as a township, Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967, Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983. In 1998, Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto, Scarborough is an administrative district in Toronto and has its own community council. The Scarborough Civic Centre, the city hall, is still used by the municipal government of Toronto. Scarborough is a destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside. As a result, it is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the Greater Toronto Area, being home to religious groups. It includes some of Torontos popular natural landmarks, such as Rouge Park, Scarborough has been declared to be greener than any other part of Toronto. The area was named after Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England by Elizabeth Simcoe, the wife of John Graves Simcoe, the bluffs along Scarboroughs Lake Ontario shores reminded her of the limestone cliffs in Scarborough, England. On August 4,1793, she wrote in her diary, The shore is extremely bold, and has the appearance of chalk cliffs and they appeared so well that we talked of building a summer residence there and calling it Scarborough. Before that, the area was named Glasgow, after the Scottish city, the most popular is Scarberia, a portmanteau of Scarborough and Siberia, a reference to its seemingly distant eastern location from downtown Toronto. The word originated sometime in the 1960s and has remained a source of contention ever since. In May 1988, Joyce Trimmer, who was campaigning to be mayor of the city of Scarborough, said, Scarborough has also acquired nicknames related to its diversity. Such nicknames typically use the prefix Scar and a derived from the name of a region, nation, or ethnicity, for instance, Scompton or Scarlem, alluding to Compton. The first known evidence of people in Scarborough comes from a site in Fenwood Heights. The site contains the remains of a camp of nomadic hunters and foragers, after the land was surveyed in 1793, it was opened to settlement by British subjects with the first issue of land patents in 1796, although squatters had already been present for a few years
18.
York, Toronto
–
York is a former municipality within the current city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located northwest of Old Toronto, southwest of North York and east of Etobicoke, as a separate city, it was one of six municipalities that amalgamated in 1998 to form the current city of Toronto. The City of York was created by the amalgamation of villages, including the present day neighbourhoods of Lambton Mills. Etobicoke Township and Scarborough Township were located west and east, respectively, while the townships of Vaughan, York Township was home to one of the original Black communities in the Toronto area, which was populated by many African American fugitive slaves. By 1861, the township had the second-largest Black population in the Toronto area, after St. Johns Ward, most of whom lived in York Township West. The legacy of Yorks original Black community continues today, as of the 2011 Census,15. 9% of Yorks population is Black, Humewood–Cedarvale was developed in the 1910s to attract development in the growing township. Oakwood–Vaughan was also developed during this time, in the 1920s, the character of the township changed, with its southern reaches abutting the city of Toronto taking on a more urban character, compared with the very rural character of the north. The decision was made to split the township in two, with the northern, rural portion becoming North York. The remaining, two pockets of unincorporated urban development at the end of the city, were split by the village of North Toronto. Within years, the Province of Ontario saw that this arrangement of having an exclave was impractical, the Township of York contracted streetcar and bus services from the Toronto Transportation Commission, but remained independent from Toronto. During this time, American novelist Ernest Hemingway resided in the Humewood–Cedarvale community, North and west of Oakwood–Vaughan is the Fairbank community. Silverthorn is described as Torontos hidden San Francisco in reference to its streets, staircases. This is due to Torontos topography being shaped by its deep ravines, York was part of the federation of twelve suburban municipalities that joined Toronto in 1954 to form Metropolitan Toronto. In 1967, it absorbed the town of Weston, and became the Borough of York and it was amalgamated into the new City of Toronto on 1 January 1998. Its former council and administrative building, York Civic Centre, is located at 2700 Eglinton Avenue West, Yorks first public library was the Mount Dennis branch, which operated out of rented premises since 1923. Before the 1998 Amalgamation, the York Board of Education oversaw public secular schools in the former city, as with the other school boards in Metro Toronto, they were amalgamated as the Toronto District School Board in 1998. York is served by the Toronto Transit Commissions buses and rapid transit system and it formerly had its own bus and streetcar service until it was absorbed by the Toronto Transit Commission. Of the Toronto rapid transit system, only the Heath Street exit of St. Clair West station on the Yonge-University-Spadina line is in the city of York
19.
Black Creek Pioneer Village
–
It overlooks Black Creek, a tributary of the Humber River. The village is a recreation of life in 19th-century Ontario and gives an idea how rural Ontario might have looked in the early-to-mid-19th century, the village is a regular destination for field trips by schoolchildren from the Greater Toronto Area. It was opened in 1960 and is operated by the Toronto, the pioneer village consists of over forty 19th century buildings, decorated in the style of the 1860s with period furnishings. It is operated by historical interpreters and craftspeople housed in the restored buildings, the site also features historical re-enactments and visiting artisans. A core of buildings built by the Stong family are on their original sites, the majority of the buildings were moved from their original sites, and some re-built on their current locations. The board and batten blacksmith shop was built in the 1850s in Nobleton. The gunsmith shop was built in Bolton, and the Taylor Cooperage building was built in the 1850s in Paris, the weaver shop is within what was originally a Temperance Hall built in Kettleby in 1850 by the Sons of Temperance. The Museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada, upper Canada Village List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto Official website
20.
