1.
Motive power depot
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Motive power depot, usually abbreviated to MPD, or railway depot is a term given to places where usually locomotives are housed when not being used, and also repaired and maintained. They were originally known as running sheds, engine sheds, or, for short, facilities are provided for refuelling and replenishing water, lubricating oil and grease and, for steam engines, disposal of the ash. There are often workshops for day to day repairs and maintenance, although locomotive building, mPDs in Britain are now often known as traction maintenance depots. The equivalent of such depots in German-speaking countries is the Bahnbetriebswerk or Bw which has similar functions, with major repairs and overhauls being carried out at Ausbesserungswerke. The number of these reduced drastically on the changeover from steam to diesel and electric traction and most modern Bw in Germany are specialised depots, engine sheds could be found in many towns and cities as well as in rural locations. They were built by the companies to provide accommodation for their locomotives that provided their local train services. Each engine shed would have an allocation of locomotives that would reflect the duties carried out by that depot, others, such as Kings Cross engine shed in London, predominantly provided locomotives for passenger workings. Nearly all depots at this time had a number of shunting locomotives, normally 0-4-0T or 0-6-0T tank engines, these would be allocated to shunt turns and could be found in goods yards, carriage sidings, goods depots and docks. Many large rail connected industrial sites also had engine sheds primarily using shunting locomotives and those in roundhouses could be inside or outside such as that at the East Broad Top Railroad & Coal Company Roundhouse, Rockhill, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, USA. There were six primary activities that took place at the sheds, when a steam engine arrived on shed it would drop its fire and the ash that had built up would be removed. Disposal of the ash was a job and carried out at quiet times although some bigger depots had facilities for disposing of ash more efficiently. Study of photographs from the era show it was not uncommon for piles of ash to be scattered around the depot site. After completing their last duty and arriving on shed locomotives would have a regular boiler washout to remove scale, improve efficiency, initially this job was done by hand and many depots had significant coal stacks on site. These would be constructed with the outer walls constructed of dry blocks much in the style of a dry stone wall with smaller pieces behind these. As technology advanced and the bigger sheds got busier this process became mechanised, the sheds were not clean places to work. The large London depot of Stratford had a dormitory and its occupants would “wake up with a layer of coal dust covering them. Another key requirement of the engine is a supply of water which is carried in the tenders or tanks of the engines. In Australia water was carried in water gins due to longer distances covered
2.
Goods shed
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A goods shed is a railway building designed for storing goods before or after carriage in a train. There will also be a door to move goods to or from road wagons and vans, inside the shed will generally be a platform and sometimes a small crane to allow easier loading and unloading of wagons. Some goods sheds had more than one track, planks or portable bridges were normally provided for this purpose. When no longer required for goods traffic goods sheds have often been converted for other uses, such as the office at Paignton railway station. When many rural lines in New Zealand were closed, goods sheds along the closed branches often formed integral parts of the depots of road freight companies that replaced the railway. Those at Exeter and Didcot are still intact, the term can also be applied to a shed on a pier in a harbour where cargo is/was transferred from rail cars or trucks to ships and vice versa. The cargo was stored in the shed. Goods station or goods depot - a facility used exclusively for handling goods rather than passengers, goods yard - one or more sidings, generally near a passenger station, where goods wagons can be loaded and unloaded. There may or may not be a shed, depending on the nature of the regular traffic handled. Goods warehouse - generally used to denote a larger goods shed, the larger size was used to store goods for longer periods. Some would be for a specific traffic
3.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
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Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway, a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering, though Brunels projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. Brunel set the standard for a railway, using careful surveys to minimise grades and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, one controversial feature was the wide gauge, a broad gauge of 7 ft 1⁄4 in, instead of what was later to be known as standard gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in. Brunel astonished Britain by proposing to extend the Great Western Railway westward to North America by building steam-powered iron-hulled ships and he designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering, the Great Western, the Great Britain, and the Great Eastern. In 2002, Brunel was placed second in a BBC public poll to determine the 100 Greatest Britons, in 2006, the bicentenary of his birth, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work under the name Brunel 200. Brunels name is an amalgamation of his parents names and he inherited the family name of his father, and his middle name is his mothers surname. Brunels first name, Isambard, comes from his fathers middle name, Isambard is a Norman name of Germanic origin, meaning iron-bright. A cognate name is the German surname Eisenbarth, which can still be found today among Bavarians and German-Americans and he had two older sisters, Sophia and Emma, and the whole family moved to London in 1808 for his fathers work. Brunel had a childhood, despite the familys constant money worries. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, during this time he also learned fluent French and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure, when Brunel was eight he was sent to Dr Morrells boarding school in Hove, where he learned the classics. When Brunel was 15, his father Marc, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000, was sent to a debtors prison. After three months went by with no prospect of release, Marc let it be known that he was considering an offer from the Tsar of Russia. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and horologist Abraham-Louis Breguet, who praised Brunels potential in letters to his father. In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England, Brunels father, Marc, was the chief engineer, and the project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company. The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often more than waterlogged sediment. The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death and he was seriously injured, and spent six months recuperating
4.
