1.
Toyota Industries
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Toyota Industries Corporation is a Japanese machine maker. Originally a manufacturer of automatic looms, it is the company from which Toyota Motor Corporation developed and it is the worlds largest manufacturer of forklift trucks measured by revenues. The company was founded in 1926 as Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. by Sakichi Toyoda, at the time it was the worlds most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity. In 1933, the company established its department, led by Kiichiro Toyoda. This department was spun off as Toyota Motor Co. Ltd. in 1937 and is now known as Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Industries is one of 13 core companies of the Toyota Group. The company owns 5. 55% of Toyota Motor and is the largest shareholder, as a countermeasure against hostile merger and acquisition attempts, Toyota Motor currently holds 23. 5% of common stock of its parent company Toyota Industries. Toyota Industries is active in five areas, automotive, materials handling, electronics, logistics. Toyota Industries Corporation is under contract from Toyota Motor Corporation for the production of the Toyota Vitz/Yaris, the company manufactures automotive engines for use in Toyota-brand automobiles such as Avensis, Corolla, Crown, and Land Cruiser. In 2000, Toyota Industries acquired the Swedish-based forklift truck corporation BT Industries, alongside BTs subsidiaries, U. S. -based The Raymond Corporation, combined with Toyota Industries materials handling division, this created the largest forklift company in the world, Toyota Material Handling Corporation. In October 2012, Toyota Industries acquired Cascade Corp. a maker of parts for the lift trucks industry, the companys shares are traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under symbol 6201. T. ST Liquid Crystal Display Toyota Group Toyota Industries S. C, Toyota Jido Shokki Toyota Material Handling, U. S. A. Inc. Toyota Forklifts in Hebrew Company website in Japanese Company website in English
2.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. As of 2016, Toyota is the worlds second-largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
3.
Keiretsu
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A keiretsu is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings. It is a type of business group. The keiretsu maintained dominance over the Japanese economy for the half of the 20th century. It is a key element of the industry in Japan. The prototypical keiretsu appeared in Japan during the economic miracle following World War II, prior to World War II, Japans industrialized economy was dominated by four major zaibatsu, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda and Mitsui. They focused on steel, banking, international trading and various other key sectors in the economy, apart from this, they remained in close connection to influential banks that provided funding to their various projects. The zaibatsu had been viewed with ambivalence by the Japanese military. Remaining assets were highly damaged by the destruction of the war. Under the American occupation after the surrender of Japan, a successful attempt was made to dissolve the zaibatsu. During the occupation of Japan,16 zaibatsu were targeted for complete dissolution, among the zaibatsu targeted for dissolution in 1947 were Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima, Nissan, Nomura, and Okura. Their controlling families assets were seized, holding companies eliminated, and interlocking directorships, matsushita, while not a zaibatsu, was originally also targeted for dissolution, but was saved by a petition signed by 15,000 of its unionized workers and their families. Additionally, the politics of the Occupation during the reverse course served as a crippling, if not terminal. Even until today, banks and trading companies have been at the top of the pyramid, having access, shareholders succeeded over the family control of the cartel. This was made possible with relaxing of Japanese laws whereby holding companies could become stockholding companies, cartels and groupings of various kinds are common in Japan. The bank assists these companies with a range of financial services, the leading horizontal Japanese keiretsu, also referred to as the “Big Six”, include, Fuyo, Sanwa, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Mizuho Financial Group. Horizontal keiretsu may also have vertical relationships, called branches, horizontal keiretsu peaked around 1988, when over half of the value in the Japanese stock market consisted of cross-shareholdings. Since then, banks have reduced their cross-shareholdings. The Japanese corporate governance code, effective from June 2015, requires listed companies to disclose a rationale for their cross-shareholdings, vertical keiretsu are used to link suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors of one industry
4.
Forklift
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A forklift is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials short distances. The forklift was developed in the early 20th century by various companies including the manufacturing company Clark. Following World War II the use and development of the truck has greatly expanded worldwide. Forklifts have become a piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. In 2013 alone the top 20 manufacturers worldwide posted sales of $30.4 billion with 944,405 machines sold, the middle nineteenth century through the early 20th century saw the developments that led to todays modern forklifts. The forerunners of the modern forklift were manually powered hoists that were used to lift loads, in 1906 the Pennsylvania Railroad introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes. This was in due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor, in 1919 the Towmotor Company, and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920, entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s, the start of World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being implemented, warehouses needed more maneuverable forklift trucks that could reach greater heights and new forklift models were made that filled this need. For example, in 1954 a British company named Lansing Bagnall, now part of KION Group, the development changed the design of warehouses leading to narrower aisles and higher load stacking that increased storage capability. During the 1950s and 1960s operator safety became a concern due to the increasing lifting heights, Safety features such as load back rests and operator cages, called overhead guards, began to be added to forklifts produced in this era. In the late 1980s ergonomic design began to be incorporated in new designs to improve operator comfort, reduce injuries. During the 1990s exhaust emissions from forklift operations began to be addressed which led to emission standards being implemented for forklift manufacturers in various countries, the introduction of AC power forklifts, along with fuel cell technology, are also refinements in continuing forklift development. Forklifts are rated for loads at a maximum weight and a specified forward center of gravity. This information is located on a provided by the manufacturer. In many jurisdictions it is illegal to alter or remove the nameplate without the permission of the forklift manufacturer, an important aspect of forklift operation is that it must have rear-wheel steering
5.
JTEKT
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JTEKT Corporation TYO,6473. T is a Japanese multibillion corporation created on January 2006 upon the merger of two companies, Koyo Seiko Co. and Toyoda Machine Works. Machine tool sales for North, Central and South America, aftermarket support services, arlington Heights, IL and the Re-manufactured Products Division operates out of Wixom, MI, with support offices in Monterrey, Mexico and Itu, Brazil. JTEKT Corporation machine tools are manufactured in Japan via JTEKT Corporation, and Taiwan, via WELE Mechatronics, a Toyoda Strategic Alliance Company, bearings Driveline Components Machine Tools Steering Products JTEKT North America is a separate legal entity headed by COO Mike Davidson who reports to the CEO. There are several locations of operations throughout the United States, Canada, in 2009, JTEKT NA purchased the needle bearing business from Timken. The needle roller bearing business was a part of the Torrington Company which Timken purchased in 2003, JTEKT gained five manufacturing locations along with a technical center and a business office in North America, as well as eight other locations worldwide. Canadian Warehouse and Operations Burlington, Ontario JTEKT Sona India Official website
6.
