1.
Texas A&M University
–
Texas A&M University is a coeducational public research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It is a university and is a member of the Texas A&M University System. The systems endowment ranks in the top 10 in the nation, Texas A&Ms student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States. In 2001, Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities, the schools students, alumni–over 450,000 strong–and sports teams are known as Aggies. The Texas A&M Aggies athletes currently compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference, originally, the college taught no classes in agriculture, instead concentrating on classical studies, languages, literature, and applied mathematics. After four years, students could attain degrees in agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering. Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s, A&M desegregated, became coeducational, to reflect the institutions expanded roles and academic offerings, the Texas Legislature renamed the school to Texas A&M University in 1963. The letters A&M, originally short for Agricultural and Mechanical, are retained only as a link to the universitys past, the main campus is one of the largest in the United States, spanning 5,200 acres, and is home to the George Bush Presidential Library. About one-fifth of the student body lives on campus, Texas A&M has over 1,000 officially recognized student organizations. Many students also observe the traditions, which daily life, as well as special occasions. Working with agencies such as the Texas AgriLife Research and Texas AgriLife Extension Service, the university offers degrees in over 150 courses of study through ten colleges and houses 18 research institutes. As a Senior Military College, Texas A&M is one of six American public universities with a full-time, the U. S. Congress laid the groundwork for the establishment of Texas A&M in 1862 with the adoption of the Morrill Act. To promote the liberal and practical education of the classes in the several pursuits. In 1871, the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the states first public institution of higher education, Brazos County donated 2,416 acres near Bryan, Texas, for the schools campus. Enrollment began on October 2,1876, six students enrolled on the first day, and classes officially began on October 4,1876, with six faculty members. During the first semester, enrollment increased to 48 students, admission was limited to white males, and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training. Although traditional Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets campusologies indicate 40 students began classes on October 4,1876, enrollment climbed to 258 students before declining to 108 students in 1883, the year the University of Texas opened in Austin, Texas. In the late 1880s, many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and clamored for an end of Texas A. M. C
2.
Tradition
–
A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes, there are about 150 new traditions made each year. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways, one way tradition is used more simply, often in academic work but elsewhere also, is to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios and this tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories, of course whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature. Aside from this use in describing the quality of information, various scholarly fields define the term differently, for example, anthropology and biology have each defined tradition it more precisely than in conventional, as described below, in order to facilitate scholarly discourse. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the concept of traditionalism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form, for example, in the performance of traditional genres, adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performers own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, in response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio, the noun from the verb traderere or tradere, it was used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers. As with many other terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme, the stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated at some point, Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less natural than is presumed
3.
Aggie Bonfire
–
Aggie Bonfire was a long-standing annual tradition at Texas A&M University as part of the college rivalry with the University of Texas at Austin. For 90 years, Texas A&M students—known as Aggies—built and burned a bonfire on campus each autumn, known to the Aggie community simply as Bonfire, the annual autumn event symbolized Aggie students burning desire to beat the hell outta t. u. A derogatory nickname for the University of Texas, the bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with festivities surrounding the annual college football game. Although early bonfires were little more than piles of trash, as time passed the annual event became more organized, over the years the bonfire grew to an immense size, setting the world record in 1969. In 1999, the Bonfire collapsed during construction, killing people, eleven students and one former student. The accident led Texas A&M to declare a hiatus on an official Bonfire, however, since 2002, a student-sponsored coalition has constructed an annual unsanctioned, off-campus Student Bonfire in the spirit of its predecessor. The students of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, known as Aggies, the first on-campus Aggie Bonfire, a heap of trash and debris, was burned in 1909 to generate enthusiasm for a variety of sporting events. A decade later, the focus of the event narrowed to the rivalry game between Texas A&M and the University of Texas, held near Thanksgiving Day. Little information was recorded about the early Bonfires, the 1921 Texas A&M yearbook mentioned the final rally of the students before the game against Texas, six years later, the school yearbook published a photograph of the event. Freshmen were expected to build the early Bonfires to help prove their worth, for almost two decades, the students constructed Bonfire from debris and wood acquired through various, sometimes illicit, means, including appropriating lumber intended for a dormitory in 1912. In 1935, a reported that students carried off his entire barn as fuel for Bonfire. To prevent future incidents, the university made Bonfire a school-sanctioned event, the following year, for the first time, the school provided axes, saws, and trucks for the students and pointed them toward a grove of dead trees on the edge of town. During the 1940s, the paper described Bonfire as the greatest event of the football season. u. The Bonfire design changed in 1942, universal Studios, filming the movie Weve Never Been Licked on the Texas A&M Campus, built a bonfire as a prop for the movie. Their structure used a similar to a teepee, where all the logs rested against each other in a conical shape. The logs were placed at an angle between 23 and 30 degrees, giving it a vertical and horizontal resistance. This allowed Bonfire to grow from 25 feet tall to over 50 feet tall, subsequent Aggies adopted the new idea, and the teepee design became standard for Bonfires for the next twenty-five years. Beginning in 1952, the bonfires were constructed entirely from fresh-cut logs, the event suffered its first fatality in 1955, when a student was struck by a swerving car
4.
Texas Monthly
–
Texas Monthly is a monthly American magazine headquartered in Downtown Austin, Texas. Texas Monthly was founded in 1973 by Michael R. Levy and has published by Emmis Publishing, L. P. since 1998 and now owned by Genesis Park. Texas Monthly chronicles life in contemporary Texas, writing on politics, the environment, industry, the magazine also covers leisure topics such as music, art, dining, and travel. It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association, Texas Monthly has a paid circulation of 300,000 and it has a monthly readership of 2.5 million people—one out of seven Texan adults. Its audience comprises about a number of men and women. Texas Monthly takes as its premise that Texas began as a distinctive place and it is the self-appointed arbiter of all things culturally Texan, with past articles on Texas BBQ, the Texas Rangers, and Texas musicians. Texas Monthlys annual Bum Steer Awards poke fun at Texas politicians and policies, odd Texas-related news items, anna Nicole Smith was a perennial winner. Other Bum Steer Hall of Famers include Ross Perot, Tom DeLay and it releases biennial lists with explanations of the Ten Best and Ten Worst Texas state legislators. Since the establishment of the magazine, barbecue enthusiasts had been among the Texas Monthly staff, the magazines first article about barbecue in Texas was published in 1973. The magazine often ranks what it considers to be the best barbecue restaurants in Texas, calvin Trillin of The New Yorker said in 2008 that East Texas barbecue often did not interest the Austin-based staff of the Texas Monthly, who were more focused on Central Texas barbecue. It has its headquarters at 816 Congress Ave. in Downtown Austin and it occupies a 21,610 square feet area on the 17th floor of the building. As of 2011 it has about 80 employees, around 2009 the Texas Monthly headquarters moved to University Park, on the site of the former Concordia University. The headquarters was scheduled to move to its current location in Downtown Austin in the summer of 2011, previously the headquarters was in Suite 1600 of 701 Brazos in Downtown Austin. In the 1980s, Texas Monthly Press published such books as Goodbye to a River and Hank the Cowdog and authors such as Bud Shrake, Stephen Harrigan, gulf Publishing Company purchased Texas Monthly Press in 1989. Texas Monthly from the Handbook of Texas Online, official website Texas Monthly Mobile Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX
5.
Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets
–
The Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets is a student military organization at Texas A&M University. Established with the University in 1876, it is the oldest student organization on campus, approximately 53 percent of the members of the Cadet Corps receive a commission in the United States Armed Forces upon graduation. Under federal law, Texas A&M University is one of six U. S. colleges that are classified as senior military colleges. Though students at Texas A&M are technically required to participate in the Corps, the majority of incoming students are excused by the University Administration and the Commandant. Those who elect to join the Corps must participate in mandatory Reserve Officer Training Corps courses, the Corps of Cadets was founded in 1876 with the creation of The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, which was established as an all-male military college. Members of the Cadet Corps have served in every conflict fought by the United States since the Spanish–American War, during World War II, Texas A&M produced 20,229 Aggies who served in combat. Of those,14,123 were commissioned as officers, more than the total of the United States Naval Academy. For the schools first thirty-one years, through the 1907–08 academic year, early on, these were designated Infantry companies, but the Commandant ensured that Artillery training was included in the military instruction. The Aggie Band was organized in 1894 as a permanent institution within the Corps, in 1908, with enrollment over 570, a second battalion was added. As enrollment climbed, the Cadet Corps continued to grow to multiple battalions, the academic year 1916–17 saw the division of the Corps into two regiments. The following year, the two regiments had a total of six battalions composed of eighteen companies and a battery of field artillery, in 1918, enrollment surged to 1,284, almost a fifty percent increase over the previous year. In the 1919–20 school year, a Signal Corps battalion and a Mounted Cavalry battalion with one cavalry troop were added, an Air Service squadron with one company-sized flight was added in the 1920–21 school year. In the fall of 1923, the Cadet Corps, with a total of 2,091 cadets in twenty-three individual units, the Composite Regiment included the Cavalry, Field Artillery, Air Service and Signal Corps units. The Air Corps Squadron was phased out at the end of the 1927–28 school year. In the fall of 1928, with enrollment at 2,770 cadets, an Engineer Battalion was added, a fourth battalion, the Coast Artillery, was added to the Composite Regiment in the fall of 1933. The Cadet Corps enrollment hit a peak of 2,770 in 1928, but the Great Depression took its toll, and by the fall of 1932 enrollment had fallen to 2,001. But as the Depression waned and the U. S. involvement in the war imminent, enrollment climbed back to a pre-War total of over 6,500 in the fall of 1941. In 1935, swelling enrollment forced the formation of an Engineer Regiment and that same year, a Chemical Warfare Service Company was added to the Composite Regiment, and the following year a second company warranted the formation of a Chemical Warfare Service Battalion
6.