Bristol Temple Meads railway station
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Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol, England. It is an important transport hub for transport in the city. In addition to the services there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts. Bristols other main station, Bristol Parkway, is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation. Temple Meads was opened on 31 August 1840 as the terminus of the Great Western Railway from London Paddington,116 miles 31 chains from Paddington. The railway was the first one designed by the British engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, soon the station was also used by the Bristol and Exeter Railway, the Bristol and Gloucester Railway, the Bristol Harbour Railway and the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway. To accommodate the number of trains, the station was expanded in the 1870s by Francis Fox. Brunels terminus is no part of the operational station. The historical significance of the station has been noted, and most of the site is Grade I listed, the platforms are numbered 1 to 15 but passenger trains are confined to just eight tracks. Most platforms are numbered separately at each end, with odd numbers at the east end, Platform 2 is not signalled for passenger trains, and there is no platform 14. Temple Meads is managed by Network Rail and the majority of services are operated by the present-day Great Western Railway, other operators are CrossCountry and South West Trains. In the 12 months to March 2014,9.5 million entries, the name Temple Meads derives from the nearby Temple Church, which was gutted by bombing during World War II. The word meads is a derivation of mæd, an Old English variation of mædwe, meadow, as late as 1820 the site was undeveloped pasture outside the boundaries of the old city, some distance from the commercial centre. It lay between the Floating Harbour and the cattle market, which was built in 1830. The original terminus was built in 1839–41 for the Great Western Railway, the first passenger railway in Bristol, and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and it was built to Brunels 7 ft broad gauge. The station was on a viaduct to raise it above the level of the Floating Harbour and River Avon, the latter being crossed via the grade I listed Avon Bridge. The station was covered by a 200-foot train shed, extended beyond the platforms by 155 feet into a storage area, Train services to Bath commenced on 31 August 1840 and were extended to Paddington on 30 June 1841 following the completion of Box Tunnel. A few weeks before the start of the services to Paddington the Bristol and Exeter Railway had opened, on 14 June 1841, its trains reversing in and out of the GWR station
5.
Station building
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A station building, also known as a head house, is the main building of a passenger railway station. It is typically used principally to provide services to passengers, a station building is not to be confused with the station itself. Whereas the latter is the whole facility giving passenger access to trains at a particular location, normally, a station building will be of adequate size for the type of service that is to be performed. It may range from a simple building with limited services to passengers to a large building with many indoor spaces providing many services. Some station buildings are of monumental proportions and styles, both in the past and in recent times, especially when constructed for a modern high-speed rail network, a station building may even be a true masterpiece of architecture. A typical railway station building will have an entrance hall off the road or square where the station is located. Near the entrance will be a counter, ticket machines. There will also be one or more waiting rooms, often divided by class, from the waiting rooms, there will usually be direct access to rail passenger services. Medium to large size station buildings will also have offices for rail staff involved in the management. Smaller or more stations will have no station building at all. Several decades were needed to find a formula for station building architecture that, like churches and town halls, the first station buildings gave no special emphasis to their function, being essentially a variation on the house or office building. Often the earliest station buildings were so modest that the visible element of the station was the train shed. Some early station building design teams tried to develop representative characteristics, initially, this was by use of traditional architectural symbols, primarily related to the form of a gate, such as a portico, a triumphal arch or Propylaea. But none of them have proved to be suitable for expression of specific railway station functions. One of the ideas was to form the station building porticos to highlight the driveway. This motif is present in the Newcastle Central station building. It became a more prominent motif in the twentieth century. In British railway stations, where - thanks to constant movement of trains - the exchange of passengers takes place rapidly, to some extent, the railway hotel buildings serve part of the stations function
6.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
7.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
8.
Crown Street railway station
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Crown Street Station was a passenger railway terminal station located on Crown Street, Liverpool, England. The station was the worlds first intercity passenger station, opening in 1830, used for passengers for only six years the station was demolished as the site was converted into a goods yard. The goods yard remained in use until 1972, the location of the station is now a park with no trace of the station or goods yard. The station opened on 15 September 1830 as the Liverpool passenger terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and this gave it the station the distinction of being the worlds first dedicated intercity passenger railway station as the first train ran from Liverpool. Manchesters corresponding Liverpool Road terminus station opened on the same day, the architecture is attributed to George Stephenson. The station was accessed by a 291 yd long single track tunnel from the deep Edge Hill Cutting to the east, together with the adjacent 1.26 mi Wapping Tunnel, these were the first tunnels to be bored under a metropolis. The Wapping Tunnel runs under the Crown Street station site, Crown Street station was too far from Liverpool city centre. Its use as a passenger station ended after six years of use in 1836 when Lime Street Station was opened. The site of the Crown Street station was converted to a goods yard, an additional twin track tunnel was built from the Edge Hill cutting in 1846 to improve throughput to the goods yard. The goods yard closed permanently when services through the two ended in 1972. The Wapping Tunnel along with the original Crown Street tunnel also ceased operation in 1972, immediately to the south of Crown Street station was an area known as Millfield or Grays yard. This included a marshalling and storage area as well as a substantial works involved in the construction and maintenance of wagons. The area has been landscaped as a park with the original 1830 single track tunnels western portal covered over, the 1846 Crown Street tunnel is now used as a headshunt for trains. Student accommodation for the nearby University of Liverpool has been built on a part of the old goods yard site, the site of the station itself is landscaped. The Wapping Tunnels ventilation tower and a plaque commemorate the place in history. There are also a number of stone sleeper blocks close to the fence on Falkner Street. The proposal for Paddington Village mentions that a station in the 2014 Liverpool City Region, Long Term Rail Strategy would be of use, the Directory of Railway Stations, details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present
9.