Bearing (mechanical)
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A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction, Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads applied to the parts. Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, the simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction, a wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance. The term bearing is derived from the verb to bear, a bearing being an element that allows one part to bear another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness, other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise devices, the invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting, or bearing, an object being moved is of great antiquity, and may predate the invention of the wheel. Though it is claimed that the Egyptians used roller bearings in the form of tree trunks under sleds. They are depicted in their own drawings in the tomb of Djehutihotep as moving massive stone blocks on sledges with liquid-lubricated runners which would constitute a plain bearing, there are also Egyptian drawings of bearings used with hand drills. The earliest recovered example of a rolling element bearing is a ball bearing supporting a rotating table from the remains of the Roman Nemi ships in Lake Nemi. The wrecks were dated to 40 BC, leonardo da Vinci incorporated drawings of ball bearings in his design for a helicopter around the year 1500. This is the first recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design, however, Agostino Ramelli is the first to have published sketches of roller and thrust bearings. An issue with ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other causing additional friction which can be reduced by enclosing the balls or rollers within a cage, the captured, or caged, ball bearing was originally described by Galileo in the 17th century. The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by horologist John Harrison for his H3 marine timekeeper and this uses the bearing for a very limited oscillating motion but Harrison also used a similar bearing in a truly rotary application in a contemporaneous regulator clock. The first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to Philip Vaughan and his was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly. Bearings played a role in the nascent Industrial Revolution, allowing the new industrial machinery to operate efficiently. For example, they saw use for holding wheel and axle to greatly reduce friction over that of dragging an object by making the act over a shorter distance as the wheel turned. The first plain and rolling-element bearings were wood closely followed by bronze, over their history bearings have been made of many materials including ceramic, sapphire, glass, steel, bronze, other metals and plastic which are all used today
7.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
8.
Hino Motors
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Hino Motors, Ltd. commonly known as simply Hino, is a Japanese manufacturer of commercial vehicles and diesel engines headquartered in Hino-shi, Tokyo. The company is a producer of medium and heavy-duty diesel trucks in Asia. Hino Motors is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and it is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation and one of 16 major companies of the Toyota Group. The company traces its roots back to the founding of Tokyo Gas Industry Company in 1910, in 1910 Chiyoda Gas Co. was established and competed fiercely against incumbent Tokyo Gas Company fighting for gas lighting users. Tokyo Gas Industry was a supplier for Chiyoda Gas but it was defeated and merged into Tokyo Gas in 1912. It produced its first motor vehicle in 1917, the Model TGE A-Type truck. In 1937, TG&E merged its automobile division with that of Automobile Industry Co. Ltd. four years later, the company changed its name to Diesel Motor Industry Co. Ltd. which would eventually become Isuzu Motors Limited. The following year, the new entity of Hino Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. spun itself out from Diesel Motor Industry Co. Ltd. during World War II, Hino manufactured Type 1 Ho-Ha half-track and Type 1 Ho-Ki armored personnel carrier for the Imperial Japanese Army. The company took its name from the location of its headquarters in Hino city within Tokyo prefecture, to sharpen its marketing focus to customers, in 1948, the company added the name Diesel to become Hino Diesel Industry Co. Ltd. In 1950 the heavy-duty TH10 was introduced, equipped with the all-new 7-liter DS10 diesel engine, an eight-tonner, this was considerably larger than existing Japanese trucks which had rarely been built for more than 6,000 kg payload. The Italian stylist Giovanni Michelotti redesigned the Contessa line in 1964 with a 1300 cc rear-mounted engine, fed by two SU type carburettors, this developed 60 hp in the sedan and 70 hp in the coupé version. However, Hino ceased private car production very quickly in 1967 after joining the Toyota group, in 1963, the Hamura factory began operations, and focused entirely on commercial truck and bus manufacture. Hino Trucks have also assembled in Portugal and in Canada. Hino has been marketing trucks in Canada since the 1970s, Hino Motors Canada Ltd. is the exclusive distributor of Hino products in Canada, and is part of the Toyota Group of Companies, with head office and Parts Distribution Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. In May 2006, Hino opened a new 12,300 m2 assembly plant in Woodstock, Ontario, employing at first 45 and it began assembly of Class 4 and 5 trucks in 2006 and continued to do so until 2010. Since then, it has been building only Class 6 and 7 trucks, Hino Motors Manufacturing Colombia is a partnership between the Mitsui group and the Colombia manager for the Hino Brand, PRACO-Didacol S. A. The partnership assembles medium and heavy trucks, destined mainly to the market for the Andinean. The factory was opened on 9 October 2007 in Cota, a municipality near the city of Bogotá
9.
Truck
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A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, smaller varieties may be similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers. Modern trucks are powered by diesel engines, although small to medium size trucks with gasoline engines exist in the US. In the European Union, vehicles with a gross mass of up to 3.5 t are known as light commercial vehicles. Trucks and cars have an ancestor, the steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-1800s, the roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton. In 1895 Karl Benz designed and built the first truck in history using the internal combustion engine, later that year some of Benzs trucks were modified to become the first bus by the Netphener, the first motorbus company in history. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler, other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and Büssing, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and was available with optional 5 or 8 horsepower motors, trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 3,300 to 4,400 lb. In 1904,700 heavy trucks were built in the United States,1000 in 1907,6000 in 1910, after World War I, several advances were made, pneumatic tires replaced the previously common full rubber versions. Electric starters, power brakes,4,6, and 8 cylinder engines, closed cabs, the first modern semi-trailer trucks also appeared. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market, although it had been invented in 1890, the diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, it took longer for diesel engines to be accepted. The word truck might come from a back-formation of truckle, meaning small wheel or pulley, from Middle English trokell, another possible source is the Latin trochus, meaning iron hoop. In turn, both sources emanate from the Greek trokhos, meaning wheel, from trekhein, the first known usage of truck was in 1611, when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships cannon carriages. In its extended usage it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads and its expanded application to motor-powered load carrier has been in usage since 1930, shortened from motor truck, which dates back to 1901
10.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
11.
Toyota Motor East Japan
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Toyota Motor East Japan is a manufacturing subsidiary of the Toyota group based in Japan. It was created in July 2012 by the merger of Kanto Auto Works Ltd, Ltd and Toyota Motor Tohoku Corporation. Following the Tōhoku earthquake, the President of Toyota, Akio Toyoda, announced a reorganisation of the operations for the area, naming it the production centre after Chubu. On 1 July 2012 Toyota Motors Tohoku, Kanto Auto Works, the new company focussed on developing and manufacturing compact cars, engines and other components. The company has factories for assembly at Miyagi, Iwate and Higashi-Fuji, there are two overseas bases, one in Brazil and other in Thailand. The head offices are in Miyagi, as of 2013, Toyota cars produced by Toyota Motor East Japan include the Corolla, the Aqua, the Isis, the Ractis, the ist, the Century, the Comfort, the Porte, and the Spade. The company also produces engines and other parts, wheelchairs
12.
Central Motors
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Central Motor Co. Ltd. is a Japanese manufacturer of cars within the Toyota Group. It was founded on 4 September 1950 by Ryuichi Tomiya, today the company operates with five plants, all located in Japan. It is one of the biggest export vehicle manufacturers of the concern, due to the merger of the three former companies, the corporate headquarters has been established at the previously known company Central Motors, located in Ohira. There are just over 1,500 employees at the Central Motors location, the new plant was built as the successor of the Toyota plant Kamata and received logistical reasons, a strategically chosen branch. These were, firstly the obvious Ohira IC of Tohoku Expressway, in addition, however, was also Tomiya-road is an important reason for the choice. This provides a connection to the port city of Sendai, from which many of the vehicles on the Vostochny port. These events led to the choice of the location in the area of the district Kurokawa. With the previous work, the work ceased in 1953, this could be taken from the Jidosha Central until 1956, however, special vehicles such as police and fire department vehicles and also campers are produced by Central Jidosha. Another product of the company are CKD kits of the Toyota Tundra
13.