Fightin' Texas Aggie Band
–
The Fightin Texas Aggie Band is the official marching band of Texas A&M University. Composed of over 400 men and women from the schools Corps of Cadets, the bands complex straight-line marching maneuvers are performed exclusively to traditional marches. Since its inception in 1894, its members eat together, sleep in the same dormitories, the Aggie Band performs at all home football games, some away games, and university and Corps functions throughout the year. The Aggie Band owes its existence to Joseph Holick, in 1885, Holick and his brother Louis boarded an empty boxcar bound for Orange, Texas so that they could gain employment in a lumber mill. En route, the two stopped in Bryan, Texas, near the campus of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, ross requested Holick be stationed at the new military college to perform cobbler duties. Holick accepted the proposal and moved to work at Texas A&M, shortly after his arrival, the Commandants staff discovered his musical talents. They requested him to play the bugle for Corps functions and for US$65 a month, he was assigned to play Reveille and Taps. Because the new job paid more than his previous one. The commandant agreed and named Holick its first bandmaster, under his tutelage and the leadership of subsequent bandmasters, the band grew from 13 members at its inception in 1894 to 75 bandsmen in 1924. Early drum majors are credited with inspiring the bands name, the first student drum major, H. A. California Morse, was asked to leave the college due to fighting and this tradition of aggressiveness and physical combat was noted by band members, who then took to calling themselves the Fightin Texas Aggie Band. In 1924, Lieutenant Colonel Richard J. Dunn was appointed as bandmaster, as a former member of John Philip Sousas Marine Band and with 26 years of military band leadership experience, Dunn quickly instituted changes within the band. The first was to the position of bugler, whose duties had fallen to the bandmaster since 1894, when informed that he was expected to fill the role, Dunn told college officials, I have blown enough bugles. Someone else can blow the bugle calls, from then on, the Corps Bugler was chosen from the ranks of the Aggie Band. Dunn also instituted uniform changes which added white canvas to the band uniform, Dunn tried, to no avail, to rid the band of the Senior Boots, but this tradition was too well-established. Other additions included crossed white belts, later discarded in favor of a white Sam Browne belt, silver buckles, changes in the drills included the Block T, the bands signature, and such intricate designs which led to talk amongst fans about the band always winning halftime. Under Dunns experience, the band instituted some traditions that the university uses to the present, in 1925, Marvin H. Mimms wrote the lyrics for an alma mater for the school. Dunn, who found the Aggie War Hymn inappropriate for social functions and solemn occasions, wrote its accompanying music and presented it to the student body titled Spirit of Aggieland
7.
Marching band
–
A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, and prepare for a competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass instruments, woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, most marching bands wear some kind of uniform that includes the school or organizations colors, name or symbol. Most high school marching bands are accompanied by a colorguard, a group of performers, Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform concerts that implement many songs, traditions. Band is a term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and it evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged. As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield and this intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band, Bands that march in formation are often ordered to dress their ranks and cover down your file. They may be called to attention, and given such as about face. Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms, in the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. The oldest American college marching band, the Notre Dame Marching Band, was founded in 1845 first performed at a game in 1887. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century associated with military ROTC programs. Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a V formation, the first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the time as the field show. University fight songs are closely associated with a universitys band. Boston College claims the first fight song, For Boston, many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines and these bands are said to be corps-style bands
8.
American football
–
The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
9.
Aggie Yell Leaders
–
The Aggie Yell Leaders are a group of Texas A&M University students that lead Aggie fans in a series of yells during athletic events or other school events. The Yell Leaders are composed of five students who are elected annually by popular vote of the student body, the Yell Leaders use a variety of hand signals, called pass-backs, to direct and intensify the crowds. Notable former Aggie Yell Leaders include former Texas Governor Rick Perry, trauma surgeon Dr. Red Duke, the Yell Leader tradition dates to 1907. According to A&M lore, the Aggies were being soundly defeated, the upperclassmen ordered the freshmen to find a way to keep the women entertained. Several freshmen sneaked into a closet and changed into white coveralls. They then began leading the crowd in yells and telling jokes from the track in front of the stands and it was an instant hit and was quickly incorporated into the gameday repertoire for the Aggies. However, the became a little too popular with the ladies. While usually a position held by members of the Corps of Cadets, ricky Wood, class of 2001, became the first non-corps Head Yell Leader in 2000–2001. In the early 1990s, the student body elected its first African American yell leader, Ronnie McDonald, in 1999, McDonald became the youngest African American to become a county judge in the history of Texas. Class of 2002, became the second African American yell leader, in another exception, neither was a member of the Corps of Cadets. The Aggie Yell Leaders are composed of three seniors and two juniors, with one designated as Head Yell Leader. They are elected annually, making A&M one of the few schools that still elects spirit leaders, sometimes, more than twice as many students vote for yell leader candidates than vote in the Student Body President elections. Traditionally, the Yell Leaders are members of the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets in keeping with A&Ms military history, the first non-reg elected as Yell Leader was John David Garner, class of 1961. Although women have campaigned for Yell Leader at the main Texas A&M campus in College Station, in 2005, however, a female was elected as Junior Yell Leader at Texas A&M University at Galveston, which is an extension school of the main campus in College Station. NCAA rules prevent the Yell Leaders from participating in athletic practices, the Yell Leaders attend all home and away football games, all home basketball games, some away basketball games, and selected home and away games for other sporting events. Some commentators note that, at schools, cheerleaders, including the Head Cheerleader. Besides their game-day duties, the Aggie Yell leaders are the Masters of Ceremonies at the Aggie pep-rally-type event known as Midnight Yell. This event is held the night before a game, at midnight
10.
Midnight Yell Practice
–
Midnight Yell Practice, known locally as Midnight Yell or Yell Practice, is a tradition at Texas A&M University. Midnight Yell is similar to a pep rally, at midnight on the night before an away game Midnight Yell is held in or near the opponents city. Besides exciting the crowd, Midnight Yell introduces the student body to any new yells, All yell practices are led by the Yell Leaders, a set of five students who are elected to one-year terms by the student body. Yell Practice began in 1913, while A&M was still a military school. Several companies would gather together to learn heartily the old time pep, the first Midnight Yell was held in 1932. Two freshmen asked the senior Yell Leaders to hold a midnight practice so that students would be motivated for the football game against archrival Texas Longhorns. The Yell Leaders said that while they liked the idea, they couldnt authorize a Yell Practice at that hour, however, they said that they just might show up at the campus YMCA Building that evening around midnight. The Fightin Texas Aggie Band met them at the YMCA, the cadets used railroad flares to light the event, and a tradition was born. Since that first Midnight Yell, the event has held on the night before each home football game. The Fightin Texas Aggie Band and the five Yell Leaders lead a parade from the Quadrangle, students and alumni line the route from the Quadrangle to Kyle Field, falling into line once those in front of them have passed. Students and alumni gather in the student section of the stands, at midnight, the yell practice begins. The Corps Juniors used to guard Kyle Field all night against students from other schools who may try to pull pranks the night before the game. This job has since taken over by University Police but only the Corps Juniors are allowed to stand on the track around the Field in recognition of this tradition. In a departure from their starched white game-day uniforms, at Midnight Yell the Yell Leaders typically wear painted denim overalls, with the senior Yell Leaders looking on, the junior Yell Leaders assemble at midfield and begin doing pushups. The pushups last for nine minutes. When the juniors are finished, Reveille, the Texas A&M mascot, is escorted onto the field, the five Yell Leaders then arrange themselves in front of the stands and begin leading the yells. All yells are coordinated using hand signals, when the yell is ready to begin, the head Yell Leader gives a signal and the crowd humps it, with every person leaning forward to maximize the volume of their voices. During the Yell Practice the crowd, which generally numbers 20,000 to 25,000 people, is led in the yells
11.
12th man (football)
–
The 12th man or 12th player is a term for fans of teams in eleven-a-side sports games, particularly American football or association football. Infrequently, the term has referred to individuals having a connection to their football team. In Canadian football,12 players are usually on the field at one time, similarly, in Australian rules football,18 players are on the field and the fans are often referred to as the 19th man. The term has a different meaning in cricket, referring instead to the first substitute player who fields when a member of the side is injured. The presence of fans can have a impact on how the teams perform. Namely, the team fans would like to see their team win the game. Noises are made by shouting, whistling, stomping and various other techniques, sometimes, the sideline is also referred to as the 12th man or 12th defender. Since a player is considered down when he out of bounds. This usage is less common than the one referring to the fans, the term can also be construed as implying that the referee is not impartial. Later, in the November 1912 edition of The Iowa Alumnus, McGowan described the 1903 game between Iowa and the University of Illinois. In his article, titled The Twelfth Player McGowan wrote, The eleven men had done their best, an early reference to the numerical 12th Man term occurred at the 1922 Dixie Classic, featuring Centre College and The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. During the game, A&M coach Dana X, bible realized that one more injury would leave him without another backfield player to send into the game. Bible sent for Gill and asked for him to suit up, Gill later said, I wish I could say that I went in and ran for the winning touchdown, but I did not. I simply stood by in case my team needed me, although he did not actually play in the game, his readiness to play was noted. Other individuals have occasionally been labeled by media as the Twelfth Man of their team. As it turned out it was not Mesko but George Larsen of Cranford and it was he who, midway through the fourth period that tingling afternoon, left the other 55,999 spectators in their seats to assist the Dartmouth Indians in a determined goal-line stand. It was he who lined up with the Hanoverians on the two yard stripe and prevented Jack White from scoring - and White boasted interference from the likes of Johnny Weller and Homer Spofford. It was the twelfth man who, though escorted unceremoniously off the field and out of the stadium without further ado
12.
