1.
Mexico City
–
Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
Mexico City
–
From above
Torre Latinoamericana,
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral,
Anillo Periférico,
World Trade Center Mexico City,
Angel of Independence,
Chapultepec Castle,
St. Regis Hotel Tower and
Torre Mayor, Skyline of
Paseo de la Reforma and
Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Mexico City
–
Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital.
Mexico City
–
The ruins of the
Templo Mayor.
Mexico City
–
The
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple.
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Nathan M. Newmark
–
Nathan Mortimore Newmark was an American structural engineer and academic, who is widely considered as one of the founding fathers of Earthquake Engineering. He was awarded the National Medal of Science for engineering, Newmark was born in Plainfield, New Jersey to Abraham and Mollie Newmark. After receiving his education in North Carolina and New Jersey. Newmark graduated from Rutgers in 1930 earning High Honors and Special Honors in civil engineering and he married Anne Cohen in 1931. Newmark then attended school at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he worked under Hardy Cross, Harold M. Westergaard. After graduating from UIUC, Newmark was appointed to many positions in the department. He became Research Professor of Civil Engineering in 1943 and he served as Chairman of the Digital Computer Laboratory of the University from 1947 to 1957 and in 1956 he was appointed head of the Civil Engineering Department and held the position until 1973. Newmark held many important leadership positions and the reputation of the longest tenure on the University Research Board and he continued as a professor there until he retired with a rank of Professor Emeritus. Under his leadership, the program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign soared to new heights, the civil engineering laboratory on campus now bears his name. He served on numerous Department of Defense boards and panels, with contributions to the Minute Man. In 1959, Newmark introduced what became known as the Newmark-beta method of numerical integration used to solve differential equations, the method is still widely used in numerical evaluation of the dynamic response of structures and solids, such as in Finite element analysis. He later helped to develop the first digital computers, the ILLIAC II and it was also designed to use transistors that were not even invented yet. The ILLIAC-II eventually led to the development of software for engineering. Another of Newmarks achievements was the Torre Latinoamericana in Mexico City, Mexico, Newmark was the consulting engineer on the project. He designed the building to be supported by the soil underneath the structure. The design was put to the test in 1957 when an earthquake struck the city, the Torre Latinoamericana withstood the quakes and is still standing today as a witness of progress in earthquake engineering. He also was an engineer on the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, once oil was discovered in Alaska, there was a need for a design to get the oil quickly and efficiently down to the refineries. The Alaskan terrain offered many diverse challenges for an underground pipeline
Nathan M. Newmark
–
Nathan M. Newmark
4.
Bethlehem Steel
–
Bethlehem Steel Corporation was Americas second-largest steel producer and largest shipbuilder. Bethlehem Steel and a company, Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, were two of the most powerful symbols of American industrial manufacturing leadership. In 2005, ISG merged with Mittal Steel, ending American ownership of the assets of Bethlehem Steel, the companys roots go back to 1857 when the Saucona Iron Company was first organized by Augustus Wolle. The Panic of 1857, a financial crisis, halted further organization of the company. Eventually, the organization was completed, the site moved elsewhere in South Bethlehem, on June 14,1860, the board of directors of the fledgling company elected Alfred Hunt president. On May 1,1861, the title was changed again. Construction of the first blast furnace began on July 1,1861, the first rolling mill was built between the spring of 1861 and the summer of 1863, with the first railroad rails being rolled on September 26. A machine shop, in 1865, and another blast furnace, during its early years, the company produced rails for the rapidly expanding railroads and armor plating for the US Navy. In 1899, the company assumed the name Bethlehem Steel Company, in 1904, Charles M. Schwab and Joseph Wharton formed the Bethlehem Steel Corporation with Schwab becoming its first president and chairman of its board of directors. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation installed the gray rolling mill and producing the first wide-flange structural shapes to be made in America and these shapes were partly responsible for ushering in the age of the skyscraper and establishing Bethlehem Steel as the leading supplier of steel to the construction industry. In the early 1900s, the corporation branched out from steel, with mines in Cuba. In 1913, it acquired the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1917, it incorporated its shipbuilding division as Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Limited. In 1922, it purchased the Lackawanna Steel Company, which included the Delaware, Lackawanna, the nations decision to rebuild the United States Navy with steam-driven, steel-hulled warships reshaped Bethlehem Iron Companys destiny. Following the American Civil War, the Navy quickly downsized after the end of hostilities, as national energies were redirected toward settling the West, almost no new ordinance was produced, and new technology was neglected. By 1881, international incidents highlighted the poor condition of the U. S. fleet, in 1883, Secretary of the Navy William E. Chandler and Secretary of the Army Robert Todd Lincoln appointed Lt. William Jaques to the Gun Foundry Board. Jaques was sent on several fact-finding tours of European armament makers and on one of these trips he formed ties with the firm of Joseph Whitworth of Manchester. He returned to America as Whitworths agent and, in 1885, was granted a furlough to pursue this personal interest. Jaques was aware that the U. S. Navy would soon solicit bids for the production of heavy guns and other products such as armor that would be needed to further expand the fleet
Bethlehem Steel
–
Bethlehem Steel Works, a watercolor by
Joseph Pennell, depicting Bethlehem Iron Company in May 1881
Bethlehem Steel
–
The Bethlehem Steel plant, photographed circa 1896 by
William H. Rau
Bethlehem Steel
–
Construction of two warships:
HMS Calder (K349) as USS Formoe (DE-58) and
USS Foss (DE-59) on the right
Bethlehem Steel
–
6", 10", 12", and 14" naval guns being assembled at a Bethlehem Steel facility
5.
Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
Skyscraper
–
The
Burj Khalifa, in
Dubai (
United Arab Emirates), has been the
tallest skyscraper in the world since 2009, with a height of 829.8 m.
Skyscraper
–
The 16th-century city of
Shibam consisted entirely of over 500 high-rise tower houses.
Skyscraper
–
The
Two Towers of Bologna in the 12th century reached 97.2 m (319 ft) in height.
Skyscraper
–
Oriel Chambers, Liverpool. The world's first glass curtain walled building. The stone
mullions are decorative.
6.
Architecture
–
Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Architecture
–
Brunelleschi, in the building of the dome of
Florence Cathedral in the early 15th-century, not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the architect.
Architecture
–
Section of
Brunelleschi 's dome drawn by the architect
Cigoli (c. 1600)
Architecture
–
The
Parthenon,
Athens,
Greece, "the supreme example among architectural sites."
(Fletcher).
Architecture
–
The
Houses of Parliament, Westminster, master-planned by
Charles Barry, with interiors and details by A.W.N. Pugin
7.
1985 Mexico City earthquake
–
The 1985 Mexico City earthquake struck in the early morning of, Thursday,19 September at 07,17,50 with a moment magnitude of 8.0 and a Mercalli intensity of IX. The event caused damage to the Greater Mexico City area. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the mainshock on 19 September, and two large aftershocks. The first of these occurred on 20 September with a magnitude of 7.5, the event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city. Much of Mexicos volcanic and seismic activity stems from the movement of the North American plate against the Cocos and Pacific plates, each year more than 90 tremors above magnitude 4.0 are recorded in this zone. While not on or near any fault line like San Francisco or Los Angeles, the main reason for this is the surface geology of the area, especially the downtown area. The city grew from an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco outward, on the bed of the historic lake, the prevailing silt and volcanic clay sediments amplify seismic shaking. Damage to structures is worsened by soil liquefaction which causes the loss of foundation support, above this is a layer of sand and above this is a layer of sand and rock. The western and northwestern parts of the city are outside the old lakeshores and are located on sands from eroding volcanic cones that surround the Valley of Mexico, the southern part of the city rests on hardened basalt lava flows. The old lakebed, with its water content, is easily moved or compressed. The old lakeshore area also has a high water content, allowing movement. The old lava flows have little content or movement in comparison and are therefore stable. Another factor is that the old lakebed resonates with certain seismic waves and this lakebed has a natural pitch of one cycle every 2.5 seconds making everything built on the bed vibrate at the same frequency. This is the pitch as a number of shallow earthquake waves. This resonance amplifies the effects of the waves coming from an earthquake far away. However, only certain types of structures are vulnerable to this resonance effect, taller buildings have their own frequencies of vibration. Those that are six to fifteen stories tall also vibrate at the 2. 5-second cycle, the low-frequency waves of an earthquake are amplified by the mud of the lakebed, which in turn, is amplified by the building itself. This causes these buildings to shake more violently than the earthquake proper as the earthquake progresses, many of the older colonial buildings have survived hundreds of years on the lakebed simply because they are not tall enough to be affected by the resonance effect
1985 Mexico City earthquake
–
Mexico City – Collapsed
General Hospital
1985 Mexico City earthquake
–
USGS ShakeMap for the event
1985 Mexico City earthquake
–
Apartment Complex Pino Suárez, in the wake of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.
8.
Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
–
The Pemex Executive Tower is a skyscraper in Mexico City. The 214 meter international style tower was built between 1976 and 1982, since the buildings opening, it has been occupied by state-owned Pemex, one of the largest petroleum companies in the world. The Torre Ejecutiva Pemex originally proposed to replace two 14-story towers built between 1967 and 1970, later, these buildings were replaced by a pair of 26-story towers to house Pemexs administrative offices. However, the 1980s oil boom demanded office space growth and Pemex decided to build a single 52-story tower in a lot with a huge plaza covering an underground avenue. The building is anchored to the ground, rests on 164 concrete, in addition, its x-braced structure features 90 shock-absorbers to minimize oscillations from earthquakes. The tower was completed in 1982, but the plaza was never completed. The Torre Ejecutiva Pemex remained the tallest building in Mexico for almost 20 years, until August 2003, currently, the Torre Pemex is the third tallest building in Mexico, and the second tallest in Mexico City. The tower is occupied by approximately 7,000 Pemex employees. On 19 September 1985, the tower withstood a magnitude 8.1 earthquake, the building was designed to withstand an earthquake of 8.5 on the Richter scale. On January 31,2013, an explosion rocked the tower, claiming 37 lives. The explosion is believed to have occurred in the basement of the link to an adjacent building. A gas leak and following accumulation ignited by sparks is believed to be the cause of the explosion, employees said that the Torre Ejecutiva swayed and vibrated for a few seconds
Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
–
Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
–
Torre Ejecutiva Pemex.
9.
Television transmitter
–
A television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital, the principals of primarily analog systems are summarized as they are typically more complex than digital transmitters due to the multiplexing of VSB and FM modulation stages. In this plan, most important figures for transmitters are radio frequency, frequency separation between aural and visual carriers and band width, the audio input is usually a signal with 15 kHz maximum bandwidth and 0 dBm maximum level. Preemphasis time constant is 50 µs, the signal after passing buffer stages is applied to a modulator where it modulates an intermediate frequency carrier. The modulation technique is usually frequency modulation with a maximum deviation of 50 kHz. The video input is a video signal of maximum 1 volt on 75 Ω impedance. AM modulator produces two symmetrical side bands in the modulated signals, thus IF band width is two times the video band width. However, the modulator is followed by a special known as Vestigal sideband filter. This filter is used to suppress a portion of one side band, although the suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB stage also includes correction circuits to equalise the phase. The modulated signal is applied to a mixer, another input to the mixer which is usually produced in a crystal oven oscillator is known as subcarrier. The two outputs of the mixer are the sum and difference of two signals, unwanted signal is filtered out and the remaining signal is the radio frequency signal. Then the signal is applied to the amplifier stages, the number of series amplifiers depends on the required output power. The final stage is usually an amplifier consisting of many parallel power transistors, but in older transmitters tetrodes or klystrons are also utilized. Even higher energy efficiency is possible using Envelope Tracking, which in the broadcast industry is often referred to as drain modulation, There are two methods, Split sound system, Actually there are two parallel transmitters one for aural and one for visual signal. The two signals are combined at the output via a power combiner. In addition to a combiner, this system requires separate mixer and this is the system used in most high power applications. Intercarrier system, There are two input stages one for AF and one for VF, but the two signals are combined in low power IF circuits The mixer and the amplifiers are common to both signals and the system needs no high power combiners. So both the price of the transmitter and the consumption is considerably lower than that of split sound system of the same power level
Television transmitter
–
A typical TV station at Karadağ,
Karaman,
Turkey
Television transmitter
–
Block diagram of a TV transmitter (intercarrier method).
10.
Madero Street
–
Madero Avenue, commonly known as simply Madero street is a geographically and historically significant pedestrian street of Mexico City and a major thoroughfare of the historic city center. It has an East-West orientation from Zócalo to the Eje Central, from that point the street is called Avenida Juárez and becomes accessible to one-way traffic from one of the citys main boulevards, the Paseo de la Reforma. It was named in honour of one of the most important figures in the Mexican Revolution - Francisco I, Madero, a leader of the Anti-Re-election Movement and who was briefly President of Mexico before his assassination in 1914. This street has always one of the most popular and busiest roads since colonial times and was designed by Spaniard Alonso Garcia Bravo. It was one of the first streets to be drawn of the new Spanish city on the ruins of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, in the nineteenth century, Madero was already one of the most popular and crowded streets of the capital. Another famous store was Droguería Plateros at 9 Second Street of Plateros, in its upper part, Ferdinand Bon Benard and Gabriel Veyre, dealers of Lumiere Brothers, gave on August 14,1896 the first cinema show in Mexico. Three sections of the street have each had previous names, further East, between Bolívar street and Isabel la Católica street, was known as Profesa street after the Temple of San Felipe Neri which is located there. The present name was bestowed by Francisco Pancho Villa on the morning of December 8,1914, after the arrival of his troops, Villa and a small group of troops placed a plaque with the new street name on the corner of Madero and Isabel la Católica streets. They announced that whoever removed the plate would be shot, in 2009 Alejandra Moreno, the coordinator of the Historical Center Authority, announced that the city government would pedestrianise the street. Though resisted by shop owners at the time, the change has been a success with the street being very crowded with pedestrians, in 2012 the modifications were awarded by the VIII Iberoamerican Biennial of Architecture and Urbanism for best architectural and urban development. The centrality of the street, both geographically and culturally, has meant it has always been a site of mansions, churches, the Church of San Francisco, the third church by this name on the site, and all that remains of a large monastery complex. The National Church of Philip of Jesus The Casa del Marqués de Jaral de Berrio, now known as Palace of Iturbide, the Borda House, home of José de la Borda. The Temple of San Felipe Neri La Profesa, established by the Society of Jesus in the 16th century, the Museo del Estanquillo in the La Esmeralda building. The Old Portal de Mercaderes, a pair of buildings on either side of the street at the entrance to the Zócalo
Madero Street
–
Calle Madero; The
Torre Latinoamericana in the background
Madero Street
–
Modern street sign and plaque with the former name of the section, Calle de Plateros.