Toyota Tsusho
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Toyota Tsusho Corporation is a sōgō shōsha, a member of the Toyota Group. Toyota Tsusho has a presence through its many subsidiaries and operating divisions, including over 150 offices. Its main business is supporting Toyota Motors automobile business and other Toyota Group companies, but Toyota Tsushos business is very diverse, spanning industrial, commercial, business areas run the gamut, including industrial raw materials, agricultural products, and high technology. Toyota established Toyoda Kinyu Kaisha in 1936 to provide financing for Toyota cars. The dissolution of the Toyota zaibatsu in 1948 led to the division of Toyota Finance being spun off to a new company called Nisshin Tsusho Kaisha. This company was renamed Toyoda Tsusho in 1956, Toyota Tsusho began exports of Toyota cars in 1964, starting with exports to the Dominican Republic. By the 1980s it had expanded its business to include overseas production for the Toyota Group, Toyota Tsusho merged with Kasho Company, Ltd. in 2000. Kasho was a company focused on the Southeast Asia markets and dealt in rubber, paper, food, chemicals. Toyota Tsusho then acquired Tomen Corporation, another Japanese trading company and this acquisition expanded Toyota Tsushos food, textiles, chemicals and energy business and caused it to leapfrog Sojitz to become the sixth-largest general trading company in Japan. These acquisitions together expanded Toyota Tsushos business beyond its historical automotive focus, Toyota Tsushos businesses are divided into 7 business sections, Metals, Processing, logistics and storage of various metals including steel, aluminum and rare earths. The metals business is a supplier of materials for Toyota. It is the largest of the seven segments in terms of sales, assets, global Parts & Logistics, A 23-country network for the development, production, procurement and sale of automotive and aircraft parts. Automotive, Export, production and distribution of Toyota and third-party automobiles, machinery, Energy & Project, Design and implementation of automobile production plants, energy plants and other infrastructure. In 2015, Toyota Tsusho announced a $1.5 billion investment in gas exploration, chemicals & Electronics, Trading in petrochemicals, semiconductors and electronic components, as well as systems integration and other IT services. Food & Agribusiness, Trading in grains and other foodstuffs and related processing and catering businesses, in 2014, Toyota Tsusho teamed up with Sapporo Holdings to acquire U. S. fruit juice manufacturer Country Pure Foods. It is the smallest of the seven segments, eurus Energy Holdings Corporation Fukuske Corporation First Baking Co. Ltd. Toyota Tsusho Mexico S. A. de C. V, Toyota Tsusho ID Systems GmbH, Germany Toyota Tsusho U. K. Ltd. Toyota Tsusho Nordic Oy Toyota Tsusho Africa Pty. Ltd, Toyota Tsusho East Africa Limited Tomen Iran Limited Liability Company Toyota Tsusho Korea Corporation Toyota Tsusho Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd
14.
Sogo shosha
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Sogo shosha are Japanese companies that trade in a wide range of products and materials. In addition to acting as intermediaries, sōgō shōsha also engage in logistics, plant development and other services, the structure of sōgō shōsha can give them advantages in international trade. They also have large-scale in-house market information systems which give them economies of scale in pursuing new business opportunities and their vast scale also allows them to provide capital in the form of credit, financing and export services at low cost. Sōgō shōsha are among the highest-paying employers in Japan, in 2011, after the opening of Japan in the mid-1800s, trade between Japan and the outside world was initially dominated by foreign merchants and traders from Western countries. After World War II, foreign trade was suspended and the zaibatsu were dismantled. The powerful trading arms of Mitsui and Mitsubishi were each dissolved into over a hundred smaller businesses, when trade resumed in 1950, the first diversified trading companies emerged as Kansai region-based textile traders and steel traders diversified into new business lines. The remnants of the Mitsubishi and Mitsui zaibatsu also coalesced in the 1950s to form new large-scale trading concerns. The term sōgō shōsha came into use around 1955 to refer to this set of firms. Kanematsu Marubeni Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsui & Co, until the 1980s, sōgō shōsha operations were largely concentrated on supporting Japanese manufacturers international transactions, particularly in the textile and chemical industries. The collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble in the early 1990s led to a wave of mergers and reorganizations among sōgō shōsha, sōgō shōsha developed in Japan as a result of several factors unique to Japan. Japans geographical remoteness and unique language and culture all served to increase the costs of information and negotiation, the chaebol of South Korea followed a similar path of developing trading companies in the mid-1970s. The United States also attempted to emulate the model to promote exports in the early 1980s by enacting the Export Trading Company Act of 1982. At the time the law was debated, Mitsui & Co. was the sixth-largest exporter from the United States, explanation of Shosha by Japan Foreign Trade Council, Inc
15.
Denso
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Denso Corporation is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. After becoming independent from Toyota Motors, Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. was founded in 1949, about 25% of the company is owned by Toyota Motor. Despite being a part of Toyota Group of companies, as of year ended March 2016, currently, Denso ranks the fourth largest auto parts supplier. As of 2016, Denso Corporation consisted of 189 subsidiaries with a total of 151,775 employees, in 2013 Denso was listed at #242 on the Fortune 500 list with a total revenue of $43.1 billion. The word Denso 電装 is derived from the two Japanese words Den-Ki and So-Chi, moreover, Denso also develops and manufactures non-automotive components such as Household Heating Equipments, Industrial Robots and QR Code. The Denso Industrial Robot gained wide attention in Japan when it conducted a game of Shogi against professionals players. Toyota TS030 Hybrid which use a Denso Kinetic Energy Recovery System finished second in the 201324 Hours of Le Mans, Denso Wave is a subsidiary that produces automatic identification products, industrial robots and programmable logic controllers. They are noted for creating the two dimensional QR code, are a member of the Japan Robot Association and support the ORiN standard, Denso International America is the American subsidiary of Denso Corporation. In 1970, Denso Corporation decided to expand overseas from Kariya, in March 1971 Denso Sales California, Inc. was founded in Hawthorne, California. The company was staffed with only 12 associates, four of them were Americans, the objective of Denso Sales California was to promote their air conditioner systems to be options in Japanese-made vehicles. In May 1975 Denso Corporation opened a division, Denso Sales, in Southfield. In September 1975 Denso International America opened a center in Cedar Falls. This was opened due to an agricultural parts contract with John Deere including starter motors and meters, Denso International America employs over 17,000 people at 38 locations between North, Central, and South America. At year end, on March 31,2008, combined sales totaled $8.3 billion for all American locations. The conspiracy, which fixed prices and allocated components to such car manufacturers as Toyota and Honda, extended from Michigan to Japan, Denso agreed to pay a fine of 78 million dollars. EcoCute - CO2 refrigerant based automobile air conditioner FC Kariya DENSO Corporation Japan DENSO Global Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Denso
16.
