1.
Guide book
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A guide book or travel guide is a book of information about a place designed for the use of visitors or tourists. It will usually include information about sights, accommodation, restaurants, transportation, maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are often included. Travel guides can take the form of travel websites. A forerunner of the guidebook was the periplus, an itinerary from landmark to landmark of the ports along a coast and this work was possibly written in the middle of the 1st century CE. It served the purpose as the later Roman itinerarium of road stops. The periegesis, or progress around was a literary genre during the Hellenistic age. A lost work by Agaclytus describing Olympia is referred to by the Suda, an early remarkably well-informed and interesting guidebook was the Hellados Periegesis of Pausanias of the 2nd century A. D. This most famous work is a guide to the places, works of architecture, sculpture, and curious customs of Ancient Greece. With the advent of Christianity, the guide for the European religious pilgrim became a useful guidebook, an early account is that of the pilgrim Egeria, who visited the Holy Land in the 4th century CE and left a detailed itinerary. In the medieval Arab world, guide books for travelers in search of ancient Near Eastern artifacts, monuments and treasures were written by Arabic treasure hunters and this was particularly the case in Arab Egypt, where ancient Egyptian antiquities were highly valued. Travel literature became popular during the Song Dynasty of medieval China, the genre was called travel record literature, and was often written in narrative, prose, essay and diary style. In the West, the guidebook developed from the personal experiences of aristocrats who traveled through Europe on the Grand Tour. Richard Lassels wrote a series of guides which were eventually published posthumously in Paris. Grand Tour guidebooks poured off the presses throughout the eighteenth century, an important transitional figure from the idiosyncratic style of the Grand Tour travelogues to the more informative and impersonal guidebook was Mariana Starke. Her 1824 guide to travel in France and Italy served as a companion for British travelers to the Continent in the early 19th century. She recognized that with the numbers of Britons traveling abroad after 1815 the majority of her readers would now be in family groups. She also devised a system of, exclamation mark ratings, a forerunner of todays star ratings. Her books, published by John Murray, served as a template for later guides, the modern guidebook emerged in the 1830s, with the burgeoning market for long distance tourism
2.
National Museum of the American Indian
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It has three facilities, the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. Passed as Public Law 101-185, it established the National Museum of the American Indian as a memorial to Native Americans. Since 1989 the Smithsonian has repatriated over 5,000 individual remains – about 1/3 of the estimated human remains in its collection. C. of indigenous people to its time. The creation of the museum brought together the collections of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City, founded in 1922, the Heye collection became part of the Smithsonian in June 1990, and represents approximately 85% of the holdings of the NMAI. The Heye Collection was formerly displayed in the Audubon Terrace location, the current arrangement represented a political compromise between those who wished to keep the Heye Collection in New York, and those who wanted it to be part of the new NMAI in Washington, DC. The NMAI was initially housed in lower Manhattan at the Alexander Hamilton U. S, custom House, which was refurbished for this purpose and remains an exhibition site, its building on the Mall in Washington, DC opened in 2005. The site on the National Mall opened in September 2004, fifteen years in the making, it is the first national museum in the country dedicated exclusively to Native Americans. The five-story,250, 000-square-foot, curvilinear building is clad in a golden-colored Kasota limestone designed to evoke natural rock formations shaped by wind, the museum is set in a 4.25 acres -site and is surrounded by simulated wetlands. The museum’s east-facing entrance, its window and its 120-foot high space for contemporary Native performances are direct results of extensive consultations with Native peoples. The museum’s architect and project designer is the Canadian Douglas Cardinal, its design architects are GBQC Architects of Philadelphia, disagreements during construction led to Cardinals being removed from the project, but the building retains his original design intent. His continued input enabled its completion, the structural engineering firm chosen for this project was Severud Associates. The landscape architects are Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects Ltd. of Seattle and EDAW, donna E. House, the Navajo and Oneida botanist who supervised the landscaping, has said, The landscape flows into the building, and the environment is who we are. We are the trees, we are the rocks, we are the water, and that had to be part of the museum. This theme of organic flow is reflected by the interior of the museum, whose walls are mostly curving surfaces, George Gustav Heye traveled throughout North and South America collecting native objects. His collection was assembled over 54 years, beginning in 1903 and he started the Museum of the American Indian and his Heye Foundation in 1916. The Heye Foundations Museum of the American Indian opened to the public on Audubon Terrace in New York City in 1922. The museum at Audubon Terrace closed in 1994 and part of the collection is now housed at The Museum’s George Gustav Heye Center, the Beaux Arts-style building, designed by architect Cass Gilbert, was completed in 1907. It is a designated National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark, the center’s exhibition and public access areas total about 20,000 square feet
3.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
4.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
5.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
6.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
7.
