1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
5.
Municipal government of Toronto
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The municipal government of Toronto, or City of Toronto, is a public corporation providing services to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is administered by 44 elected councillors, who along with the mayor, torontonians elect a new council every four years, in October. The City of Toronto is legally bound by the City of Toronto Act and it lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. The Council itself forms several committees after every election to divide the administration of the corporation, the Council also forms several Community Councils which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the Mayor, the top civil servant in the corporation is the City Manager, who reports to the Mayor and City Council. Prior to 2005, the city had various departments headed by Commissioners and these heads were simplified by replacing the departments with divisions headed by Deputy Manager. All department heads now report to the City Manager.8 billion, the citys net debt stood at $4.4 billion as of the end of 2010 and has an AA credit rating from Standard & Poors, and an Aa1 credit rating from Moodys. Toronto is expected to pay million of the debt in 2011. The citys debt increased by $721 million in 2010, the City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeeding York, which was administered directly by the then-province of Upper Canada. The new city was administered by a council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the councillors, was William Lyon Mackenzie. The first law passed was an Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires, the first mayor directly elected to the post was Adam Wilson, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, to finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes, Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944. Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such as Parkdale, after 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an group of suburban villages. Change to the structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954. The new regional government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, to manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new regional government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities
6.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
7.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
8.
PCL Construction
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The PCL family of companies is a group of independent general contracting construction companies. The organization has over 4,400 employees across the United States, Canada, the organization is active in the commercial, institutional, multi-family residential, renewable energy, heavy industrial, historical restoration, and civil construction sectors. The PCL family of companies has headquarters in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, with a United States head office in Denver, PCL began operations in 1906, as E. E. Contractors, founded by Ernest Edward Poole of Stoughton, Saskatchewan. In 1913, Ernest Poole renamed the company to Poole Construction Company Limited, in 1932 the company was moved to its current corporate headquarters in Edmonton, Alberta. In 1975 PCL opened its U. S. head office in Denver, Ernest Pooles sons, John Edward and George Ernest, sold the company to their 25 employees and Great West Life in 1977. In 1978, Poole Construction Company Limited became PCL Construction Limited, PCL maintains ongoing relationships with multiple charitable organizations including United Way of America, United Way of Canada, and the Red Cross
9.
2015 Pan American Games
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The games were held from July 10 to 26,2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, preliminary rounds in certain events began on July 7,2015. These were the third Pan American games hosted by Canada, the Games were held at venues in Toronto and seventeen other Golden Horseshoe communities. The Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games were organized by the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games. The Games hosted 6,132 athletes representing 41 National Olympic Committees in the Americas, marking the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada, a record of 45% of competitors were women, the most ever for any multi-sport event. 364 events were contested in 36 sports, which included the 28 sports contested at the 2016 Summer Olympics, canoe slalom and golf made their Pan American Games debut, as well as womens competitions in baseball, C-1 canoe and rugby sevens. The Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, Torontos interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing respectively. On February 23,2009, Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid, the official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization on May 27,2009. PASO made a visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31,2009. The team analysed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO, the evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation, the international swimming federation. After the visit Maglione said, Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games. Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6,2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, the result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña. Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively. The 2015 Pan American Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and temporary facilities, after the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their games time form, while others will be resized. A total of 30 competition venues across 14 municipalities were used for competition, ten of these venues were newly built, while fifteen were renovated to stage the games. Toronto was one of the most populous cities in history to hold the Pan American Games, in July, Toronto has an average mean temperature of 22.3 °C and afternoon maximum average of 26. Torontos elevation is 112 m above sea level, the opening and closing ceremonies were held at Pan-Am Ceremonies Venue, or simply Pan-Am Dome, due to sponsorship rules. Some of the venues in the Toronto area included Exhibition Stadium, the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Exhibition Centre
10.
2015 Parapan American Games
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Both the Parapan American and Pan American Games were organized by the Toronto 2015 Organizing Committee. The Games hosted 1,608 athletes representing 28 National Paralympic Committees in the Americas, the Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the surrounding region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, Torontos interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing respectively. On February 23,2009, both Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid officially and confirmed their intentions to support the successful hosting of the event, the official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization on May 27,2009. PASO made a visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31,2009. The team analyzed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO, the evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation, the international swimming federation. After the visit Maglione said, Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games. Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6,2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, the result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña. Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively. Toronto became one of the most populous cities to hold the Parapan American Games. In August, the month when the Games was held, Toronto has a temperature of 21 °C. Toronto’s summer temperatures around August are warm, and the city less than five days with the temperature going above 30 °C. As well in August Toronto averages about 67mm of precipitation, moreover, Torontos elevation is at 112 m above sea level, which provides optimal and ideal conditions for athletes. Athletes living quarters were at the 2015 Pan American Games Athletes Village, the opening ceremonies was held at the CIBC Pan Am and Parapan Am Athletics Stadium and the closing ceremonies was held at Nathan Phillips Square. The Parapan Games re-used 12 venues from the Pan Am Games while one venue University of Toronto Scarborough Tennis Centre was newly constructed for the Parapan Am Games. The provincial government and the Canadian federal government provided 35% each of the funding, also $1 billion Canadian dollars was spent on building an athletes village in the West Don Lands area of Toronto. Therefore, the total cost was $2.4 billion, the highest ever spent for a Pan/Parapan American Games, later in 2011 Torontos contribution to the games almost doubled from $49.5 million to $96. $700 million Canadian dollars was spent to build and renovate infrastructure in the region, many transit improvements in Toronto were made in time for these games
11.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
12.
University of Toronto Scarborough
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The University of Toronto Scarborough is a satellite campus of the University of Toronto. Based in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and it was established in 1964 as Scarborough College, a constituent college of the Faculty of Arts and Science. The college expanded into a mid-sized university following its designation as a division of the university in 1972. Academics of the campus are centered on a variety of studies in the disciplines of management, arts and sciences. Its neuroscience program was the first to be offered in the nation, the campus is noted for being the universitys sole provider of cooperative education programs, as well as the Bachelor of Business Administration degree. Through affiliation with the adjacent Centennial Science and Technology Centre, it also offers enrolment in joint programs, the campus has traditionally held the annual F. B. Watts Memorial Lectures, which has hosted several internationally renowned scholars, since 1970. Its nuclear magnetic resonance laboratory was the first of its kind in Canada, the original building of the campus was internationally acclaimed for its architectural design. The Dan Lang Field, home to the team of the Toronto Varsity Blues, is also situated at the campus. The mansion included 17 rooms, a barn, a coach house, over the following years, over 100 acres of the estate was also used as farmland. Following the death of Miller Lash in 1941, the estate was acquired by E. L. McLean and he made new additions to the estate, including a swimming pool and change room, and a retaining wall made in stone. About 82 hectares of property was purchased from McLean, just before his death, by the University of Toronto for about $650,000 in 1963. The groundskeeper of the land would continue to reside in the Highland Creek valley for the next 29 years, the University of Toronto established the Scarborough College as part of the institutions collegiate university system and declared the campus as a branch of the Faculty of Arts and Science. D. C. Williams was appointed as the principal of Scarborough College, the colleges faculty, consisting of 16 members, was also established and headquartered at the main campus in Downtown Toronto. First classes were held at Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute and Old Biology Building at St. George Campus, designed by John Andrews, the first building of the campus began construction the following year. Due to delays in construction after a strike among workers, the Scarborough College opened in temporary classes at the campus to 191 full-time students in 1965. The first building was completed in time for the academic year. The college included a 6, 000-square-foot television production studio and this was for a unique video lecturing system the college was initially planned to have, that relies on the use of closed circuit television for teaching purposes. The system grabbed international media attention, and was complimented in the 1967 edition of Time, however, the video lecturing system was abandoned after it was condemned for the lack of communicability of students with instructors
13.