Nagoya
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Nagoya is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is Japans third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area and it is located on the Pacific coast on central Honshu. It is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and is one of Japans major ports along with those of Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Chiba and it is also the center of Japans third-largest metropolitan region, known as the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area. As of 2015,2.28 million people lived in the city, the citys name was historically written as 那古野 or 名護屋. One possible origin is the adjective nagoyaka, meaning peaceful, the name Chūkyō is also used to refer to Nagoya. Notable examples of the use of the name Chūkyō include the Chūkyō Industrial Area, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area, Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, Chukyo University, oda Nobunaga and his protégés Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu were powerful warlords based in the Nagoya area who gradually succeeded in unifying Japan. In 1610, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved the capital of Owari Province from Kiyosu, about seven kilometers away, during this period Nagoya Castle was constructed, built partly from materials taken from Kiyosu Castle. During the construction, the town around Kiyosu Castle, consisting of around 60,000 people. Around the same time, the nearby ancient Atsuta Shrine was designated as a waystation, called Miya, on the important Tōkaidō road, a town developed around the temple to support travelers. The castle and shrine towns formed the city, during the Meiji Restoration Japans provinces were restructured into prefectures and the government changed from family to bureaucratic rule. Nagoya was proclaimed a city on October 1,1889, and designated a city on September 1,1956, Nagoya became an industrial hub for the region. Its economic sphere included the famous pottery towns of Tokoname, Tajimi and Seto, as well as Okazaki, other industries included cotton and complex mechanical dolls called karakuri ningyō. Mitsubishi Aircraft Company was established in 1920 in Nagoya and became one of the largest aircraft manufacturers in Japan, the availability of space and the central location of the region and the well-established connectivity were some of the major factors that lead to the establishment of the aviation industry there. Nagoya was the target of US air raids during World War II, the population of Nagoya at this time was estimated to be 1.5 million, fourth among Japanese cities and one of the three largest centers of the Japanese aircraft industry. It was estimated that 25% of its workers were engaged in aircraft production, important Japanese aircraft targets were within the city itself, while others were to the north of Kagamigahara. It was estimated that produced between 40% and 50% of Japanese combat aircraft and engines, such as the vital Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter. The Nagoya area also produced machine tools, bearings, railway equipment, metal alloys, tanks, motor vehicles, the bombing continued through the spring of 1945, and included large-scale firebombing. Nagoya was the target of two of Bomber Command’s attacks and these incendiary attacks, one by day and one by night, devastated 15.3 square kilometres
17.
Daihatsu
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Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd. is one of the oldest surviving Japanese internal combustion engine manufacturers, later known for its range of smaller kei models and off-road vehicles. The headquarters are located in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, the company is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Toyota Group keiretsu. The name Daihatsu is a combination of the first kanji for Ōsaka, in the new combination the reading of the 大 is changed from ō to dai, giving dai hatsu. Daihatsu was formed in 1951 as a successor to Hatsudoki Seizo Co, Ltd, founded in 1907, as part of Hatsudokis major restructure. Hatsudokis formation was influenced by the Engineering Departments faculty of Osaka University, to develop a gasoline-powered engine for small. The company then focused on diesel engines, working with Niigata Engineering. Before the company began to manufacture automobiles, their primary Japanese competitor was Yanmar for diesel engines that werent installed in a truck to provide motivation. During the 1960s, Daihatsu began exporting its range to Europe, in Japan, many of Daihatsus models are also known as kei jidōsha. Daihatsu was an independent auto maker until Toyota became a shareholder in 1967 as the Japanese government intended to open up the domestic market. According to Toyota, it was first approached by Sanwa Bank, in 1995, Toyota increased its shareholding in the Company from 16.8 percent to 33.4 percent by acquiring shares from other shareholders, banks and insurance companies. At the time, the Company was producing mini-vehicles and some cars under contract for Toyota. Toyota, by owning more than a one-third stake, would be able to veto shareholder resolutions at the annual meeting, in 1998, Toyota increase its holding in the Company to 51.2 percent by purchasing shares from its major shareholders including financial institutions. In January 2011, Daihatsu announced that it would pull out of Europe by 2013, citing the strong yen. Following the financial crisis Daihatsus sales in Europe plummeted, from 58,000 in 2007 to 12,000 in 2011, in August 2016, Daihatsu became a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation. 1907 – Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. founded 1951 – Company renamed,1967 – Starts cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation 1971 – First generation of the Daihatsu Delta Truck model launched in Japan, a Toyota influenced four wheeled six ton cargo lorry. 1975 – Begins to supply engines to the SEMAL company of Portugal for the new PORTARO 4X4 offroad vehicle series. Since the late 1990s, its exports have been steadily contracting and this has been partially offset by the sale of Daihatsu vehicles through the Toyota channel, and the sale of technology to Malaysias Perodua. Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Daihatsu closed their plants in Thailand, until withdrawing in March 1998 they had mostly been selling the Mira range in Thailand, with certain local modifications
18.
Subaru Corporation
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Fuji Heavy Industries traces its roots to the Nakajima Aircraft Company, a leading supplier of airplanes to the Japanese government during World War II. By late 1980s, the company was a supplier of military, aerospace and railroad equipment in Japan. Sales in 1989 fell 15% to US$4.3 billion, in 1990, the company faced a loss of over US$500 million. Industrial Bank of Japan Ltd. the main bank of the company, Nissan sent Isamu Kawai, the president of Nissan Diesel Motor Co. to take charge of FHI. In 1991, FHI started contract-manufacturing Nissan Pulsar sedans and hatchbacks, in 2003, the company adopted the logo of its Subaru division as its worldwide corporate symbol. On October 5,2005 Toyota Motor Corporation purchased 8. 7% of FHI shares from General Motors, GM later divested its remaining 11. 4% stake on the open market to sever all ties with FHI. In June 2014, the company entered into a contract with Boeing, as one of five major Japanese companies contracted, to build parts for Boeings 777X aircraft. In May 2016, Fuji Heavy Industries announced that it would change its name to Subaru Corporation pending approval by its shareholders, the company was renamed Subaru Corporation on April 1,2017. Subaru has four divisions, The automobile division, Subaru. The aerospace division is a contractor for the Japan Defense Agency and markets, for the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force it has built the Bell UH-1 Iroquois, Bell AH-1 Cobra and Boeing AH-64 Apache helicopters. It will also be responsible for providing maintenance for the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey tilt rotor aircraft, the Subaru Industrial Power Products division manufactures and sells commercial engines, pumps and generators which were formerly under the Subaru-Robin and Robin brands. Subaru is a partner with Polaris, owning a percentage of Polaris stock, Subaru has provided more than 2 million engines used in Polaris snowmobiles, ATVs, watercraft and utility vehicles. The eco technology division manufactures and sells garbage trucks, robot sweeper, Subaru discontinued the production of buses and railroad cars in 2003. Bell Helicopter is Fujis foreign partner in the competition, a variant of the UH-X may also ultimately fill the JMSDFs recently revealed requirement for a New Patrol Helicopter. Subaru Corporate Information Subaru Global official website Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Fuji Heavy Industries
19.