Cultural heritage
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Cultural heritage includes tangible culture, intangible culture, and natural heritage. Objects are a part of the study of history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past, in The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories. This unfortunately poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the required to display them. Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past, classical civilizations, and especially the Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that institutions, scientific knowledge and technological applications need to use a heritage as a resource. Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was an imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa. What one generation considers cultural heritage may be rejected by the next generation, Cultural property includes the physical, or tangible cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage, immovable heritage includes buildings, large industrial installations or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts and these include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specified culture. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society, and these include social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious. Naturally, intangible heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects. These kind of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a countrys tourist industry, Heritage can also include cultural landscapes. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites,725 cultural,183 natural, each of these sites is considered important to the international community. The underwater cultural heritage is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and this convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage. In additional, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral, international Institute for Conservation Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society
8.
Audio tour
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An audio tour or audio guide provides a recorded spoken commentary, normally through a handheld device, to a visitor attraction such as a museum. They are also available for self-guided tours of outdoor locations, or as a part of an organised tour and it provides background, context, and information on the things being viewed. Audio guides are often in multilingual versions and can be available in different ways. Some of the more elaborate tours may include music and interviews. Traditionally rented on the spot, more recently downloaded from the Internet or available via the phone network. Some audio guides are free or included in the entrance fee, a multimedia electronic guide is a device specially designed to provide audio, visual or textual content to museum visitors with or without user interaction. It may also provide alternative content corresponding to different personal preferences and it may include accessories such as headphones, a digital pen and displays with LEDs or LCD screens. These smart guides may be operated to supply content in different languages and accents, with different voice alternatives like, with text and they can be operated in several ways, Touch/push buttoned systems will be operated by the visitor. Visitor will enter the code assigned to the object to the museum guide. Location aware systems will automatically operate. They sense the location by several alternative technologies and provide the related content, if the sensing area is not narrow enough to detect every different object then the visitor will enter or select the content he or she wants. Location aware systems provides better quality tours to disabled people, line of Sight Aware Systems will automatically operate. They sense the location and the object and provides the related content. These systems may include an intelligence that will measure the visitor aims and interest areas. These systems may need special technologies for target detection and these electronic guides can provide the museum management with useful statistics and reports, which may include tour statistics, visitor statistics, opinions, and other surveys. A cell phone tour is a tour where pre-recorded or stream audio interpretation for a heritage site or a cultural exhibit is provided via a cell phone. Cell phone audio tours have the advantage that most visitors already have the equipment needed to take the audio tour, each venue is assigned a phone number with appropriate stop numbers, displayed next the exhibit. Once a visitor has dialed in, they will be prompted and can enter the stop number of the exhibit they’re viewing
9.
Kaibara Ekken
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Kaibara Ekken or Ekiken, also known as Atsunobu was a Japanese Neo-Confucianist philosopher and botanist. Kaibara was born into a family of advisors to the daimyo of Fukuoka Domain in Chikuzen Province and he accompanied his father to Edo in 1648, and was sent in 1649 to Nagasaki to study Western science. At his fathers urging, he continued his studies in Nagasaki as a rōnin from 1650 through 1656 and he then re-entered service to Kuroda, which led to his continuing studies in Kyoto. After his fathers death in 1665, he returned to Fukuoka, Kaibaras science was confined to Botany and Materia medica and focused on the natural law. Kaibara became as famous in Japan as people such as Charles Darwin when it came to science and he advanced the study of botany in Japan when he wrote Yamato honzō, which was a seminal study of Japanese plants. The 19th-century German Japanologist Philipp Franz von Siebold called him the Aristotle of Japan, kaibara was known for his manuals of behavior, such as changing his Confucian ethical system based on the teachings of Zhu Xi into an easy self-help manuals. As an educator and philosopher, it appears that Kaibaras main goal in life was to further the process of weaving Neo-Confucianism into Japanese culture. In this context, he is best known for books as Precepts for Children and Greater Learning for Women. Women and the Wisdom of Japan, london, John Murray. Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book Cranmer-Byng, L. and S. A. Kapadia, eds. Women and the Wisdom of Japan, london, John Murray. Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book Ko, Dorothy, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott. Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan, mapping Early Modern Japan, Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period. Yoshino, text by Eiken Itsukushima kakei, guide to Itsukushima, text by Eiken Tanngo no kuni Amano hashidate no zu, guide to Ama-no-Hashidate, text by Eiken
10.