Broad Street Station (Philadelphia)
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Broad Street Station at Broad & Market Streets was the primary passenger terminal for the Pennsylvania Railroad in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1881 to the 1950s. Located directly west of City Hall – 15th Street went under the station – the northwest section of Dilworth Plaza, the original station was designed by Wilson Brothers & Company, and completed in 1881. It was one of the first steel-framed buildings in the United States to use not as structure. Initially, trains arrived via elevated tracks built above Filbert Street, by 1885 the land between the station and the Schuylkill River had been purchased and cleared, and a 9-block viaduct constructed. Broad Street Station was dramatically expanded by renowned Philadelphia architect Frank Furness, Wilson Brothers designed a new train shed, that was constructed high over the existing sheds, which were subsequently demolished. The new shed had the largest single span of any station roof in the world -306 ft, in 1894 the PRR moved its headquarters from Fourth Street to the office building above the station. In the 1930s PRR headquarters moved to the newly-built Suburban Station Building at 1600 Filbert Street, the train shed suffered a massive 1923 fire, and was demolished. The station itself was demolished in 1953, a year after service to it had ceased. Broad Street Station dominated the center of the city, fifteenth Street ran beneath the stations lobby, and the numbered streets up to 24th ran beneath the viaduct. John F. Kennedy Boulevard traces a similar path today, the station was renowned for its architecture but cursed for inundating the heart of the city with the smoke and noise of the days steam locomotives. The Chinese Wall also made Center City north of the station unfashionable, the latter two were heavy rail lines that crossed under City Hall. The lines then split in three directions, Trains heading west toward Harrisburg would take the PRR line to 40th Street Station, 52nd Street Station, Trains heading northwest along the Schuylkill would split from this line after 52nd Street toward the stations at Wynnefield Avenue and Cynwyd. Trains heading south would take the Baltimore & Washington RR Central Division line through Angora, today all these railroad lines, except for the one between 30th Street and Broad Street stations, remain intact, run by SEPTA or NJ Transit. The architecture of Broad Street Station was typical of Furnesss buildings in central Philadelphia in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Furnesss structure looked much like a web of Gothic spires and arched windows, with considerable modification from their medieval sources. His work expanded on a structure originally constructed by the Wilson Brothers & Company a mere decade before. Furnesss windows were often rounded and did not use pointed chancels, as the station expanded after 1881, additional train sheds were added to cover additional tracks, twelve in all by 1891. They were eventually replaced by a shed, which, upon its completion in 1892, had the largest single span of any station roof in the world. This relieved much of the traffic at street level
10.
Ashburton railway station
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Ashburton railway station is a closed railway station situated in the town of Ashburton in Devon, England. It was the terminus of a line from Totnes. Ashburton station, along with the rest of the branch from Totnes, was opened by the Buckfastleigh, Totnes, the railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway in 1897 and this in turn was nationalised into British Railways on 1 January 1948. The station closed to passengers in November 1958 although goods traffic on the line continued until 7 September 1962, the South Devon Railway, a successor to the Dart Valley Railway, still operates the remainder of the branch between Totnes and Buckfastleigh. Great Western Branch Line Termini Combined edition, oxford Publishing Company and Paul Karau. ISBN 0-86093-369-5 Butt, R. V. J, the Directory of Railway Stations, details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present. Friends of Ashburton Station Ashburton station on navigable 1947 O. S. map
11.
Hammerbeam roof
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A hammerbeam roof is a decorative, open timber roof truss typical of English Gothic architecture and has been called. the most spectacular endeavour of the English Medieval carpenter. They are traditionally timber framed, using short beams projecting from the wall on which the rafters land and these short beams are called hammer-beams and give this truss its name. A hammerbeam roof can have a single, double or false hammerbeam truss, a hammerbeam is a form of timber roof truss, allowing a hammerbeam roof to span greater than the length of any individual piece of timber. The hammerbeam truss exerts considerable thrust on the walls or posts that support it, Hammerbeam roofs can be highly decorated including ornamented pendants and corbels, with church roofs often including carved angels. A roof with one pair of beams is a single hammerbeam roof. Some roofs have a pair of hammer beams and are called double hammerbeam roofs. Possibly the earliest hammer-beamed building still standing in England, built in about 1290, is located in Winchester, in Winchester Cathedral in Pilgrims Hall, the roof of Westminster Hall is a fine example of a hammerbeam roof. The span of Westminster Hall is 20.8 metres, and the opening between the ends of the hammer beams 7.77 metres. The height from the paving of the hall to the hammerbeam is 12.19 m, other important examples of hammerbeam roofs exist over the halls of Hampton Court and Eltham palaces, and Burghley House near Stamford. There are also examples of smaller dimensions in churches throughout England. Sometimes, but rarely, the beam is similarly treated, or cut through and supported by additional curved braces, as in the hall of the Middle Temple. Recently, as part of a restoration project undertaken by Historic Scotland. Green oak from 350 Perthshire trees was used to fabricate and erect 57 hammerbeam trusses spanning approximately 15 metres, since its construction around 1502 by King James IV of Scotland, structural loads from the roof had caused the walls of the hall to deflect outwards. To ensure that the ridge of the roof would be level and straight, the restoration started in 1991 and was completed in 1999. A spectacular modern example of a roof is the new Gothic roof of St Georges Hall at Windsor Castle, designed by Giles Downe. This replaced the previous roof which was destroyed in the 1992 Windsor Castle fire. In fact, the roof at Bristol Temple Meads railway station uses modern cantilever construction and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Hammerbeam Roof. Lynn Towery Courtenay, English Royal Carpentry in the Late Middle Ages, The Hammer-beam Roof
12.