Ontario Highway 401
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It stretches 828.0 kilometres from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North Americas busiest highway, the route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h throughout its length, unless posted otherwise and these three sections of highway were 11.8,54.7 and 41.2 km, respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border, in 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of the Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed, in 2011, construction began on a westward extension called the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway. This new route follows, but does not replace, former Highway 3 between the end of the freeway and the E. C. Row Expressway, at which point it turns and parallels that route towards the site of the future Gordie Howe International Bridge, an 8-kilometre section of the parkway, east of the E. C. Row interchange, opened on June 28,2015, with the remaining section completed and opened on November 21, the expansive twelve-plus-lane collector–express system will also be extended west through Mississauga to Milton and east through Ajax and Whitby. Highway 401 extends across Southwestern, Central and Eastern Ontario, in anticipation of the future expansion of the highway, the transportation ministry purchased a 91. 4-metre-wide right-of-way along the entire length. Generally, the highway occupies only a portion of this allotment and this makes it North Americas busiest roadway, surpassing the Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles and I-75 in Atlanta. Highway 401 also features North Americas busiest multi-structure bridge, located at Hoggs Hollow in Toronto, the four bridges, two for each direction with the collector and express lanes, carried an average of 373,700 vehicles daily in 2006. The highway is one of the backbones of a network in the Great Lakes region, connecting the populous Quebec City–Windsor corridor with Michigan, New York. It is the connection between Toronto and Montreal, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Ontario–Quebec border. At present, Highway 401 begins as a freeway at the west end of the E. C. At the Dougall Parkway, the highway turns east and exits Windsor, from here, Highway 401 mostly parallels the former route of Highway 98 from Windsor to Tilbury. Southwestern Ontario is flat, primarily land, that takes advantage of the fertile clay soil deposited throughout the region. Here the highways flat and straight route is notorious for leading to driver inattention, the section from Windsor to London has become known for deadly car accidents and pile-ups, earning it the nickname Carnage Alley. As the highway approaches London, Highway 402 merges in, resulting in a six-lane cross-section, within London, it intersects the citys two municipal expressways, Highbury Avenue and the Veterans Memorial Parkway
14.
Morningside Avenue (Toronto)
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Morningside Avenue is a suburban arterial road in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is entirely within Scarborough, running north by north-west from the Scarborough Bluffs overlooking Lake Ontario to the terminus of McNicoll Avenue near the Rouge River valley. It is not to be confused with Morningside Avenue, a residential road in the Toronto neighbourhood of Swansea. West Hill takes its name from its position above the valley of Highland Creek. The valley is the site of Morningside Park, one of Torontos largest, beyond the valley, which was the former northern terminus, the present route was named Littles Road after an early family in the area. Between Sheppard and Finch Avenues, Morningside serves as the boundary of the Malvern neighbourhood. The route veers to the north-west north of Sheppard Avenue, skirting the ravine of Morningside Creek, communities lining the northern reaches of the street, and those nearby across the city boundary in Markham, are constrained by the topographic and legislative boundaries of Rouge Park. A northern extension to Morningside Avenue was proposed, traversing the Brookside and Morningside Heights neighbourhoods to connect with the community of Box Grove. These plans have since been canceled due to concerns that the extension would necessitate construction in a section of Rouge Park. The low 3.7 m, narrow, one-lane railroad underpass at Finch Avenue, dating back to when it was a road, was replaced in 2009. McNicoll Avenue was later extended east terminating at a newly built extension of Morningside Avenue, while Oasis Blvd continues east of Morningside Avenue as a residential neighbourhood
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Scarborough, Toronto
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Scarborough is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs, it occupies the part of the city. Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east and it was named after the English town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. First settled by Europeans in the 1790s, Scarborough has grown from a collection of rural villages. Incorporated in 1850 as a township, Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967, Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983. In 1998, Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto, Scarborough is an administrative district in Toronto and has its own community council. The Scarborough Civic Centre, the city hall, is still used by the municipal government of Toronto. Scarborough is a destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside. As a result, it is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the Greater Toronto Area, being home to religious groups. It includes some of Torontos popular natural landmarks, such as Rouge Park, Scarborough has been declared to be greener than any other part of Toronto. The area was named after Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England by Elizabeth Simcoe, the wife of John Graves Simcoe, the bluffs along Scarboroughs Lake Ontario shores reminded her of the limestone cliffs in Scarborough, England. On August 4,1793, she wrote in her diary, The shore is extremely bold, and has the appearance of chalk cliffs and they appeared so well that we talked of building a summer residence there and calling it Scarborough. Before that, the area was named Glasgow, after the Scottish city, the most popular is Scarberia, a portmanteau of Scarborough and Siberia, a reference to its seemingly distant eastern location from downtown Toronto. The word originated sometime in the 1960s and has remained a source of contention ever since. In May 1988, Joyce Trimmer, who was campaigning to be mayor of the city of Scarborough, said, Scarborough has also acquired nicknames related to its diversity. Such nicknames typically use the prefix Scar and a derived from the name of a region, nation, or ethnicity, for instance, Scompton or Scarlem, alluding to Compton. The first known evidence of people in Scarborough comes from a site in Fenwood Heights. The site contains the remains of a camp of nomadic hunters and foragers, after the land was surveyed in 1793, it was opened to settlement by British subjects with the first issue of land patents in 1796, although squatters had already been present for a few years
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Olympic-size swimming pool
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An Olympic-size swimming pool is the type of swimming pool used in the Olympic Games, where the race course is 50 metres in length. This is typically referred to as course, distinguishing it from short course which applies to competitions in pools that are 25 metres in length. If touch panels are used in competition, then the distance between touch panels should be either 25 or 50 metres to qualify for FINA recognition and this means that Olympic pools are generally oversized, to accommodate touch panels used in competition. An Olympic-size swimming pool is used as a unit of volume. It is not a definition, as there is no official limit on the depth of an Olympic pool. The value has an order of magnitude of 1 megaliter, FINA specifications for an Olympic-size pool are as follows, There must be two spaces 2.5 m wide outside lanes 1 and 8. The length of 50 metres must be between the pads at the end of each lane, if they are used. If starting blocks are used, then there must be a depth of 1.35 metres from between 1.0 metre from the end of the pool to at least 6.0 metres from the end of the pool. At all other points, the depth is 1.0 metre. If the pool is used for Olympic Games or World Championships, at FINAs 2009 Congress, rules were approved for 10-lane courses for competition, as an alternative to the more traditional 8-lane course. Sport venue List of Olympic-size swimming pools in the United Kingdom List of Olympic-size swimming pools in Ireland List of largest swimming pools
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Diving at the 2015 Pan American Games
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Diving competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 10 to 13 at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre. Due to naming rights the arena were known as the latter for the duration of the games, a total of eight diving events were held, four each for men and women. The winners of the four competitions, will qualify their country a quota place for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. If the host nation of the Olympics wins the event, the runner up will qualify instead, the following is the competition schedule for the diving competitions, Key A total of 60 divers qualified to compete at the games. Each nation might enter a team of up to eight divers, a maximum of two divers per country could be entered in the individual events, and one team in the synchronized events. Nations must submit the names of the divers they want entered by April 15,2015, if the total number of divers exceeds 60, then Swimming Union of the Americas will use the world rankings, and finishes in tournaments to determine the competing athletes. Diving at the 2016 Summer Olympics
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Fencing at the 2015 Pan American Games
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Fencing competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 20 to 25 at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre. Due to naming rights the arena was known as the latter for the duration of the games, a total of twelve fencing events were held, six each for men and women. The following is the schedule for the fencing competitions, Key A total of 17 countries have qualified athletes. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country, a total of 156 fencers qualified to compete at the games. Each nation could enter a team of up to eighteen fencers, a maximum of two fencers per country could be entered in the individual events, and one team in the team events. All qualification was done at the 2015 Pan American Championships, where the top 7 teams plus two individuals in each event will qualify, hosts Canada are automatically qualified with a full team of 18 athletes. Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics
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Swimming at the 2015 Pan American Games
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Swimming competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto will be held from July 14 to 18 at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre. Due to naming rights the arena will be known as the latter for the duration of the games, there will also be two open water swim events over 10 km. The following is the schedule for the swimming competitions, Men Women * Swimmers who participated in the heats only. * Swimmers who swam in preliminary heats and received medals, a total of 37 countries have qualified 312 athletes. The number of athletes a nation has entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country, pool Open water As with previous editions of the Games, A/B qualifying times will be used, with a target number of 276 swimmers. Times need to be swum in an approved meet sometime between January 1,2014 and April 15,2015, a total of 36 open water swimmers will also qualify
20.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
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Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
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Government of Ontario
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The Government of Ontario, or more formally Her Majestys Government of Ontario, is the provincial government of the province of Ontario, Canada. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act,1867, the civil service that manages and delivers government policies, programs, and services is called the Ontario Public Service. The province of Ontario is governed by a legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The provinces head of government, known as the Premier of Ontario is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, the Premier, invariably the leader of a political party represented in the Legislative Assembly, selects members of the Cabinet, who are also appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier has usually been the leader of the party holding the largest number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, due to the location of the Ontario Legislative Building on the grounds of Queens Park, the Ontario government is frequently referred to by the metonym Queens Park. The Ontario Public Service was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Macleans newsmagazine in 2009, the Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. The legislative powers in the lie with the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The premier and other ministers in the Cabinet are also members of, and responsible to, for the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the Ontario government planned to spend C$127,600,000,000, including a deficit of C$11,700,000,000. As of March 31,2014 the total Ontario debt stood at $295.80 billion
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Mayor of Toronto
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This is a list of mayors of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Torontos first mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie was appointed in 1834 after his Reform coalition won the new City of Torontos first election, Torontos 65th and current mayor, John Tory, took office December 1,2014. From 1834 to 1857, and again from 1867 to 1873, instead, after each annual election of aldermen and councilmen, the assembled council would elect one of their members as mayor. For all other years, mayors were elected by popular vote. Prior to 1834, Toronto municipal leadership was governed by the Chairman of the General Quarter Session of Peace of the Home District Council. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, the City of Toronto has changed substantially over the years, the city annexed or amalgamated with neighbouring communities or areas 49 times from in 1883 to 1967. The newly created position of mayor for the resulting single-tier mega-city replaced all of the mayors of the former Metro municipalities and it also abolished the office of the Metro Chairman, which had formerly been the most senior political figure in the Metro government before amalgamation. According to Victor Loring Russell, author of Mayors of Toronto Volume I,14 out of the first 29 mayors were lawyers. According to Mark Maloney who is writing The History of the Mayors of Toronto,58 of Torontos 64 mayors have been Protestant, white, English-speaking, Anglo-Saxon, there have been two women and three Jewish mayors. Art Eggleton is the mayor of Toronto, serving from 1980 until 1991. Eggleton later served in politics from 1993 until 2004, and was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2005. David Breakenridge Read held the post of mayor of Toronto for the shortest period, Read was mayor for only fifty days in 1858. No Toronto mayor has been removed from office, Torontos 64th mayor, Rob Ford, lost a conflict of interest trial in 2012, and was ordered to vacate his position, but the ruling was stayed pending an appeal, which Ford won to remain in office. Due to his substance abuse admission and controversy in 2013, Council stripped him of many powers on November 15, from May until July,2014, Ford took a leave of absence from the mayoralty to enter drug rehabilitation. From 1953, Toronto was part of a municipality known as Metropolitan Toronto. This regional entity had the boundaries as present-day Toronto, but consisted of the City of Toronto and 12 other municipalities, each with its own mayor. From 1953 to 1997, the most senior figure in the Metropolitan Toronto government was the Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. In 1967, an internal amalgamation eliminated the seven smallest municipalities in Metropolitan Toronto, of these, the villages of Forest Hill and Swansea were amalgamated into the City of Toronto
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Rob Ford
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Robert Bruce Rob Ford was a Canadian politician and businessman who served as the 64th mayor of Toronto from 2010 to 2014. Prior to and after his term as mayor, Ford was a city councillor representing Ward 2 of Etobicoke North and he was first elected to Toronto City Council in the 2000 Toronto municipal election, and was re-elected to his council seat twice. His political career, particularly his mayoralty, saw a number of personal and work-related controversies, in 2013, he became embroiled in a substance abuse scandal, which was widely reported in the national and international media. Following his admission, Ford refused to resign, but City Council handed over certain mayoral powers, John Tory succeeded him as mayor on December 1,2014, while Ford regained his former seat. Ford received treatment for the cancer, and was able to return to City Hall for a while, born in Etobicoke, Canada in 1969, Ford was the youngest of four children of Ruth Diane and Douglas Bruce Ford, Sr. His paternal grandparents were English immigrants, Ford, Sr. Fords brother Doug Ford, Jr. was the Toronto City Councillor for Ward 2 Etobicoke North in Toronto, Canada, from 2010 to 2014, during Rob Fords term as mayor. Growing up, Rob Ford attended Scarlett Heights Collegiate in Etobicoke, Ford dreamed of becoming a professional football player, and his father paid for Ford to attend special camps of the Washington Redskins and the University of Notre Dame. After graduating from school, Ford went to Carleton University in Ottawa to study political science. Ford made the squad, but did not play in any games. Ford left Carleton after one year to return to Toronto and did not complete his degree, after Carleton, Ford started a sales job at Deco. After Doug Ford Sr. s death in 2006, the Ford family retained ownership of Deco Labels through the Doug Ford Holdings corporation, Ford, alongside his brothers and their mother was a director of the company. In 2000, Ford married Renata Brejniak, whom he had met in high school, Ford, Renata, their daughter Stephanie, and their son Doug, resided in Etobicoke. In 2008, after a 9-1-1 call from the Ford home, Ford was charged with assault, the Crown attorney said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction because there were credibility issues with allegations by Fords wife due to inconsistencies in her statements. Ford said at the time that he was glad the ordeal was over, in two separate incidents, on October 25,2011, and again on December 25,2011, police were called to Fords home to investigate domestic disputes. No charges were filed for either incident, further domestic incident calls to police occurred in 2012 and on August 27,2013. Ford continued his involvement in football as a school coach. Ford first coached at Newtonbrook Secondary School in 2001 until he was dismissed over a dispute with a player, Ford had donated $20,000 to equip the Don Bosco team and started a foundation to fund teams at other schools struggling to field football teams. In January 2014, Scott MacIntyre, the former spouse of Fords sister
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Toronto Varsity Blues
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The Toronto Varsity Blues is the intercollegiate sports program at the University of Toronto. Its 43 athletic teams participate in competitions held by Ontario University Athletics. The Varsity Blues traces its founding to 1877, with the formation of the football team. The mens ice hockey plays in the Ontario University Athletics conference. The team is based at Varsity Arena, the current Varsity Blues have won ten U Sports Championships. The mens ice hockey team was founded in 1891, the Varsity Blues senior team won the Allan Cup in 1921 and 1927, and won the gold medal at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Conn Smythe, the owner of the NHL Toronto Maple Leafs and builder of Maple Leaf Gardens, chose Royal Blue. The Maple Leafs are popularly known as The Blue & White by many of their older fans, the Nordic skiing team competes against Ontario universities each year at the OUA Championships in February after qualifying races earlier in the season. The team has grown in size and experience since Hans Fischer stepped up to the position of coach in the 2005-06 season. The University of Toronto Rowing Club represents the Varsity Blues at local and international regattas, list of University of Toronto people Official website
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Fencing