Blue Badge tourist guide
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Blue Badge Tourist Guides are the official, professional tourist guides of the United Kingdom. They wear a Blue Badge to indicate their professionalism and they are recognised by local tourist bodies throughout the UK, and by Visit Britain as Britain’s official tourist guides. There are over 2000 Blue Badge guides in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, some guides run guided walking tours on themes such as Jack the Ripper, Harry Potter and The Beatles. They are responsible for the regular 2012 Summer Olympics walking tours and are the guides for the public tours inside the Houses of Parliament. The Blue Badge was founded in 1950 by seven guides who met at the George Inn in Southwark, in 1980, eighty guides formed a union for London Blue Badge guides. The APTG - Association of Professional Tourist Guides - has 470 members, in 1985 the Driver Guides Association was founded by Blue Badge Guides who provide private car tours across the UK. In 1996, the Scottish Tourist Guides Association was formed as membership association for professional tourist guides, the Northern Ireland Tourist Guide Association was formed in 1992 and is the membership body for guides approved by the Institute of Tourist Guiding. In 2002 the Institute of Tourist Guiding was formed and it is responsible for the examination and registration of Blue Badge and Green Badge guides in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. Over 500 of these are in Scotland, several Blue Badge guides have been awarded the MBE and OBE for services to tourism. The Institute of Tourist Guiding sets a standard, examines and accredits guides in England, in Scotland, the Scottish Tourist Guides Association sets the standards and accredits all the training courses. All Blue Badge guides must pass the Institutes exams or the STGAs exams and they study for up to two years at university level, taking a comprehensive series of written and practical exams which qualify them to become Blue Badge Tourist Guides. The institute also sets standard for guides to work in foreign languages, there are Blue Badge guides working in most major languages, including French, Italian, Greek, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Polish and Spanish. As well as the Blue Badge, the Institute of Tourist Guiding oversees further levels of qualification for tourist guides, in Scotland Blue Badge Tourist Guides are national guides, while Green Badge ones are regional. In England, a Green Badge Guide is qualified to work in an area such as a city - for example the City of London Guides. The Guild of Registered Tourist Guides was founded in London 1950, in 1995 the Guild changed its name to become The Guild of Registered Tourist Guides. The Guild helps tourists and visitors to find guides in the UK, the Guild is the national membership organisation for trained professional guides in the UK. It has 1,755 guide members throughout the UK and 523 in London, there are 33 languages currently spoken by guide members. All members of the organisation must be trained and insured
11.
Walking tour
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A walking tour is a tour of a historical or cultural site undertaken on foot, frequently in an urban setting. Short tours can last under an hour, while longer ones can take in multiple sits, a walk can be led by a tour guide, as an escort. A pilgrimage is a religious journey traditionally taken on foot, to a location of significance to the walkers faith, only a minority of contemporary pilgrimages are on foot. Chaucers 14th-century narrative poem Canterbury Tales certainly indicates that a pilgrimage can involve pleasure, a walking tour is generally distinguished from an escorted tour by its length and the employment of tour guides, and can be under 12 hours, or last for a week or more. Walking tours, of various kinds and length, are part of the tourism industry. Many walking tours involve a payment to the guide, although some operate on a tip system, the pay what you want model started around 2004, and can be found in many countries. The UK-based Guild of Registered Tour has criticised the system for not requiring any training or certification of its guides, several cities now have groups that are employing dramatic spectacle to add interest to their tours. Usually guided by actors in playing a role, these walking tours create the feel of living history as guests walk in the footsteps of those who came before them. These tours, which history and dramatic narrative, share history in a non-academic. These tours are similar in nature to promenade theatre, self-guided tours, utilise a range of methods to aid travel through a place, or landscape, such as books, maps, pamphlets, and audio material. The Professional Guide, Dynamics of Tour Guiding, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold,1993. Ruitenberg, Claudia W. Learning by Walking, Non-Formal Education as Curatorial Practice, international Journal of Lifelong Education 31, no. The Tour Guide, Walking and Talking New York, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press,2011. City Tour Guides, Urban Alchemists at Work, city & Community 9, no.2
12.
Museum education
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Museum Education is a specialized field devoted to developing and strengthening the education role of non-formal education spaces and institutions such as museums. Its main objective is to engage visitors in learning experiences to enhance their curiosity and interest on their objects and collections. In a seminal report called Excellence and Equity published in 1992 by the American Association of Museums, in it, he mentions the diversity of non-formal education activities that constitute, or should constitute an important complement to formal education to the total educational efforts of any country. In a work written by Coombs in conjunction with M. Ahmed, in 1906, architect J. Randolph Coolidge Jr. was appointed the temporary director of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He experimented with a system in the galleries, to help visitors orient themselves throughout their walk across the exhibitions. The Journal of Museum Education is a journal covering the theory, training, articles are written by museum, education, and research professionals. The Museum Education Monitor is an email newsletter that tracks and records research. Art Museum Teaching is a digitally published resource and collaborative online forum for reflecting on issues of teaching, learning, the Journal of Museum Studies is an independent, not-for-profit publication dedicated to creating and preserving digital archive of scholarly articles in the field of museum studies. Museology Art Museum Teaching http, //artmuseumteaching. com/ Museum Education Roundtable http, Art Museum Teaching, a digital community and collaborative online forum for reflecting on issues of teaching, learning, and experimental practice in the field of art museum education. The sites goal is to connect educators, ideas, and resources around a dialogue about shared practice in teaching and learning
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