Great Fire of Toronto (1849)
–
The Great Fire of Toronto of 1849, April 7,1849, also known as the Cathedral Fire, was the first major fire in the history of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Much of the Market Block, the core of the city, was wiped out. The 1831 building of the Toronto City Hall and St. Lawrence Market south of King was damaged and was torn down. The fire was discovered at 1 a. m. in the rear of Grahams Tavern on the north-east side of King Street and Nelson Street at George, the fire consumed Posts Tavern then burned through the outbuildings north to Duke Street. The fire spread through the block, destroying the Home District Saving Bank. At this point, a south-easterly wind had come up, at 3 a. m. the spire of the first St. James Cathedral at Church Street caught fire and the cathedral was soon destroyed. The fire spread to the side of King Street and the old Toronto City Hall. It damaged most buildings on the east side of Nelson, at its height, the fire was visible from across Lake Ontario in St. Catharines. The fire could have further, but Toronto west of Church Street was saved by a rain shower at about 3,30 a. m. This wet down the roofs of buildings to the west, making it harder for flying brands to ignite them, the wind was from the north-east, pushing the fire away from the court house, fire hall and St. Andrews Church west of Church Street. At 4 a. m. troops arrived to assist the firefighters, according to The Globe, the fire was mostly extinguished by 5 a. m. The damages were estimated at CA$500,000 to $700,000, the loss to insurance companies was $239,724. The Upper Canada Gazette, the first newspaper in Ontario, would not resume publication, while the buildings on the main streets were brick, the inner buildings along laneways were made of wood and likely fuelled the fire. The early firefighting companies of the time, mostly made up of volunteers, had limited firefighting capability, Fire hydrants and water tanks or barrels had been added in 1842 by the Metropolitan Water Company, but these were not enough. Before the fire, Torontos fire-fighting capabilities were limited to six companies operating in one fire hall at Court Street. Manual pumpers and tankers involved far too much manpower and would prove to be no match for the speed of a major fire. The fire halls existing in Toronto in 1849 were, Firemans Hall on Church Street south of Adelaide Street East - Built 1826 and renumbered as Fire Hall Number 5 in 1861, it was closed in 1874. Fire Hall Number 1 at 139-141 Bay Street - Built 1841, engine Number 4 at St. Patricks Market on Queen Street West - Built 1842 and closed 1861
21.
Bay Street
–
Bay Street is a major thoroughfare in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the centre of Torontos Financial District and is used by metonymy to refer to Canadas financial services industry since succeeding Montreals St. James Street in that role in the 1970s. Bay Street begins at Queens Quay in the south and ends at Davenport Road in the north, the original section of Bay Street ran only as far north as Queen Street West. Sections north of Queen Street were renamed Bay Street as several streets were consolidated. The largest of these streets, Terauley Street, ran from Queen Street West to Grenville Street, at these two points, there is a curve in Bay Street. Bay Street is frequently used as a metonym to refer to Torontos Financial District, Bay Street banker, as in the phrase cold as a Bay Street bankers heart, was a term of opprobrium especially among Prairie farmers who feared that Toronto-based financial interests were hurting them. Within the legal profession, the term Bay Street is also used colloquially to refer to the large, the street was originally known as Bear Street because of frequent bear sightings in the early history of Toronto. It was renamed Bay Street in 1797 from the fact that it connected Lot Street to a bay at the Toronto Harbour, until 1922, the section of Bay running north from Queen Street and ending at College Street was known as Terauley Street. Several discontinuous streets existed north of College Street to Davenport Road, By-Law 9316 joined these streets together as far north as Scollard Street in 1922. Finally, By-Law 9884, enacted on January 28,1924, changed the name of Ketchum Avenue to Bay Street, there is a short street called Terauley Lane running west of Bay from Grenville Street to Grosvenor Street. The intersection of Bay and King Street is often seen as the centre of Canadian banking, the core cluster of towers has crept north with the addition of the 50-storey Bay Adelaide Centre and the Trump Tower Toronto. Significant condominium development on Bay, north of the district, boomed during the 1990s and construction continues on large, 40-plus storey condominiums. The area is defined by Dundas Street to the south and Bloor/Yorkville to the north and crosses through Torontos Discovery District, the area attracts many who work in the financial district and those who work in the Discovery District, nearby hospitals and schools. More than 67% of residents in this area are in the ages of 25-64. The intersection of Bay and Bloor is the location of the Toronto Transit Commissions Bay subway station, Bay Street is served by the route 6 Bay bus, which is one of the few downtown bus routes. The street used to be served by lines, which were gradually phased out after the north-south Yonge. The remaining streetcar tracks between Dundas and College Streets are now used for turns and diversions. City of London Financial district Wall Street Bay Street at Google Maps Bay Street Corridor neighbourhood profile
22.
Church Street (Toronto)
–
The following is a list of the north–south arterial thoroughfares in the Canadian city of Toronto. The city is organized in a grid pattern dating back to the laid out by Augustus Jones between 1793 and 1797. Most streets are aligned in the north-south or east-west direction, based on the shoreline of Lake Ontario, in other words, major north–south roads are generally perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline and major east–west roads are generally parallel to the lakes shoreline. The Toronto road system is influenced by its topography as some roads are aligned with the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Minor streets with documented history or etymology are listed in a separate section, roads are listed alphabetically, but from west to east they are William R. The portion south of Sheppard Avenue is the section of the proposed Spadina Expressway. Allen Road is named after the late Metro Toronto Chairman William R. Allen, landmarks along the road include the Lawrence Square Shopping Centre, the Yorkdale Shopping Centre and Downsview Park. There are several stories relating to the origin of Avenue Road, the most popular legend retells that of an early surveying team travelling west along what is now Bloor Street. Upon reaching the location of the intersection with Avenue Road today, the lead surveyor, but this is almost certainly apocryphal, the street was probably named for its tree-lined character. Avenue Road is also a residential street that runs from Edgar Avenue north to Weldrick Road connecting the communities of Richvale and Yongehurst in Richmond Hill. Bathurst Street is named after Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, henrys contributions to Toronto include organizing the successive waves of British settlers following the War of 1812, and granting the charter to the first university in the city, Kings College. Bathurst originally only referred to the south of Queen Street. In 1870, the north of Queen Street became part of Bathurst Street. It was known then as Crookshanks Lane, after Honourable George Crookshank. The road acted as a driveway to his 300-acre farm, Bay Street, used to be known as Bear Street, supposedly a reference to a noted chase given to a bear by settlers in that area. It is the centre of Torontos Financial District and is used as a metonym to refer to Canadas financial industry. The street was named when the land it occupies was annexed by the first expansion of York. Bay travelled from Lake Ontario to Lot Street, now Queen Street West, North of Queen Street and travelling to College Street was Teraulay Street
23.