Subaru
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Subaru is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Subaru Corporation, the twenty-second largest automaker by production worldwide in 2012. Subaru cars are known for the use of a boxer engine layout in most vehicles above 1500 cc, most Subaru models have used the Symmetrical All Wheel Drive drive-train layout since 1972. The lone exception is the BRZ, introduced in 2012, which uses the boxer engine, Subaru also offers turbocharged versions of their passenger cars, such as the Impreza WRX and the Legacy 2. 5GT. The 2. 5XT trims of the Outback and Forester also include a turbocharged engine, in Western markets, the Subaru brand has traditionally been popular among a dedicated core of buyers. Marketing is targeted towards specific niches centered on those who desire the companys signature drive train, in particular the outdoors enthusiast and affordable sports car markets. Subaru is the Japanese name for the Pleiades star cluster M45, or The Seven Sisters, Fuji Heavy Industries started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, headed by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company was reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd, at the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the created the Fuji Rabbit motor scooter with spare aircraft parts from the war. In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese Governments 1950 Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act, between 1953 and 1955, four of these corporations and a newly formed corporation decided to merge to form Fuji Heavy Industries. Kenji Kita, CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing, mr. Kita canvassed the company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals was appealing enough. In the end he gave the company a Japanese name that he had been cherishing in his heart, Subaru, the first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500. Only twenty were manufactured owing to supply issues. Subsequently, the designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500, the tiny air-cooled 360, the Sambar. Nissan would utilize FHIs bus manufacturing capability and expertise for their Nissan Diesel line of buses, in turn many Subaru vehicles, even today, use parts from the Nissan manufacturing keiretsu. The Subaru automatic transmission, known as the 4EAT, is used in the first generation Nissan Pathfinder. While under this arrangement with Nissan, Subaru introduced the R-2, the Rex and the Leone, the BRAT, Alcyone, the Legacy, the Impreza, upon Nissans acquisition by Renault, its stake in FHI was sold to General Motors in 1999. Troy Clarke, of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board, during that time, Subaru introduced the Baja, and the Tribeca. The Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in India in exchange for the Opel Zafira being sold as a Subaru Traviq in Japan, also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform
20.
Isuzu Motors
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Isuzu Motors Ltd. trading as Isuzu, is a Japanese commercial vehicles and diesel engine manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo. Its principal activity is the production, marketing and sale of Isuzu commercial vehicles, the company was established in 1916. In 1934, the company fused with the carmaker and was renamed Isuzu, Isuzu has assembly and manufacturing plants in Fujisawa, as well as in the Tochigi and Hokkaidō prefectures. Isuzu-branded vehicles are sold in most commercial markets worldwide, Isuzus primary market focus is on commercial diesel-powered truck, buses and construction, while their Japanese competitor Yanmar focuses on commercial-level powerplants and generators. By 2009, Isuzu had produced over 21 million diesel engines, Isuzu diesel engines are used by dozens of manufacturers, to include Ford Motor Company and Renault-Nissan Alliance. Isuzu Motors history began in 1916, when Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. Ltd. plan a cooperation with the Tokyo Gas and Electric Industrial Co. to build automobiles. The next step is taken in 1918, when a technical cooperation with Wolseley Motors Limited is initiated, meaning exclusive rights to the production, in 1922 the first Wolseley model, the A-9 car, is domestically produced. The CP truck follows two years later,550 of these are built until 1927, in 1933, Ishikawajima Automotive Works merges with DAT Automobile Manufacturing Inc. and changes its name to Automobile Industries Co. Ltd. The products of company, marketed as Sumiya and Chiyoda, were renamed Isuzu in 1934, following a meeting with the Japanese Governments Ministry of Trade. The word Isuzu translated into English means fifty bells—hence the focus on bell in both the later Bellel and the Bellett, in 1937 Automobile Industries is reorganized and formed into a new company, Tokyo Automobile Industries Co. Ltd. It was founded with a capital of ¥1,000,000, only in 1949 is Isuzu also adopted as the company name. Meanwhile, in 1942, Hino Heavy Industries was split off from Isuzu, Truck production began anew in 1945, with the permission of the occupation authorities. Beginning in 1953 the Hillman Minx passenger car is produced under license of Rootes Group, the Minx remained in production until 1962, after the 1961 introduction of Isuzus first own car, the Bellel. Being a small producer making cars which were too large and pricey for the Japanese market at the time. Under pressure from MITI, who were attempting to limit the number of manufacturers in Japan. The Subaru 1000 was even shown in Isuzus 1967 annual vehicle brochure and this tie-up was over by 1968, when an agreement with Mitsubishi was formed. This ended even quicker, by 1969, and the year an equally short-lived collaboration was entered with Nissan. A few months later, in September 1971, what was to prove a more durable capital agreement was signed with General Motors
21.
United Australian Automobile Industries
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United Australian Automobile Industries was an automobile model sharing firm that operated in Australia between 1987 and 1996 as the result of an agreement between Holden and Toyota Australia. The joint venture resulted in the two companies sharing production of locally produced automobiles by selling their models under both brands, UAAI produced three rebadged vehicles, the Holden Apollo, Holden Nova and Toyota Lexcen. The plan envisaged to rationalise and make the Australian automotive industry more competitive on a global scale by means of reducing import tariffs, under an obligation to amalgamate, Holden and Toyota formed the UAAI joint venture on 11 December 1987 that resulted in model sharing between both automakers. These cars were released to the market in August 1989, for Holden, it replaced the earlier joint venture with Nissan that had resulted in model sharing from 1984. Toyota commenced manufacture of the Nova for Holden in June 1989, irrespective of this, many buyers could tell that the cars were merely rebadged versions of other cars available on the market, and sales figures generated by the disguised versions reinforced this. That is, the version of the car produced by the original manufacturer far surpassed the sales figures for the rebadged version, poor sales of the rebadged cars and an unwillingness to embrace the forced relationship led to dissolution of UAAI. Production ended later in the year, although a large enough stockpile remained for some vehicles to remain in showrooms until 1997, introduced in 1989, the Holden Apollo was basically a badge-engineered Toyota Camry sedan and station wagon. The second generation model was introduced in 1993 and remained in production until 1996, the Holden Nova sedan and hatchback, like the Apollo arrived in dealerships in 1989 replacing the Holden Astra, a joint development with Nissan also producing the Nissan Pulsar. The Nova was a rebadged Toyota Corolla with the front panels, grille and this was a similar approach to the then contemporary Geo/Chevrolet Prizm sold in the United States and Mexico, which utilised E90 Sprinter panels to differentiate between GM and Toyota models. While the Nova was a Toyota design, the factory producing it in Dandenong, in 1994, Holden released the second generation Nova based on the Toyota Corolla, now manufactured at Toyotas Altona, Victoria facility. The Toyota Lexcen reached Toyota dealerships in 1989, the year that Toyota models arrived in Holden showrooms. The Lexcen was Toyotas version of the Holden Commodore, available in the sedan and station wagon body styles. The Holden however, was available with a V8 engine option, Holden stopped supplying Toyota with the Lexcen in 1997. By the end of 1993, the UAAI venture cars realised sales of 21 percent at best when compared to the models retailed by their original manufactures. Nova production in 1992 totalled 3,697 units,3,016 Novas were manufactured in 1993, Apollo production in 1992 totalled 4,490 units,5,314 Apollos were manufactured in 1993, and in 1994 production amounted to 5,519 units. Button car plan New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. — a similar joint venture in the United States between Toyota and General Motors that operated from 1984 to 2010, hornsby, New South Wales, Clockwork Media. Cheltenham, United Kingdom, Edward Elgar Publishing, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Australia in 1995, An Emergent Global Strategy. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19
22.