Madero Street
–
The House of Tiles (2007)
Madero Street
–
Temple of San Felipe Neri (2008)
11.
Antenna (radio)
–
In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
Antenna (radio)
Antenna (radio)
–
Antennas of the
Atacama Large Millimeter submillimeter Array.
Antenna (radio)
–
Whip antenna on car, common example of an omnidirectional antenna
12.
Edificio Miguel E. Abed
–
Edificio Miguel E Abed, located on Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas #13 in the Historic Center of Mexico City, opposite the Torre Latinoamericana. It was built by Mexican-Lebanese businessman Miguel E. Abed who was one of the founders of the Centro Libanes in Mexico City along with former president Miguel Avila Camacho. The building is equipped with three high-speed elevators which move at 6.0 meters per second, in the building are offices of various companies, that are installed since the early 1960s. The total height of the building is 125 metres and it is made up of 29 floors, the total area is 52,000 square metres, and the height of each level from floor to ceiling is 3.41 metres. After the excessive growth of Mexico City and especially in its Central Business District, there was a need to start building vertically, Mexico City was in need of space, and with the increasing income growth in the city, this building was built in this strategic area. The building was planned in 1948, construction began in 1949, construction of the building was challenging because it is located in the former Lake City area of the city. Edificio Miguel E. So, these buildings were the beginning of the skyscrapers of Mexico City. When completed, the became the tallest building in Mexico until 1957 when the Torre Latinoamericana was completed. Given the seismic activity in Mexico City, the building was equipped with security measures including 40 seismic dampers and it is anchored to the ground with 195 concrete piles which penetrate 60 meters into the old swampy landfill of Mexico City. Regis Hotel & Residences and Torre Insignia, the first earthquake of 7.9 on the Richter scale occurred in July 1957. The second, in September 1985 that measured 8.1, the third in September 1995 that measured 7.6, the fourth in January 2003 measuring 7.6, regis Hotel & Residences, and Torre Lomas. It is located just meters from the Historic Center of Mexico City, the New Tower of Tlatelolco, height -125 meters Total area -98.000 square meters Office space-51
Edificio Miguel E. Abed
–
File:Torre Miguel E Abed (versión mejorada).JPG
Edificio Miguel E. Abed
13.
Insurance
–
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, an entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, or insurance carrier. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or policyholder, the insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be financially compensated. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the insured for the coverage set forth in the policy is called the premium. If the insured experiences a loss which is covered by the insurance policy. Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Babylonian traders as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessels capsizing. The Babylonians developed a system which was recorded in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c.1750 BC, and practiced by early Mediterranean sailing merchants. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipment, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the guarantee to cancel the loan should the shipment be stolen. At some point in the 1st millennium BC, the inhabitants of Rhodes created the general average and this allowed groups of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped together. The collected premiums would be used to any merchant whose goods were jettisoned during transport. Separate insurance contracts were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, the first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely and premiums were intuitively varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, Insurance became far more sophisticated in Enlightenment era Europe, and specialized varieties developed. Property insurance as we know it today can be traced to the Great Fire of London, initially,5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office. At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the underwriting of business ventures became available, by the end of the seventeenth century, Londons growing importance as a center for trade was increasing demand for marine insurance. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyds of London and several related shipping, the first life insurance policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot, edward Rowe Mores established the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. In the late 19th century, accident insurance began to become available and this operated much like modern disability insurance. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, by the late 19th century, governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age
Insurance
–
Financial market participants
Insurance
–
Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured, Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild by
Ferdinand Bol, c. 1680.
Insurance
–
Lloyd's Coffee House was the first marine insurance company.
Insurance
–
Leaflet promoting the
National Insurance Act 1911.
14.