Devon
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Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
13.
Bo'ness railway station
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Boness railway station is a tourist railway station in Boness, Falkirk, Scotland. This station is not the original Boness railway station, which was located roughly a mile west on Seaview Place. The site of the station is now a car park. The station has a Booking Office, Station Buffet, a shop, there is also a large free car park, a bay platform, a footbridge and a trainshed which covers the platforms. This is the eastmost station of the Boness & Kinneil Railway, the buildings in the station area were brought to Boness in the 1980s, saving each of them from permanent demolition elsewhere. Of these, the trainshed is the most important historically and it was originally built at Edinburgh Haymarket station, and was the original Edinburgh terminus of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, which opened in February 1842. At Haymarket, two similar trainshed bays stood side by side and abutted the two-storey station offices building which stands today. Haymarket station remained a terminus only until 1846, when the railway was extended partly in tunnel, the extension passed by the Haymarket trainshed on its southern side. When traffic through Haymarket increased after the opening of the Forth Bridge, to make space for these tracks, the southern bay of the original trainshed was demolished. The northern bay remained standing, latterly providing no more than car parking space, as the building was listed, it was carefully removed for re-erection at Boness. This work was managed by Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons, cast iron columns and arched spans support the trainshed roof, which is slated on wooden sarking in the standard Scottish manner. The roof trusses are of wrought iron tension members and cast iron posts, at Boness, as at Haymarket, there are no smoke ventilators, though smoke troughs have been added to reduce soiling from locomotive exhausts. The station office building at Boness was originally built by the North British Railway at Wormit and this station was located on the Tayport branch, close to the end of the Tay Bridge, and opened at the same time as the second bridge, in 1887. Boness signal box is a standard Caledonian Railway structure and it was originally Garnqueen South Junction box, the location where the route of the Caledonian Railway Main Line, heading north, diverged from the route of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway. The footbridge adjacent originally stood at Murthly station, on the Highland Railway main line north of Perth, as a group, the buildings are listed by Historic Scotland in Category A. The stone built shed and the Buffet/Shop building housing the Visitor Information Point are modern construction. Official website Video footage of Boness Station Butt, R. V. J, the Directory of Railway Stations, details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present. Jowetts Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day, Scottish Railway Preservation Society Historic Scotland HB Number 22337, Information Supplementary to the Statutory List
14.
Falkirk (council area)
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Falkirk is one of 32 unitary authority council areas of Scotland. It was formed on 1 April 1996 from the boundaries of Falkirk District Council by way of the Local Government etc. Prior to 1975 the majority of the area was part of the county of Stirlingshire. The council area borders with North Lanarkshire, Stirling and West Lothian, labours card was higher than the SNPs. To form a stable administration Labour then formed a coalition with the 4 members of the Conservative and this Labour/Conservative/Independent coalition hold 18 seats compared to the 13 SNP and 1 non-aligned Independent. The leader of the administration is Councillor Craig Martin, following the elections on 3 May 2012, the composition of Falkirk Council is as follows, As such, the Council is controlled by a Labour/Conservative/Independent coalition. The electoral system of councils in Scotland is governed by the Local Governance Act 2004. Further education is provided by the Falkirk campus of Forth Valley College, Falkirk Council Website Falkirk at DMOZ Falkirk Community Trust Website Royal National Mod, Falkirk 10-18 Oct 2008 Things to do around Falkirk
15.
Frome railway station
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Frome railway station serves a largely rural area of the county of Somerset in England, and is situated in the town of Frome. The station is located on a 1.5 miles long line which loops off the main line railway. Most of the trains take the loop line in order to serve Frome station are on the Bristol to Weymouth route. The station is 22.25 miles south of Bath Spa on the Bristol to Weymouth line, Frome station was designed by J R Hannaford and opened in 1850. It is one of the oldest through train shed railway stations still in operation in Britain, the unusual station structure consists of a 120 by 48 foot timber train shed, supported by 12 composite trusses with a span of 49 feet. The station has two platforms, one of which is now unused due to the line being made into a single track and it is now a Grade II listed building. Frome station was originally on the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, the line was authorised in 1845, was acquired by the GWR in 1850, reached Frome in the same year, and was completed throughout in 1857. The original route of line is that of the loop line through Frome station. This line forms the basis for todays Bristol to Weymouth route, a branch from Frome to Radstock, authorised by the same act of 1845, opened to freight traffic in 1854 and to passenger traffic in 1875. At Radstock this line connected with the Bristol and North Somerset Railway, providing a direct route to Bristol than that provided by the Wilts, Somerset. For the remainder of the 19th century, the GWRs principal route from London Paddington station to Exeter, Plymouth, however, in 1895 the GWR directors announced that new lines were to be constructed to enable trains to reach Exeter, Plymouth and Penzance in a shorter time. This transformed Frome from a station on a north to south line. The route resulting from these improvements and extensions forms the current London to Penzance line, in 1933 a by-pass route was constructed, enabling through traffic to avoid Frome station and the junction with the Radstock branch, and leaving the station on a looped branch as at present. The line to Radstock closed to passengers in 1959, although the first part of the branch remains open to freight trains from Whatley Quarry. On 24 March 1987, a train and a freight train were in a head-on collision due to the freight train passing a signal at danger. Locomotives 33032 and 47202 were severely damaged, fifteen people were injured, some seriously. The station is a one as it is only normally served by Bristol to Weymouth trains, although there are some services to/from Bristol. Also, from 2007 First Great Western started operating one direct stopping service to London Paddington once a day in the early morning and this was complemented with a return working back to Frome in the evening
16.