Dufferin Street
–
Dufferin Street is a major north-south street in Toronto and York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is a road, two concessions west of Yonge Street. The street is named for Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, in 2003 and 2007, it was voted as one of Ontarios Worst 20 Roads in the Ontarios Worst Roads poll organized by the Canadian Automobile Association. The southern end of Dufferin is within the Exhibition Place at Dufferin Gates, the two Dufferin Street bridges connect the Exhibition Place with the rest of Dufferin Street to the north. The bridge span over the north of the CNE grounds was determined to be unsafe for vehicular traffic in 2013. The span, dating from 1911, is closed to vehicles until a replacement bridge is ready in early 2014, the bridge is scheduled for replacement starting in 2016. The City of Toronto plans to build a bridge to restore vehicular traffic in advance of the replacement construction. The west side is mostly single-family homes with one apartment building south of King Street, the neighbourhood to the west is named Parkdale, which was developed mostly before 1900. North of Queen Street West, Dufferin is primarily residential on both sides, with the large Dufferin Mall on the west side of Dufferin, south of Bloor Street and this was the former site of the Dufferin Park Racetrack. Across the street from the mall is the Dufferin Grove city park, from Queen Street north to College Street, the neighbourhood is known as Little Portugal. North of College, and west of Dufferin is the village of Brockton and on the east is the Dufferin Grove neighbourhood. Dufferin subway station is located at Dufferin and Bloor Street on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, from Bloor Street to Davenport, Dufferin is lined with homes built from the 1920s to post-World War II. The Galleria Shopping Centre is located on the west side of Dufferin, the neighbourhood west of Dufferin in this area is known as Wallace Emerson, while on the east it is known as Dovercourt Park. North of Davenport, Dufferin ascends the former Lake Iroquois shoreline escarpment, North of the escarpment, the street continues to be residential on both sides north to Eglinton Avenue West. Between Rogers Road and Eglinton Avenue West, Dufferin crosses two steep ravines, North of Eglinton Avenue, it becomes a six-lane arterial road through industrial and low-density commercial lands of the former North York. The regional shopping centre of Yorkdale Shopping Centre is located at Dufferin, the sections from Eglinton into York Region was originally Vaughan Road. North of Wilson Avenue, Dufferin is interrupted by Downsview Airport and Allen Road, a broken section of Dufferin Street runs semi parallel with Allen Road from Kennard to Sheppard Avenue due east. This section is a street and ends in a cul-de-sac just south of Kennard
24.
Toronto Paramedic Services
–
Toronto Paramedic Services is the statutory Emergency medical services provider for the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. While under municipal government control, it is required to comply with legislation, full-time emergency ambulance service began in 1888, with the provision of emergency ambulance service by the Toronto Police Force, which eventually operated four horse-drawn vehicles. Prior to these two initiatives, ambulance service was provided for the young city by a variety of means. This broad spectrum approach to service delivery would continue for more than ninety years, training included first aid skills, anatomy and physiology. Such training for ambulance attendants was unheard of at that time, the police constables assigned to the ambulance also did regular policing, when not required for ambulance calls. As the city grew and technology progressed, so did the ambulance service and this service would grow again in 1953, as the result of the creation of the municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, dramatically expanding the required service area. Some private companies, and one operated by the government, would continue to operate in Metro Toronto until 1975. Known colloquially as Metro Toronto Ambulance or simply Metro Ambulance the service provided ambulance services from 1975 to 1998, the service introduced its first paramedics in 1984. As of April 2005, the departments and commissioners were replaced by divisions under the City Manager, Toronto EMS now operates under the citys Emergency Medical Services Division. It is the largest municipal EMS operation in Canada, on July 2014, Chief Paul Raftis announced that as part of a rebranding effort, Toronto EMS will change its name to Toronto Paramedic Services. The change follows a trend and drive for the adoption of Paramedic as the publicly recognized title for prehospital emergency care providers. On October 1st, the new name came to effect, uniforms consist of, Dark navy short or long sleeve police style shirt with departmental crest, reflective stripes around arms and Toronto Paramedic in reflective print on chest and back. Chartreuse high visibility jacket with Toronto Paramedic in reflective print on back as well as job title front, Dark navy cargo pants with reflective stripes around lower leg. Bicycle helmet and shorts for bike crews, hard hat with visor as required. FR Military style tactical shirt/pants, Ballistic helmet and Ballistic vest for tactical units, dress uniform consisting of dark navy pants and tunic, white shirt, navy tie and forage cap. Paramedic uniforms have royal blue cap band and striping on pants, management staff have black maple laurels as well as gold piping on cap peak. Striping is orange-gold for the honour guard, of these, approximately 100 are in service at any time on a typical, mid-week, day shift. These vehicles are supplied by Crestline Coach Ltd
25.