Veracruz
–
It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez. This state is located in Eastern Mexico and it is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south, and Tabasco to the southeast. On its east, Veracruz has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, the state is noted for its mixed ethnic and indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz. In addition to the city, the states largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río. The full name of the state is Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Veracruz was named after the city of Veracruz, which was originally called the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. The suffix is in honor of Ignacio de la Llave y Segura Zevallos, the state’s seal was authorized by the state legislature in 1954, adapting the one used for the port of Veracruz and created by the Spanish in the early 16th century. The state is a strip of land wedged between the Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Its total area is 78,815 km2, accounting for about 3. 7% of Mexico’s total territory and it stretches about 650 km north to south, but its width varies from between 212 km to 36 km, with an average of about 100 km in width. Veracruz shares common borders with the states of Tamaulipas, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Tabasco, and Puebla, Hidalgo, Veracruz has 690 km of coastline with the Gulf of Mexico. The topography changes drastically, rising from the coastal plains to the highlands of the eastern Sierra Madre. Elevation varies from sea level to the Pico de Orizaba, Mexico’s highest peak at 5,636 m above sea level, the coast consists of low sandy strips interspersed with tidewater streams and lagoons. Most of the coastline is narrow and sandy with unstable dunes, small shifting lagoons. The mountains are of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, major peaks include Pico de Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, Cerro de Tecomates, Cerro del Vigía Alta and Cerro de 3 Tortas. The Pico de Orizaba is covered in snow year round, the Cofre de Perote is covered in winter, major valleys include the Acultzingo, Córdoba, Maltrata, Orizaba and San Andrés. All of the rivers and streams cross the state begin in the Sierra Madre Oriental or in the Central Mesa. The largest in terms of discharge are the Pánuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan, Coazocoalcos. The Panuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos are navigable, two of Mexicos most polluted rivers, the Coatzacoalcos and the Río Blanco are located in the state
Veracruz
–
Pico de Orizaba
Veracruz
–
Flag
Veracruz
–
Jamapa River
Veracruz
–
Mountain formation in the south of the state
15.
Deep foundation
–
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a structural element of a deep foundation. There are different terms used to different types of deep foundations including the pile, the pier, drilled shafts. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ, other foundations are typically put in place using excavation. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms, Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver, driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees, concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed, steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section. Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a cap to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to all the loads of a large above-surface structure. A transition piece is attached to the now deeply driven pile, an additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method, Construction methods depend on the geology of the site, in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in dry ground conditions or through water-saturated strata - i. e. wet boring. Casing is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured, for end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a layer, or hardpan, or other dense. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the conditions, loading conditions. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation, under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of a cone and can only be formed in stable soils
Deep foundation
–
A deep foundation installation for a bridge in
Napa, California, United States.
Deep foundation
Deep foundation
–
Pipe piles being driven into the ground
Deep foundation
–
Illustration of a hand-operated pile driver in Germany after 1480.
16.
Earthquake
–
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earths lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to people around. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type, Earthquakes are measured using measurements from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe and these two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause damage over larger areas. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the damage to structures it causes. At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground, when the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity, in its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts. An earthquakes point of rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter, tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behavior, once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the portion of the fault. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface and this process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of a total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction
Earthquake
–
Global plate tectonic movement
Earthquake
–
Global earthquake
epicenters, 1963–1998
Earthquake
–
Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the
Carrizo Plain, northwest of Los Angeles
Earthquake
–
Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the
San Salvador metropolis, after the shallow
1986 San Salvador earthquake during mid civil war El Salvador.
17.
Legend
–
Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of possibility, but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep fresh and vital. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being believed by the participants. The Brothers Grimm defined legend as folktale historically grounded, a modern folklorists professional definition of legend was proposed by Timothy R. Legend is a loanword from Old French that entered English usage circa 1340. The Old French noun legende derives from the Medieval Latin legenda, in its early English-language usage, the word indicated a narrative of an event. The word legendary was originally a noun meaning a collection or corpus of legends and this word changed to legendry, and legendary became the adjectival form. By 1613, English-speaking Protestants began to use the word when they wished to imply that an event was fictitious, thus, legend gained its modern connotations of undocumented and spurious, which distinguish it from the meaning of chronicle. In 1866, Jacob Grimm described the tale as poetic. Questions of categorising legends, in hopes of compiling a series of categories on the line of the Aarne–Thompson folktale index. Compared to the highly structured folktale, legend is comparatively amorphous, in Einleitung in der Geschichtswissenschaft, Ernst Bernheim asserted that a legend is simply a longstanding rumour. Gordon Allport credited the staying-power of some rumours to the persistent cultural state-of-mind that they embody and capsulise, in the narrow Christian sense, legenda were hagiographical accounts, often collected in a legendary. Hippolyte Delehaye distinguished legend from myth, The legend, on the hand, has, of necessity. It refers imaginary events to some real personage, or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot, stories that exceed the boundaries of realism are called fables. For example, the talking animal formula of Aesop identifies his brief stories as fables, the parable of the Prodigal Son would be a legend if it were told as having actually happened to a specific son of a historical father. If it included a donkey that gave sage advice to the Prodigal Son it would be a fable, Legend may be transmitted orally, passed on person-to-person, or, in the original sense, through written text. Jacob de Voragines Legenda Aurea or The Golden Legend comprises a series of vitae or instructive biographical narratives and they are presented as lives of the saints, but the profusion of miraculous happenings and above all their uncritical context are characteristics of hagiography. The Legenda was intended to inspire extemporized homilies and sermons appropriate to the saint of the day, the vanishing hitchhiker is the best-known urban legend in America, traceable as far back as 1870, but it is found around the world including in Korea and Russia. In the legend, a girl in a white dress picked up alongside of the road by a passerby
Legend
–
A depiction of the legendary
Rütlischwur.