Somerset
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Somerset is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset is a county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park. There is evidence of occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War, the city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Somersets name derives from Old English Sumorsǣte, short for Sumortūnsǣte, an alternative suggestion is the name derives from Seo-mere-saetan meaning settlers by the sea lakes. The Old English name is used in the motto of the county, Sumorsǣte ealle, adopted as the motto in 1911, the phrase is taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Somerset settlement names are mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, but some hill names include Brittonic Celtic elements, for example, an Anglo-Saxon charter of 682 refers to Creechborough Hill as the hill the British call Cructan and we call Crychbeorh. Some modern names are Brythonic in origin, such as Tarnock, the caves of the Mendip Hills were settled during the Palaeolithic period, and contain extensive archaeological sites such as those at Cheddar Gorge. Bones from Goughs Cave have been dated to 12,000 BC, examples of cave art have been found in Avelines Hole. Some caves continued to be occupied until modern times, including Wookey Hole, the Somerset Levels—specifically dry points at Glastonbury and Brent Knoll— also have a long history of settlement, and are known to have been settled by Mesolithic hunters. Travel in the area was facilitated by the construction of one of the worlds oldest known engineered roadways, the Sweet Track, the exact age of the henge monument at Stanton Drew stone circles is unknown, but it is believed to be Neolithic. There are numerous Iron Age hill forts, some of which, like Cadbury Castle, on the authority of the future emperor Vespasian, as part of the ongoing expansion of the Roman presence in Britain, the Second Legion Augusta invaded Somerset from the south-east in AD47. The county remained part of the Roman Empire until around AD409, a variety of Roman remains have been found, including Pagans Hill Roman temple in Chew Stoke, Low Ham Roman Villa and the Roman Baths that gave their name to the city of Bath. After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples, by AD600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was Englands oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton, in 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
17.
Kingswear railway station
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Kingswear railway station is the terminus of the Dartmouth Steam Railway, a heritage railway in Devon, England. It is situated in the centre of Kingswear, on the shores of the River Dart opposite Dartmouth, the station has level access to the street and is adjacent to Yacht Club Hotel, the pontoon for the Dartmouth Passenger Ferry, and the slipway of the Dartmouth Lower Ferry. The railway to Kingswear was built by the Dartmouth and Torbay Railway, the original aim had been to reach Dartmouth but the railway station in that town, which sold train tickets and processed parcels but lacked platforms and trains, was only ever reached by ferry. The railway company opened the Yacht Club Hotel at the end of the station in 1866. The Dartmouth and Torbay Railway was always operated by the South Devon Railway Company and was amalgamated with it on 1 January 1872 and this was only short lived as the South Devon Railway was in turn amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 February 1876. The railway originally approached the station across three creeks on low timber viaducts and this and the provision of a larger turntable enabled larger locomotives to work through to Kingswear. The platform was extended in 1929 to 850 feet which allowed longer trains too, the Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways in 1948. The signal box was given a new frame in 1960. The wharf was closed to traffic on 4 May 1964. The second platform track was reinstated in 1976, points around the station being controlled by ground frames. Since 1990 electric multiple aspect signals have been controlled from the panel at Britannia Crossing. The southern end of the platform and tracks is covered by a rare wooden 100 feet train shed, with a more conventional canopy extending further along the platform. The bay platform does not have a locomotive release road and so is used for occasional departures that have been shunted onto this line to free up the main platform for a second train. Another car park at the end of the station is on the site of the turntable. A seasonal service of steam hauled trains operates to and from Paignton, the Great Western in South Devon. Track Layout Diagrams of the GWR and BR WR, Section 14, South Devon
18.
