1.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
2.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
–
Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
–
Flag
Ontario
–
Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
–
The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
3.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
–
The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
–
Regions where French is the main language
French language
–
Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
–
An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
4.
Public library
–
A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks
Public library
–
Patrons studying and reading at the New York City Public Library.
Public library
–
A public library in
Maadi,
Egypt
Public library
–
Entrance to the National Library in
Tehran,
Iran
Public library
–
Thomas Bodley founded the
Bodleian Library in 1602 as an early public library.
5.
Carnegie library
–
A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival
Carnegie library
–
Carnegie portrait (detail) in the
National Portrait Gallery.
Carnegie library
–
Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy as golden shower. Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Carnegie library
–
The world's first Carnegie library, in Dunfermline
Carnegie library
–
Carnegie's library motto over the entrance of
Edinburgh 's
Central Library.
6.
James Bain (librarian)
–
James Bain was a Scottish-Canadian bookseller, publisher, and librarian. Born in London, England, his family emigrated to Toronto when he was 6 years old, after completing his education at the Toronto Grammar School, he went to work for his father who was a stationer and bookseller. He was active in the publishing industry both in England and in Canada, joining the firm John Nimmo & Son which later became Nimmo & Bain and he returned to Canada in 1882. After managing the fledgling Canada Publishing Company, Bain was selected in 1883 to become the first chief librarian of the Toronto Public Library and he held this position until 1908. As chief librarian, he was occupied with building both the collection and new branches. Acquiring the librarys first collection took some diplomacy on his part, in the campaign to establish a free library, some of the opposition had argued against it on the grounds that taxes shouldnt be used to circulate novels. While the library did acquire novels, the bulk of the collection was more serious and he was particularly concerned with ensuring that the librarys collection include “every work of any consequence” in the fields of Canadian history and literature. The first building space and book collection for the library came from the Toronto Mechanics Institute, the collection was supplemented by $15,000 worth of books that Bain acquired on a trip to England in late 1883. Bain welcomed patrons to the first Toronto Public Library in the Mechanics Institute in 1884, two branches, Northern and Western, also opened that year, with Eastern following in 1888, Dundas in 1889 and College in 1900. In 1903, Bain secured Carnegie funding to build a new central library, after his death, the library received a second Carnegie grant to build more branches. Seven of the ten Carnegie libraries are open as branches of the Toronto Public Library. He helped found the Ontario Library Association, serving as president of the committee for 1900. He was also a member of the Champlain Society and held the role of Treasurer and was the president of the Royal Canadian Institute from 1900 to 1902. James Bain is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, along with his wife, Jessie Mary Paterson, and their children
James Bain (librarian)
–
James Bain
James Bain (librarian)
–
Colour portrait of James Bain by
Edmund Wyly Grier, commissioned by the Board of the
Toronto Public Library in 1909.
7.
Andrew Carnegie
–
He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
Andrew Carnegie
–
Carnegie in 1913
Andrew Carnegie
–
Carnegie as he appears in the
National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.
Andrew Carnegie
–
Birthplace of Andrew Carnegie in
Dunfermline, Scotland
Andrew Carnegie
–
Carnegie age 16, with brother Thomas
8.
Koffler Student Centre
–
The Koffler Student Centre is the main student centre at the University of Toronto, located at 214 College Street. The centre houses a number of different student services, including the campus bookstore, career centre. The ornate building is located at the northwest corner of St. George and College Street streets in a building that was formerly the home of the Toronto Reference Library, the building was opened in 1909 as the Toronto Public Librarys Central Reference Library, Ontarios largest Carnegie library. It remained the home of the library until 1977, when it relocated to its current home at Bloor. The building was acquired by the University of Toronto, converted into the student services centre. Designed by Alfred Chapman, the Beaux Arts building features an entrance fronting College Street by St. George Street. A second, less prominent ground level entrance, located towards the part of the College Street façade. This main façade fronting College Street is characterized by a sequence of lower paired windows set in a grey stone wall. Its contrasting yellow brick upper section features six two-storey windows set between Corinthian columns, the original librarys reading and reference room overlooked College Street through the large front windows. The building was listed a heritage structure in Torontos inventory of heritage properties in 1973, Toronto Public Library page about the building
Koffler Student Centre
–
The Koffler Student Centre
9.
University of Toronto
–
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
University of Toronto
–
A painting by
Sir Edmund Walker depicts
University College as it appeared in 1858.
University of Toronto
–
University of Toronto
University of Toronto
–
A
Sopwith Camel aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918, during World War I.
University of Toronto
–
Soldiers' Tower, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell
carillon.
10.
Amalgamation of Toronto
–
The most recent occurrence of amalgamation was in 1998, which resulted in Torontos current boundaries. 1791, The townships of Etobicoke, York and Scarborough are surveyed in preparation for settlement,1793, The unincorporated town of York is founded within York township on August 27. This is named in honour of the Duke of York and Albany, the area had previously been known as Toronto. 1830, The unincorporated Village of Yorkville was founded,1834, York was incorporated under the city name of Toronto, coming into force on March 6. Beyond this was a known as the Liberties. 1853, The village of Yorkville was incorporated,1859, The Liberties of Toronto are abolished. 1876, The village of Brockton was incorporated,1878, The village of Parkdale was incorporated on June 28, to go into effect January 1,1879. 1881, The village of Weston was incorporated, the village of Brockton became the town of Brockton. The city retained the same boundaries until 1883, when it began to amalgamate with the surrounding communities. This continued until 1914, after no more expansion of Toronto would take place until 1967. 1883, The village of Yorkville was annexed by the city of Toronto,1884, The town of Brockton and the unincorporated community of Riverdale were annexed by the city of Toronto. 1886, The village of Parkdale becomes the town of Parkdale,1887, The village of West Toronto Junction was incorporated on land severed from York township. The population of West Toronto Junction was 579,1888, The unincorporated community of Seaton Village in York township was annexed by Toronto. The unincorporated community of Sunnyside was annexed by Toronto, Sunnyside was located in York township, and covered 108 acres. On October 27, the residents of Parkdale vote in favour of being annexed by Toronto,1889, The town of Parkdale was annexed by the city of Toronto on March 23. Parkdale had grown to 5651 residents by the time of annexation, the town of East Toronto was incorporated on land previously belonging to York Township. West Toronto Junction became a town on March 23, annexing the communities of Carlton,1890, The town of North Toronto was incorporated on land previously belonging to York township. 1891, The town of West Toronto Junction was renamed the town of West Toronto,1908, On April 14, the town of West Toronto became the city of West Toronto
Amalgamation of Toronto
–
Map of Toronto with the borders of the former boroughs indicated
11.