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Fencing, also called Olympic fencing, is a sport in which two competitors fight using rapier-style swords, winning points by making contact with their opponent. Fencing was one of the first sports to be played in the Olympics, there are three forms of modern fencing, each using a different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three competitive scenes, foil, épée, and sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialise in one weapon. Competitive fencing is one of five activities which have featured in every one of the modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming. Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale dEscrime, today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognised by its countrys Olympic Committee as the representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country. The FIE maintains the current rules used for FIE sanctioned international events, including cups, world championships. The FIE handles proposals to change the rules the first year after an Olympic year in the annual congress, the US Fencing Association has slightly different rules, but usually adhere to FIE standards. Fencing traces its roots to the development of swordsmanship for duels, the ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written. In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, Fencing was mentioned in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor written sometime prior to 1602. The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, the Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools. There, he taught the aristocracy the fashionable art of swordsmanship and his school was run by three generations of his family and dominated the art of European fencing for almost a century. He established the rules of posture and footwork that still govern modern sport fencing. The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, the Tournament featured a series of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each bout was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges, the Amateur Gymnastic & Fencing Association drew up an official set of fencing regulations in 1896. Fencing was part of the Olympics Games in the summer of 1896, starting with épée in 1933, side judges were replaced by the Laurent-Pagan electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed. Foil was automated in 1956, sabre in 1988, the scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before. There are three weapons in modern fencing, foil, épée, and sabre, each weapon has its own rules and strategies
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Modern pentathlon
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The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games since 1912 despite attempts to remove it. A world championships for modern pentathlon has been held annually since 1949, originally the competition took place over four or five days, in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly. Modern pentathlon, despite its long Olympic history, has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games several times. On February 11,2013 in Lausanne, the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through to 2020. The governing body, Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne, administers the sport in more than 90 countries in all the continents of the world. The foundation of the modern pentathlon is disputed, on the one hand, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, claimed authorship. The name derives from the Greek péntathlon contest of five events, the addition of modern to the name distinguished it from the original pentathlon of the ancient Olympic Games, which consisted of the stadion foot race, wrestling, long jump, javelin, and discus. In the 1912 Games, with only officers competing, they were, however, up to the 1952 Olympics the ordinary cavalry soldier was considered a professional athlete, as he was riding and training horses for a living, while the officer was the amateur. As long as there was no official international federation for Modern Pentathlon an IOC committee was set up for the sport making use of the expertise of IOC members, the event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games, and was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. The modern pentathlon has been on the Olympic program continuously since 1912, a team event was added to the Olympic Games in 1952 and discontinued in 1992. An event for women was added in 2000, a World Championship is held every year. The competitions include Men and Womens Individual and Team event together with events for Men and Women and, since 2010. Athletes gain points for their performance in each event and scores are combined to give the overall total and this is similar to the procedure for the decathlon in track and field athletics. However, in the Modern Pentathlon, starting times for the last event, are staggered so that the first person to cross the line is the winner. The first person to cross the line, therefore, will be the overall points leader. This method of finishing the competition would eventually find use in winter events. The fencing discipline uses the épée, the competition is a round-robin, meaning each competitor will face all the other competitors once. Each match lasts up to one minute, the first fencer to score a hit wins instantly, if neither scores within one minute, they both lose the match
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Olympic weightlifting
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The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk. Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each, and the total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category. Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors, a lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total, and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition. The clean and press was once a competition lift, but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form, properly executed, the snatch and the clean and jerk are both dynamic and explosive while appearing graceful, especially when viewed from a recording at a slowed speed. The sport is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation, based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905. Athletes compete in a division determined by their body mass, there have been eight male divisions and eight female divisions since 2017. Prizes are usually given for the heaviest weights lifted in each, the order of the competition is up to the lifters—the competitor who chooses to attempt the lowest weight goes first. The barbell is loaded incrementally and progresses to a heavier weight throughout the course of competition, weights are set in 1 kilogram increments. When a tie occurs, the athlete with the lower bodyweight is declared the winner, if two athletes lift the same total weight and have the same bodyweight, the winner is the athlete who lifted the total weight first. During competition, the event takes place first, followed by a short intermission. Two successes are required for any attempt to pass, usually, the judges and referees results are registered via a lighting system with a white light indicating a successful lift and a red light indicating a failed lift. This is done for the benefit of all in attendance be they athlete, coach, in addition, one or two technical officials may be present to advise during a ruling. At local competitions, a Best Lifter title is commonly awarded and it is awarded to both the best mens and womens lifters. Competition to establish who can lift the heaviest weight has been recorded throughout civilization, with the earliest known recordings including those found in Egypt, China, today, the modern sport of weightlifting traces its origins to the European competitions of the 19th century. The first male champion was crowned in 1891, the weightlifters were not categorized by weight at this time. The first Olympic Games of 1896 included weightlifting in the Field event of the predecessor to todays track, during the 1900 Olympic Games, there was no weightlifting event. Weightlifting resumed as an event, again in athletics, in 1904 but was omitted from the Games of 1908 and 1912 and these were the last Games until after the First World War. In these early Games, a distinction was drawn between lifting with one only and lifting with two hands
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Show jumping
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Show jumping, also known as stadium jumping, open jumping, or simply jumping, is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes dressage, eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are seen at horse shows throughout the world. International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, Show jumping events have hunter classes, jumper classes and hunt seat equitation classes. Hunters are judged subjectively on the degree to which they meet a standard of manners, style. Jumper courses tend to be more complex and technical than hunter courses because riders. Courses often are colorful and at times, quite creatively designed, hunters have meticulous turnout and tend toward very quiet, conservative horse tack and rider attire. Hunter bits, bridles, crops, spurs, and martingales are tightly regulated, formal turnout always is preferred, a neat rider gives a good impression at shows. In addition to hunters and jumpers, there are classes, sometimes called hunt seat equitation. The equipment, clothing, and fence styles used in more closely resemble hunter classes. Jumper classes are held over a course of show jumping obstacles, including verticals, spreads, the intent is to jump cleanly over a set course within an allotted time. Time faults are assessed for exceeding the time allowance, Jumping faults are incurred for knockdowns and blatant disobedience, such as refusals. Horses are allowed a number of refusals before being disqualified. A refusal may lead to a rider exceeding the time allowed on course, placings are based on the lowest number of points or faults accumulated. A horse and rider who have not accumulated any jumping faults or penalty points are said to have scored a clear round. Tied entries usually have a jump-off over a raised and shortened course, and the course is timed, if entries are tied for faults accumulated in the jump-off, the fastest time wins. In most competitions, riders are allowed to walk the initial course, going off course will cost time if minor errors are made and major departures will result in disqualification. The higher levels of competition, such as A or AA rated shows in the United States, or the international Grand Prix circuit, present more technical and complex courses. Not only is the height and width of an obstacle increased to present a challenge, technical difficulty also increases with tighter turns
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Shooting sports