Thurso railway station
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Thurso railway station is a railway station serving the town of Thurso, Highland and port of Scrabster, in the Highland council area, in the north of Scotland. The station is on the Far North Line, within the county of Caithness. It is the northernmost station on the National Rail network,154 miles north of Inverness, the station opened on 28 July 1874. It was identified for closure under the Beeching Axe in the 1960s, in the past trains from Inverness would split in half at Georgemas Junction, with one portion going to Wick, and the other to Thurso. Prior to the introduction of unit trains by British Rail. Thurso is served by Abellio ScotRail services to Inverness and Wick, while the station is at the terminus of the Thurso Branch of the Far North Line, it is not the lines operational end. Trains from Inverness, after arriving at Thurso, go back to Georgemas Junction and then on to Wick, the other terminus of the line. The typical Monday-Saturday service consists of,4 trains per day to Inverness 4 trains per day to Wick The typical Sunday service consists of,1 train to Inverness 1 train to Wick Butt, R. V. J. The Directory of Railway Stations, details every public and private station, halt, platform and stopping place, past. Jowetts Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day, RAILSCOT on Sutherland and Caithness Railway ScotRail North Highlands Timetable
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Highland (council area)
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Highland is a council area in the Scottish Highlands and is the largest local government area in the United Kingdom. It shares borders with the areas of Aberdeenshire, Argyll and Bute, Moray and Perth. Their councils, and those of Angus and Stirling, also have areas of the Scottish Highlands within their administrative boundaries, according to the 2011 UK census, there are nearly 12,000 Scottish Gaelic speakers in the Highland area. The act also abolished county and burgh councils, in 1996, under the Local Government etc. Act 1994, the Highland Regional Council and the councils were wound up. The Highland Council adopted the districts as management areas and created committees to represent them. However, the boundaries of committee areas ceased to be aligned exactly with those of management areas as a result of changes to ward boundaries in 1999, the names of these areas are also names of constituencies, but boundaries are different. To many people within the area, using the name Highland as a noun sounds wrong, dingwall in Highland, for example, sounds strange and is not idiomatic usage. To refer specifically to the covered by the council, people tend to say the Highland Council area or the Highland area or the Highland region. Otherwise, they tend to use the county names, such as Ross-shire. Highlands sometimes refers to the Highland council area, more usually it refers to a somewhat larger or overlapping area. The Highland Council headquarters is located in Inverness with most previous district council offices retained as outstations, Highland Council covers an area of 25,657 square kilometres — which is 11. 4% of the total size of Great Britain and is 20% larger than Wales. Highland Councils highest point is Ben Nevis, the tallest mountain in both Scotland and the United Kingdom as a whole and its northernmost point is Stroma, a small island in the Pentland Firth. Its southernmost point is on the Morvern peninsula, Highland contains the westernmost point of the island of Great Britain, at Corrachadh Mòr. Despite the name, not all of Highland is mountainous, the areas east of Inverness, as well as the Black Isle, eastern Sutherland, and all of Caithness are, in fact, low-lying. The Coalition had 45 councillors and the other 35 councillors were Independents, the current ruling administration was formed by the Independent group in June 2015. Three of the constituencies, each electing one MSP, are within the Highland area, Caithness, Sutherland and Ross, Inverness and Nairn and Skye, Lochaber. Each constituency elects one MP by the first past the post system of election
20.
Wick railway station
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Wick railway station is a railway station serving the town of Wick, in the Highland council area in the north of Scotland. The station is the terminus of the Far North Line, near Wick police station and Caithness General Hospital, the station was built by the Sutherland and Caithness Railway, opening the line in 1874. On 1 July 1903, the became the junction with the Wick. The last trains to Lybster ran in 1944, although the line was not officially closed until 1951, on 30 June 1909, Peter Doull, a coal trimmer, was killed by a train in the coal siding. On 3 May 1941, a train going into the station collided with an empty carriage at the platform. The buffers failed to stop the carriage which was carried forward and piled up onto the platform, the platform buffers were found buried beneath the wreckage of the bookstall. Wick is served by Abellio ScotRail services from Inverness. Monday - Saturday 4 trains per day to Inverness at 06,18,08,02,12,34 &16,00 Sunday 1 train per day to Inverness at 11,58 Butt, R. V. J. The Directory of Railway Stations, details every public and private station, halt, platform and stopping place, past. Jowetts Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day, Railscot, Sutherland and Caithness Railway Railscot, Wick and Lybster Light Railway ScotRail North Highlands Timetable Annotated video of Wick railway station
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Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof
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Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, often abbreviated as Frankfurt Hbf and sometimes translated as Frankfurt central station, is the busiest railway station in Frankfurt, Germany. The name affix Main comes from the full name, Frankfurt am Main. In terms of traffic, Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof is the busiest railway station in Germany. With about 450,000 passengers per day, the station is the second busiest railway station in Germany and those three stations were placed beside each other on the then Gallustor. This situation was considered due to rising passenger figures in the 19th century. At first, a large station with up to 34 platforms was considered. Post and baggage handlings had their own facilities, and the city council demanded the station to be moved further away from the city. The new station was placed about 1 km to the west of the first three stations, the platforms were covered by three iron-and-glass halls. The station was built by the contractor Philipp Holzmann with construction starting in 1883, the Central-Bahnhof Frankfurt was finally opened on 18 August 1888. Right on the evening of the day, a train ran over the buffer stop. Over the course of the few years, the area to the east of the new station. Until the completion of Leipzig Hauptbahnhof in 1915, Frankfurt station was the largest in Europe, as of today, the 24 platforms with 26 tracks on one level probably make it the worlds largest one-level railway hall. In 1924 two neoclassical halls were added on each side of the hall, increasing the number of platforms to 24. During World War II, the building was partly damaged, in 1956 the station was fully electrified. One year later, Europes then-largest signal box was commissioned, which, between 2002 and 2006, the roof construction, which is a listed building, was renovated. This involved the exchange of aged steel girders, reinstallation of windows that were replaced by panels after World War II, the operational part of the station is being remodeled as well, the old signal box has been recently replaced with an electronic signal box. This was vital to improve capacity of the station, the new signal box became operational in late 2005 and will allow faster speeds into the station after the remodelling of the tracks. The appearance of the station is divided into perron and vestibule, dominant in those parts built in 1888 are Neo-Renaissance features, the outer two halls, added in 1924 follow the style of neoclassicism