Legend
–
Holger Danske, a legendary character.
Legend
–
In the painting of
Lady Godiva by
Jules Joseph Lefebvre, the authentic historical person is fully submerged in the legend, presented in an anachronistic high mediaeval setting.
Legend
–
The mediaeval legend of
Genevieve of Brabant connected her to
Treves.
18.
Carlos Slim
–
Carlos Slim Helú is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world and he derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso. As of 31 July 2016 he was #7 on Forbes listing of The Worlds Billionaires with a net worth estimated at more than $50 billion. He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange, Slim was born on January 28,1940, in Mexico City, to Julián Slim Haddad and Linda Helú Atta, both Maronite Catholics of Lebanese descent. Slim always knew he wanted to be a businessman, and he began to develop his business, at the age of 11, Carlos invested in a government savings bond that taught him about the concept of compound interest. He eventually saved every financial and business transaction he made into a ledger book which he keeps to this day. At the age of 12, he made his first stock purchase, by the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico’s largest bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his fathers company and he went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming. Though Slim was an engineering major because of his fascination with numbers. He took economics courses in Chile once he finished his engineering degree, after graduating from college in 1961, Slim began his career as a stock trader in Mexico, often working 14-hour days. In 1965, profits from Slims private investments reached US$400,000, in addition, he also began laying the financial groundwork for Grupo Carso. In 1965 he also bought Jarritos del Sur, in 1966, worth US$40 million, he founded Inmobiliaria Carso. Companies found within the construction, soft drink, printing, real estate, by 1972, he had established or acquired a further seven businesses in these categories, including one which rented construction equipment. In 1981, Slim acquired a majority stake in Cigarros la Tabacelera Mexicana, Mexicos second largest producer and marketer of cigarettes, in 1982, the Mexican economy contracted rapidly. As many banks were struggling and foreign investors were cutting back on investing and scurrying, Slim began investing heavily, buying troubled assets at depressed prices to resell them later at an attractive price is a business strategy that Slim has executed throughout his career. Having a keen investment eye for value, Slim adhered to his value investment practices with a history of buying stakes in companies he sees as undervalued. In addition, his conglomerate structure allows Slim to purchase numerous stakes that it is made nearly recession proof if one or more sectors of the economy do not do well. From the mid 1960s to the early 1980s, Slim and his family lived a modest life, while earnings from Slims many businesses were re-invested in expansion
Carlos Slim
–
Carlos Slim, Chair of Grupo Carso, arriving in the Presidential Palace for a meeting with Brazil's President
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on October 24, 2007
19.
Red Cross
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The movements parts are, The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international law to protect the life. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions, on an international level, the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1963, the Federation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in every country in the world. Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of humanitarian law. In many countries, they are linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services. When he arrived in the town of Solferino on the evening of June 24, he toured the field of the Battle of Solferino. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were wounded on the field. Jean-Henri Dunant was shocked by the aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment. He succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of assistance by motivating the local villagers to aid without discrimination. Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, in addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the protection of neutral medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield. In 1863, Gustave Moynier, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunants book, eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded. In October 1863, the conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva
Red Cross
–
The
Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name.
Red Cross
–
Jean-Henri Dunant, author of "A Memory of Solferino"
Red Cross
–
Original document of the
First Geneva Convention, 1864
Red Cross
–
After the
Battle of Gravelotte during the
Franco–Prussian War in 1870
20.