Reveille (dog)
–
Reveille is the official mascot of Texas A&M University. Students adopted the first Reveille, a dog, in 1931. The cadets raised $100 during World War II to make Reveille a general, Reveille is the highest-ranking member of the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets. Eight years after the first Reveille died, a graduate of the university donated a Shetland Sheepdog to be the second official Aggie mascot, the third Reveille was the first to be a purebred Rough Collie, all subsequent mascots have belonged to this breed. Reveille IV, V, VI, and VII died in 1989,1999,2003, Reveille VIII served from August 2008 until her retirement in 2015. The current mascot, Reveille IX, assumed her role as mascot on May 9,2015 during the Corps of Cadets Final Review, all Reveilles to date have been female. When they die, the Reveilles are buried in a cemetery located outside the north end of Kyle Field. The bodies are laid facing the end zone and the scoreboard. Reveille I In January 1931, several members of the Fightin Texas Aggie Band were returning from a party in nearby Navasota, Texas when they hit a small black. They brought the dog with them, and smuggled her into Legett Hall, the next morning, her presence was made apparent when Reveille was blown by a bugler and the dog began barking, hence Reveille became her name. Although it was against the rules to keep pets in the dorms, during the opening of football season, Reveille was named official mascot when she led the band onto Kyle Field for a half-time performance. She would wear a jacket with A&M colors and pace the sidelines during games. Due to the quantity of officers and soldiers Texas A&M contributed to the US Armed Forces in World War II, since that time, Reveille has worn the rank of Cadet General. Since 5 diamonds are not manufactured, cadets align Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, Reveille II Reveille II was the second official Aggie mascot. Eight years after the first Reveille died, the student body attempted to raise money to purchase a new mascot, after they failed to raise enough, Arthur Weinert, a graduate of the Class of 1900, donated a Shetland Sheepdog to the students in 1952. Named Reveille II, the new mascot was cared for by the Fightin Texas Aggie Band from 1952-1954. During the summer of 1954, a student found Reveille II wandering loose around campus and he and a classmate cared for her and then took her home with them for the rest of the summer. During the fall semester, she lived with one of the students, Sam Netterville, the university at the time refused to pay for the mascots care
13.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
14.
History of Texas A&M University
–
Classes began on October 4,1876. In 1875, the Legislature separated the administrations of A&M and the University of Texas, the Agricultural and Mechanical College formally opened on Oct.4,1876. For much of its first century, enrollment at Texas A&M was restricted to men who were willing to participate in the Corps of Cadets. During this time, a number of women were allowed to attend classes. During World War I, 49% of A&M graduates were in service, and in 1918. During World War II, Texas A&M produced over 20,000 combat troops, in the 1960s, the state legislature renamed the school Texas A&M University, with the A&M becoming purely symbolic. Under the leadership of James Earl Rudder, the school became racially integrated, membership in the Corps of Cadets became voluntary. In the second half of the 20th century, the university was recognized for its research with the designations sea-grant university, the school was further honored in 1997 with the establishment of the George Bush Presidential Library on the western edge of the campus. States were granted lands to be sold at auctions to establish a permanent fund to support the schools. Both the Republic of Texas and the Texas State Legislature also set aside lands for a future college. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, known as Texas A. M. C. was established by the legislature on April 17,1871 as the states first public institution of higher education. A committee tasked with finding a home for the new college chose Brazos County, jefferson Davis, former President of the Confederate States of America, was offered the presidency of the college but turned it down. The college officially opened on October 4,1876 with six professors, forty students were present on the first day of classes, but by the end of the school year the number had grown to 106 students. Only men were admitted, and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets, the campus bore minimal resemblance to its modern counterpart. Wild animals roamed freely around the campus, and the served as a meeting point for the Great Western Cattle Trail. Despite its name, the college taught no classes in agriculture, instead concentrating on studies, languages, literature. After four years, students could attain degrees in agriculture, civil and mining engineering. Local farmers complained that the college was abusing its mission, and, in November 1879, during these early years, student life was molded by the Corps of Cadets
15.
Virginia Tech
–
Through its Corps of Cadets ROTC program, Virginia Tech is also designated as one of six senior military colleges in the country. Under the 1891–1907 presidency of John M. McBryde, the school organized its academic programs into a traditional four-year college, the evolution of the schools programs led to a name change in 1896 to Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute. The Agricultural and Mechanical College portion of the name was popularly omitted almost immediately, in 1944, in 1923, VPI changed a policy of compulsory participation in the Corps of Cadets from four years to two years. In 1931, VPI began teaching classes at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and this program eventually developed into a two-year engineering program that allowed students to transfer to VPI for their final two years of degree work. In 1943, VPI merged with nearby Radford State Teachers College, which became VPIs womens division, today, Radford University enrolls more than 9,900 students and offers more than 150 undergraduate and graduate programs. During Hahns tenure, not only did the university graduate its first Rhodes Scholar, lewis, Class of 1963, the requirement for male students to participate in the Corps of Cadets for two years was dropped. Beginning in the fall 1973, women could participate in the corps, in 1970, the state legislature allowed VPI university status and gave it the present legal name, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. However, diplomas and transcripts still spell out the formal name, similarly, the abbreviation VT is far more common today than either VPI or VPI&SU. The early decades of this century have seen expansion across the universitys institutions in both physical and population sizes, former President Charles Steger brought Virginia Tech an allopathic medical school in 2007. The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute was created with a partnership with the Carilion Clinic. These years also brought about the development of the universitys professional schools of graduate education. Virginia Tech brought in over a half-billion in research expenditures in 2014, on April 16,2007, Virginia Tech student Seung-Hui Cho fatally shot 32 faculty members and students, wounding 17 others before killing himself on campus. The massacre is the deadliest mass shooting on a college campus, although it was at the time the deadliest mass shooting committed by a lone gunman in U. S. history, it has since been surpassed by the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting. These colleges/schools include, Virginia Tech received a number of nearly 22,500 applications for the fall 2015 freshman class. The typical student offered admission had a grade point average of 4.00. The average cumulative SAT score was 1250, with a middle range ranging from 1160 to 1340, of the 5,518 students who accepted the offers of admission,18 percent accepted under the Early Decision Plan. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions is located within the Visitor and Undergraduate Admissions Center, once admitted, Honors students are required to maintain a 3.5 GPA in order to remain in the program. For the 2013–14 academic year, the Graduate School at Virginia Tech enrolled 6,723 graduate students in its masters, the Pamplin College of Business, received 381 applications for its incoming Evening MBA program, and offered admission to 142
16.
United States Secretary of Defense
–
The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
17.
Robert Gates
–
Robert Michael Bob Gates is an American statesman, scholar, and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was recruited by the CIA. Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, after leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support, in a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the years most influential people. In 2008, Gates was named one of Americas Best Leaders by U. S. News & World Report and he continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obamas administration. Hell be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy, Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony. According to a Washington Post book review, he is considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era. Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult. He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961, Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSAs National Honor Society. Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, at his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man. Gates then received an M. A. in history from Indiana University in 1966 and he completed his Ph. D. in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary and he married his wife Becky on January 7,1967. While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, on January 4,1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship. After fulfilling his obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst. Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council and he returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, according to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored reality
18.
The Pentagon
–
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. As a symbol of the U. S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U. S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon was designed by American architect George Bergstrom, and built by general contractor John McShain of Philadelphia. Ground was broken for construction on September 11,1941, General Brehon Somervell provided the major motive power behind the project, Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U. S. Army. The Pentagon is one of the worlds largest office buildings, with about 6,500,000 sq ft, approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi of corridors. It was the first significant foreign attack on Washingtons governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British, when World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded, Stimson told U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On July 17,1941, a hearing took place, organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum. Reybold agreed to back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, the requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agricultures Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, the site originally chosen was Arlington Farms which had a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon. Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D. C. from Arlington Cemetery, the building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modified into a pentagon which resembled the star forts of the gunpowder age. While the project went through the process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. and Doyle and Russell. In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres, which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million. The Hells Bottom neighborhood, a slum with numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, Later 300 acres of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres for the Pentagon. Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were finalized with McShain and the contractors on September 11
19.