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The Crystal Palace
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The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990, designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet long, with an interior height of 128 feet. It stood there from 1854 until its destruction by fire in 1936, Crystal Palace F. C. were founded at the site in 1905 and played at the Cup Final venue in their early years. The park still contains Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkinss Crystal Palace Dinosaurs which date back to 1854, the Commission in charge of mounting the Great Exhibition was established in January 1850, and it was decided at the outset that the entire project would be funded by public subscription. Within three weeks, the committee had received some 245 entries, including 38 international submissions from Australia, turner was furious at the rejection, and reportedly badgered the commissioners for months afterwards, seeking compensation, but at an estimated £300,000, his design was too expensive. Opponents of the scheme lobbied strenuously against the use of Hyde Park, the most outspoken critic was arch-conservative Col. At this point renowned gardener Joseph Paxton became interested in the project, the lily and its house led directly to Paxtons design for the Crystal Palace and he later cited the huge ribbed floating leaves as a key inspiration. Paxton left his 9 June 1850 meeting with Henry Cole fired with enthusiasm and he immediately went to Hyde Park, where he walked the site earmarked for the Exhibition. Two days later, on 11 June, while attending a meeting of the Midland Railway, Paxton made his original concept drawing. In the event, Paxtons design fulfilled and surpassed all the requirements, would cover roughly twenty-five times the ground area of its progenitor. He was exultant, but now had less than eight months to finalize his plans, manufacture the parts and erect the building in time for the Exhibitions opening, which was scheduled for 1 May 1851. Paxton was able to design and build the largest glass structure yet created, from scratch, in less than a year, Paxtons modular, hierarchical design reflected his practical brilliance as a designer and problem-solver. These were the largest available at the time, measuring 10 inches wide by 49 inches long, the original Hyde Park building was essentially a vast, flat-roofed rectangular hall. A huge open gallery ran along the axis, with wings extending down either side. The main exhibition space was two stories high, with the upper floor stepped in from the boundary. Most of the building had a roof, except for the central transept. Both the flat-profile sections and the transept roof were constructed using the key element of Paxtons design - his patented ridge-and-furrow roofing system. The basic roofing unit, in essence, took the form of a triangular prism
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The Great Exhibition
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It was the first in a series of Worlds Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century, and it was a much anticipated event. The Great Exhibition was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. It was arguably a response to the highly successful French Industrial Exposition of 1844, indeed, Queen Victoria and her family visited three times. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Britain sought to prove its own superiority. The British exhibits at the Great Exhibition held the lead in almost every field where strength, durability, utility and quality were concerned, whether in iron and steel, Britain also sought to provide the world with the hope of a better future. Europe had just struggled through two decades of political and social upheaval, and now Britain hoped to show that technology. Technology and moving machinery were popular, especially working exhibits and she also notes that visitors could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments were found in class X, and included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, a special building, nicknamed The Crystal Palace, or The Great Shalimar, was built to house the show. The building was architecturally adventurous, drawing on Paxtons experience designing greenhouses for the sixth Duke of Devonshire. It took the form of a glass house,1851 feet long by 454 feet wide and was constructed from cast iron-frame components and glass made almost exclusively in Birmingham. From the interior, the large size was emphasized with trees and statues, this served, not only to add beauty to the spectacle. The Crystal Palace was an success, considered an architectural marvel. The building was moved and re-erected in 1854 in enlarged form at Sydenham Hill in south London. It was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936, six million people—equivalent to a third of the entire population of Britain at the time—visited the Great Exhibition. The average daily attendance was 42,831 with an attendance of 109,915 on 7 October. The event made a surplus of £186,000, which was used to found the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum and they were all built in the area to the south of the exhibition, nicknamed Albertopolis, alongside the Imperial Institute. The remaining surplus was used to set up an educational trust to provide grants and scholarships for industrial research, the Exhibition caused controversy as its opening approached. Some conservatives feared that the mass of visitors might become a revolutionary mob, must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman
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Cathedral
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A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is Dom from Latin domus ecclesiae or domus episcopalis, also Italian Duomo, Dutch Domkerk, when the church at which an archbishop or metropolitan presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikos naos is used. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts, consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. In the Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbacy serves the same function, the Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation and this designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. A proto-cathedral is the cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a bishop is called the metropolitan cathedral. The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, nevertheless, most cathedrals are particularly impressive edifices. The building is now under renovation and restoration for solemn dedication under the title Christ Cathedral in 2018, in the ancient world the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishops role as teacher. A raised throne within a hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate. The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity, in the third century, the phrase ascending the platform, ad pulpitum venire, becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a bank, surviving when excavated. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all, in 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which remains are still visible is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. The three halls create a courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery
25.