Holden
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General Motors Holden, generally known as Holden, has been an Australian automobile manufacturer that operated in Australia with its headquarters in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The company was founded in 1856 as a manufacturer in South Australia. In 1908 it moved into the field, before becoming a subsidiary of the United States-based General Motors in 1931. After becoming a subsidiary of GM, the company was named General Motors-Holdens Ltd, becoming Holden Ltd in 1998, by 2018 it will have ceased manufacturing vehicles in Australia. Holden has offered the locally produced range of Commodore vehicles, supplemented by imported GM models, Holden has offered badge engineered models in sharing arrangements with Chevrolet, Isuzu, Nissan, Opel, Suzuki, Toyota and Vauxhall Motors. In 2013 the vehicle lineup consisted of models from GM Korea, GM Thailand, GM in the US, and self-developed Commodore, Caprice, Holden also distributed the European Opel brand in Australia in 2012 until the Opel brands Australian demise in mid-2013. Since 1994, all Australian-built Holden vehicles were manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, historically, production or assembly plants were operated in all mainland states of Australia, with GMs New Zealand subsidiary Holden New Zealand operating a plant until 1990. The consolidation of car production at Elizabeth was completed in 1988, although Holdens involvement in exports has fluctuated since the 1950s, the declining sales of large cars in Australia led the company to look to international markets to increase profitability. Holden will retain their design centre, but with reduced staffing, since 2010 Holden has incurred losses due to the strong Australian dollar, and government grants have been reduced. In May 2014 GM reversed their decision to abandon the Lang Lang Proving Ground, in 1852, James Alexander Holden emigrated to South Australia from Walsall, England and in 1856 established J. A. Holden & Co, a business in Adelaide. Frost joined the business as a partner and J. A. Holden & Co became Holden & Frost Ltd. Edward Holden, James grandson, from there, the firm evolved through various partnerships and, in 1908, Holden & Frost moved into the business of minor repairs to car upholstery. The company began to produce complete motorcycle sidecar bodies in 1913, after 1917, wartime trade restrictions led the company to start full-scale production of vehicle body shells. Holden founded a new company in 1919, Holdens Motor Body Builders Ltd specialising in car bodies, by 1923, HMBB were producing 12,000 units per year. During this time, HMBB was the first company to assemble bodies for Ford Australia until their Geelong plant was completed, from 1924, HMBB became the exclusive supplier of car bodies for GM in Australia, with manufacturing taking place at the new Woodville, South Australia, plant. These bodies were made to suit a number of imported from manufacturers such as Chevrolet. In 1930 alone, the still independent Woodville plant built bodies for Austin, Chrysler, DeSoto, Morris, Hillman, Humber, Hupmobile, the last of this line of business was the assembly of Hillman Minx sedans in 1948
23.
NUMMI
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New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. was an automobile manufacturing company in Fremont, California, jointly owned by General Motors and Toyota that opened in 1984 and closed in 2010. On October 27,2010, its former plant reopened as a 100% Tesla Motors-owned production facility, the plant is located in the East Industrial area of Fremont between Interstate 880 and Interstate 680. NUMMI was established at the former General Motors Fremont Assembly site that had closed two years earlier in 1982. GM and Toyota reopened the factory as a joint venture in 1984 to manufacture vehicles to be sold under both brands, GM employees went to Toyotas Takaoka plant in Japan and improved production at NUMMI, Spring Hill and other sites, particularly after Jack Smith spread the program. Up to May 2010, NUMMI built an average of 6000 vehicles a week, or nearly eight million cars, in 1997, NUMMI produced 357,809 cars and trucks, peaking at 428,633 units in 2006. GM pulled out of the venture in June 2009 due to its bankruptcy, the closure was opposed by city officials, including Fremont Mayor Bob Wasserman, who lobbied to keep NUMMI in the city. However, at 9, 40am on April 1,2010, the plant produced its last car, according to Tesla Motors plans, the plant would first be used to produce the Tesla Model S sedan with future vehicles following in the coming years. The plant was projected to produce 20,000 vehicles a year, until the facilitys closure in April 2010,4,700 workers were employed. NUMMI employees were represented by The International, United Automobile, Aerospace, the first model NUMMI produced was the Chevrolet Nova. This was followed by the Geo Prizm, the Chevrolet Prizm and the Hilux, as well as the Toyota Voltz, both of the latter are based on the Toyota Matrix. Production of the Pontiac Vibe hatchback was discontinued in August 2009 as GM phased out the Pontiac brand in the midst of a bailout, along with Saturn and Hummer, Pontiac joined Oldsmobile among the four GM brands that are no longer in production. Beginning in September 1986, the NUMMI plant produced the Corolla, in January 1995, it began producing the Toyota Tacoma pickup truck. Employees drank alcohol on the job, were absent, and even committed petty acts of sabotage such as putting Coke bottles inside the door panels, so theyd rattle. The choice of the Fremont plant and its workers was unusual because of the previous problems, Workers who made the transition identified the emphasis on quality and teamwork by Toyota management as what motivated a change in work ethic. By December 1984, the first car, a yellow Chevrolet Nova rolled off the assembly line, and almost right away, the NUMMI factory was producing cars with as few defects per 100 vehicles as those produced in Japan. Daily tours of the plant, offered free to the public, were ended on February 27,2009, on June 29,2009, General Motors announced that they would discontinue the joint venture with Toyota. The announcement was made following GM CEO Fritz Henderson announcing in April that General Motors would discontinue the Pontiac Vibe production at NUMMI, the two automakers were in discussions but could not find a suitable product to be produced at the factory. “After extensive analysis, GM and Toyota could not reach an agreement on a product plan that made sense for all parties
24.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
25.
Panasonic
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Panasonic Corporation, formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. The company was founded in 1918 and has grown to one of the largest Japanese electronics producers alongside Sony, Hitachi, Toshiba. In addition to electronics, it offers non-electronic products and services such as home renovation services, Panasonic is the worlds fourth-largest television manufacturer by 2012 market share. Panasonic has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225. It has a listing on the Nagoya Stock Exchange. From 1935 to October 1,2008, the name was Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. On January 10,2008, the announced that it would change its name to Panasonic Corporation, in effect on October 1,2008. The name change was approved at a meeting on June 26,2008 after consultation with the Matsushita family. Panasonic was founded in 1918 by Kōnosuke Matsushita as a vendor of duplex lamp sockets, in 1927, it began producing bicycle lamps, the first product which it marketed under the brand name National. After the war, Panasonic regrouped as a Keiretsu and began to supply the boom in Japan with radios and appliances. Matsushitas brother-in-law, Toshio Iue, founded Sanyo as a subcontractor for components after World War II, Sanyo grew to become a competitor to Panasonic, but was later acquired by Panasonic in December 2009. In 1961, Konosuke Matsushita traveled to the United States and met with American dealers, the company began producing television sets for the U. S. market under the Panasonic brand name, and expanded the use of the brand to Europe in 1979. The company used the National brand outside of North America from the 1950s to the 1970s, the company also developed a line of home appliances such as rice cookers for the Japanese and Asian markets. Rapid growth resulted in the company opening manufacturing plants around the world, the company debuted a hi-fidelity audio speaker in Japan in 1965 with the brand Technics. This line of high quality stereo components became worldwide favorites, the most famous products being its turntables, such as the SL-1200 record player, known for its high performance, precision and durability. In 1973, Matsushita formed a joint venture with Anam Group, in 1983, Matsushita launched the Panasonic Senior Partner, the first fully IBM PC compatible Japanese-made computer. In November 1990, Matsushita agreed to acquire the American media company MCA Inc. for US$6.59 billion, Matsushita subsequently sold 80% of MCA to Seagram Company for US$7 billion in April 1995. In 1998, Matsushita sold Anam National to Anam Electronics, on May 2,2002, Panasonic Canada marked its 35th anniversary in that country by giving $5-million to help build a music city on Torontos waterfront
26.