Texas Christian University
–
Texas Christian University is a private, coeducational university in Fort Worth, Texas established in 1873 by Addison & Randolph Clark as the AddRan Male & Female College. The campus is located on 272 acres about three miles from downtown Fort Worth, TCU is affiliated with, but not governed by, the Disciples of Christ. The university consists of 8 constituent colleges and schools and has a liberal arts curriculum. Its mascot is the frog, the state reptile of Texas. For most varsity sports TCU competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAAs Division I, the university enrolls around 10,394, with 8,892 being undergraduates. As of February 2016, TCUs total endowment was $1.514 billion, Texas Christian University was founded by East Texas brothers Addison & Randolph Clark, together with the support of their father Joseph A. Clark. The Clarks were scholar-preacher/teachers associated with the Restoration Movement and these early leaders of the Restoration Movement were the spiritual ancestors of the modern Disciples of Christ, as well as major proponents of education. Following their return from service in the Civil War, brothers Addison and this school, known as the Male & Female Seminary of Fort Worth, operated from 1869 to 1874. Both Clarks nourished a vision for an institution of education that would be Christian in character. They purchased five blocks of land in downtown Fort Worth in 1869 for that purpose, but from 1867–1872, the character of Fort Worth changed substantially due to the commercial influence of the Chisholm Trail, the principal route for moving Texas cattle to the Kansas rail heads. A huge influx of cattle, men, and money transformed the frontier village into a booming, brawling cowtown. Its rough and rowdy reputation had, by 1872, acquired it the nickname of Hells Half Acre, the Clarks feared that this negative environment undermined the fledgling universitys mission. In 1873 the Clark brothers moved South and founded AddRan Male & Female College, TCU recognizes 1873 as its founding year, as it continues to preserve the original college through the AddRan College of Liberal Arts. AddRan College was one of the first coeducational institutions of higher education west of the Mississippi River, and this was a progressive step at a time when only 15% of the national college enrollment was female and almost all were enrolled at womens colleges. At Thorp Spring the fledgling university expanded quickly, the inaugural enrollment in Fall 1873 was 13 students, though this number rose to 123 by the end of the first term. Shortly thereafter, annual enrollment ranged from 200 to 400, at one time more than 100 counties of Texas were represented in the student body. The Clark brothers also recruited prestigious professors from all over the South to join them at Thorp Spring, the standards of the school and the efficiency of its work came to be recognized throughout the United States, and many graduates were welcomed at universities throughout the country. In 1889 AddRan College formed a partnership with what would become the Christian Church
20.
TCU Horned Frogs
–
The TCU Horned Frogs are the athletic teams that represent Texas Christian University, consisting of 18 varsity teams. The horned frog nickname and mascot refer to the Texas horned lizard, the teams participate in the NCAA Division I and in the Football Bowl Subdivision for football competing in the Big 12 Conference. On October 10,2011, TCU announced that it had accepted an invitation to join the Big 12 Conference, the Horned Frogs, without a conference to call home after 72 years, joined the Western Athletic Conference, along with SMU and Rice. TCU called the WAC home from 1996 through 2000, in 2001, TCU joined Conference USA and remained there through 2004. TCU joined the Mountain West Conference in 2005, † = Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which had its first national championship in the spring of 2016. The return of prominence of TCU football began under the watch of Dennis Franchione when TCU defeated the Trojans of USC in the 1998 Sun Bowl. From 1939, the year after TCUs last national championship, to 1997, in those 67 years, TCU won 6 Southwest Conference titles and attended 11 bowl games winning only one of those games. Since 1998, TCU has amassed a record of 79–30, in four of the last five years, the Horned Frogs have won at least 10 games in a season, and won 11 games in three of the last four. During this period TCU has won games against Louisville, Oklahoma, Texas Tech, Utah, from 1998 to 2006, TCU has attended 8 bowl games, winning five of them. The record of TCU in bowl games as of 2006 is 9–13–1, TCU also claims two national championships from 1935 and 1938. TCU has 41 1st team All-Americans, listed at TCU Horned Frogs football, TCU have achieved success under numerous coaches including Matty Bell, L. D. Dutch Meyer, Abe Martin, Dennis Franchione, and current coach Gary Patterson, Gary Patterson received nine National Coach of the Year honors in 2009. Coaches Matthews, Baugh, OBrien, Aldrich, Lester, Swink, Lilly, Baugh and Lilly are also members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The TCU Football team plays its games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, the stadium opened in 1930 and has a capacity of 44,008. On December 5,2010 the west wing of the Amon G. Carter Stadium was imploded in order accommodate 24 suites, including six Founders suites on the lower level, total cost of the renovation of Amon G. Carter Stadium is $105 million. TCU has fielded a team since 1896, before the school found its home in Fort Worth. The Horned Frog baseball team began playing baseball in the Southwest Conference when it became a member of the conference in 1923 and that year they finished the year with a 13–11 overall record and a 2–10 conference record. In 1933 Dutch Meyer, also the coach of the football team, during the rest of their time in the SWC, the Frogs would win 6 more regular-season SWC baseball titles
21.
Southwest Conference
–
The Southwest Conference was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996. Composed primarily of schools from Texas, at times the conference included schools from Oklahoma. After a long period of stability, Arkansas left in 1991 to join the Southeastern Conference, by March 1,1914 a number of schools had responded favorably to the idea. The first organizational meeting of the conference was set to be held on April 30,1914, the date was changed because representatives from every school could not make it then. It was ultimately held on May 5 and 7,1914 at the Oriental Hotel in Dallas, Texas and it was chaired by L. Theo Bellmont. Originally, Bellmont wanted Louisiana State University and the University of Mississippi to join the conference as well, the Southwest Intercollegiate Athletic Conference became an official body on December 8,1914, at a formal meeting at the Rice Hotel in Houston. Rice University left the conference in 1916, only to re-join in 1918, phillips University was a conference member for one year. Oklahoma left in 1919 to join the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association, however, the series between Texas and Oklahoma would continue as a non-conference matchup in the annual Red River Rivalry game held in Dallas. From 1925 until 1991, the University of Arkansas would be the only member not located within the state of Texas. By 1925, the name was shortened to simply Southwest Conference. After its organizational years, the conference settled into regularly scheduled meetings among its members, the SWC would be guided by seven commissioners, the first of whom, P. W. St. Clair, was appointed in 1938. In 1940, the conference took control of the then five-year-old Cotton Bowl Classic, Texas Technological College joined the SWC in 1958, followed by the University of Houston for the 1976 season. The conference celebrated its glory years in the 1960s, dominated by two teams, Texas and Arkansas. Texas won the 1963 National Championship, and Arkansas won a National Championship in 1964 in the Football Writers Association of America, in 1969, Texas won another National Championship by beating #2-ranked Arkansas 15-14 in the regular seasons final game. The 1969 Arkansas-Texas game in Fayetteville, Arkansas, attended by President Richard Nixon, is counted among the greatest college football games ever played. Texas also won the 1970 United Press International National Championship, which until 1974 was awarded prior to the bowl games, opponents usually were the runners-up from the Big 8 Conference or the Southeastern Conference, although independents Penn State and Notre Dame were also often featured. From the 1940s onward, the Cotton Bowl Classic was counted among the four bowl games. However, in the 1990s, the game declined in importance, in 1977, Notre Dame became the last team to win a national championship in the Cotton Bowl Classic by beating Texas in the January 1978 game
22.
Kickoff (gridiron football)
–
A kickoff is a method of starting a drive in American football and Canadian football. Typically, a kickoff consists of one team – the kicking team – kicking the ball to the opposing team – the receiving team, kickoffs take place at the start of each half of play, the beginning of overtime in some overtime formats, and after some scoring plays. Additionally, penalties exist for various such as a player violating his position restrictions prior to the kick. A kickoff occurs at the start of each half and before each overtime and it is also traditionally decided by a coin toss at the beginning of each game carried out by the referee. The visiting team captain calls heads or tails. The winner of the coin toss elects whether to take first choice in the first half or the second half, the captain with first choice then picks either a team to kick off or an end of the field to defend. The other captain chooses the remaining option, at the beginning of the second half, the two captains choose in the reverse order. If an overtime is required, another coin toss takes place to decide who gets first possession during the overtime, after a touchdown the scoring team kicks the ball off to the opposing team. The NFL has a rule for after a team scores safety that is not in place in any other form of gridiron football. The team that scored the safety is awarded possession of the ball. The team that gave up the safety is required to kick the ball off from its own line, referred to as a free kick. Although this is not a requirement, most teams choose to punt the ball on the free kick, the same rules apply as on a normal kickoff, whereas the ball is a live ball if it travels at least ten yards without the receiving team fielding it. The line where the ball is placed for kickoff varies among the rule books, for the 2016 season only, the Ivy League will place the ball on the 40-yard line in conference games. All players on the team except the kicker must not cross the line at which the ball is placed until the ball is kicked. The receiving team must stay behind the line that is 10 yards from where the ball is placed. The ball can be fielded by the team at any point after it has been kicked. In American football touchback and fair catch rules apply to the kicked ball, if it is fielded by the kicking team, it is called an onside kick. A low, bouncing kick is called a squib kick and it is usually done when a team takes the lead in the final seconds, and is done to safely run out the remainder of the clock
23.