Metropolitan Toronto
–
The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was a senior level of municipal government in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada area from 1954 to 1998. It was created out of old town Toronto, York Township, Scarborough Township and it was commonly referred to as Metro Toronto or Metro to avoid confusion with the original city of Toronto, which was its administrative headquarters. Passage of the 1997 City of Toronto Act caused the 1998 amalgamation of Metro Toronto, prior to the formation of Metro, the municipalities surrounding the central City of Toronto were all independent towns and villages. All were members of either York Township, Scarborough Township or Etobicoke Township, after 1912, the city no longer annexed suburbs from York Township. At times the suburbs asked to be annexed into Toronto, in 1924, Ontario cabinet minister George S. Henry, was the first to propose a metropolitan district with its own council from the city and the county to administer shared services. He wrote a bill, but the government chose not to act on it. The Great Depression saw almost all of the towns and villages of the County go insolvent, when that happened they were, financially, taken over by the province. In 1933, Henry, now the premier, appointed an inquiry into forming a metropolitan district. A proposal was made for Toronto to provide several of its services to the suburbs as well, the inquiry died with the defeat of Henry in 1934. In the 1930s, a Liberal Ontario government named the first minister of municipal affairs, David A. Croll, and introduced a bill to amalgamate the City. The draft bill faced strong opposition in Toronto and was withdrawn, the government then started its own inquiry into issues of the suburbs surrounding Toronto. Through consensus, it came to the conclusion that a municipality was the best solution. The inquiry reported in September 1939, and its conclusions put aside for the duration of World War II, two factors changed in the 1940s. A Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario government was elected in 1943, with a changed policy, also in 1943, the first Master Plan was adopted in Toronto. It recognized that future growth would place in the vacant land of adjacent suburbs. Planning would have to take account the whole metropolitan area. In 1946, the province passed the Planning Act required each urban municipality to have its own Planning Board, a Toronto and Suburban Planning Board was founded, under the chairmanship of James P. Maher, and the vice-chairmanship of Fred Gardiner. The Board promoted specific projects, and promoted a green belt, a unified system of arterial roads
Metropolitan Toronto
–
Metro Hall
Metropolitan Toronto
–
Seal
Metropolitan Toronto
–
A Metropolitan Toronto plaque on a city overpass.
12.
Etobicoke
–
Etobicoke /ɛˈtoʊbᵻkoʊ/ is a suburban district forming the western part of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Etobicoke was first settled by Europeans in the 1790s, the municipality grew into city status in the 20th century, several independent villages and towns developed within the area of Etobicoke, only to be absorbed later into Etobicoke during the era of Metro Toronto. Etobicoke was dissolved in 1998, when it was amalgamated with other Metro Toronto municipalities into the City of Toronto, Etobicokes population is very diverse, with people from all over the world including South Asians, East Asians, Middle Easterners, West Indians, Africans and Europeans. Etobicoke is primarily suburban in development, with a population density than central Toronto, larger main streets, shopping malls. Etobicoke has several expressways within its borders, including the Queen Elizabeth Way, Gardiner Expressway, Ontario Highway 427, Ontario Highway 401 and Ontario Highway 409. Etobicoke is connected to the rest of Toronto by four stations of the Bloor-Danforth subway, which has its terminus at Kipling Avenue. Etobicoke has one institution, Humber College, which has two campuses. Different groups of First Nations peoples used the land that is now Etobicoke at different times, as the Algonquins gradually moved west from the Atlantic to Lake Erie, it is almost certain that they would have occupied this land at some point. By the time they were settled on the shores of Georgian Bay. During the 17th century they were pushed out by the powerful Haudenosaunee confederacy, after continued harassment from the Iroquois, south, a coalition of the Ojibway, Odawa, and Potawatomi Algonquin nations, known as the Three Fires, gradually pushed the Haudenosaunee off this land. The Algonquian-speaking Mississauga settled here by 1695, fishing and growing crops more locally in the summer, the name Etobicoke was derived from the Mississauga word wah-do-be-kang, meaning place where the alders grow. This was the way they described the area between Etobicoke Creek and the Humber River, the first provincial land surveyor, Augustus Jones, also spelled it as ato-be-coake. Etobicoke was finally adopted as the name in 1795 at the direction of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe. The British officials intended Etobicoke to be included in the Toronto Purchase of 1787, however, the Mississauga and government disagreed as to whether the western boundary of the purchase was the Humber River or the Etobicoke River. The dispute was settled between the Government of Canada and the Mississauga First Nation in 2010. Immigrants from the British Isles were among the new settlers, as well as Loyalists who had left the rebellious Thirteen Colonies, by then the new United States. Early settlers included many of the Queens Rangers, who were land in the area by Simcoe to help protect the new capital of Upper Canada. In 1793-95, the Honourable Samuel Smith, a colonel in the Queens Rangers, received land grants of 1,530 acres, extending from todays Kipling Avenue to Etobicoke Creek, and north to Bloor Street
Etobicoke
–
Etobicoke's central skyline in 2009
Etobicoke
–
Location of Etobicoke (red) compared to the rest of Toronto.
Etobicoke
–
Etobicoke township in 1878
Etobicoke
–
Toronto Skyline taken from Colonel Samuel Smith Park in Etobicoke.
13.