Toyota Canada Inc.
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Toyota Canada Inc. is the exclusive distributor of Toyota, Lexus and Scion cars, SUV’s and trucks in Canada. Founded in 1964, Toyota has sold more than 4 million vehicles in Canada through a network of 285 Toyota, Lexus. TCI’s head office is located in Toronto, Ontario, with offices in Vancouver, Calgary, Montreal and Halifax and parts distribution centres in Toronto. In January 2013, TCI became a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation with 51% ownership share, the current CEO and president of Toyota Canada is Larry Hutchinson, who replaced Seiji Ichii on January 1,2016. In October 1990, TCI expanded its operations to begin selling vehicles to Canadians through the Lexus brand. Twenty years later, in October 2010, TCI further expanded its sales operations to begin selling Scion branded vehicles in Canada, as of July 2014, there are 247 Toyota,38 Lexus, and 92 Scion franchises in Canada. By comparison, in 2001 only 32. 1% of Toyota vehicles sold in Canada were produced in Canada, as of December 2013, Toyota, its group companies and dealerships have invested more than CDN $9 Billion in Canada and employ more than 24,000 Canadians from coast-to-coast. Beginning September 2014, Toyota celebrated its 50th Anniversary in Canada, only 2000 of each of these vehicles were produced for Canada. Toyota operates two manufacturing facilities in Canada at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada, Inc. which build popular Toyota. The Toyota Corolla, Lexus RX350 and Lexus RX 450h Hybrid are manufactured at TMMC’s North and South plant in Cambridge, the Toyota RAV4 is manufactured at TMMC’s Woodstock, Ontario plant which was opened in 2007. The Toyota Matrix built at TMMCs Cambridge plant from 2002 ceased production in June 2014 while the Toyota RAV4 EV built at TMMCs Woodstock plant from 2012 ceased production in August 2014. Since opening in 1988, TMMC has built more than 6 million vehicles for Canadian, in September 2003, TMMCs Cambridge facility was expanded and became the first Toyota plant outside Japan to manufacture a luxury vehicle Lexus RX). Production was further expanded in 2014 to also produce the (Lexus RX 450h and it is expected to continue to be the only Lexus manufacturer outside Japan until Fall 2015 when Lexus ES350 production is expected to commence at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky, Inc. In 2014, TMMC remains the largest Toyota plant in North America by production volume with a 15% increase in production versus 2013, the Toyotas Canadian operation has received various awards and recognitions. Established in Delta, British Columbia in 1983, this 24,645 m2 facility produced approximately 1.7 million aluminum alloy wheels, with the addition of a cold chamber, Toyota can test vehicles year-round in harsh sub-zero conditions to ensure that vehicles meet highest customer expectations. In 2011, Toyota introduced the Star Safety System™ as standard on new vehicle. Most importantly, Toyota shares the results of its research so that the automotive industry can benefit. Toyota also partners with other stakeholders engaged in road safety research, in the development of safe driving programs and new safety technologies, the Traffic Injury Research Foundation is Canadas road safety research institute
27.
Yamaha Motor Corporation
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Yamaha Motor Company Limited is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation, the company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012. Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company’s first president, Yamaha Motor began production of its first product, Yamahas initial product was a 125cc two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT125. Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, the YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, a performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine, by 1963 Yamahas dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgium GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the companies lineup and it featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion. In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, in 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a four stroke of their own. The XS-750 a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft drive was introduced almost seven years after Hondas breakthrough bike. Yamahas first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive, despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing. The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing, Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked Monoshock of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which has continued in production, with updates, until 2015, making it Yamahas longest continuous model. Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats, the decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979. By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular, suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s and these bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Lexus
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Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese car maker Toyota. The Lexus marque is marketed in more than 70 countries and territories worldwide and has become Japans largest-selling make of premium cars and it has ranked among the 10 largest Japanese global brands in market value. Lexus is headquartered in Nagoya, Japan, operational centers are located in Brussels, Belgium and the U. S. in Torrance, California. Lexus originated from a project to develop a new premium sedan, code-named F1. Subsequently, the division added sedan, coupé, convertible and SUV models, in 2005, a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted and additional hybrid models later joined the divisions lineup. Lexus launched its own F marque performance division in 2007 with the debut of the IS F sport sedan, followed by the LFA supercar in 2009. Lexus vehicles are produced in Japan, with manufacturing centered in the Chūbu and Kyūshū regions. Assembly of the first Lexus built outside the country, the Ontario, Canada–produced RX330, following a corporate reorganization from 2001 to 2005, Lexus began operation of its own design, engineering and manufacturing centers. Since the 2000s, Lexus has increased sales outside its largest market, the division inaugurated dealerships in Japans domestic market in 2005, becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin. The brand was introduced in Southeast Asia, Latin America, Europe, the divisions lineup also reflects regional differences for model and powertrain configurations. In 1983, Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda issued a challenge to build the worlds best car, the project, code-named F1 developed the Lexus LS400 to expand Toyota’s product line in the premium segment. The F1 project followed the Toyota Supra sports car and the premium Toyota Mark II models, both the Supra and Mark II were rear-wheel drive cars with a powerful 7M-GE or 7M-GTE inline-six engine. The Century was conservatively styled for the Japanese market and along with the Crown not slated for export after a restyle in 1982, the F1 designers targeted their new sedan at international markets and began development on a new V8 engine. In 1986, Honda launched its Acura marque in the U. S. influencing Toyotas plans for a luxury division. The initial Acura model was a version of the Honda Legend, itself launched in Japan in 1985 as a rival to the Toyota Crown, Nissan Cedric/Gloria. In 1987, Nissan unveiled its plans for a brand, Infiniti, and revised its Nissan President sedan in standard wheelbase form for export as the Infiniti Q45. Mazda began selling the Luce as the Mazda 929 in North America in 1988 and later plans to develop an upscale marque to be called Amati. Toyota researchers visited the U. S. in May 1985 to conduct focus groups, during that time, several F1 designers rented a home in Laguna Beach, California to observe the lifestyles and tastes of American upper class consumers
30.
Ranz
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Ranz is an automotive marque owned by Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor which specialises in electric cars. It was launched in April 2013, the Chinese name for Ranz is Lang Shi, meaning Bright Life. The Ranz marque was unveiled in March 2013, the first Ranz concept car was unveiled to the public at the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2013. The Ranz EV, a saloon for the Chinese market based on the Toyota Corolla, was launched at the November 2014 Guangzhou Motor Show
31.