Baz Luhrmann
–
His 2008 film Australia is an epic historical romantic drama film starring Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman. His 2013 drama The Great Gatsby, based on F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1925 novel of the name, stars Leonardo DiCaprio. His mother, Barbara Carmel, was a dance teacher and dress shop owner, and his father, Leonard Luhrmann, ran a petrol station. He was raised in Herons Creek, a rural settlement in northern New South Wales. Luhrmann received the nickname Baz from his father Leonard and he officially changed his given name from Mark to Baz sometime around 1979. In 1983, he commenced a course at the National Institute of Dramatic Art. He graduated in 1985 alongside Sonia Todd, Catherine McClements and Justin Monjo, on 26 January 1997, he married Catherine Martin, a production designer, the couple have two children. Luhrmann supports the Melbourne Demons in the Australian Football League, Australia The Great Gatsby The modern film interpretation Romeo + Juliet, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes, defeated Titanic at the BAFTAs for best direction, music and screenplay. The film was celebrated at the Berlin Film Festival, where it was recognised with the Gold Bear award for direction, Luhrmann also produced the soundtrack albums for the film. Was named one of the AFIs top ten films of 2001, the film also gave birth to a successful soundtrack album, selling more than seven million copies, led by the Grammy-winning number one hit single Lady Marmalade. Luhrmanns 2008 romantic epic Australia starred Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman and it is the second-highest grossing Australian film of all time, next to Crocodile Dundee and ahead of Happy Feet. In 2016, Luhrmann collaborated with award-winning playwright Stephen Adly Guirgis on the Netflix series The Get Down about the birth of hip-hop in the 1970s. 1981, A young Luhrmann can be seen in an acting role in the film Winter of Our Dreams. Luhrmann has a part playing opposite Judy Davis. 1992, Luhrmann directed a video for John Paul Youngs Love Is in the Air,1993, Luhrmann staged his interpretation of Benjamin Brittens version of A Midsummer Nights Dream, set in colonial India, for the Australian Opera. After successful seasons in Sydney and Melbourne, the production went on to win the Critics Prize at the Edinburgh Festival, music extracts can be heard on his album Something for Everybody. 1993, Luhrmann assisted in the campaign of former Australian prime minister Paul Keating. 1997, The CD of Something for Everybody was released, featuring music from Luhrmanns films, moreover, Luhrmann created his own company with his wife Catherine Martin, Bazmark
Baz Luhrmann
–
Baz Luhrmann
Baz Luhrmann
–
Luhrmann at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival
21.
Amores Perros
–
Amores perros is a 2000 Mexican drama thriller film directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu and written by Guillermo Arriaga. Amores perros is the first installment in González Iñárritus Trilogy of Death, succeeded by 21 Grams and it is a triptych, an anthology film, containing three distinct stories which are connected by a car accident in Mexico City. Each of the three tales is also a reflection on the cruelty of humans towards both animals and other humans, showing how humans may live dark or even hideous lives, but the films theme is loyalty, as symbolized by the dog, mans best friend. The film was released under its Spanish title in the English-speaking world, the soundtrack included songs by well-known Latin American rock bands, such as Café Tacuba, Control Machete, and Bersuit Vergarabat. Amores perros was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2000, the film is constructed from three distinct stories linked by a car accident that brings the characters briefly together. Octavio y Susana The first segment stars Gael García Bernal and Vanessa Bauche as the title characters, Susana is Octavios sister-in-law, however, Octavio is in love with her and does not like the way his brother, Ramiro, treats her. Octavio tries to persuade her to run away with him to get out from under Ramiros abuse, every time there is a fight, Jarocho enters a new dog, and everytime, Cofi kills it. After more than fifteen fights, Octavio makes enough money to run away with Susana, in revenge, Ramiro steals the money and leaves with his wife. Struggling financially, Octavio accepts a challenge by Jarocho to participate in a private fight, Octavios dog wins, but Jarocho shoots Cofi. In revenge, Octavio stabs Jarocho in the stomach, pursued by Jarochos thugs, Octavio finds himself in a car chase with Jorge, and the wounded dog. A collision follows, Jorge dies and Octavio is badly injured, Daniel y Valeria The next segment stars Álvaro Guerrero and Goya Toledo. Daniel is a magazine publisher who leaves his family to live with his lover. On the day they move together, Valerias leg is broken in the accident with Octavios car. Valeria is using a wheelchair while she recuperates in the apartment she shares with Daniel, one day, her dog Richie disappears under a broken floorboard and stays there for days. Her doctor is forced to amputate the leg, removing any chance she might have had at returning to her modeling career, while she is in the hospital, Daniel rescues Richie from the floorboards. El Chivo y Maru The final segment stars Emilio Echevarría and Lourdes Echevarría, the story follows the bedraggled vagrant that appears several times in the previous segments, pushing a junk cart accompanied by several mongrel dogs for whom he cares. Though he appears to live in squalor in an abandoned warehouse, he is in fact a professional hitman. When he got out, Leonardo started getting him jobs as a hitman, at times throughout the story, El Chivo tries to make contact with his daughter, Maru, whom he abandoned when she was a two-year-old child when he began his guerrilla involvement
Amores Perros
–
US release poster
22.