North York
–
North York is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located north of Old Toronto, between Etobicoke to the west and Scarborough to the east. As of the 2011 Census, it had a population of 655,913 and it was first created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former city of York, a municipality that was located along the western border of Old Toronto. Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1954, it was one of the fastest growing parts of the due to its proximity to Old Toronto. In 1998, North York was amalgamated with the rest of Metropolitan Toronto to form the new city of Toronto, the Township of North York was formed on June 13,1922 out of the rural part of the Township of York. The rapidly growing parts of the township remained in that township, as North York became more populous, it became the Borough of North York in 1967, and then on February 14,1979, the City of North York. To commemorate receiving its city charter on St. Valentines Day and it now forms the largest part of the area served by the North York Community Council, a committee of Toronto City Council. North York used to be known as an agricultural hub composed of scattered villages. The area boomed following World War II, and by the 1950s and 1960s, on August 10,2008, a massive explosion occurred at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases propane facility just southwest of the Toronto-Downsview Airport. This destroyed the depot and damaged several homes nearby, about 13,000 residents were evacuated for several days before being allowed back home. One employee at the company was killed in the blast and one died while attending to the scene of the accident. A follow-up investigation to the incident made several recommendations concerning propane supply depots and it asked for a review of setback distances between depots and nearby residential areas but didnt call for restrictions on where they can be located. North York residents are highly multicultural, the neighbourhood with the largest percentage of visible minorities in North York is the Grandravine-Yorkwoods area in Jane and Finch with 93%. The western half of North York is culturally different from the eastern half, chinese cultural groups dominate the eastern half of North York making up 22% of the population from Yonge Street to Victoria Park Avenue. South Asians are mainly spread out evenly in North York, there are large South Asian communities in Emery and Flemingdon Park. The neighbourhood with the largest percentage of South Asians in North York Gateway-Glenway area is Flemingdon Park with 46%, Black Canadians dominate the western half of North York making up 19% of the population past Allen Road. Most of North Yorks Black community is along Jane Street and areas around it, smaller areas such as Jane and Finch, Lawrence Heights, and Trethewey had more than 40% of its population identified as Black. Most are from the Caribbean but there is also a large west African population, the Jane & Wilson neighbourhood has the largest Ghanaian community in Toronto
North York
–
North York skyline
North York
–
Location of North York (red) within the rest of Toronto.
North York
–
Photograph of
Yonge Street in downtown North York taken outside the
Toronto Centre for the Arts and the
Toronto District School Board Education Centre.
North York
–
Panoramic photo of new condo construction along
Yonge Street south of
Finch Avenue.
14.
York, Toronto
–
York is a former municipality within the current city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located northwest of Old Toronto, southwest of North York and east of Etobicoke, as a separate city, it was one of six municipalities that amalgamated in 1998 to form the current city of Toronto. The City of York was created by the amalgamation of villages, including the present day neighbourhoods of Lambton Mills. Etobicoke Township and Scarborough Township were located west and east, respectively, while the townships of Vaughan, York Township was home to one of the original Black communities in the Toronto area, which was populated by many African American fugitive slaves. By 1861, the township had the second-largest Black population in the Toronto area, after St. Johns Ward, most of whom lived in York Township West. The legacy of Yorks original Black community continues today, as of the 2011 Census,15. 9% of Yorks population is Black, Humewood–Cedarvale was developed in the 1910s to attract development in the growing township. Oakwood–Vaughan was also developed during this time, in the 1920s, the character of the township changed, with its southern reaches abutting the city of Toronto taking on a more urban character, compared with the very rural character of the north. The decision was made to split the township in two, with the northern, rural portion becoming North York. The remaining, two pockets of unincorporated urban development at the end of the city, were split by the village of North Toronto. Within years, the Province of Ontario saw that this arrangement of having an exclave was impractical, the Township of York contracted streetcar and bus services from the Toronto Transportation Commission, but remained independent from Toronto. During this time, American novelist Ernest Hemingway resided in the Humewood–Cedarvale community, North and west of Oakwood–Vaughan is the Fairbank community. Silverthorn is described as Torontos hidden San Francisco in reference to its streets, staircases. This is due to Torontos topography being shaped by its deep ravines, York was part of the federation of twelve suburban municipalities that joined Toronto in 1954 to form Metropolitan Toronto. In 1967, it absorbed the town of Weston, and became the Borough of York and it was amalgamated into the new City of Toronto on 1 January 1998. Its former council and administrative building, York Civic Centre, is located at 2700 Eglinton Avenue West, Yorks first public library was the Mount Dennis branch, which operated out of rented premises since 1923. Before the 1998 Amalgamation, the York Board of Education oversaw public secular schools in the former city, as with the other school boards in Metro Toronto, they were amalgamated as the Toronto District School Board in 1998. York is served by the Toronto Transit Commissions buses and rapid transit system and it formerly had its own bus and streetcar service until it was absorbed by the Toronto Transit Commission. Of the Toronto rapid transit system, only the Heath Street exit of St. Clair West station on the Yonge-University-Spadina line is in the city of York
York, Toronto
–
This time capsule outside the
York Civic Centre is intended to be sealed for 196 years. It also depicts the city's logo and coat of arms, which contains the city's motto in
Latin. The other former municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto all have mottoes in
English.
York, Toronto
–
Opening ceremony of the
Rogers Road streetcar line by the Township of York in 1924
15.