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A shooting sport is a competitive sport involving tests of proficiency using various types of guns, such as firearms and airguns. Shooting sports are categorized by the type of firearm, target, for similar reasons, concerned over poor marksmanship during the American Civil War, veteran Union officers Col. William C. Church and Gen. George Wingate formed the National Rifle Association of America in 1871 for the purpose of promoting and encouraging rifle shooting on a scientific basis. In 1872, with help from New York state, a site on Long Island. Named Creedmoor, the range opened in 1872, and became the site of the first National Matches until New York politics forced the NRA to move the matches to Sea Girt, New Jersey. The popularity of the National Matches soon forced the event to be moved to its present, much larger location, Camp Perry. In 1903, the U. S. Congress created the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, the NBPRP also participates in the National Matches at Camp Perry. In 1903, the NRA began to establish rifle clubs at all colleges, universities. By 1906, youth programs were in full swing with more than 200 boys competing in the National Matches, french pistol champion and founder of the modern Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin, participated in many of these early competitions. This fact certainly contributed to the inclusion of five shooting events in the 1896 Olympics, over the years, the events have been changed a number of times in order to keep up with technology and social standards. The targets that formerly resembled humans or animals in their shape, at the same time, some events have been dropped and new ones have been added. The 2004 Olympics featured three shooting disciplines where athletes competed for 51 medals in 10 mens and 7 womens events—slightly fewer than the previous Olympic schedule, the Olympic Games continue to provide the shooting sports with its greatest public relations opportunity. The sport has always enjoyed the distinction of awarding the first medals of the Games, internationally, the International Shooting Sport Federation has oversight of all Olympic shooting events worldwide, while National Governing Bodies administer the sport within each country. Having originally established shooting as a sport in the USA. The NRA dutifully managed and financially supported international and conventional shooting sports for over 100 years until the formation of USA Shooting, modern competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. A person who participates in archery is called an archer or a bowman—and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The most popular competitions worldwide are called target archery, another form, particularly popular in Europe and America, is field archery, which generally is shot at targets set at various distances in a wooded setting. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms, as well as archery novelty games, note that the tournament rules vary from organization to organization
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Cross country running
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Cross country running is a sport in which teams and individuals run a race on open-air courses over natural terrain such as dirt or grass. Sometimes the runners are referred to as harriers, the course, typically 4–12 kilometres long, may include surfaces of grass, and earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road. It is both an individual and a sport, runners are judged on individual times and teams by a points-scoring method. Cross country running is one of the disciplines under the sport of athletics. Although open-air running competitions are pre-historic, the rules and traditions of cross country racing emerged in Britain, the English championship became the first national competition in 1876 and the International Cross Country Championships was held for the first time in 1903. Since 1973 the foremost elite competition has been the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Cross country courses are laid out on an open or woodland area. The IAAF recommends that courses be grass-covered, and have rolling terrain with frequent, courses consist of one or more loops, with a long straight at the start and another leading to the finish line. Because of variations in conditions, international standardization of cross country courses is impossible, part of cross country runnings appeal is the natural and distinct characteristics of each venues terrain and weather. Terrain can vary from open fields to forest hills and even across rivers and it also includes running down and up hills. According to the IAAF, a cross country course has a loop of 1,750 to 2,000 metres laid out on an open or wooded land. It should be covered by grass, as much as possible, while it is perfectly acceptable for local conditions to make dirt or snow the primary surface, courses should minimize running on roads or other macadamized paths. Parks and golf courses often provide suitable locations, a course at least 5 metres full allows competitors to pass others during the race. Clear markings keep competitors from making wrong turns, and spectators from interfering with the competition, markings may include tape or ribbon on both sides of the course, chalk or paint on the ground, or cones. Some classes use colored flags to indicate directions, red flags for left turns, yellow flags for right turns, courses also commonly include distance markings, usually at each kilometer or each mile. The course should have 400 to 1,200 m of level terrain before the first turn, to reduce contact, however, many courses at smaller competitions have their first turn after a much shorter distance. Courses for international competitions consist of a loop between 1750 and 2000 meters, athletes complete three to six loops, depending on the race. Senior men compete on a 12-kilometre course, senior women and junior men compete on an 8-kilometre course. Junior women compete on a 6-kilometre course, in the United States, college men typically compete on 8 km or 10 km courses, while college women race for 5 km or 6 km
32.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
33.
Emmanuel College, Toronto
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Emmanuel College is a theological college of Victoria University at the University of Toronto. Affiliated with the United Church, it is an institution of the Toronto School of Theology. The principal is the Rev. Dr Mark G. Toulouse, Emmanuel College is a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Emmanuel College has its origins in Victoria College, a Methodist college founded in 1836, from 1871 it operated a Faculty of Theology training candidates for the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. When the merger in turn to create the United Church of Canada took place in 1925, a number of congregations in the Presbyterian Church in Canada chose to remain a distinct denomination. Knox College, University of Toronto, founded as the Free Church rival to Queens during the Disruption of 1843, however, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario awarded the building to the continuing Presbyterians. The faculty and most students of Knox left to form Union College with the Faculty of Theology at Victoria, shortly renamed Emmanuel College, the new college became affiliated with the University of Toronto as a United Church of Canada seminary in 1925. The Emmanuel College, Toronto main building was designed by architect Henry Sproatt, in 1969 the Toronto School of Theology was created as an independent federation of 7 schools of theology, including the divinity faculties of Emmanuel College. Within its own federation, U of T granted all but theology or divinity degrees, since 1978, by virtue of a change made in its charter, the University of Toronto has granted theology degrees conjointly with Emmanuel College and other TSTs member institutions. Emmanuel College was the scene in which the British band, Tears for Fears filmed the video for their song Head over Heels in the summer of 1985. The Founding of Emmanuel College of Victoria University of the University of Toronto, the University of Toronto, A History University of Toronto Press,2002
34.
Innis College, Toronto
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Innis College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto. It is one of the University of Torontos smallest colleges in terms of size and it is located in the campus historic west end, directly north of Robarts Library, and is named after prominent University of Toronto political economist Harold Innis. It also serves as a venue for Hot Docs, which is North Americas largest documentary film festival, originally designed to be a wing onto New College, Innis College was founded separately in 1964 as the second non-federated college to be formed under the Universitys administration. Although initially located at the Macdonald-Mowatt house on St. Vladimir House, Innis was also the first University of Toronto college to host an open pub and the first one to sport an equity split between faculty and students on its governing council. The current Principal of Innis College is Charlie Keil, the current Innis Registrar is Donald Boere. As mentioned, Innis College was the first college at the University of Toronto to have parity between students and faculty on its governing council, the main governing body of Innis College is the Innis College Council and operates under the Governing Council of the University of Toronto. The College Council is made up of students, administration, and other interest groups including the members of the later life learning program, the council has many boards including boards on academic affairs, college affairs, student affairs, and community affairs. It is the job of the council to exercise the colleges autonomous rights granted to them by the University and therefore oversees admissions, awards, the students of Innis College as well as the engineers living in the Innis Residence are members of the Innis College Student Society. The ICSS is represented by a body that offers student services. The governing body of the ICSS is made up of a body, student representatives. Innis College is home to the Cinema Studies Student Union and the Urban Studies Student Union, Innis College is watched over by an administrative staff consisting of the Principals Office and Registrars Office, as well as the Innis Town Hall and Innis Library staff. Innis College houses a newspaper called the Innis Herald which releases quarterly issues to the University of Toronto community. All students of the College are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, the College formerly hosted the Environmental Studies program before it was relocated to the Universitys Centre for Environment. A student studying at Innis College is a member of the University of Toronto, the Faculty of Arts and Science, the representative body of Innis Students is the Innis College Student Society. The student society is a mandatory membership student group which receives its funding through a student levy collected by the University of Toronto. Both Innis Students and engineering students living in the Innis Residence have this levy collected from them and are members of the ICSS. The ICSS conducts its elections using a preferential voting electoral method, the ICSS Governing Body meets every two weeks during the academic year in open meetings where members of council, as well as members of the society are invited to deliberate on various issues. The deliberative proceedings of the ICSS government are conducted under Roberts Rules of Order, the ICSS is steered by an executive committee consisting of a President, an Executive Vice-President, a Vice-President Internal, and a Vice-President Finance
35.