Markham, Ontario
–
Markham is a city in the Regional Municipality of York within the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. Markhams population in 2015 was estimated at 342,000 through The Region of York population census data monitoring, the city is the fourth-most populous community within the Greater Toronto Area after Toronto, Mississauga and Brampton and is the York regions most populous municipality. Markham is also Canadas 16th largest city, Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1,2012. The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, while they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township in 1794. Through much of Markhams history the community has been described as an agricultural community, a turn towards a more urbanized community within the township began after World War II when the township began to feel the effects of urban encroachment from Toronto. The completion of Highway 404 during the mid-1970s accelerated urban development in Markham, as of 2013 tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. As of 2010 business services employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force, the city also has over 1,100 technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the citys largest employer. Each family was granted 200 acres of land, however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in York, German Mills later became a ghost town. Between 1803 and 1812, another attempt at settling the region was made, the largest group of settlers were Pennsylvania Dutch, most of whom were Mennonites. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, in 1825, Reesorville was renamed to Markham having taken the name of the unincorporated village. By 1830, a number of Irish, Scottish and English families began immigrating to Upper Canada. Markhams early years blended the rigours of the frontier with the development of agriculture-based industries, the many rivers and streams in the township soon supported water-powered saw and gristmills and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of Yonge Street in the 1800s, in 1842 the township population was 5,698,29,005 acres were under cultivation, and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills. By 1850, the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham, by 1857, most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like Thornhill, Unionville, and Markham greatly expanded, in 1851 Markham Village was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. A woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill, and distillery, foundry, a temperance hall and four churches. In 1972, Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto, in 1976, Markhams population was approximately 56,000
26.
Barrie
–
Barrie is a city in Central Ontario, Canada, on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay, the western arm of Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Barrie is within the part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In 2011 census, the population was originally reported as 135,711. The citys 2011 population was revised to 136,063. The Barrie census metropolitan area had a population of 187,013 residents, the portage linked Kempenfelt Bay through Willow Creek, connecting Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River which flows into Georgian Bay off Lake Huron. Barrie played a role in the War of 1812. Today, the Nine Mile Portage is marked by signs along roads in Barrie and you can follow the scenic path from Memorial Square all the way to Fort Willow. The city was named in 1833 after Sir Robert Barrie, who was in charge of the forces in Canada and frequently commanded forces through the city. Barrie was also the destination for one branch of the Underground Railroad. In the mid-19th century, this network of secret routes allowed many American slaves to enter Barrie and this contributed to the development of nearby Shanty Bay. By 1869, Barrie was the county seat of Simcoe in the Township of Vespra with a population 3,000 and it was a station of the Northern Railway. It was pleasantly situated on Kempenfelt Bay, Lake Simcoe, there were steamers to the Muskoka Territory Orillia & Stages to Penetanguishene. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Navy named a Flower class corvette HMCS Barrie. On 7 September 1977, an aircraft dropped altitude to 500 feet in dense fog, struck the 1, 000-foot CKVR-TV tower, killing all five on the plane and destroying the tower. The stations 225-foot auxiliary tower was destroyed and there was some damage to the main studio. CKVR were back on the air using a temporary 400-foot tower and reduced power of 40,000 watts at 8, the new 1, 000-foot tower was rebuilt in 1978. On 31 May 1985, an F4 tornado struck Barrie and it was one of the most violent and deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history
27.
Shift work
–
Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties, the term shift work includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts. Shift work can also contribute to strain in marital, family, Shift work increases the risk for the development of many disorders. Shift work sleep disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, Shift work is considered essential for the diagnosis. The risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 is increased in shift workers, people working rotating shifts are more vulnerable than others. Women whose work involves night shifts have a 48% increased risk of developing breast cancer and this may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm, melatonin, a known tumor suppressor, is generally produced at night and late shifts may disrupt its production. The WHOs International Agency for Research on Cancer listed shiftwork that involves circadian disruption as a probable carcinogen, Shift work may also increase the risk of other types of cancer. Artificial lighting may additionally contribute to disturbed homeostasis, Shift work may also increase a persons risk of smoking. The health consequences of shift work may depend on chronotype, that is, being a day person or a night person, different shift schedules will have different impacts on the health of a shift worker. The way the pattern is designed affects how shift workers sleep, eat. Some shift patterns can exacerbate fatigue by limiting rest, increasing stress, compared with the day shift, injuries and accidents have been estimated to increase by 15% on evening shifts and 28% on night shifts. Longer shifts are associated with more injuries and accidents, 10-hour shifts had 13% more. Other studies have showed a link between fatigue and workplace injuries and accidents, workers with sleep deprivation are far more likely to be injured or involved in an accident. One study suggests that, for working a night shift. The studys evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment than the morning sleepers, there are four major determinants of cognitive performance and alertness in healthy shift-workers. They are, circadian phase, sleep inertia, acute sleep deprivation, the circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans, attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadian bathyphase is difficult. Sleep during the day is shorter and less consolidated than night-time sleep, before a night shift, workers generally sleep less than before a day shift. The relative effects of sleep inertia vs. the other factors are hard to quantify, however, the benefits of napping appear to outweigh the cost associated with sleep inertia
28.