The Association of Former Students
–
The Association of Former Students is the official alumni association of Texas A&M University and operates as a 501 organization. The Association recognizes over 640,000 people as part of the Aggie Network, the Association was established on June 26,1879, when 11 former cadets hosted a reception in Houston initiating the first formal organization of A&M former students. In 1888, the Ex-Cadets Association was reorganized to form the Alumni Association, cushing founded Alpha Phi to work for the upbuilding of the college. Cushing chose to contact all 3,000 former students of the college, as a result, the term former student is used in lieu of alumnus or ex-Aggie. A coalition was formed between the A&M Alumni Association and Alpha Phi Fraternity in 1919 to form “The Association of Former Students. ”Lacking a permanent location on the A&M campus, the Alumni Association created a fundraising campaign to erect a YMCA-Alumni Memorial Building in 1910. Although this building was dedicated on February 15,1915, the Y never was home to the Alumni Association, instead, the Alumni Association forfeited the building to Texas A&M to provide space for the campuss growth. In 1987, The Association constructed its first free-standing building, the Clayton W. Williams, Jr. Alumni Center, from 1947 to 1964, Dick Hervey was the executive secretary of the association. Under his leadership, the first computerized database, the university archives, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award, Hervey was also the mayor of College Station from 1971 to 1974. In 2008, the Alumni Center was enhanced to use the facility as an exhibit of the “powerful story of Texas A&M. The building was rededicated in the fall of 2009, the newly remodeled building houses six interactive exhibits, Traditions, Spirit, Muster, Memories, Legacy and Network. Each exhibit allows the visitor to experience different aspects of what it is like to be an Aggie, the Clayton W. Williams, Jr. Alumni Center is open to the public Monday-Friday from 7,30 a. m. to 5,30 p. m. On Saturdays, the building is open from 10,00 a. m. to 2,00 p. m and these hours may be extended due to events held at the Alumni Center or at Texas A&M University. In addition, the Alumni Center features a giant replica of the Aggie Ring, which is modeled after the 1946 Aggie Ring of Bill Haynes 46, the surrounding area around the Ring replica is called Haynes Ring Plaza. The replica ring is 12 feet tall, aggieNetwork. com is also home to ‘Find an Aggie’ which allow Aggies all over the world to connect with other Aggies. Through generous donations from students and friends of the Aggie Network. In 2012, The Association provided an impact of $7.2 million to Texas A&M to be used for scholarships, awards, activities, and enrichment for students, faculty and staff. Half of the money was given back to Texas A&M in cash support to fund over 100 individual projects in areas that had been identified by the Texas A&M University president. Additionally, academic colleges and administrative divisions received some funding, each year, The Associations Board of Directors review the funding requests for approval
24.
Dixie Chicken (bar)
–
The Dixie Chicken, also known as The Chicken, is a bar located in College Station, Texas, directly across the street from the Texas A&M University campus. The Dixie Chicken claims to serve the most beer per square foot of any bar in the United States, “One of the most recognizable restaurants in College Station, ” the Dixie Chicken is known as Texas A&Ms favorite local watering hole. The Dixie Chicken is the oldest and most famous bar in the Northgate district, has a live rattlesnake on the premises, the Dixie Chicken was founded by local businessmen Don Anz and Don Ganter. Anz had rented a hall, the Aggie Den, directly across the street from the Texas A&M University campus. The two businessmen invested about $7,000 to convert the hall into a bar. The two renamed the facility the Dixie Chicken, taken from the album of the name by band Little Feat. In a 2014 article, ESPN writer Scott Eden described the bar, on the inside, its pure Texas, with outlaw country on an infinite loop and Lone Star longnecks sliding down the bars, not to mention photos of old Bonfires all over the walls. The bar opened on June 15,1974 and it soon became a favored hangout of Texas A&M students and aspiring singers Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett. The two often brought their guitars to the bar and played concerts on the back porch. In the beginning, they were kicked out of the bar, but as their playing improved. The bar was the inspiration for the unofficial Texas A&M Tradition of ring dunking, in the late 1970s a student dropped his brand-new Aggie ring in a pitcher of beer. He was challenged by a friend to drink the pitcher to retrieve the ring and this spread to become a widespread practice among Texas A&M seniors. Due to changes in Texas laws, by 2005 instead of pitchers, Ring Dunking elsewhere, however, remains unregulated. The Dixie Chicken was expanded in 1981, and in the mid-2000s an additional porch was added, the decor has changed only minimally. Ganter died in 2004, just days after the Dixie Chicken had its 30th anniversary and his daughters, Katy Jackson and Jennifer Ganter, now run the bar. In 2014, the Dixie Chicken celebrated its 40th anniversary, making it the oldest bar in the Northgate, in April 2006, the Dixie Chicken was named College Bar of the Month in Playboy. Complex. com named it the Number 1 Best College Campus Bars in 2013, notable customers have included United States Senator John McCain and the former president of Panama, Martín Torrijos. In his comments to the Texas A&M graduating class of Fall 2008, President George W. Bush stated that, Back in my day, I think I would have enjoyed dunk my ring
25.
Muster (Texas A&M University)
–
Muster officially began on April 21,1903, as a day for remembrance of fellow Aggies. Muster ceremonies today take place in approximately 320 locations globally, the largest muster ceremony occurs in Reed Arena, on the Texas A&M campus. The Roll Call for the Absent commemorates Aggies, alumni and current students, Aggies light candles, and friends and families of Aggies who died that year answer “here” when the name of their loved one is “called”. Campus muster also serves as a 50th-year class reunion for the graduating class. Some non-campus muster ceremonies do not include the pageantry of the campus ceremony, on June 26,1883, alumni of Texas A&M University gathered together to live over again their college days, the victories and defeats won and lost upon the drill field and in the classroom. The same year, the Ex-Cadets Association established the Roll Call for the Absent, the event grew into a loosely organized annual tradition, but did not have a permanent date set aside until several decades later, when it merged with a different tradition. In 1889, Texas A&M administrators declared that April 21 would be a school holiday. Each year on San Jacinto Day, the cadets would have a track, in 1903, then-A&M President Davis Houston encountered much student resistance to the idea of cancelling the holiday. Houston agreed to retain the holiday as long as the promised to use it for constructive purposes. Beginning April 21,1903, the tradition of Aggie Muster merged with the Texas Independence celebration, featuring events and banquets to honor alumni. For the next 15 years, the event would occur unchanged as a day of play, celebration, in the early 1920s, as Aggies returned from the war and settled throughout Texas, regional A&M clubs formed to reunite alumni. With the proliferation of groups, the Muster tradition began to have a more formal atmosphere. In 1923, the student radio station WTAW broadcast a program for over two dozen Aggie groups who had gathered at points across Texas. The March 1923 Texas Aggie urged, If there is an A&M man in one-hundred miles of you, you are expected to get together, eat a little, and live over the days you spent at the A&M College of Texas. The tradition of reading aloud the roll call of the began in 1924. The following year,23 alumni were added to the roll call, the most well-known Aggie Muster took place during World War II in 1942 on the Philippine island of Corregidor. At this time, Corregidor was the last American stronghold against the Japanese forces in the Philippines, an estimated 1.8 million pounds of shells pounded the island in one five-hour stretch. The American artillery commander on Corregidor was Brigadier General George F. Moore, with the help of Major Tom Dooley, class of 1935, Moore gathered the names of 25 other Aggies under his command
26.
Reed Arena
–
Reed Arena is a sports arena and entertainment venue located at the corner of Olsen Boulevard and Kimbrough Boulevard in College Station, Texas. The building replaced the G. Rollie White Coliseum, and is named for Dr, & Mrs. Chester J. Reed, a 1947 A&M graduate whose donations made the new arena possible. In 2005, Reed Arena served as the site of mens and womens first round NIT games, as the men played Clemson and the women played Tulsa. In recent years, Reed Arena has gained a reputation as one of the most hostile arenas in the nation, Reed Arena first opened its doors in 1998 as a member of Texas A&M Special Event Facilities. The arena was named after its primary donor Chester Reed, Texas A&M Class of 1947, the building hosts many official functions for Texas A&M University. With enough indoor seating capacity for 12,500 guests, the arena makes an ideal location for the graduation ceremonies, freshmen convocation. While in the stages, Chester Reed donated an operations endowment to help run the building during its first five years. However, due to initial over-estimating of revenue and budget shortfalls during construction, for all of these reasons mentioned above, Reed Arena cannot just focus on basketball and other university events. As a necessary function, the Arena has developed pipelines of support from a multitude of different stakeholders and events that operate both within the local community and internationally. The $36 million Reed Arena was designed by the Houston firm Lockwood, Andrews, the arena has seats for 12,989 fans, while an additional 2,000 people can be accommodated on the main floor for concerts. Reed Arena is able to provide group accommodations on many different levels, events can greatly vary in size, the Arena can accommodate an event involving thousands of patrons or a small meeting that contains only 15 participants on any given day. The arena floor contains 25,000 square feet of column-free space and this figure almost doubles the space any other building in the Bryan/College Station area. The second floor contains four 1,200 square feet rooms, the lower level of the arena also contains a 7,500 square feet multi-purpose room, a full-service commercial kitchen, and numerous types of dressing rooms. The arena is surrounded by four parking lots, which hold a combined 1500 cars, generally event parking costs between $5. On February 2,2007, the A&M System Board of Regents approved a plan, increasing the size of the facility to 69,400 square feet. 12 largest mens basketball crowds, Reed Arena Reed Arena Event Search Reed Arena - AggieAthletics. com Reed Rowdies Cox-McFerrin Center ground breaking announcement
27.
