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Total internal reflection
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In physics, total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into the first ("internal") medium. It occurs when the second medium has a higher wave speed than the first, and the waves are incident at a sufficiently oblique angle on the interface. For example, the water-to-air surface in a typical fish tank, when viewed obliquely from below, reflects the underwater scene like a mirror with no loss of brightness (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Underwater plants in a fish tank, and their inverted images (top) formed by total internal reflection in the water–air surface
Fig. 1: Underwater plants in a fish tank, and their inverted images (top) formed by total internal reflection in the water–air surface
Fig. 2: Repeated total internal reflection of a 405 nm laser beam between the front and back surfaces of a glass pane. The color of the laser light it
Fig. 2: Repeated total internal reflection of a 405 nm laser beam between the front and back surfaces of a glass pane. The color of the laser light itself is deep violet; but its wavelength is short enough to cause fluorescence in the glass, which re-radiates greenish light in all directions, rendering the zigzag beam visible.
Fig. 3: Total internal reflection of light in a semicircular acrylic block
Fig. 3: Total internal reflection of light in a semicircular acrylic block
Fig. 7: Total internal reflection by the water's surface at the shallow end of a swimming pool. The broad bubble-like apparition between the swimmer a
Fig. 7: Total internal reflection by the water's surface at the shallow end of a swimming pool. The broad bubble-like apparition between the swimmer and her reflection is merely a disturbance of the reflecting surface. Some of the space above the water level can be seen through "Snell's window" at the top of the frame.
Transmission medium
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A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While a material substance is not required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the transmission media they pass through, for instance, by absorption or reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media. Technical devices can therefore be employed to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable is used as transmission media.
RG-59 flexible coaxial cable composed of: Outer plastic sheath Woven copper shield Inner dielectric insulator Copper core
RG-59 flexible coaxial cable composed of: Outer plastic sheath Woven copper shield Inner dielectric insulator Copper core
A bundle of optical fiber
A bundle of optical fiber
Fiber crew installing a 432-count fiber cable underneath the streets of Midtown Manhattan, New York City
Fiber crew installing a 432-count fiber cable underneath the streets of Midtown Manhattan, New York City
A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable with red light being shone in one end transmits the light to the other end
A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable with red light being shone in one end transmits the light to the other end