Bunker gear
–
Bunker gear or turnout gear are terms used by many firefighters to refer to their Personal Protective Equipment or PPE. The terms are derived from the fact that the trousers and boots are traditionally kept by the firefighters bunk at the station to be readily available for use. This clothing is referred to as fire kit in the UK. In Hong Kong, it is referred to as incident gear, historically, firefighters did not have the same level of protective clothing used today. Because of this most fires were fought from the outside of burning buildings, early in the history of firefighting, a firefighters outer clothing were more for warmth and dryness than for protection from fire. The forerunner of the firefighters helmet was developed in 1830 by a luggage maker Henry Gratacap who was a volunteer firefighter in New York City. He saw a need for a better designed helmet that was functional and provided protection to the wearer. This helmet is immediately recognizable today as the New Yorker style and little has changed in its general shape, the early use of long trench coats, made of leather or canvas and later made of rubber, was the forerunner of modern turnout jackets. Early coats had felt or wool liners to provide warmth in the winter and these liners later developed in basic thermal protection liners found in todays modern coats. This interface of boot and coat left a gap of protection against fire. Modern turnout jackets and pants are made of fire resistant fabrics or polybenzimidazole, the first component of firefighting equipment is the uniform that a firefighter will wear around the station. Its purpose is to provide a comfortable clothing that they wear around the station, naturally, turnout gear is to be worn over the station garments during any call that a firefighter is called upon. Another aspect of the uniform is the station safety shoes. These shoes are required to be fitted with safety toes and puncture-resistant soles in most countries in case the firefighter goes out on a call that does not require his/her turnout gear, the United States follows NFPA1975, Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Fire Fighters. NFPA 1975s main purpose is that no part of the uniform garment “ignite, melt, drip, turnout clothing can consist of a combination of trousers suspenders, boots, and a jacket. Modern sets use a trouser/jacket combination, the advantage of this combination is overlapping coverage to create a protective envelope for the firefighter to operate in. It has been noted that children who happen to be in already dangerous circumstances like a building fire may be frightened by the appearance of firefighters so equipped. In between these layers are pockets of air referred to as dead zones and these layers of air, along with the three protective layers, help to further insulate the wearer from the extreme environments of fires
29.
Hydraulic rescue tools
–
Hydraulic rescue tools, also known as the Jaws of Life, are used by emergency rescue personnel to assist vehicle extrication of crash victims, as well as other rescues from small spaces. These tools include cutters, spreaders, and rams, such devices were first used in 1963 as a tool to free race car drivers from their vehicles after crashes. Hydraulic rescue tools are powered by a pump, which can be hand-, foot-, or engine-powered. The Hurst Rescue Tool was invented by George Hurst, circa 1961, previously rescuers often used circular saws for vehicle extrication, but these suffered from several drawbacks. Saws can conduct sparks, which could start a fire, create loud sounds, stress the victim, in comparison, hydraulic spreader-cutters are quieter, faster, stronger, and more versatile, they can cut, open, and even lift a vehicle. Hurst Performance began to export parts to a European company, Zumro resQtec, Zumro resQtec was interested in developing these tools for use in auto racing, with resQtec targeting the European market and Hurst targeting the American market. The hydraulic spreader was originally developed in 1972 by Tim Smith and Mike Brick, who developed a cutter. When an occupant is trapped the tool is used to pry or cut the car to remove the occupant and it takes about two minutes to take the roof off a car. Mike Brick coined the phrase Jaws of Life after he observed people saying that their new device snatched people from the jaws of death, later Brick went on to develop a single rescue tool that could perform all the functions of rescue—push, pull, cut and spread. His patent for this design eventually led to the Phoenix Rescue tool. The cutter is a tool that is designed to cut through metal—a pair of hydraulically powered shears. It is often called the jaws of life, owing to the shape, sometimes specified as to its capacity to cut a solid circular steel bar, these are most commonly used to cut through a vehicles structure in an extraction operation. Cutter blades are replaceable, and blade development progresses as vehicle technology progresses in order to be able to cope with the new car protection technology. A spreader is a tool designed with two arms that come together in a narrow tip, and that uses hydraulic pressure to separate or spread the arms. The tip of the tool can be inserted into a gap between two vehicle panels —when the tool is operated, the arms are opened, pushing apart the metal in the panels. Spreaders may also be used to pop vehicle doors from their hinges, in operation, the tips of the spreader-cutters blades are wedged into a seam or gap—for example, around a vehicle door—and the device engaged. The hydraulic pump, attached to the tool or as a unit, powers a piston that pushes the blades apart with great force. Once the seam has been spread, the blades can be repositioned around the metal
30.
Canadian National Exhibition
–
With approximately 1.5 million visitors each year, the CNE is Canada’s largest annual fair and the fifth largest in North America. The first Canadian National Exhibition took place in 1879, largely to promote agriculture, agriculturists, engineers, and scientists exhibited their discoveries and inventions at the CNE to showcase the work and talent of the nation. As Canada has grown as a nation, the CNE has also changed over time, reflecting the growth in diversity and innovation, though agriculture, to many people in the Greater Toronto Area and the surrounding communities, the CNE is an annual family tradition. The CNE is held at Exhibition Place, which is a 192 acres site located along Toronto’s waterfront on the shores of Lake Ontario, the site features several buildings and structures, many of which have been named as significant under the Ontario Heritage Act. There are several live music venues on-site including the permanent CNE Bandshell. All of the roads are named after the Canadian provinces and territories, the site includes a football stadium, parks, fountains, plazas, a rose garden, statues and parking lots. Both the Toronto Transit Commission and GO Transit provide public service to Exhibition Place. The 18-day fair itself consists of a mix of shopping areas, exhibits, live entertainment, agricultural displays, sports events, casino, the Canadian International Air Show on Labour Day weekend has been a feature of the fair since 1949. Several buildings house exhibits and displays from vendors, government agencies and these include the International Pavilion of products from around the world, and the Arts, Crafts and Hobbies building of crafts, collectibles and unusual items. The Enercare Centre complex holds the international pavilion, a show, the SuperDogs performances. It also has exhibit space used for agricultural or industrial displays, the Food Building houses a large number of vendors of food from many cultures, reflecting Torontos multicultural population. The Better Living Centre building is used for a casino on one side, the CNE continues its tradition of agricultural produce competition and the winners are displayed in the Better Living Centre, along with a butter sculpting competition. Other exhibit areas are used differently in different years, there are a large number of vendors outside along the streets of the fair offering discount and unusual products. Some exhibits are held for a few days of the year. The 1792 Scadding Cabin log cabin display dates back to the first year of the fair and is the time the cabin is open for display. The Coliseum building is used for live shows and these have included high-wire acts, skating, the RCMP Musical Ride in the past. Outdoors, the Bandshell is used for music and nightly headliners. Additionally, areas are set up at points around the fair for outdoor entertainment
31.