Knox College, Toronto
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Knox College is a postgraduate theological college of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1844 as part of a movement in the Church of Scotland following the Disruption of 1843. Knox is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Canada and confers doctoral degrees as a school of the Toronto School of Theology. Controversy arising from the issue of control in the Church of Scotland led to the Disruption of 1843. In response, several Presbyterian ministers and congregations within the Canadian synod of the Church of Scotland switched their affiliation to the new denomination. Queens College, a Presbyterian seminary in Kingston, decided in 1844 to remain affiliated with the Church of Scotland, prompting some of its students to defect, named for Scottish Reformation theologian John Knox, the new college became affiliated with the Free Church. The first class included 14 students and took place on November 5,1844, in the home of Rev. Henry Esson on James Street, at the present site of Toronto Eaton Centre. For the next two years, Knox College transitioned to larger buildings acquired at Adelaide Street and later Front Street, Scottish minister Rev. Dr. Michael Willis, the founding president of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, became the first principal of the college in 1857. Willis came to Toronto in 1846 from St. Johns Renfield Church, Glasgow, Knox was formally granted its charter from the colonial government in 1858, thereby possessing the authority to confer academic degrees. In 1861, the Canada Presbyterian Church was created from the union of the Canadian synods of the Free Church of Scotland with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Knox College absorbed the existing United Presbyterian Church theological college that was founded in London, Canada West in 1844. In 1867, Knox College assisted the establishment of The Presbyterian College, Montreal, Knox College donated some of the books from its library collection, and several Knox alumni served as faculty of The Presbyterian College. In 1875, Knox College moved to a new Gothic-revival building at 1 Spadina Crescent, towards the end of the century, Knox began encouraging its students to attend non-divinity studies at the nearby University College of the University of Toronto. Knox College entered formal affiliation with the University of Toronto in 1885, in 1890, Knox College became part of the university within a federated governance structure. In 1915, Knox College moved to its present site adjacent to University College, during World War II, Knox College accommodated faculty and students from The Presbyterian College, Montreal, whose building was used for military training until 1946. In 1969, Knox became a member of the Toronto School of Theology. By virtue of an amendment of its charter, Knox College has granted theology degrees conjointly with the university, Ewart College, a womens college of the Presbyterian Church, was merged into Knox College in 1991. Founded in 1897, Ewart College was initially known as the Presbyterian Missionary and Deaconess Training School, in 2005, Knox observed its 160th anniversary with a visit and lecture by Alison Elliot, the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Knox college provides a number of facilities to the University of Toronto community, the chapel is noted for its Hellmuth Wolff organ
36.
Massey College, Toronto
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Massey College is a postgraduate residential college at the University of Toronto, established, built and partially endowed in 1962 by the Massey Foundation. The president of the University of Toronto, the dean of graduate studies, members of corporation are elected for five years, the master is elected for seven years. The college is well-connected with prominent figures of the national establishment and it hosted the Man Booker International Prize of 2007. Massey College was conceived by Vincent Massey, the 18th Governor General of Canada who attended University College as an undergraduate, the Massey Foundation, for which Vincent Massey served as a trustee, provided the financial endowment. Opened officially in 1963, the college was designed by Canadian architect Ron Thom, alan Beddoe designed the Massey College coats of arms. The founding Master of Massey College was the celebrated Canadian journalist and author Robertson Davies, Professor J. N. Patterson Hume, CM, was the second Master, and Professor Ann Saddlemyer, OC, the third. The fourth Master was journalist John Fraser, CM, on July 1,2014, Hugh Segal, formerly a member of the Senate of Canada, became the 5th Master of Massey College for a 7-year term. Ron Thoms design for Massey College was inspired by the Medieval Oxbridge style college, the buildings all centre around one quad which is accessible through only two gates. The main gate is at the foot of the tower, along with the porters lodge, the quad contains a large pond with fish and fountains as well as the St. Catherines Bell in the clock tower attached to the porch. The bells are rung three times a day during the term to mark meal times. Around the quad are a total of five houses on the east, north. The ground floors of houses contain some administration offices. The largest building containing the majority of the space available to members of the fellowship, is on the south side along with the masters house. Massey is also home to a worship space, St. Catherines Chapel. The Chapel features an 17th-century Russian iconostasis and cross, as well as pipe organ specially designed for the chapel by the Quebec organ builder. The chapel was redesigned in 2006 by the College architects, Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe. The college buildings are frequently studied by architecture students, in 2013, which marked its 50th anniversary, Massey College received two prestigious architecture awards. The award can go to a building in Canada, designed by an architect from any country, or a building designed by a Canadian architect. ”The commentary from the award’s jury reads as follows, ”Massey College is a skillful
37.
New College, Toronto
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New College is one of the constituent Colleges of the University of Toronto in Canada. Founded in 1962, New College was the first college to be created within the University of Toronto since the federation with Victoria, Trinity and St. Michaels Colleges. The name of the college was initially to be New Kings College, in homage to University College, New College shares, with Trinity College, St. Hildas College, and University College, the distinction of being Dominion cousins to namesakes in the UK. It is named after New College at the University of Oxford, in England Britain, in fact, what is now known as Innis College, the second multi-faculty college, was originally designed as another wing of New College before it was built separately in 1964. Housed in a serpentine design, New College consists of three halls, Wilson Hall, Wetmore Hall, and a new hall aptly named New Building built in 2003. The New Building also houses the William Doo Auditorium and a mini-gym, New College has an extremely multicultural student body, with more than three-quarters of its students drawn from the ranks of new Canadians. Both the New College Residence Council and the New College Student Council plan activities that feature the colleges diversity, a highlight of the year, usually held in the winter term, is Mosaic, which is an evening of music, dance and performance featuring multiethnic themes. The Student Council generally uses the William Doo Auditorium for Mosaic, for students in residence at New College, social life is aided by their floor residence council. The floor residence council organizes restaurant trips, movie nights, field trips, each residence floor benefits from a don. New College dons are graduate or upper year students who live with the undergraduates and provide them with advice, the New College Residence Council oversees student life specifically for students who live in residence. Residence student life is generally anchored around the colleges cafeteria. The dining area is large, with a number of different dishes available at each mealtime, vegetarian, Vegan and Halal meals are offered. In 2008 the College replaced the Dean of Residence position with a new Director of Student Life, New Colleges mission around round equity and social justice is reflected in many of its programs, such as African Studies, Caribbean Studies and Equity Studies. The College continues to maintain its connections with the field of engineering, many of its early officers were from science backgrounds, including Stewart Wilson, the first registrar and Donald Ivey, the colleges first principal. Today, like several of the colleges at the University of Toronto, New College coordinates a number of degree programmes. New College also hosts annual University of Toronto Youth Summer Program jointly organised by New College and University of Torontos faculties of Law and Medicine. The Youth Summer Program is an enrichment program for high school students that allows early experience of top-tier academic learning in the fields of law
38.