East York
–
East York is a former municipality within the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was a borough within the overall municipality of Metropolitan Toronto until 1998. Before the amalgamation, it was Canadas only borough and it is separated by the Don River from the former City of Toronto. Traditional East York is southeast of the river, and the neighbourhoods of Leaside, Bennington Heights, the heart of East York is filled with middle-class and working-class homes, with extensive high-rise developments along peripheral major streets and in Crescent Town and Thorncliffe Park. East York was originally part of York Township, following the incorporation of the Township of North York in 1922, York Township was divided by Toronto, Leaside and North Toronto. Left with the option to join the City of Toronto or branch out on its own,448 East Yorkers voted to incorporate a new township. The Township of East York was incorporated on January 1,1924 with a population of 19,849, the western half of York Township retained its name. East York was originally populated by working class English people who valued the opportunity to own small homes of their own, with front lawns, many had immigrated from Lancashire and Yorkshire. In 1961,71. 7% of the population identified themselves as having British origins, in the late 1940s, after World War II, East York became home to many returning veterans and their families. Many inexpensive homes were built, including the houses around Topham Park, by the government, to house the returning veterans, the local government was both socially conscious and frugal, fitting the residents self-image of East York as filled with supportive neighbours and non-government organizations. For many years, the borough did not allow the serving of alcoholic beverages in any restaurants, the result was a heavy concentration of alcohol-serving restaurants and bars on Danforth Avenue, a main street in the city of Toronto running east-west just south of East York. The prohibition of serving alcohol was eliminated in the 1970s, the borough of East York was established in 1967 through the amalgamation of the former township of East York and the former town of Leaside. Leaside was an industrial and residential community. East York has over the years been an enclave for senior citizens, as the original owners from the 1940s age. East York had its own department with three stations, which are still in operation today under the combined Toronto Fire Services. Recently, rapid and accelerated gentrification has changed many neighbourhoods, many one-story bungalows have added second floors, and many shops have been converted to more upscale shops. Canadas only borough, East York was semi-autonomous within the municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. In 1998, East York, along with North York, York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, East Yorks last mayor was Michael Prue who went on to become city councillor for East York, and then a Member of Provincial Parliament for Beaches—East York in 2001
East York
–
East York in 2005
East York
–
Pape and Cosburn, 1911
East York
–
Plains Road School East York, between 1900 and 1903
16.
Scarborough, Toronto
–
Scarborough is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs, it occupies the part of the city. Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east and it was named after the English town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. First settled by Europeans in the 1790s, Scarborough has grown from a collection of rural villages. Incorporated in 1850 as a township, Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967, Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983. In 1998, Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto, Scarborough is an administrative district in Toronto and has its own community council. The Scarborough Civic Centre, the city hall, is still used by the municipal government of Toronto. Scarborough is a destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside. As a result, it is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the Greater Toronto Area, being home to religious groups. It includes some of Torontos popular natural landmarks, such as Rouge Park, Scarborough has been declared to be greener than any other part of Toronto. The area was named after Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England by Elizabeth Simcoe, the wife of John Graves Simcoe, the bluffs along Scarboroughs Lake Ontario shores reminded her of the limestone cliffs in Scarborough, England. On August 4,1793, she wrote in her diary, The shore is extremely bold, and has the appearance of chalk cliffs and they appeared so well that we talked of building a summer residence there and calling it Scarborough. Before that, the area was named Glasgow, after the Scottish city, the most popular is Scarberia, a portmanteau of Scarborough and Siberia, a reference to its seemingly distant eastern location from downtown Toronto. The word originated sometime in the 1960s and has remained a source of contention ever since. In May 1988, Joyce Trimmer, who was campaigning to be mayor of the city of Scarborough, said, Scarborough has also acquired nicknames related to its diversity. Such nicknames typically use the prefix Scar and a derived from the name of a region, nation, or ethnicity, for instance, Scompton or Scarlem, alluding to Compton. The first known evidence of people in Scarborough comes from a site in Fenwood Heights. The site contains the remains of a camp of nomadic hunters and foragers, after the land was surveyed in 1793, it was opened to settlement by British subjects with the first issue of land patents in 1796, although squatters had already been present for a few years
Scarborough, Toronto
–
Skyline of
Scarborough City Centre
Scarborough, Toronto
–
Location of Scarborough (red) in Toronto.
Scarborough, Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Scarborough, Toronto
–
A survey map of Scarborough from the 1880s
17.
Old Toronto
–
Old Toronto is the retronym of the original city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1834 to 1998. It was first incorporated as a city in 1834, after being known as the Town of York, in 1954, it became the administrative headquarters for Metropolitan Toronto. It expanded in size by annexation of surrounding municipalities, reaching its final boundaries in 1967, finally, in 1998, it was amalgamated into the present-day megacity of Toronto. Post-amalgamation, the area within the boundaries of the city is variously referred to as the former city of Toronto or Old Toronto. Historically, Old Toronto has referred to Torontos boundaries before the Great Toronto Fire of 1904, the term downtown core is also sometimes used to refer to the district, which actually refers to the central business district of Toronto, which is located within the former city. Old Toronto has the highest population density in the Golden Horseshoe, the population was recorded in June 1834 at 9,252. In 1834, Toronto was incorporated with the boundaries of Bathurst Street to the west,400 yards north of Lot Street to the north, outside this formal boundary were the liberties, land pre-destined to be used for new wards. The liberties formally became part of the city in 1859 and the wards were remapped, the earliest Toronto neighbourhoods were the five municipal wards that the city was split into in 1834. The wards were named for the saints of the four nations of the British Isles and St. Lawrence. Today, only St. Lawrence remains a well-known neighbourhood name, the others have attached their names to a variety of still-existing landmarks, including three subway stations. As Toronto grew, more wards were created, still named after prominent saints, St. James Ward is preserved in the modern St. James Town neighbourhood, while the northern ward of St. Pauls has continued to the present as a federal and provincial electoral district. In 1833, several prominent reformers had petitioned the House of Assembly to have the town incorporated, the Tory-controlled House struggled to find a means of creating a legitimate electoral system that might nonetheless minimize the chances of reformers being elected. The bill passed on 6 March 1834 and proposed two different property qualifications for voting, there was a higher qualification for the election of aldermen and a lower one for common councillors. Two aldermen and two councilmen would be elected from each city ward, the mayor was elected by the aldermen from among their number, and a clear barrier was erected between those of property who served as full magistrates and the rest. Only 230 of the citys 2,929 adult men met this stringent property qualification, the second market building replaced the original wooden market building in 1831 and ran from King Street to Front Street. It was selected by the first mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie and his newspaper, the Colonial Advocate, rented space in the rear. This building, along much of the surrounding Market Block, was destroyed by fire in the 1849 Cathedral Fire. The site was rebuilt as St. Lawrence Hall in 1850, the second city hall, built in 1845 and renovated in 1850, was known as the New Market House
Old Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Old Toronto
–
City of Toronto before 1998 in red
Old Toronto
–
City of Toronto & liberties, 1842.