Houston Chronicle
–
The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. As of April 2016, it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, with its 1995 buy-out of long-time rival the Houston Post, the Chronicle became Houstons primary newspaper. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily paper owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, the paper employs nearly 2,000 people, including approximately 300 journalists, editors, and photographers. The Chronicle has bureaus in Washington, D. C. and it reports that its web site averages 125 million page views per month. The publication serves as the newspaper of record of the Houston area, previously headquartered in the Houston Chronicle Building at 801 Texas Avenue, Downtown Houston, the Houston Chronicle is now located at 4747 Southwest Freeway. From its inception, the practices and policies of the Houston Chronicle were shaped by strong-willed personalities who were the publishers, the history of the newspaper can be best understood when divided into the eras of these individuals. The Houston Chronicle was founded in 1901 by a reporter for the now-defunct Houston Post. The Chronicles first edition was published on October 14,1901, at the end of its first month in operation, the Chronicle had a circulation of 4,378 — roughly one tenth of the population of Houston at the time. Within the first year of operation, the paper purchased and consolidated the Daily Herald, in 1908, Foster asked Jesse H. Jones agreed, and the resulting Chronicle Building was one of the finest in the South. Under Foster, the circulation grew from about 7,000 in 1901 to 75,000 on weekdays and 85,000 on Sundays by 1926. Foster continued to write columns under the pen name Mefo, and he sold the rest of his interest to Jesse H. Jones on June 26,1926 and promptly retired. In 1911, City Editor George Kepple started Goodfellows, on a Christmas Eve in 1911, Kepple passed a hat among the Chronicles reporters to collect money to buy toys for a shoe-shine boy. Goodfellows continues today through donations made by the newspaper and its readers and it has grown into a city-wide program that provides needy children between the ages of two and ten with toys during the winter holidays. In 2003, Goodfellows distributed almost 250,000 toys to more than 100,000 needy children in the Greater Houston area, in 1926, Jesse H. Jones became the sole owner of the paper. He had approached Foster about selling, and Foster had answered and he replied, On real estate and everything about 200,000 dollars. I then said to him that I would give him 300,000 dollars in cash, having in mind that this would pay his debts, I considered the offer substantially more than the Chronicle was worth at the time. No sooner had I finished stating my proposition than he said, I will take it, in 1937, Jesse H. Jones transferred ownership of the paper to the newly established Houston Endowment Inc. Jones retained the title of publisher until his death in 1956. As such, it eschewed controversial political topics, such as integration or the impacts of economic growth on life in the city
28.
Campus of Texas A&M University
–
The campus of Texas A&M University, also known as Aggieland, is situated in College Station, Texas, United States. Texas A&M is centrally located within 200 miles of three of the 10 largest cities in the United States and 75% of the Texas and Louisiana populations. Aggielands major roadway is State Highway 6, and several state highways. The campus is bisected by a set of railroad tracks operated by Union Pacific Railroad. The area east of the tracks is known as Main Campus and includes many of the academic buildings, the Memorial Student Center, Kyle Field. The area of West Campus along Kimbrough Boulevard is known as Research Park, the legislature provided $75,000 for the construction of buildings at the new school. A committee tasked with finding a home for the new college chose Brazos County, the college officially opened on October 4,1876, with six professors. Livestock roamed freely but cautiously, and the served as a meeting point for the Great Western Cattle Trail. The first building to be placed on campus was known as Old Main, a stately, semi-classic building four stories in height, Old Main housed all the activities of the college for the first ten years of the schools existence. In the following three decades, it played a prominent part in A&M activities and housed the offices of the schools presidents, the building caught fire in the early hours of May 27,1912, and was unable to be saved. Ross, the immediate past governor of Texas, had been a well-respected Confederate soldier along with being a Baylor graduate, even with the addition of a new dormitory, space was still at a premium. Some cadets were forced to live on the floor of the main building. Enrollment continued to rise, so much so that by the end of his tenure Ross requested that parents first communicate with his office before sending their sons to the school. The increase in students necessitated an improvement in facilities, and from fall 1891 until September 1898 the college spent over $97,000 on improvements, the last major campus construction overseen by Ross was the development of the Mess Hall. Designed by architectural firm Glover and Allen and opened in 1897 and its front porches were later enclosed to double the seating capacity, making the Mess Hall the largest dining hall in Texas. An accidental kitchen fire on the morning of November 11,1911 and its replacement, Sbisa Dining Hall, remains one of the primary dining centers on campus. During this time one of the recognizable features of the Texas A&M landscape. The massive oak tree, located in Academic Plaza, would become a place for students to propose marriage
29.
Battle of San Jacinto
–
The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21,1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Annas Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes, Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, was captured and surrendered the following day and held as a prisoner of war. Three weeks later, he signed the treaty that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region. These treaties did not specifically recognize Texas as a sovereign nation, Sam Houston became a national celebrity, and the Texans rallying cries from events of the war, Remember the Alamo. and Remember Goliad. became etched into Texan history and legend. General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a proponent of governmental federalism when he helped oust Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante in December 1832. Upon his election as president in April 1833, Santa Anna switched his political ideology, while in Mexico City awaiting a meeting with Santa Anna, Texian empresario Stephen F. Austin wrote to the Béxar ayuntamiento urging a break-away state. In response, the Mexican government kept him imprisoned for most of 1834, Colonel Juan Almonte was appointed Director of Colonization in Texas, ostensibly to ease relations with the colonists and mitigate their anxieties about Austins imprisonment. He delivered promises of self-governance, and conveyed regrets that the Mexican congress deemed it impossible for Texas to be a separate state. In consolidating his power base, Santa Anna installed General Martín Perfecto de Cos as the military authority over Texas in 1835. Cos established headquarters in San Antonio on October 9, triggering what became known as the Siege of Béxar, after two months of trying to repel the Texian forces, Cos raised a white flag on December 9, and signed surrender terms two days later. The surrender of Cos effectively removed the occupying Mexican army from Texas, many believed the war was over, and volunteers began returning home. In compliance with orders from Santa Anna, Mexicos Minister of War José María Tornel issued his December 30 Circular No,5, often referred to as the Tornel Decree, aimed at dealing with United States intervention in the uprising in Texas. It declared that foreigners who entered Mexico for the purpose of joining the rebellion were to be treated as pirates, to be put to death if captured. In adding since they are not subjects of any nation at war with the republic nor do they militate under any recognized flag, the Mexican Army of Operations numbered 6,019 soldiers and was spread out over 300 miles on its march to Béxar. General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma was put in command of the Vanguard of the Advance that crossed into Texas. Santa Anna and his aide-de-camp Almonte forded the Rio Grande at Guerrero, Coahuila on February 16,1836, Béxar was captured on February 23 and when the assault commenced, attempts at negotiation for surrender were initiated from inside the fortress. Travis sent Albert Martin to request a meeting with Almonte, who replied that he did not have the authority to speak for Santa Anna. Bowie dispatched Green B. Jameson with a letter, translated into Spanish by Juan Seguín, requesting a meeting with Santa Anna, Santa Anna did, however, extend an offer of amnesty to Tejanos inside the fortress
30.
Lawrence Sullivan Ross
–
Ross was raised in the Republic of Texas, which was later annexed to the United States. Much of his childhood was spent on the frontier, where his family founded the town of Waco, as a teenager, Ross attended Baylor University. On one of his breaks, he suffered severe injuries while fighting Comanches. After graduation, Ross joined the Texas Rangers, and in 1860, led troops in the Battle of Pease River, where he recaptured Cynthia Ann Parker, when Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy, Ross joined the Confederate States Army. He participated in 135 battles and skirmishes and became one of the youngest Confederate generals, following the Civil War, Ross briefly served as sheriff of McLennan County before resigning to participate in the 1875 Texas Constitutional Convention. With the exception of a term as a state senator, Ross spent the next decade focused on his farm. In 1887, he became the 19th governor of Texas, despite his popularity, Ross refused to run for a third term as governor. Days after leaving office, he became president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and he is credited with saving the school from closure, and his tenure saw a large expansion in college facilities and the birth of many school traditions. After his death, the Texas legislature created Sul Ross State University in his honor, Lawrence Sullivan Ross was born on September 27,1838 in Bentonsport, Iowa Territory. He was the child and second son of Shapley Prince Ross and Catherine Fulkerson. Ross was jointly named for his uncle, Giles O. Sullivan. The senior Lawrence Ross had been captured by Native Americans as a child, to differentiate Ross from his uncle and great-grandfather, he was called Little Sul when he was a child, and later Sul. Shortly after Rosss birth, his parents sold their Iowa property, in 1839, the family moved to the Republic of Texas, where they settled in the Robertson Colony on the lower Brazos River. Two years later, they joined seven other families under Captain Daniel Monroe and settled near present-day Cameron and their land adjoined Comanche territory and was raided several times. In 1845, the moved to Austin so Ross and his older siblings could attend school. Four years later, they relocated again, in March 1849, the Ross family built the first house in Waco, a double-log cabin on a bluff overlooking the springs. Rosss sister Kate soon became the first Caucasian child born in Waco, eager to further his education, Ross entered the Preparatory Department at Baylor University in 1856, despite the fact that he was several years older than most of the other students. He completed the study course in one year
31.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
32.
Battle of Corregidor
–
The Battle of Corregidor, fought May 5–6,1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The fall of Bataan on April 9,1942 ended all organized opposition by the U. S. Army Forces Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon in the northern Philippines. The Japanese had to take Corregidor, as long as the island remained in American hands, they would be denied the use of Manila Bay, the US army recaptured the island in 1945. At 3.5 mi long and 1.5 mi across at its head and its widest but elevated area, known as Topside, contained most of its 56 coastal artillery pieces and installations. Middleside was a plateau containing more battery positions as well as barracks. Bottomside was the low ground where an area and the civilian town of San Jose was located. The tunnel system under Malinta Hill was the most extensive construction on Corregidor. It consisted of a main east-west passage 826 ft long with a 24 ft diameter and had 25 lateral passages, a separate system of tunnels north of this main tunnel housed the underground hospital, it had its own 12 laterals and space for 1,000 beds. The facility could be reached either through the tunnel or by a separate outside entrance on the north side of Malinta Hill. East of this was Malinta Tunnel, the location of General Douglas MacArthurs headquarters, reinforced with concrete walls, floors, and overhead arches, it also had blowers to furnish fresh air, and a double-track electric tramway line along the east-west passage. The Malinta Tunnel furnished bombproof shelters for the hospital, headquarters, the two 12 in guns of Batteries Smith and Hearn, with a horizontal range of 29,000 yd and all-around traverse were the longest range of all the islands artillery. Caballo Island, with Fort Hughes—just south of Corregidor—was the next largest in size, at about 160 acres, the island rose abruptly from the bay to a height of 380 ft on its western side. Commander Francis J. Bridget was in charge of its defenses with a total of 800 men, of whom 93 were Marines and 443 belonged to the Navy. Coastal artillery numbered some 13 assorted pieces, with its anti-aircraft defenses tied in with those of Corregidor, Fort Drum—which lay about 4 mi south of Fort Hughes—was the most unusual of the harbor defenses. The top deck of this concrete battleship was 40 ft above the mark and had 20 ft thick walls. The last—Carabao island—lay only 500 yd from the shores of Cavite Province, except at one point along its eastern shore, the island rises precipitously from the sea in cliffs more than 100 ft high. The Americans had placed Fort Frank on this island, which late in 1941, had a garrison of about 400 men. Its armament consisted of two 14 in guns, eight 12 in mortars, four 155 mm GPFs, as well as anti-aircraft, both were under Major General George F. Moore who also commanded the Corregidor garrison
33.