William Lyon Mackenzie (fireboat)
–
William Lyon Mackenzie #334, named for Torontos first mayor William Lyon Mackenzie, is a fireboat for the Toronto Fire Services. It was built in 1964 with a modified Tugboat hull to provide fire fighting as well as ice breaking capabilities. In 2004 the fireboat was refurbished and it is expected to be in service until 2037, as designed, the vessel was to be equipped with radar, echo sounder, radio, and daytime accommodation for the off-duty shift. It is the main fireboat for the City of Torontos Fire Services as well as an ice breaker for the City of Toronto, built in Owen Sound, Ontario by Russel Brothers Limited. The William Lyon Mackenzie operates 12 months a year, providing services within Toronto Harbour. The T. F. S recently purchased the William Thorton, the William Thornton will be staffed by the crew of the Wm. Lyon Mackenzie as a backup/additional boat. In 2004, the vessel completed a $1+ million refurbishment that will extend the life of the vessel by approximately 30 years. The main propulsion engines were replaced and the Aerial platform was refurbished. William Lyon Mackenzie is one of a few fireboats to ply the Great Lakes, Edward M. Cotter is operated by Buffalo Fire Department and operates in Lake Erie. The William Lyon Mackenzie was called upon to give the newly commissioned tugboat Iron Guppy a ceremonial shower when she joined Port Torontos fleet, site describing original build and modernization
32.
Long Range Acoustic Device
–
The Long Range Acoustic Device is an acoustic hailing device developed by LRAD Corporation to send messages and warning tones over longer distances or at higher volume than normal loudspeakers. LRAD systems are used for long range communications in a variety of including as a means of non-lethal. They have been called sonic weapons, according to the manufacturers specifications, the systems weigh from 15 to 320 pounds and can emit sound in a 30°- 60° beam at 2.5 kHz. The manufacturer also produces systems for public address and mass notification use that broadcast 360°, LRAD systems are used by law enforcement, government and defense agencies, as well as maritime and commercial security companies to broadcast audible notifications and warnings over distance. LRAD systems are used to deter wildlife from airport runways, wind and solar farms, nuclear power facilities, gas and oil platforms, mining and agricultural operations. The parameter ka, which is the number multiplied by the speaker radius, is often used to characterize sound source directivity. For this source, ka=19 at 2.5 kHz, and according to the LRAD data sheet, small spherical point-source acoustic devices follow the known inverse square law, which predicts the loss of 6 decibels per doubling of distance from the source, solely due to geometric spreading. Large speakers, such as these, have a pattern in the nearfield which produces peaks 6 dB higher than the output pressure. The larger the speaker, and the higher the frequency, the longer the effective nearfield, the nearfield for this device is approximately 8 metres. LRAD Corporation was formerly named American Technology Corporation, an LRAD was present during protests of the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City but not used. LRADs were used by the Pittsburgh PD during protests at the G20 Summit in September 2009 and this was the first time it was used against protesters in the U. S. Israels Ministry of Defense ordered LRADs in June 2011. LRAD was reportedly used by the Oakland Police Department during the clearance of the Occupy Oakland encampment on the morning of 25 October 2011. LRAD was present, but not used, when the New York City Police department cleared Occupy Wall Street protestors from Zuccotti Park on the morning of 15 November 2011. The Delhi Police are purchasing five LRADs for crowd control while the Polish Police also acquired LRAD units in December 2010, LRAD was present, but not used because of current legal regulations during protests in Poland, including Million Marijuana March 2011 and Marsz Niepodległości 2011 and 2012. Lacking a way to utilize the LRADs purchased to their full potential sparked an investigation suspecting corruption behind their acquisition, National Police Headquarters spokesman Mariusz Sokolowski defended the purchase of LRAD. He also stressed that the police decided to make this investment because, with numerous demonstrations and gatherings, police need a public address system that allows you to reach thousands of people. LRAD was deployed during a NATO march on May 20,2012 in Chicago, the Salisbury, MD Police Department acquired an LRAD in October 2013 with proceeds from their speed cameras. 13,18 August 2014 St. Louis County police used LRAD during protests surrounding the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson
33.