18.
Government of Ontario
–
The Government of Ontario, or more formally Her Majestys Government of Ontario, is the provincial government of the province of Ontario, Canada. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act,1867, the civil service that manages and delivers government policies, programs, and services is called the Ontario Public Service. The province of Ontario is governed by a legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The provinces head of government, known as the Premier of Ontario is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, the Premier, invariably the leader of a political party represented in the Legislative Assembly, selects members of the Cabinet, who are also appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier has usually been the leader of the party holding the largest number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, due to the location of the Ontario Legislative Building on the grounds of Queens Park, the Ontario government is frequently referred to by the metonym Queens Park. The Ontario Public Service was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Macleans newsmagazine in 2009, the Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. The legislative powers in the lie with the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The premier and other ministers in the Cabinet are also members of, and responsible to, for the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the Ontario government planned to spend C$127,600,000,000, including a deficit of C$11,700,000,000. As of March 31,2014 the total Ontario debt stood at $295.80 billion
Government of Ontario
–
The
Ontario Government Buildings, in downtown
Toronto, contain the head offices of several provincial ministries.
Government of Ontario
–
Ontario
Government of Ontario
–
The
Ontario Legislative Building is the seat of the Legislative Assembly.
19.
Toronto Reference Library
–
The Toronto Reference Library is located at 789 Yonge Street, one block north of Bloor Street, in Toronto, Ontario. Formerly the Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library, the name was changed in 1998 when it was incorporated into the Toronto Public Library system, the library operated separately before the amalgamation of the City of Toronto and surrounding boroughs in 1998. It is one of the three largest libraries in the city along with the Robarts Library at the University of Toronto and Scott Library at York University. The librarys hours of operation are, weekdays 9, 00am –8, 30pm, Saturday 9, 00am –5, 00pm, Sunday 1, 30pm –5, 00pm. The 38,691 m² five-storey building, designed by architect Raymond Moriyama, a curving atrium in the middle of the large library creates site lines across floors, provides natural ventilation and introduces natural light from its sophisticated skylights. The design of this library was influenced by the garden of Babylon. However, due to constraints, the plants were later removed. The brick facade of the building creates harmony with the buildings as well as providing thermal benefits. The librarys collection is mostly non-circulating, although some materials can be borrowed, the library had 1,653,665 catalogued items in 2010, including,1.5 Million volumes 2. Like all libraries in the Toronto Public Library system, the library offers free wireless Internet. Many of these computers are located on the main floor. The Digital Design Studio, provides access to more advanced software, the Baldwin Room, a collection of books, pamphlets, periodicals, manuscripts, broadsides and printed ephemera, maps, newspapers and historical pictures relating to Upper Canada and to early Toronto. This collection is named for Robert Baldwin, a political reformer in Upper Canada. The Genealogy and Local History Collection, whose strength is Canadian content but which includes numerous resources for Great Britain, Ireland. The Map Collection of current and historical maps, atlases, gazetteers, the Art Room containing rare books, photographs, posters and manuscripts, including important costume design and sheet music collections. The library also has a performing arts collection, including papers and information on many Canadian artists, such as Al Waxman. Some of the materials in this collection are available online, the Bram & Bluma Appel Salon at the Toronto Reference Library is an event space located on the second floor of the Toronto Reference Library. It opened to the public on September 23,2009, the Salon hosts free literary and cultural programming organized by the library
Toronto Reference Library
–
Toronto Reference Library
Toronto Reference Library
–
Toronto Reference Library as viewed from the 2nd floor, September 2005.
Toronto Reference Library
–
Study space on the second floor.
Toronto Reference Library
–
Poster announcing an event featuring items from European royalty at the Library.
20.
St. James Town
–
St. James Town is a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It lies in the northeast corner of the downtown area, the neighbourhood covers the area bounded by Sherbourne Street to the west, Bloor Street East to the north, Parliament Street to the east, and Wellesley Street East to the south. St. James Town is the largest high-rise community in Canada and it has been identified as one of 13 economically deprived neighbourhoods within the city. It consists of 19 high-rise buildings and these residential towers were built in the 1960s. Officially, approximately 17,000 people live in the neighbourhoods 19 apartment towers and 4 low rise buildings, St. James Town began to grow in the 19th century when it became a semi-suburban area home to the citys middle class. The area was rezoned in the 1950s, and the century homes were leveled. Each tower, which were named after major Canadian cities, accommodated thousands of residents surrounded by green space, the 14 story Quebec was completed in 1959, the 18 story Victoria in 1965, and The Torontos 24 floors in 1967. In the same time period St. Jamestowns population explodes to 11,462 from only 862. In the late 1960s, the developers attempted to land south of Wellesley, as far as Carlton Street. Many residents of the area resisted, with the support of civic activist, the St. James Town expansion was cancelled, and the homes that had been demolished were replaced with several housing cooperatives. St. James Towns highrises were originally designed after the Second World War to house young swinging single middle class residents and this plan was spurred forward by the federal government, that saw city building as a key to post-depression, post-war, nations recovery. The area quickly became much poorer, four buildings were later built by the province to provide public housing. Today, the towers are mostly home to newly arrived immigrant families, with only 33% being born in Canada, lanterra Developments has also proposed plans to replace some of the remaining Victorian homes in St. Jamestown with several more towers. On September 24,2010, a fire out on the 24th floor of 200 Wellesley St East. Fourteen people were taken to hospital due to injuries, including three firefighters and two children, three of the injuries were classed as serious, the cause of the fire was determined to be a cigarette thrown from a balcony above. In 2013, St. James Town became the host of the Worlds Tallest Mural, Census tract 0065.00 of the 2006 Canadian census covers St. James Town. According to that census, the neighbourhood has 14,666 residents, average income is $22,341, one of the lowest in Toronto. In the 2011 National Household Survey, the income of residents in Ontario is reported to be $42,264
St. James Town
–
St. James Town viewed from atop the Winnipeg tower
St. James Town
–
St. James Town condominiums
St. James Town
–
Aerial Photograph of St. James Ward, 1942
St. James Town
–
St. James Town Library inside Wellesley Community Centre
21.