Three-volley salute
–
The three-volley salute is a ceremonial act performed at military funerals and sometimes also police funerals. The custom originates from the European dynastic wars, where the fighting ceased so the dead, then, three shots were fired into the air to signal that the battle could resume. It should not be confused with the 21-gun salute which is fired by a battery of artillery pieces, in the United States it is part of the drill and ceremony of the Honor Guard. It consists of a rifle party firing blank cartridges into the air three times, a rifle party usually has an odd number of members, from 3 to 7. The firearm used is typically a rifle, but at some police funerals, the party usually stands so that the muzzles are pointed over the casket. However, if mourners are present near the grave, the party stands some distance away so as to not deafen the attendees, if the service is being performed indoors, the firing party stands outside the building, often near the front entrance. On the command of the NCO-in-charge, the party raises their weapons, modern United States military parties use M1, M14 or M16 rifles. The use of blank cartridges means these weapons semi-automatic gas action will not function, some parties equip the rifle with a blank-firing adapter, which eliminates this step from the drill after the first shot, though this is seen by some as less traditional. A similar ceremony is used by the forces of the United Kingdom. Irish Republicans also fire a three volley salute at the funerals of IRA volunteers
34.
Bugle
–
The bugle is one of the simplest brass instruments, having no valves or other pitch-altering devices. All pitch control is done by varying the players embouchure, consequently, the bugle is limited to notes within the harmonic series. See bugle call for scores to standard bugle calls, all consisting of five notes. These notes are known as the bugle scale, the bugle developed from early musical or communication instruments made of animal horns, with the word bugle itself coming from buculus, Latin for bullock. Predecessors and relatives of the bugle included the post horn, the Pless horn, the ancient Roman army used the buccina. The first verifiable use of a brass bugle as a military signal device was the Halbmondbläser, or half-moon bugle. It was U-shaped and comfortably carried by a strap attached at the mouthpiece. It first spread to England in 1764 where it was accepted widely in foot regiments. The bugle is used mainly in the military and Boy Scouts, historically the bugle was used in the cavalry to relay instructions from officers to soldiers during battle. They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps, the bugle is also used in Boy Scout troops and in the Boys Brigade. The Rifles, a regiment in the British Army, has retained the bugle for ceremonial. The bugle has also used as a sign of peace in the case of a surrender. 19th century variants based on the bugle included both keyed and valved bugles. Keyed bugles were invented in England in the early 19th century, with a patent for one design, the Royal Kent bugle, taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811. This bugle was highly popular and widely in use until c.1850 – for example, in works by Richard Willis and this variant of the bugle fell out of use with the invention of the valved cornet. Modern instruments classified as bugles are often valved, soprano bugle Alto bugle Baritone bugle Contrabass bugle Ralph T
35.
Taps
–
Taps is a bugle call played at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals by the United States armed forces. The official military version is played by a bugle or trumpet. It is also performed often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout, the tune is also sometimes known as Butterfields Lullaby, or by the first line of the lyric, Day Is Done. The duration may vary to some extent, the typical recording below is 59 seconds long, Taps is derived from the same source as Tattoo. Taps originates from the Dutch taptoe, meaning close the taps, an alternative explanation, however, is that it carried over from a term already in use before the American Civil War. Three single, slow drum beats were struck after the sounding of the Tattoo or Extinguish Lights and this signal was known as the Drum Taps, The Taps, or simply as Taps in soldiers slang. Within months Taps was used by both Union and Confederate forces and it was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874. Taps concludes many military funerals conducted with honors at Arlington National Cemetery, the tune is also sounded at many memorial services in Arlingtons Memorial Amphitheater and at grave sites throughout the cemetery. Captain John Francis Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing Taps at military funerals, in early July 1862 at Harrisons Landing, a corporal of Tidballs Battery A, 2nd U. S. Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, a most excellent man, Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire three guns over the grave. Tidball later wrote, The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, the idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral. As Tidball proudly proclaimed, Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service and it became a standard component to U. S. military funerals in 1891. Taps is sounded during each of the military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, the ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. The melody of Taps is composed entirely from the notes of the C major triad. This is because the bugle, for which it is written, can play only the notes in the series of the instruments fundamental tone, a B-flat bugle thus plays the notes B-flat, D. Taps uses the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth partials, there is one original set of lyrics meant to accompany the music, written by Horace Lorenzo Trim, Several later lyrical adaptations have been created. There are several legends concerning the origin of Taps and that Daniel Butterfield composed Taps has been sworn to by numerous reputable witnesses including his bugler Norton, who first performed the tune. While scholars continue to debate whether or not the tune was original or based on an earlier melody, another, perhaps more historically verifiable, account of Taps first being used in the context of a military funeral involves John C
36.
Service academy
–
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard. It normally provides education in an environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. The first military academies were established in the 18th century to provide officers for technically specialized corps, such as engineers and artillery. The Royal Danish Naval Academy was set up in 1701, making it the oldest military academy in existence, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich was set up in 1720 as the earliest military academy in Britain. Its original purpose was to train cadets entering the Royal Artillery, in France, the École Royale du Génie at Mézières was founded in 1748, followed by a non-technical academy in 1751, the École Royale Militaire offering a general military education to the nobility. French military academies were widely copied in Prussia, Austria, Russia and even powers, including Turin. The two original departments were combined and moved to Sandhurst. In the United States, the academy at West Point was founded in 1802. There are 12 Cadet Colleges in Bangladesh, among these, nine for boys and three for girls. Four Cadet Colleges were established before 1971, other cadet colleges were built after the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Air Force – Academia da Força Aérea, founded in 1978, it is an all-boys institute whose funding arises solely from tuition fees. The Academy is a fully accredited by the province of Ontario. Canada formerly had three university level service academies, the Canadian Military Colleges, RMC was founded in 1876, RRMC in 1941 and CMR in 1954. Graduates of the Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had an impact in the Canadian services and society. Royal Roads reopened as a university in the fall of 1995. In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean as a preparatory, Air Force Institute of Technology Army Academy R. O. C. Colombian Army NCO School Colombian Air Force, Marco Fidel Suarez Military Aviation School, Colombian Naval Infantry and Colombian Navy, Admiral Padilla Naval Academy, located in Cartagena de Indias. National Police of Colombia, General Santander National Police Academy, located in Bogotá, univerzita Obrany http, //www. unob. cz/en/ Vojenská akademie a velitelství výcviku http, //www. vavyskov
37.
Traditions of Texas A&M University
–
The traditions of Texas A&M University are a key aspect of the culture of Texas A&M University. Some of the traditions date to the 1890s, shortly after the opening of the school. The most visible tradition among senior class students and alumni is the wearing of the Aggie Ring, not all Aggie traditions are recognized by the university, and some, like Bonfire, have been discontinued for safety reasons. Texas Monthly states that the respect for school traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength. Incoming students are generally first exposed to traditions when they are greeted with the official Texas A&M greeting Howdy, since the 1950s, incoming students have been offered orientations, led by current students, which teach the various traditions, songs, and yells in current use. On campus, the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets is known as the Keepers of the Spirit for its defense of Aggie traditions. A subset of the Corps, the Fightin Texas Aggie Band, is the marching band of the university. Many school traditions revolve around sporting events, especially football, before games, university yell leaders host yell practice, similar to other schools pep rallies. Instead of cheers, students learn yells, since 1922, students, known as the 12th Man, stand throughout football games, symbolizing their willingness to step in and assist the team. The official mascot, a dog named Reveille, is present at most official university activities, current students and alumni at Texas A&M University, nicknamed Aggies after the schools agricultural roots, are known for their loyalty and respect for their alma mater. They cultivate the Aggie Spirit through an almost religious devotion to the traditions of the school, as Texas Monthly noted, Every Aggie is a self-appointed guardian of the Aggie spirit, eternally on the alert for signs of slippage. To Aggies, Texas A&M is not just a university but a. family. defined and united by a unique culture, the school song is titled The Spirit of Aggieland, and proclaims in its first verse that the spirit can neer be told. The Texas A&M culture is a product of the founding as a rural military. This respect for Aggie traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength, many of these traditions are part of what Aggies call The Other Education, activities designed to make students well-rounded and moral, ethical people. Students who attend Texas A&M feel that they receive more from Texas A&M than just the knowledge one acquires from the formal classroom, freshmen are introduced to these traditions and to the Aggie spirit at Fish Camp, a four-day extended orientation retreat held during the summer. Fish Camp began in 1954 as a camping trip involving several new students and Gordon Gay. The program has evolved to accommodate approximately 70% of incoming freshmen. The program has been emulated by several schools, including Virginia Tech, in 1987, Texas A&M established a parallel orientation for summer and fall transfer students called Transfer Camp, or T-Camp
38.