Regis College, Toronto
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Regis College is a theological college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1930 and affiliated with the Society of Jesus. It is a postgraduate college and a member institution of the Toronto School of Theology. Regis College began as the Jesuit philosophy college on Wellington Street in downtown Toronto in September 1930 and it then offered philosophy programmes to Jesuit scholastics preparing for priesthood. It was in 1943 that the programme of offerings was expanded to include theology, in 1954, the Jesuit seminary was formally named Collegium Christi Regis, The College of Christ the King. In 1961, the moved to a new site on Bayview Avenue in Willowdale. The 40 acre site, was offered to the Jesuits as a location for the college by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1958, in 1969, Regis College was one of the founding colleges of the Toronto School of Theology. Within its own federation, the University of Toronto granted all, in 1970, the college joined the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Membership of the association in 1980,2001 and 2011, in 1976, the college moved to St. Mary Street in Downtown Toronto, close to its present site. The Bayview site was sold to Ontario Bible College, which became the Tyndale University College and that year, it admitted its first non-Jesuit students. Since 1978, by virtue of a made in its charter. Regis College became a college of the University of Toronto. This arrangement was renewed for a ten years in 2004. In August 2008, Regis College agreed to move to Christie House, on the corner of Wellesley Street and it was formerly a female residence building for St. Michaels College administered by the Sisters of St. Joseph who ran St. Josephs College School next door. The University of Toronto bought the site from the Sisters of St. Joseph, construction started to make the house suitable for the college in time for the start of the academic year in September 2009. As part of the agreement with the university, the half of the building closest to the school was converted so that it could be used by the universitys Faculty of Music. The building is located opposite the Parliament of Ontario and it is to the south of St. Michaels College and is next to buildings that previously housed the offices of Marshall McLuhan. The building itself was the home of William Mellis Christie. Robert Jaffrey had a room built in the house so his mistress could secretly live with him
39.
St. Michael's College, Toronto
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The University of St. Michaels College is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1852 by the Congregation of St. Basil of Annonay, France. While mainly a college for liberal arts and sciences, St. Michaels retains its Roman Catholic affiliation through its postgraduate divinity school. St. Michaels is most closely associated with teaching and research in the humanities and it is also known for being home to Marshall McLuhan throughout his influential career as a philosopher and communication theorist, from 1946 until his death in 1980. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies resides within the college, St. Michaels College School is an affiliated boys school which was once the high school section of the college. St. Michael’s College was founded in 1852 as a Basilian college by Pierre Tourvieille, Superior General of the Congregation of St. Basil of Annonay, France. The following year, it merged with St. Marys Lesser Seminary under the control of the Basilian Fathers. St. Michaels College educated pupils at three levels, operating as a school, as a liberal arts college, and as a minor seminary. The Basilians received an estate in 1853 from John Elmsley, son of the Chief Justice of Upper Canada. St. Michaels College relocated to the new site east of the University of Toronto, the incorporation of the college was granted Royal Assent in 1855. By withdrawing its support in 1868, the provincial government encouraged denominational colleges to seek closer relations with secular institutions. St. Michaels affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1883, having secured a guarantee that it would conduct its own teaching in philosophy, the university senate authorized St. Michaels to administer its own examinations in philosophy. On December 8,1910, St. Michael’s College became a college of the University of Toronto. In 1912, Sir Robert Falconer, president of the University of Toronto, recognized the wish of St. Josephs College, St. Josephs and Loretto both became colleges of St. Michaels College, thereby allowing their female students to receive University of Toronto degrees. As the 20th century began, professional education expanded beyond the fields of theology, law. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, with the opening of the Institute of Mediaeval Studies in 1929, St Michael’s expanded further into graduate teaching and research. Ten years later, Pope Pius XI signed a charter creating the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. In 1952, the last lectures for women were held at Loretto and St. Josephs Colleges, thereafter, all teaching was conducted coeducationally in the classrooms of St. Michaels College. Throughout much of its history, St. Michaels benefited from a practice whereby staff
40.
Trinity College, Toronto
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Trinity College is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1851 by Bishop John Strachan. Trinity was intended by Strachan as a college of strong Anglican alignment, in 1904, Trinity joined the university as a member of its collegiate federation. Trinity College presently consists of a secular undergraduate section and a divinity school that is part of the Toronto School of Theology. Reflecting its English heritage, the college emulates Oxbridge traditions as the wearing of gowns at dinner, a choir that includes choral scholars. Bishop John Strachan, an Anglican priest and Archdeacon of York, the colonial college was effectively controlled by the Church of England and members of the elite Family Compact. In 1849, over opposition from Strachan, Reformists took control of the college. Incensed by this decision, Strachan immediately began raising funds for the creation of Trinity College, working with Kivas Tully, Charles Barry Cleveland superintended many of their important architectural works in eastern Canada including the Trinity College campus at the University of Toronto. The building featured Gothic Revival design, the cornerstone was laid on April 30,1851. Trinity was incorporated as an independent university on 2 August 1851, the Cameron property on Queen Street in western Toronto was purchased for £2,000, and the college opened to students at the site on January 15,1852. On January 10,1842 the first lecture was given at the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, in 1852, teaching was transferred to Toronto in the new Faculty of Divinity at Trinity College. Trinity College absorbed the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg in 1852, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity, and by the end of the 19th century its scope had included medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The college admitted its first female students in 1884, and St. Hildas College was created in 1888 as the college of Trinity. With Strachans death in 1867, efforts could begin to unite Trinity College with the University of Toronto, after taking office in 1900, provost Thomas C. S. Macklem supported joining the college with the University of Toronto. The matter became hotly contested when Trinitys medical faculty merged with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1903, after what Macklem described as a long-drawn and bitter series of debates, the college voted 121 to 73 in favour of federation with the University of Toronto. The university made a concession to allow Trinity to administer its own examination in religious subjects, on October 1,1904, Trinity became part of the University of Toronto and relinquished to the university its authority to grant degrees in subjects other than theology. It became clear that the relocation of Trinity closer to the university was necessary, the former site of the college became Trinity Bellwoods Park. Towards the end of the 20th century, the place of longstanding institutions and traditions within the community underwent changes initiated by internal and external parties. Episkopon, a society based in the college since 1858, was officially dissociated from Trinity in 1992, on 30 April 2002 Canada Post issued University of Trinity College, 1852-2002 as part of the Canadian Universities series
41.