Scarborough City Centre
–
Scarborough City Centre is a central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. At its core is the Scarborough Civic Centre, Scarborough Town Centre, the Canada Centre, the Scarborough Centre rapid transit station, condominium towers surround these central buildings and public spaces, forming the skyline. The major office towers in the area are those at Consilium Place, in a band around the southern side of the city centre are densely forested parklands, between Borough Drive and Ellesmere Road. Outside the immediate city centre is mostly industrial parks and low-density housing, prior to the 1940s, the area was mainly agricultural and the closest communities were Agincourt and Malvern. One farm was the farm of George and Lena Bick, who founded the Bicks Pickle brand from pickles grown, although the farm was eventually converted to residential and industrial land, the production facility was located on Progress Avenue until 2001. Development in the area had first come in the 1950s when Ontario Highway 401 was built through the area, one early development was the TV studios of CFTO-TV at the intersection of the 401 and McCowan Road. Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954, as part of the federation, a planning policy was to build sub-centres to the central business core of the then-City of Toronto. Scarborough Civic Centre, built to house the Scarborough and Metro district offices, the area was connected to the core by rapid transit in the 1980s. Under policies to build up the area, office towers and condominium towers have been built to surround the complex
Scarborough City Centre
–
Buildings at the Scarborough City Centre
22.
Toronto City Council
–
The Toronto City Council is the governing body of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Members represent wards throughout the city, and are known as councillors, for ease of electoral division, wards are based upon the citys federal electoral districts as of the year 2000. While the federal districts have been redistributed since then, the boundaries remain the same. The city council has 45 members,44 ward councillors plus the mayor, the current decision making framework and committee structure at the City of Toronto was established by the City of Toronto Act and came into force January 1,2007. The decision-making process at the City of Toronto involves committees that report to City Council, Committees propose, review and debate policies and recommendations before their arrival at City Council for debate. Citizens and residents can only make deputations on policy at committees, each City Councillor sits on one committee. The Mayor is a member of all committees and is entitled to one vote, There are three types of committees at the City of Toronto, the Executive Committee, Standing Committees and other Committees of Council. The City posts agendas for council and committee meetings on its website, the Executive Committee is an advisory body chaired by the mayor. The Executive Committee is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, the role of the Executive Committee is to set the City of Torontos priorities, manage financial planning and budgeting, labour relations, human resources, and the operation of City Council. Source, City of Toronto There are eleven other committees that report to Toronto City Council, the seven standing policy committees are, There are four other committees that report to Council, Source, City of Toronto All members of Toronto city council serve on a community council. Community Councils report to City Council but they also have final decision-making power on certain items, such as front yard parking and appointments to local boards, the city is divided into four community councils. The salary for the mayor was $177,499 for 2014, the salary for a city councillor was $105,397 for 2014. In 2017, Councillor pay will be $111,955, the office of the Mayor is located on the second floor at Toronto City Hall. The general public and media can access it via stairs, office staff and the Mayor can reach the office by elevator from the ground floor or the garage. Staffing roles and hiring is directed by the Mayor and not by Council or City of Toronto, before that Toronto had a Board of Control, as did former cities North York and Etobicoke. Vacancies in a seat may be filled in one of two ways, either by the holding of a by-election or through direct appointment of an interim councillor chosen by the council in an internal vote. The process often results in public debate, however, the by-election process is widely seen as more democratic, while the appointment process is seen as less expensive for the city to undertake. Peter Leon considered registering as a candidate in the 2014 election following his appointment as a councillor in 2013
Toronto City Council
–
Toronto City Council
Toronto City Council
–
The inaugural meeting of the newly elected Toronto City Council in January 1911.
23.
Arthur Conan Doyle
–
He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea
Arthur Conan Doyle
–
Portrait of Doyle by
Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893
Arthur Conan Doyle
–
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle
–
Portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget, 1904
Arthur Conan Doyle
–
Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birthplace of Doyle which was demolished c.1970
24.
Judith Merril
–
Although Judith Merrils first paid writing was in other genres, in her first few years of writing published science fiction she wrote her three novels and some stories. Her roughly four decades in that also included writing 26 published short stories. Merril was born in Boston in 1923 to Ethel and Samuel Grossman and her father committed suicide in 1929 soon after she began to attend school. In 1936, her mother found a job at Bronx House, in her mid-teens, Merril pursued Zionism and Marxism. In 1939, Judith graduated from Morris High School in the Bronx at 16 and rethought her politics under the influence of the Hitler-Stalin Pact, shifting to a Trotskyist outlook. She married Dan Zissman the next year, less than four months into a relationship started when they met at a Trotskyist Fourth of July picnic in Central Park. Their daughter Merril Zissman was born in December 1942, in this period, she also became one of the few female members of the New York City-based group of science fiction writers, editors, artists and fans, the Futurians, which included Kornbluth. The Zissmans separated about 1945, in 1946 Frederik Pohl, another Futurian, began living with her, after her divorce from Zissman became final in 1948, she married Pohl on November 25, they divorced in 1952. Under her married name Merril edited a 5-page SF fanzine dated May 1945 and she edited, and published with Larry Shaw and Dan Zissman, a 20-page fanzine dated January 1946, Science*Fiction No. 1, including an editorial by her entitled The Hills and the Heights, ISFDB notes, A single issue fanzine from Judy Zissman. It was clearly intended to continue, and many of the contents of the issue are described. Judith Merril began writing professionally, especially short stories about sports, starting in 1945, a number, but by no means all, of her contributions were to magazines edited by fellow ex-Futurians. She was a co-founder of the Hydra Club in this period and her story Dead Center is one of only two stories taken from any science fiction or fantasy magazine for the Best American Short Stories volumes edited by Martha Foley in the 1950s. Groff Conklin described her first novel, Shadow on the Hearth, Boucher and McComas praised it as a sensitively human novel, terrifying in its small-scale reflection of grand-scale catastrophe. P. Schuyler Miller found it a warm, human novel comparable to Earth Abides. Her second child Ann Pohl was born in 1950, she and Pohl separated in 1952 and their divorce was finalized the next year and her third marriage came in 1960, devolved into separation in 1963, but never reached a final divorce. Ann Pohls daughter, Merrils granddaughter Emily Pohl-Weary, writes adult fiction including science fiction. She also co-authored Merrils biography after the death, using access to her drafts, notes
Judith Merril
–
Judith Merril
Judith Merril
–
The opening installment of Mars Child, by Merril and
Cyril Kornbluth, took the cover of the May 1951 issue of
Galaxy Science Fiction
Judith Merril
–
Another Merril-Kornbluth collaboration, the novelette "Sea-Change", was the cover story for the second issue of
Dynamic Science Fiction in 1953. It has apparently never been reprinted.