Toronto Police Service
–
The Toronto Police Service is the police force servicing Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1834, it was the first municipal police service created in North America and it is the largest municipal police service in Canada and third largest police force in Canada after the Ontario Provincial Police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. At a budget of over $1 billion, it ranks second to the Toronto Transit Commission in the expenses of the municipal government of Toronto. The Toronto Police Service was founded in 1834 when the city of Toronto was first created from the town of York, the London Metropolitan Police of 1829 is generally recognized as the first modern municipal department. In 1835, Toronto retained five full-time constables—a ratio of one officer for every 1,850 citizens. Their daily pay was set at 5 shillings for day duty and 7 shillings,6 pence, in 1837 the constables’ annual pay was fixed at £75 per annum, a lucrative city position when compared to the mayor’s annual pay of £250 at the time. Toronto constables on numerous occasions suppressed opposition candidate meetings and took sides during bitter sectarian violence between Orange Order and Irish Catholic radical factions in the city, a provincial government report in 1841 described the Toronto Police as formidable engines of oppression. Although constables were issued uniforms in 1837, one contemporary recalled that the Toronto Police was without uniformity, the new force was removed from Toronto City Council jurisdiction and placed under the control of a provincially mandated Board of Police Commissioners. Under its new Chief, William Stratton Prince, an infantry captain, standardized training, hiring practices and new strict rules of discipline. Todays Toronto Police Service directly traces its ethos, constitutional lineage, in the 19th century, the Toronto Police mostly focused on the suppression of rebellion in the city—particularly during the Fenian threats of 1860 to 1870. The Toronto Police operatives later turned to spying on the activities of the Fenians and filed reports to the Chief Constable from as far as Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago and New York City. When in December 1864, the Canada West secret frontier police was established under Stipendiary Magistrate Gilbert McMicken, the police withdrew but were later reinforced and eventually arrested the entire band but not before William Gibbard was killed by unknown parties. Prior the creation of the Toronto Humane Society in 1887 and the Children’s Aid Society in 1891 and they operated the citys ambulance service and acted as the Board of Health. Police stations at the time were designed with space for the housing of homeless, shortly before the Great Depression, in 1925, the Toronto Police housed 16,500 homeless people that year. The Toronto Police regulated street-level business, cab drivers, street vendors, corner grocers, tradesmen, rag men, junk dealers, laundry operators. Under public order provisions, the Toronto Police was responsible for the licensing and regulation of dance halls, pool halls, theatres, and later movie houses. It was responsible for censoring the content of not only theatrical performances and movies, the Toronto Police also suppressed labour movements which were perceived as anarchist threats. Its notorious Red Squad brutally dispersed demonstrations by labour unions and by unemployed, in 1960, Lawrence Larry McLarty became the forces first Black officer and paved the way in transforming the hiring of minorities into the policing
34.
North York General Hospital
–
Known as North York General, it is one of the leading community academic hospitals in Canada, affiliated with the University of Toronto. It is one of the three constituent hospitals of the Peters-Boyd Academy of the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, the hospital has one of the busiest emergency departments in Canada with over 107,000 visits in 2015-16. North York General Hospital at Leslie Street and Sheppard Avenue was opened in 1968, in 1960, a group of local citizens established the North Metropolitan Hospital Association to explore building a hospital to serve the growing area of North York. Under the leadership of Colonel Clifford Sifton, plans were made and funds raised for a 70-bed community hospital on the corner of Leslie, by November 1962, land on the Leslie site was obtained. Some 3,000 volunteers collected $3.2 million of the $8.6 million cost of the new hospital, on March 15,1968, Premier John Robarts officially dedicated North York General Hospital. The hospital underwent an expansion that opened in 2003. Today, North York General encompasses three sites, the General site, Branson Ambulatory Care Centre and Seniors Health Centre, the General site is located at Leslie Street and Sheppard Avenue in north central Toronto. It offers a range of services including inpatient acute care services. The hospital cares for over 2,000 children every year, the Charlotte & Lewis Steinberg Emergency at the General site is a full-service emergency. The Genetics Program is one of Ontarios largest, full service regional genetics centres and it offers assessment diagnosis and counselling for patients as well as laboratory testing. Services are offered for, Prenatal, General Clinical Genetics, Cancer Genetics, North York Generals Family and Community Medicine Program has one of the largest complements of family physicians in a Canadian hospital, with 212 active physicians in 2015-16. They provide care from their practices in north central Toronto. The North York Family Health Team helps give the community access to basic primary health care services. The Maternal Newborn Program provides care throughout a womans pregnancy from prenatal screening through labour and birth, the hospital’s obstetrical centre is one of the largest single site centres in Ontario and each year celebrates the birth of over 5,600 babies. The hospital offers a variety of medical imaging and cardio-respiratory services at its General. The Medicine & Elder Care Program covers a range of services with a special focus on the care of the elderly. The hospital offers a range of mental health services for individuals of all ages. Mental health services are offered at the Branson Ambulatory Care Centre
35.
Eglinton Avenue
–
Eglinton Avenue is a major east-west arterial thoroughfare in Toronto and Mississauga, in the Canadian province of Ontario. Within Toronto, Eglinton Avenue is the road which crosses through all six former municipalities. The road begins at 6th Line in Milton as Lower Baseline, becomes Eglinton Avenue as it crosses into Mississauga, the section between the Etobicoke Creek and Renforth Drive forms the city limits of Toronto and Mississauga. The Toronto section was surveyed in the 19th Century as the 4th Concession Road in relations to Lakeshore Road and it was historically known as Richview Sideroad in Etobicoke, Lower Baseline in Mississauga, and Highway 5A in Scarborough. Eglinton Avenue runs through a number of neighbourhoods and is residential, for the most part, the Eglinton West area, which stretches from Oakwood–Vaughan to Keele Street, is home to a number of Caribbean and West Indian stores. Eglinton Avenue is one of the few east-west routes north of Bloor Street that crosses Toronto uninterrupted in a more or less straight line across the entire city. Eglinton was also the street to cross through all six municipalities that made up Metro Toronto, East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, Toronto. There are two sources for the naming of Eglinton Avenue, henry Scadding in an early history of the city wrote that it originated from Eglinton Castle in Scotland, itself named for the Earls of Eglinton. Several early settlers, impressed by the Eglinton Tournament of 1839 hosted by the 13th Earl, the wagon trail connecting to Yonge between the third and fourth concessions soon adopted the name of the village, and was gradually improved over the years near Yonge Street. In 1890 the area was incorporated as North Toronto, and in 1912 it was annexed to Toronto itself, in 1953, Metropolitan Toronto was formed. Seeking to build new connections to the developing suburbs, Metro widened and interconnected Eglinton to its current form through the decade. The eastern segment through Scarborough was known as Highway 5A between 1937 and 1953, this also appeared on St. Clair Avenue West until 1952. The two pieces of Highway 5A were never connected, in 1953, what remained was renumbered as Highway 109, a year later, the road was removed from the provincial highway system. Because of its time as a highway, the road through Scarborough was widened considerably. A right of way was acquired to bridge the gap in Eglinton. Until the mid-1950s, Eglinton did not cross either of the valleys of the Don River, the road ended at Brentcliffe and resumed at Victoria Park Avenue. The Department of Highways relinquished control of Highway 109 to the newly formed Metro government, Metro built the new section of Eglinton Avenue, first between Dawes Road and Don Mills Road in 1955, and later between Don Mills Road and Leaside in 1956. The structure over the GO rail line and East Don River is known as the Harvey C, rose Bridge, and honours the Chief engineer of the Toronto and York Roads Commission, later the Metropolitan Toronto Commission of Roads
36.