University College, Toronto
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University College is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary, baldwin envisioned that denominational colleges would soon decide to affiliate themselves under the secular University of Toronto with some vague status, perhaps as divinity halls. His hopes were dashed when the Presbyterian Queens College in Kingston opted to stay independent, baldwin resigned as premier in 1851, leaving his successor, Francis Hincks, to find another way to persuade the denominational colleges. Hincks decided that the university should adopt the collegiate university governance model, used for centuries at Oxbridge, on April 22,1853, University College was created as the Provincial College, and it retains that designation in the current University of Toronto Act. It was the first constituent college of the University of Toronto, inheriting the functions and resources of the former Kings College. Frederick William Cumberland was appointed in 1856 as the university architect to design and oversee the construction of the new building. The following year, Knox College and Victoria College also joined the University of Toronto, University College was severely damaged by a fire that gutted the entire eastern wing and the college library on February 14,1890. The fire spread rapidly when servants accidentally dropped two kerosene lamps on a staircase at around 7 p. m. while preparing the illumination for an annual college exhibition. And is now, so far as its material fabric goes, only about 100 books were rescued before the fire consumed more than 33,000 volumes at the college library. Despite the initial fears, University College recovered from the fire with remarkable ease, wycliffe College and Knox College both offered space for classes to accommodate displaced students. The board of trustees commissioned a restoration of the structure with insurance compensations. Within two years, the library was replenished with donations from throughout the British Empire. During the boycott of classes, professor of history George MacKinnon Wrong wrote to Chancellor Blake in England that only one student turned up at one of his lectures. The strike continued until February 20, when students voted to return to classes after the government agreed to call a commission of inquiry, the main building of University College was built between 1856 and 1859, designed by architects Frederick William Cumberland and William George Storm. The design committee would eventually include Norman, Romanesque Revival, and “faint traces of Byzantium, in particular, the Byzantine, Norman and early English styles were deemed “fitting for educational institutions”. Cumberland chose Norman Romanesque as the main influence because he thought it was the most appreciate for the topography in Canada, to achieve a picturesque approach, Cumberland ignored the classical symmetry and deliberately gave an asymmetrical architectural expression. The building was a combination of varied parts incorporating British design for educational structures in England and Ireland
42.
Victoria University, Toronto
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Victoria University is a college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named for Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts, Victoria is situated in the northeastern part of the university campus, adjacent to St. Michaels College and Queens Park. Among its residential halls is Annesley Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada, a major centre for Reformation and Renaissance studies, Victoria is home to international scholarly projects and holdings devoted to pre-Puritan English drama and the works of Desiderius Erasmus. Victoria College was founded as the Upper Canada Academy by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1831, a committee decided to locate the academy on four acres of land in Cobourg, Ontario, east of Toronto, because of its central location in a large town and access by land. The school officially opened to male and female students on October 12,1836, with Ryerson as the first president, although the school taught a variety of liberal arts subjects, it also functioned as an unofficial Methodist seminary. In 1841, it was incorporated as Victoria College, named for Queen Victoria, john Harper designed Victoria University Medical College, Gerrard Street East at Sackville Street, Toronto which was demolished. Victoria University was formed in 1884 when Victoria College and Albert University federated with each other, in 1890, Victoria University federated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Victoria University moved from Cobourg to its current campus on Queens Park Crescent, south of Bloor Street, a plaque was erected at 100 University Avenue at the intersection with College Street in Cobourg, Ontario. Victoria College The cornerstone of this building was laid June 7,1832, first operated under a royal charter by the Wesleyan Methodists as Upper Canada Academy, in 1841 it obtained a provincial charter under the name of Victoria College, giving it power to grant degrees. Victoria’s first president was the Reverend Egerton Ryerson, newspaper editor, in 1890 the college federated with the University of Toronto and, in 1892, left Cobourg. James Loudon, a former President of the universities, had prohibited dancing at the University of Toronto until 1896. However, dancing at Victoria was not officially permissible until thirty years later, the WWI list of honour was erected by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations on October 13,1923 while the WWII list of honour was erected by the Board of Regents. In 1928, the independent Union College federated with the department of Victoria College. On the old Ontario strand for piano by Joyce Belyea was published for the Victoria College Music Club between 1946 and 1948 by the J. H, peel Music Pub. Co. in Toronto. The main building, Old Vic, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style, the architect was W. G. Storm, who died shortly after completion. The campus is centred on the quadrangle of Victoria, outlined by the upper and lower houses of Burwash Hall
43.
Woodsworth College, Toronto
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Woodsworth College, named after politician and clergyman James Shaver Woodsworth, is a college within the University of Toronto, Canada. It is the largest college in the Faculty of Arts and Science on the St. George Campus and it is also the newest of the colleges at the University of Toronto, created in 1974. Woodsworth Colleges Arms and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on October 15,2006, the college was founded to serve part-time students exclusively, specifically adults pursuing continuing education studies in Arts and Sciences, and transfer students. Since 1999, Woodsworth has embarked on direct entry, where students are accepted directly from high school, Woodsworth College is home to approximately 6200 students. The Woodsworth College Students Association is the body of students at the college. The associations government consists of the President, six Vice-Presidents, and it also provides a great deal of services and activities throughout the year. The office of the WCSA is located at, WW103,119 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, in 1974, Woodsworth was administering the Summer Program to Sienna, Italy. Woodsworth Colleges International Summer Programs sends over 900 students to 18 destinations worldwide, Woodsworth oversees the Visiting Student Program in the Faculty of Arts and Science. This program allows students from other North American universities to come to the University of Toronto, Woodsworth Residence was erected in 2004 and was designed by the architectural firm Architects Alliance. The residence, located at 321 Bloor Street West, towers over the Perly-Rae gates at the entrance of the St. George Campus. The building is a 17-storey glass tower housing 371 students and it offers apartment style living, suites are self-contained individual apartments of 4-6 people. Each suite provides its occupants with individual rooms, suites are equipped with a kitchen, living room. There is also a facility, pool table, foosball table, study rooms. The four-storey U-shaped residence, built in 1926, was designed by the firm of Paisley & Marani and was in the City of Torontos Inventory of Heritage Properties, there are also courses that take place within the basement of the residence. Some of the courses are offered by the Rotman School of Management and include courses in law, accounting. The residence web page is http, //wdw. utoronto. ca/residence Students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, Woodsworth College also hosts several programs within the faculty. These programs combine courses from a number of different academic departments in the faculty, TESOL Human Resources Management Martin L
44.
Wycliffe College, Toronto
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Wycliffe College is a graduate theological school federated with the University of Toronto. It is affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada and is evangelical, on the other hand, the University of Torontos other Anglican college, the University of Trinity College is Anglo-Catholic in outlook. While being an Anglican seminary, Wycliffe College attracts students from many Christian denominations, as a founding member of the Toronto School of Theology, students are free to participate in the wide range of courses from Canadas largest ecumenical consortium. It trains those pursuing ordination as well as preparing for academic careers of scholarship. James founded the independent Protestant Episcopal Divinity School in 1877 to provide a source for evangelical. The name was given first to the building and then to the college itself. To ensure its viability, Wycliffe College began considering various forms of union with the University of Toronto towards the end of the 19th century. Wycliffe College became affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1885, Wycliffe college had a close association with the Anglican Church of the Epiphany in Parkdale. The churchs founding rector, the Rev, bernard Bryan, had been one of the nine men who constituted the first class at Wycliffe in 1877. This connection continued in 1959 when the Church of the Epiphanys rector, george Martel Miller designed Convocation Hall,1902. Henry Bauld Gordon designed the Dining Hall and Dormitory Wing,1907, Principals Residence, William Faulkner billeted at Wycliffe College while a student at the School of Aeronautics in 1918. In 1969 the Toronto School of Theology was created as an independent federation of seven schools of theology, within its own federation, the University of Toronto granted degrees except theology or divinity degrees. Since 1978, by virtue of a made in its charter. An act respecting Wycliffe College, being chapter 112 of the Statutes of Ontario,1916, was repealed, Wycliffe Colleges Arms were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on March 15,2007. The Wycliffe College Chapel sanctuary features stained glass windows, including Our Lord, St. Paul, St. John. Wycliffe College is situated in the centre of the University of Toronto campus, on the corner of Hoskin Avenue and Queens Park. Next door is Hart House, which houses athletic facilities, a theatre, an art gallery, reading rooms, sitting rooms, offices, a library, music rooms, student meeting and study space. Along with classrooms and a chapel, Wycliffe houses 75 graduate residents, many of who are studying other disciplines at the University of Toronto and its affiliates
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