Scion (automobile)
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Scion is a discontinued marque of Toyota that started in 2003. It was designed as an extension of its efforts to appeal towards younger customers, the Scion name, meaning the descendant of a family or heir, refers both to the brands cars and their owners. The brand first soft launched in the United States at selected Toyota dealers in the state of California in June 2003, in 2010, Scion expanded into Canada. In an effort to target the generation Y demographic, Scion primarily relied on guerrilla, Scion was originally launched with promises of short product cycle and value based partly on low dealer margins, which became difficult to keep as sales fell after the economic downturn. On February 3,2016, Toyota announced that it would shut down the Scion brand in August 2016, in 1999, Toyota launched Project Genesis, an effort to bring younger buyers to the Toyota marque in the United States. This project aimed to create a marque within a marque in sales and advertising strategy for compact, the effort, which included the introduction of the Toyota Echo economy car, along with late generation Toyota MR-2 and Toyota Celica models, was judged unsuccessful and cancelled in 2001. In response, Toyota chose to launch a separate marque, an effort called Project Exodus, a Los Angeles-based digital design company, Fresh Machine, was retained by Toyota to develop the brand, logo, and website. This project became known as Scion, Toyota had previously participated in a project in Japan with other Japanese companies who attempted to market products to younger buyers. Toyota manufactured three vehicles under the WiLL brandname, which were exclusive to Toyota NETZ Store Japanese dealerships, Scion is marketed as a youth brand and was first introduced in March 2002, at the New York Auto Show. There were just two vehicles, the bbX, and the ccX. The 2004 xA and xB were unveiled at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show on January 2,2003 and they were available only in 105 Toyota dealerships in California at their initial launch on June 9,2003. The subsequent rollout of the brand to the South, the Southeast, Scion vehicles were available nationwide in June 2004, coinciding with the release of the 2005 tC. On December 16,2006, Scion unveiled the next-generation xB, based on the t2B concept, both cars were then publicly unveiled on February 8,2007 at the Chicago Auto Show. In September 2010, Scion expanded into Canada, with vehicles offered at 45 selected dealers starting in Toronto, Montreal, launch models included the tC, xD, and xB. The first new Scions were shown in Canada at the 2009 Montreal International Auto Show, sales of the Scion brand were down to a low of 45,678 for the 2010 model year, compared to over 170,000 for 2006. The management tried to resuscitate the brand, hoping to sell 35,000 to 45,000 tC in a year after the model was redesigned for 2011. The iQs sales dropped more than 60% from 2012, and the xDs sales were projected to be under 9,000 for 2013, in late 2013, Toyota announced that Toyota dealers can drop the flagging Scion marque without penalty. In 2015, Scion released the iM hatchback, based on the international Toyota Auris. at the same time, the iQ, xB, and xD were discontinued
32.
Toyota Australia
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Toyota Motor Corporation Australia, known by its trading name Toyota Australia, is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation, which is based in Japan. TMCA markets Toyota products and manages motorsport, advertising and business operations for Toyota Motor Corporation in Australia, TMCA is also responsible for Lexus vehicles in Australia. In February 2014, Toyota announced that by the end of 2017, Toyota Australia is based in Port Melbourne, Victoria, with office locations in Port Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Sydney, Queensland, and Darwin. TMCA first began in 1958 where Toyota Land Cruisers were imported by Thiess Toyota for the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric scheme, by 1963, assembly of Toyota vehicles in Australia by Australian Motor Industries had begun, taking place at the production plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The production line of Toyota vehicles in 1963 was devoted to the Toyota Tiara, one of the leading forces of getting Toyota established in Australia was Kennath Hougham. In 1972 Toyota bought out British Leylands interest in AMI and announced plans to spend A$27 million on an engine, a production plant in Altona, Victoria, was established and began the production of engines in 1978, following the progressive growth of AMI. After Toyotas products came in for criticism regarding their handling. The first AMI exported car was a Toyota Corona wagon in 1986 headed for New Zealand, the one-millionth locally built Toyota was produced in 1992. In 1994, all manufacturing operations were moved from Port Melbourne to Altona. The last vehicle produced at the Port Melbourne plant was a Toyota Camry, Port Melbourne continued performing minor operations for TMCA. The two-millionth locally built Toyota was produced in 2004, in 2005, the ten-millionth worldwide Camry was built at TMCAs Altona plant. The complete closure and end of all Toyota production operations at the Port Melbourne plant took place in May 2006, all manufacturing was shifted to Altona. The milestone of the 500, 000th TMCA vehicle export also occurred in May 2006, the vehicle was a Toyota Camry, headed for New Zealand. The Toyota Land Cruiser was never built in Australia, as of 2006, TMCAs Altona plant in Victoria produces the Camry. Production of the Avalon has ceased, due for replacement on the line by the Toyota Aurion. TMCA had expressed interests in building the Toyota Kluger 4WD at Altona in the future. TMCA started to build the new Camry Hybrid in 2010 after securing a $35 million subsidy from the Federal Government, the first locally-made Australian Toyota Hybrid Camry was completed and revealed to public on 11 December 2009, driven by the then prime minister Kevin Rudd. On 10 February 2014, it was announced that by the end of 2017, the decision was based on the unfavourable Australian dollar making exports not viable, the high cost of local manufacture and the high amount of competition in a relatively small local market
33.
Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
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The company was founded in 1998 as a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Europe N/V S/A. The construction of the new plant began in 1999 and was completed one year later, the production started on 31 January 2001 with the small car Toyota Yaris and its mini MPV later called the Toyota Yaris Verso. Both models were facelifted in 2003, with the launch of the second generation in 2005, the production of the Yaris Verso discontinued. Since April 2002, the French plant is manufacturing D-4D turbo diesel engines with injection and common rail technology. A few months later the first D-CAT diesel engine were produced, in November, Toyota increased the production capacity of its French plant from 100,000 to 184,000 units per year. This necessitated the change to the three-shift operation, in July, the 500, 000th Yaris left the factory. At the same time Toyota raised its production to 270,000 units a year. The millionth Yaris, already in second generation, rolled off the line in December 2006. Furthermore, the TMMF operates since September 2005 its own training center known as the Centre de Formation, so the TMMF is one of the important regional training organizations in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area. A total of 3,732 employees working on the 233 hectare site for the TMMF, in May 2011, Toyota stopped production of the French Yaris model of the second generation which was replaced by the identical Daihatsu Charade. However, the successor is the Toyota Yaris of the third generation which is also manufactured in France. In June 2012, Toyota announced that it would move production of the Toyota Yaris for North America to France, the company expects annual exports to total 25,000 units. Official website of the Toyota Motor Manufacturing France S. A. S
34.
Toyota Motor North America
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Toyota Motor North America, Inc. is a holding company of sales and manufacturing subsidiaries of Toyota Motor Corp. in the United States. Its services include government and regulatory affairs, energy, economic research, philanthropy, corporate advertising, Toyota Motor North America, Inc. operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Sales, U. S. A. Inc, Toyota Financial Services Toyota Production System Support Center, Inc. Toyota Motor Sales de México, S. de R. L. de C. V, Toyota Services de México Toyota de Puerto Rico, Corp. Toyota Canada Cold Research Centre The Toyota Technical Center is in York Charter Township, Michigan, near Ann Arbor, Toyota also has a facility in Ann Arbor Township