Downsview Park
–
Downsview Park is a federally owned and managed park located in the Downsview area of North York, Toronto. The park was first home to de Havilland Canada, an aircraft manufacturer, in 1999, the Government of Canada declared it as Canadas first urban national park. As of 2014, little development took place, and the remains mostly untouched. The area was first used in 1929 by de Havilland Canada, the manufacturing plant was used to make aircraft during World War II. After the war, the Department of National Defence needed space to station Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons in the area, in 1947, the federal government acquired and consolidated 270 properties in Downsview surrounding the manufacturing plant. In 1999, the government announced, to great fanfare. Downsview Park announced an International Design Competition, in 2000, Bruce Mau and Rem Koolhaas submitted the winning design scheme, known as Tree City. In the years followed, little development took place. The initial phase of the construction of Downsview Park began in 2005, a major feature of this initial work was the development of the Canada Forest, which was started with a partnership with Natural Resources Canada and its 2020 Fast Forest initiative. Several residential developers expressed interest in Stanley Greene, Urbancorp was chosen as the first residential developer by Parc Downsview Park after an extensive due diligence process. The first residential development phase at Downsview Park will comprise over 1000 homes, Urbancorp is the largest landowner and developer of residential communities in King West Village and the Queen Street West Triangle area in downtown Toronto. Construction of the new community “Neighbourhood of Downsview Park” is expected to begin in fall of 2012, in 2013, Mattamy Homes, Canadas largest homebuilder, entered into a joint partnership with Urbancorp, a real estate developer to begin construction on the first residential community in the park. Local councillor Maria Augimeri said that the development was unlikely to appease residents who had expected a park to be developed on the land. In 2014, the City of Toronto once again attempted to control of the park. The federal government rejected the proposal, saying it would not consider transferring responsibility over the park to the city, the Toronto Star obtained a memo that indicating that the government did not want to consider transferring the park because of its immense value. Edgefest returned to the park in 2011 and will be an event again in 2012. Since 2012 the Veld Music Festival has been held at the park, the Tragically Hip performed to a crowd of approximately 30,000 on Canada Day 2011. On 16 June 2012, the stage lighting collapsed an hour before gates opened for a scheduled sold-out Radiohead concert, killing one person, in 2012 the Junior Caribana festival was moved to the park
37.
The Beaches
–
The Beaches is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is so named because of its four beaches situated on Lake Ontario and it is located east of downtown within the Old City of Toronto. The approximate boundaries of the neighbourhood are from Victoria Park Avenue on the east to Kingston Road on the north, to Coxwell Avenue on the west, the Beaches is part of the east-central district of Toronto. The commercial district of Queen Street East lies at the heart of The Beaches community and it is characterized by a large number of independent speciality stores. The stores along Queen are known to change quite often causing the streetscape to change from year to year. The side streets are lined with semi-detached and large-scale Victorian, Edwardian. There are also low-rise apartment buildings and a few row-houses, there is an extensive park system along the Waterfront as well as a parks that follow a ravine that bisects the neighbourhood from North to South at Glen Manor Road. Kingston Road is a road along the northern section of the neighbourhood. Woodbine Avenue is a five-lane road originating from Lake Shore Boulevard at the Lake Ontario shoreline, the beach itself is a single uninterrupted stretch of sandy shoreline bounded by the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant to the east and Woodbine Park to the west. A long boardwalk runs along most of its length with a portion of the Martin Goodman Trail bike path running parallel. Although it is continuous, there are four names which correspond each to one quarter of the length of the beach, Balmy Beach, Scarboro Beach, Kew Beach. Woodbine Beach and Kew-Balmy Beach are Blue Flag certified for cleanliness and are suitable for swimming, in the 2006 Canadian census The Beach was covered by census tracts 0020.00,0021.00,0022.00,0023.00, and 0024.00. According to that census, the neighbourhood has 20,416 residents, average income is $67,536, well above the average for Toronto. The Beaches is known as being a place to raise a family with very little crime as well as many parks. Ashbridges Bay is a body of water that was once part of the marsh that lay east of Toronto Islands. The bay is named for the Ashbridge family that lived nearby on a farm. Infill to form the Port Lands and building of the treatment plant shrunk the size of the bay to the area between the Port Lands and Woodbine Beach. The current bay is surrounded by marinas, the treatment plant, the name of the community is the subject of a long-standing dispute