Palacio de Bellas Artes
–
The Palacio de Bellas Artes is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City. It has hosted some of the most notable events in music, dance, theatre, opera and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting, sculpture, consequently, the Palacio de Bellas Artes has been called the Cathedral of Art in Mexico. The building is located on the side of the historic center of Mexico City next to the Alameda Central park. Construction began again in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal and was completed in 1934, the exterior of the building is primarily Neoclassical and Art Nouveau and the interior is primarily Art Deco. The building is best known for its murals by Diego Rivera, Siqueiros and others, as well as the exhibitions and theatrical performances its hosts. The earliest known structure on the site was the Convent of Santa Isabel, however, significant Aztec finds, such as a sacrificial altar in the shape of a plumed serpent have been found here. The convent area suffered frequent flooding during the colonial period. In spite of this, the convent remained until it was closed in the 1860s by the Reform Laws. It was replaced by a mill and lower-class housing. A section of housing, on Santa Isabel Alley, was torn down. During the late 19th century and very early 20th, this theatre was the site of most of Mexico Citys high culture, presenting events such as theatre, operettas, Viennese dance and more. It was then decided to replace this building with an opulent one for the upcoming Centennial of Mexican Independence celebrations in 1910. The old theatre was demolished in 1901, and the new theatre would be called the Gran Teatro de Ópera. The work was awarded to Italian architect Adamo Boari, who favored neoclassical and art nouveau styles, Adamo Boari promised in October 1904 to build grand metallic structure, which at that time only existed in the United States, but not to this size. The first stone of the building was placed by Porfirio Díaz in 1904, despite the 1910 deadline, by 1913, the building was hardly begun with only a basic shell. One reason for this is that the project became more complicated than anticipated as the building sank into the soft spongy subsoil. The other reason was the political and economic instability that would lead to the Mexican Revolution, full hostilities suspended construction of the palace completely and Adamo Boari returned to Italy. The project would sit unfinished for about twenty years, in 1932, construction resumed under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal
Palacio de Bellas Artes
–
Front view of the Palacio de Bellas Artes
Palacio de Bellas Artes
–
Facade of the Palacio.
Palacio de Bellas Artes
–
Palace of fine arts seen from top of Torre Latinoamericana
Palacio de Bellas Artes
–
Palacio de Bellas Artes at night
23.
Mexico City Alameda Central
–
Alameda Central is a public municipal park in downtown Mexico City, adjacent to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, between Juarez Avenue and Hidalgo Avenue. The Alameda Central park is a garden with paved paths and decorative fountains and statues. The area used to be an Aztec marketplace, the park was created in 1529, when Viceroy Luis de Velasco decided to create green space here as a public park. The name comes from the Spanish word álamo, which means poplar tree and this park was part of the viceroys plan to develop what was, at that time, the western edge of the city. It has become a symbol of a traditional Mexican park and many parks in the country take on the name Alameda as well. The original park was less than half the size of the current one, what is now the western section of the park originally was a plain plaza built during the Inquisition in Mexico and known as El Quemadero or The Burning Place. Here witches and others convicted by the Inquisitors were publicly burned at the stake, by the 1760s, the Inquisition had nearly come to an end and in 1770, viceroy Marqués de Croix had this plaza torn up to expand the park. The park was expanded again in 1791, when the Count of Revillagigedo built a fence around the park to make it exclusive for the nobility. However, when Mexican Independence was won in 1821, the Alameda was the center of popular celebrations, in 1846, when President Santa Anna rode triumphantly into Mexico City, he ordered the fountains in the park be filled with alcohol. The five classical fountains are of French design and inspired by Greco-Roman mythology, more statues were added to the park in the 19th century. Gas lamps were installed in 1868, which were replaced by electrical lighting 1892, by the end of the 19th century, the park had become popular with all social classes in Mexico. Much of the current layout of the park, with its starburst pattern of paths around fountains, by the late 19th century, the park included a bandstand and gas lamps. On the south side of the park, facing toward the street is the Hemiciclo a Juárez, which is a large white semi-circular monument to Benito Juárez, in 2012, the park went through a rehabilitation which began in May and was completed in December. The renewal included replacing the pavement with marble, the improvement of the vegetation, new light posts. As part of the rehabilitation, the once ubiquitous street vendors are no longer allowed to operate within the park, Alameda Central can be accessed by Metro Bellas Artes. Media related to Alameda Central at Wikimedia Commons
Mexico City Alameda Central
–
View of the Alameda Central from the
Torre Latinoamericana
Mexico City Alameda Central
–
View of the park before the 2012 rehabilitation. Note the many street vendors.
Mexico City Alameda Central
–
Benito Juárez Hemicycle
Mexico City Alameda Central
–
Detail of
Diego Rivera 's Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central
.JPG)