United States Marine Corps
–
The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
39.
MEK Compound
–
The MEK Compound in Fallujah, Iraq is a large compound used by the U. S. The 82nd Airborne Division took over the facility in August 2003, on March 24,2004, the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force relieved the 82nd Airborne and used it as a base camp. On January 12,2009, the Government of Iraq took control of the compound from the United States military, as of January 2010, the camp appears to be the headquarters of the Iraqi Armys 1st Division. The last US force to occupy Camp Fallujah was Guardian Company, IMHG, the MEK is adjacent to the other major U. S. base in Fallujah, the former Baathist resort Camp Baharia
40.
Iraq
–
The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds, others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, around 95% of the countrys 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish, two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, the area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian and it was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. Iraqs modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres, Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932, in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Baath Party from 1968 until 2003, after an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country, the Arabic name العراق al-ʿIrāq has been in use since before the 6th century. There are several suggested origins for the name, one dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as Uruk was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of Urug, containing the Sumerian word for city, UR. An Arabic folk etymology for the name is rooted, well-watered. During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī for Lower Mesopotamia and ʿIrāq ʿajamī, for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran. The term historically included the south of the Hamrin Mountains. The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ or /ɪˈræk/, the American Heritage Dictionary, the pronunciation /aɪˈræk/ is frequently heard in U. S. media. Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq was one of centres of a Caucasoid Neolithic culture where agriculture, the following Neolithic period is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gypsum, finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations
41.
Declaration of war by the United States
–
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another. For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says Congress shall have power to, however, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a declaration of war nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional Declaration of War was not required by the Constitution and this article will use the term formal declaration of war to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase declaration of war in the title. Elsewhere, this article use the terms authorized by Congress. The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun. Debate continues as to the extent of the Presidents authority in this regard. Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress, the table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations. The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, in World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, in other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress. In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions, on at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress. The United States longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation, during that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace. The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements and these localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918, the United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups. The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power and this recognition of the CSAs status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so. In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States, the only exception was President Clintons use of U. S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War
42.
General officer
–
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
43.
Flag officer
–
A flag officer is a commissioned officer in a nations armed forces senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the position from which the officer exercises command. In some countries, such as Bangladesh, the United States, Pakistan and India, it may apply to all armed forces and this means generals can also be considered flag officers. In most Arab armies, liwa, which can be translated as flag officer, is a specific rank, however, ensign is debatably a more exact translation of the word. In principle, a flag officer commands several units called flags, Flag officer corresponds to the generic terms general officer and air officer. A flag officer sometimes is an officer, called a flag lieutenant or flag adjutant. In the Canadian Forces, an officer is an admiral, vice-admiral, rear-admiral, or commodore. Base commanders, usually full colonels, also have a pennant that flies from the mast or flagpole on the base, since the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, a flag officers dress tunic had a single broad stripe on the sleeve and epaulettes. There are no epaulettes on the exterior of the tunic, in India, it is applied to brigadiers, major generals, lieutenant generals and generals in the Army. The equivalents are commodore, rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral in the Navy and air commodore, air marshal, air marshal. Each of these category of officers is designated with a specific flag. Indias honorary ranks are field marshal in the Army, marshal of the Indian Air Force in the Air Force, in the Royal Navy, there is a distinction between flag officer and officer of flag rank. Formerly all officers promoted to flag rank were considered to be flag officers, of the 39 officers of flag rank in the Royal Navy in 2006, very few were flag officers with entitlement to fly a flag. List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy lists most admirals who were flag officers, a flag officers junior officer is often known as Flags. The rank of flag officer was bestowed on senior Navy captains who were assigned to lead a squadron of vessels in addition to command of their own ship, during the American Civil War, the Confederate States Navy also used the term. S. Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral, in 1862 Congress authorized American use of the title admiral. In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, brigadier general, or pay grade O-7, and above. However, as a matter of law, Title 10 of the United States Code makes a distinction between officers and flag officers. Non-naval officers usually fly their flags from their headquarters, vessels, or vehicles, in the United States all flag and general officers must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, each subsequent promotion requires renomination and re-approval
44.
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
–
The Reserve Officers Training Corps are a group of college-based officer training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the U. S. armed forces, under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship, covering all or part of college tuition, in return for an obligation of active military service after graduation. The U. S. Coast Guard offers a program to ROTC under a different name. The students participate in regular drills during the year. Some of the training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are, Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC. Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions, and companies, Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons, and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets, Navy ROTC units are organized as battalions, and also include NROTC students under Marine Option who will eventually be commissioned as officers in the Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Navy ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen, the term of obligatory service varies based on the type of commission the cadet or midshipman receives, as well as any scholarship contract signed. They can serve as duty or in a reserve status. Additionally, a cadet on active duty can receive either a regular appointment or a reserve appointment and this affects the required years, as well as how many must be completed on active duty, in an active reserve capacity, or in the Individual Ready Reserve. Under federal law, graduates of an ROTC scholarship program incur an active duty service obligation. Recipients incur an eight-year MSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component, finally, recipients incur at least a six-year MSO and up to an eight-year ADSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component with at least two years of active duty. Army ROTC students who receive an Army ROTC scholarship or enter the Army ROTC Advanced Course must agree to complete a period of service. This can include three active duty, with the balance in the IRR. The service obligation for a Navy ROTC student is five years in the Navy, the active-duty service obligation for an Air Force ROTC student is four years, or eight years for Combat Systems Officers, or six years Air Battle Management officers, or ten years for pilots. The concept of ROTC in the United States began with the Morrill Act of 1862 which established the land-grant colleges, part of the federal governments requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum, forming what became known as ROTC. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Norwich was founded in 1819 at Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy
45.
United States Armed Forces
–
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
46.
Governor of Texas
–
The Governor of Texas is the head of the executive branch of Texass government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature. The governor may grant pardons in cases other than impeachment or in the case of treason, the current Governor is Greg Abbott. The states first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor, the 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election. The Reconstruction constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms, Texas remains one of 14 states with no term limit. The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years, but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years, the gubernatorial election is held every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November and does not coincide with the presidential elections. Despite the lack of limits, no Texas governor in the 19th or 20th centuries ever served more than seven. Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the election on November 2,2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel. In case of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, one governor of Texas won his partys nomination and was elected President of the United States, George W
47.
A Few Good Men
–
It was adapted for the screen by Aaron Sorkin from his play of the same name but includes contributions by William Goldman. The film revolves around the court-martial of two U. S, Marines charged with the murder of a fellow Marine and the tribulations of their lawyers as they prepare a case to defend their clients. Marines Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and Private Louden Downey are facing a court-martial, Santiago compared unfavorably to his fellow Marines, had poor relations with them, and failed to respect the chain of command in attempts at being transferred to another base. Galloway asks to defend them, but instead, the case is given to Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, initially, friction exists between Galloway, who resents Kaffees tendency to plea bargain, and Kaffee, who resents Galloways interference. Kaffee and the prosecutor, his friend Captain Jack Ross, negotiate a bargain and they insist they were ordered by Kendrick to shave Santiagos head, minutes after Kendrick publicly ordered the platoon not to touch the would-be victim, and did not intend their victim to die. Kaffee is finally won over by Galloway and takes the case to court, however, the defense also suffers setbacks when a cross-examination reveals Downey was not actually present when Dawson and he supposedly received the code red order. Without Markinsons testimony, Kaffee believes the case lost and returns home in a drunken stupor, Galloway, however, convinces Kaffee to call Jessup as a witness despite the risk of being court-martialled for smearing a high-ranking officer. But, if he ordered his men to leave Santiago alone and if Marines always obey orders, as he justifies his actions, Jessup is arrested, Kendrick is later arrested for his actions, too. Soon afterwards, Dawson and Downey are cleared of the murder charge, Dawson accepts the verdict, but Downey does not understand what they had done wrong. Dawson explains they had failed to stand up for those too weak to fight for themselves, as the two prepare to leave, Kaffee tells Dawson he does not need a patch on his arm to have honor. Dawson, who had previously shown contempt for Kaffee for not understanding the Marine ethos, recognizes him as an officer and renders a salute. Tom Cruise as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, USN, JAG Corps Jack Nicholson as Colonel Nathan R. T. Walsh as Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Andrew Markinson, USMC J. A. She was going to Guantanamo Bay to defend a group of Marines who came close to killing a fellow Marine in a hazing ordered by a superior officer, Sorkin took that information and wrote much of his story on cocktail napkins while bartending at the Palace Theatre on Broadway. In 1988, Sorkin sold the rights for his play to producer David Brown before it premiered. Brown had read an article in The New York Times about Sorkins one-act play Hidden in This Picture, William Goldman did an uncredited rewrite of the script that Sorkin liked so much, he incorporated the changes made into the stage version. Brown was producing a few projects at TriStar Pictures, and he tried to interest them in making A Few Good Men into a film, Brown later got a call from Alan Horn at Castle Rock Entertainment, who was anxious to make the film. Rob Reiner, a partner at Castle Rock, opted to direct it. The film had a budget of $33,000,000