Judith Merril
–
Merril's novelette "The Shrine of Temptation" took the cover of the April 1962 issue of
Fantastic, featuring
George Barr's first professional cover art
25.
Audiobook
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An audiobook is a recording of a text being read. A reading of the text is noted as unabridged, while readings of a reduced version. Spoken audio has been available in schools and public libraries and to an extent in music shops since the 1930s. Many spoken word albums were made prior to the age of videocassettes, DVDs, compact discs and it was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays. In 1994, the Audio Publishers Association established the term audiobook as the industry standard, Spoken word recordings first became possible with the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. Phonographic books were one of the original applications envisioned by Edison which would speak to people without effort on their part. The initial words spoken into the phonograph were Edisons recital of Mary Had a Little Lamb, one early listener complained that he would need a wheelbarrow to carry around talking books recorded on discs with such limited storage capacity. By the 1930s close-grooved records increased to 20 minutes making possible longer narrative, the first test recordings in 1932 included a chapter from Helen Kellers Midstream and Edgar Allan Poes The Raven. The organization received approval for exemption from copyright and free postal distribution of talking books. M. Delafield, Cora Jarrett, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, Macdonald mobilized the women of the Auxiliary under the motto Education is a right, not a privilege. In 1952, Macdonald established recording studios in seven cities across the United States. Caedmon Records was a pioneer in the business, it was the first company dedicated to selling spoken work recordings to the public and has been called the seed of the audiobook industry. Caedmon was formed in New York in 1952 by college graduates Barbara Holdridge and their first release was a collection of poems by Dylan Thomas as read by the author. The original 1952 recording was a selection for the 2008 United States National Recording Registry, Listening Library was also a pioneering company, it was one of the first to distribute childrens audiobooks to schools, libraries and other special markets, including VA hospitals. It was founded by Anthony Ditlow and his wife in 1955 in their Red Bank, New Jersey home, like Caedemon, Listening Library and Spoken Arts benefited from the new technology of LPs, but also increased governmental funding for schools and libraries beginning in the 1950s and 60s. Cassette tapes were invented in 1963 and a few libraries, such as the Library of Congress, however, during the 1970s, a number of technological innovations allowed the cassette tape wider usage in libraries and also spawned the creation of new commercial audiobook market. In the early 1970s, instructional recordings were among the first commercial products sold on cassette, there were 8 companies distributing materials on cassette with titles such as Managing and Selling Companies and Executive Seminar in Sound on a series of 60-minute cassettes. His company, the Maryland-based Recorded Books, followed the model of Books on Tape but with higher quality studio recordings, Recorded Books and Chivers Audio Books were the first to develop integrated production teams and to work with professional actors
Audiobook
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Caption reads: "The phonograph at home reading out a novel." From Daily Graphic (New York), April 2, 1878. Less than a year after the invention of the phonograph, this drawing offered a future vision. Novels however would remain impractical for phonographs until the 1930s.
Audiobook
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An audiobook collection in a library
Audiobook
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Example of an audio studio of professional readings.
26.
E-book
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An electronic book is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as a version of a printed book. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually intended to be read on dedicated e-reader devices, however, almost any sophisticated computer device that features a controllable viewing screen can also be used to read e-books, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones. In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet, where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With e-books, users can browse through online, and then when they select and order titles. At the start of 2012 in the U. S. more e-books were published online than were distributed in hardcover, the main reasons that people are buying e-books online are due to possibly lower prices, increased comfort and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, lectronic bookmarks make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages, although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be searched for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied, E-book reading is increasing in the U. S. by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, E-books are also referred to as ebooks, eBooks, e-Books, e-journals, e-editions or as digital books. The devices that are designed specifically for reading e-books are called e-readers, the idea of an e-reader that would enable a reader to view books on a screen came to Bob Brown after watching his first talkie. In 1930, he wrote a book on this idea and titled it The Readies, although Brown came up with the idea intellectually in the 1930s, early commercial e-readers did not follow his model. Schuessler relates it to a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or a new song as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon and her idea behind the device was to decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus, a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas, prepared by Roberto Busa beginning in 1949, although originally stored on a single computer, a distributable CD-ROM version appeared in 1989. In 2005, the Index was published online, augment ran on specialized hardware, while FRESS ran on IBM mainframes. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and other capabilities, van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term electronic book, and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985. FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, browns faculty made extensive use of FRESS, for example the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object he writes The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval, despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book
E-book
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Amazon's
Kindle Keyboard e-reader displaying an e-book
E-book
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Ángela Ruiz Robles with la Enciclopedia Mecánica
E-book
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Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006
E-book
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First portable electronic book
27.
OverDrive, Inc.
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OverDrive, Inc. is an American digital distributor of eBooks, audiobooks, music, and video titles. The company provides management, digital rights management and download fulfillment services for publishers, libraries, schools. OverDrives catalog includes more than 2 million digital titles from more than 5,000 publishers, the companys global network includes more than 27,000 libraries and schools. OverDrive was founded in 1986 and is located in Cleveland, Ohio, OverDrive was founded in 1986 and initially converted analog media to digital formats, such as interactive diskettes and CD-ROMs. As the Internet became a form of digital media distribution. In 2000, the company opened Content Reserve, an online ebook, in 2015, it was reported that Japans Rakuten was planning to buy out OverDrive for $410 million, with the deal set to close in April 2015. OverDrive CEO Steve Potash will remain in his current position and OverDrive will keep its name while operating under Rakuten USA, OverDrive launched its Digital Library Reserve, a digital download platform for public libraries, in 2002. The eBook distribution service included a download website and access to the Content Reserve collection development portal. In 2004, the platform evolved into a provider of DRM-protected audiobook downloads, by 2005, OverDrive was installing download stations into public libraries and adding music to its library platform. OverDrive added downloadable videos in April 2006, in 2007, the company launched its School Download Library, an eBook service for K–12 schools based on Digital Library Reserve. In March 2008, the announced plans to provide MP3 audiobooks to public libraries as well as retailers. As of October 2013, OverDrive content includes a selection of more than 1.8 million eBooks, audiobooks, and other digital content available in more than 64 languages. OverDrive is globally compatible with most major ereading devices, including Android, BlackBerry, ChromeOS, iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch, Kobo, Mac, NOOK, Palm, Sony Reader, and Windows. It is, however, not compatible with the most popular eReader, before entering the library market, OverDrive distributed eBooks to a number of e-tailers. In 2002, OverDrive was selected as the distributor of HarperCollins’ eBooks to the online retail stores. OverDrive launched web stores for Harlequin Enterprises in 2005, in 2008, OverDrive announced that it would provide download services for Borders Books. OverDrive has entered into partnerships with companies including Adobe Systems, Microsoft, Mobipocket. In 2008, Adobe and OverDrive jointly announced that OverDrive would be the co-developer and operator of Adobe ADEPT, in 2012, OverDrive partnered with Nokia to launch Nokia Reading, an eReading app and service for Nokia’s Lumia 900,800,710, and 610 Windows Phone devices
OverDrive, Inc.
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OverDrive, Inc.
28.
Zinio
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Zinio is a multi-platform distribution service for digital magazines, with more than 5,500 magazines from a wide range of publishers. Founded in 2001 by Kevin McCurdy, Zinio is headquartered in New York City and has offices in Barcelona, London, San Francisco, Paris, since 2007, the company has been privately held by Gilvest LP, an investment entity owned by entrepreneur and businessman David Gilmour. The company previously owned BlueDolphin, a subscription company. The Zinio service includes the sections Explore, Read, and Shop, more than 3,000 articles are available daily through the website or smartphone/tablet apps. Magazines—single issues and subscriptions—are downloaded to the reading list, and available via app or web browser, issues can be downloaded and read offline on mobile devices as well. In the Shop section, users can browse the digital newsstand by category or search directly for a title or keyword. The search filters can be set for country of publication, language, Zinio readers can sign into their Zinio accounts with their Facebook logins and share articles from the Zinio app. Material hosted by Zinio can be read on a computer or device running a Web browser, and by apps for Android devices, the Apple iPad and iPhone, Windows 8, an app for the BlackBerry PlayBook became available in 2012. A users reading list is accessible through any device set up with their Zinio account, Apple Newsstand Flipster by Ebsco Google Play Newsstand Magzter NewspaperDirects PressReader Official website
Zinio
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Zinio LLC
29.
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 2014 OReilly Media acquired Pearsons stake, making Safari Books Online a wholly owned subsidiary of OReilly Media, Safari has a variety of subscription plans for individuals and institutions. Professional Societies like IEEE Computer Society and ACM provide access as part of their membership benefits, Safari purchased PubFactorys Electronic Platform, an electronic publishing platform, from RDW Group in 2012
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online
30.
EBSCO Publishing
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EBSCO offers library resources to customers in academic, medical, K–12, public library, law, corporate, and government markets. In 2010, EBSCO introduced its EBSCO Discovery Service to institutions, EBSCO Information Services is a division of EBSCO Industries Inc. a family owned company since 1944. EBSCO is an acronym for Elton B. Stephens Co, according to Forbes Magazine, EBSCO is one of the largest privately held companies in Alabama and one of the top 200 in the United States, based on revenues and employee numbers. Sales surpassed $1 billion in 1997 and exceeded $2 billion in 2006, EBSCO Industries is a diverse company which includes over 40 businesses. EBSCO Publishing was established in 1984 as a print publication called Popular Magazine Review, in 1987 the company was purchased by EBSCO Industries and its name was changed to EBSCO Publishing. It employed around 750 people by 2007, in 2003 it acquired Whitston Publishing, another database provider. In 2010 EBSCO purchased NetLibrary and in 2011, EBSCO Publishing took over H. W. Wilson Company and it merged with EBSCO Information Services on July 1,2013. The merged business operates as EBSCO Information Services, as of 2016, the President and CEO is Tim Collins. Databases, EBSCO provides a range of library database services, many of the databases, such as MEDLINE and EconLit, are licensed from content vendors. Discovery, This product is used to create a unified, customized index of an institutions information resources, the system works by harvesting metadata from both internal and external sources, and then creating a preindexed service. EBooks, EBSCO provides ebooks and audiobooks across a range of subject matter. DynaMed is a reference tool for physicians and other health care professionals for use at the point-of-care. It provides DRM-protected audio and DRM-protected audiobooks through its subsidiary NetLibrary and it competes in this market with OverDrive’s Digital Library Reserve. In 2012, the Stephens were recognized for their philanthropic work, interview with Sam Brooks, Senior VP for Sales and Marketing with EBSCO Publishing, About H. W. Wilson
EBSCO Publishing
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2014 PLA conference booth
EBSCO Publishing
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EBSCO Information Services