Amsterdam Centraal station
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Amsterdam Centraal is the largest railway station of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and a major national railway hub. Used by 162,000 passengers a day, it is the second-busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal, national and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS, the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Centraal is the terminus of Amsterdam Metro Routes 51,53. It is also served by a number of GVB tram and ferry routes as well as local and regional bus routes operated by GVB, Connexxion, Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers and first opened in 1889. It features a Gothic/Renaissance Revival station building and a cast iron platform roof spanning approximately 40 metres, Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Pierre Cuypers, who is also known for his design of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. While Cuypers was the architect, it is believed that he focused mostly on the decoration of the station building. The station was built by contractor Philipp Holzmann, the new central station replaced Amsterdam Willemspoort Station, which had closed in 1878, as well as the temporary Westerdok Station used from 1878 to 1889. In the first proposal, the station would be situated between the Leidseplein and the Amstel river, Cuypers design of the station building in many ways strongly resembled his other architectural masterpiece, the Rijksmuseum, of which the construction had begun in 1876. It features a palace-like, Gothic/Renaissance Revival facade, with two turrets and many details and stone reliefs referring to the capital citys industrial and commercial importance. Cuypers station reflects the nationalistic mood in the late nineteenth-century Netherlands, with its many decorative elements glorifying the nations economic. As with the Rijksmuseum, the overall architecture reminded many contemporaries of medieval cathedrals. Finally, the plan made its way through the Amsterdam municipal council by a narrow majority, the station is built on three interconnected artificial islands in the IJ lake. These islands were created with sand taken from the dunes near Velsen, the islands together are known as Stationseiland. Like many other structures in Amsterdam, the station was built on wooden piles, the construction of the station was delayed because of the instability of the soil, which set back the completion of the work by several years. The station building was completed in 1884, but the commission to Cuypers did not include the roofwork of the platforms, therefore, the station did not yet feature its distinctive station roof. This roof, consisting of 50 curved trusses and a span of almost 45 meters, was designed by L. J. Eijmer, the roof was manufactured by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby, England. Cuypers did design the decorations for the trusses and the gable ends, on 15 October 1889, the station was officially opened, drawing large numbers of crowds. The visitors were charged 0.25 guilders to see the station, the waterways would soon be replaced by tramways and cars as the primary modes of transport in the city
26.
Antwerpen-Centraal railway station
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Antwerpen-Centraal is the name of the main railway station in the Belgian city of Antwerp. The station is operated by the railway company NMBS. The original station building was constructed between 1895 and 1905 as a replacement for the terminus of the Brussels-Mechelen-Antwerp Railway. The stone clad terminus buildings, with a vast dome above the waiting room hall were designed by Louis Delacenserie, the viaduct into the station is also a notable structure designed by local architect Jan Van Asperen. A plaque on the wall bears the name Middenstatie. In 2009 the American magazine Newsweek judged Antwerpen-Centraal the worlds fourth greatest train station, in 2014 the British-American magazine Mashable awarded Antwerpen-Centraal the first place for the most beautiful railway station in the world. The originally iron and glass train hall was designed by Clément Van Bogaert, an engineer, the height of the station was once necessary for the steam of locomotives. The roof of the hall was originally made of steel. Nevertheless, it has claimed that the warping of the substructure due to a V-2 bomb had caused constructional stresses. The impact of the bombs are still visible due to a lasting wave-distortion in the roofing of the hall, in the mid-twentieth century, the buildings condition had deteriorated so far that its demolition was being considered. After replacing or repairing steel elements, they were painted in a burgundy colour, copper was also used during the renovation process of the roof. In 1998 large-scale reconstruction work began to convert the station from a terminus to a through station, a new tunnel has been excavated between Berchem station in the south of the city and Antwerpen-Dam station in the north, passing under Central station, with platforms on two underground levels. This allows Thalys, HSL4 and HSL-Zuid high-speed trains to travel through Antwerp Central without the need to turn around, the major elements of the construction project were completed in 2007, and the first through trains ran on 25 March 2007. This complete project has cost approximately €1.6 billion, the station was awarded a Grand Prix at the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards in 2011. Level −2,18 m below street level,4 through tracks and it was performed by 200 dancers of various ages, along with several dozen waiting passengers who just jumped in and joined the dance themselves. The video was produced to publicize Op zoek naar Maria, the Belgian TV version of the BBC talent competition programme How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria, about the search for an actress to play the lead role in a stage revival of The Sound of Music. The station is used in Agatha Christies Poirot episode The Chocolate Box to represent a station in Brussels, the beginning of Austerlitz, the final novel of the German writer W. G. Sebald is set in the station. Media related to Antwerp Central Station at Wikimedia Commons Official station page at the NMBS website 360 panorama of station
27.
Bath Green Park railway station
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Green Park railway station is a former railway station in Bath, Somerset, England. For some of its life, it was known as Bath Queen Square, Green Park station was opened in 1870 as the terminus of Midland Railways Mangotsfield and Bath Branch Line. The station buildings were designed by the Midland Railway architect John Holloway Sanders, the platform accommodation in the station was modest, having an arrival platform and a departure platform, with two sidings between them. The siding adjacent to the platform was equipped with ground frame points to release an arriving train engine. The station is on the bank of the River Avon. The locomotive shed was about half a mile from the station to the side of the main tracks. The goods yard was on the side of the tracks from this. Access to the yard from central Bath was via the newly constructed Midland Bridge. The Midland Railways Bath branch had opened in 1869, but the river Avon bridge, immediately outside the station, trains crossed a bridge over the Avon. This bridge is a Town truss, a design patented by the American architect Ithiel Town in 1820 with the aim of reducing the costs in constructing timber bridges. From the late 1840s the design was adapted in Britain for construction in wrought iron, since closure of the railway, the bridge has been adapted to provide vehicular and pedestrian access to Sainsburys supermarket. This created considerable additional through traffic, and as well as volumes of freight. Through trains had to reverse at Bath, and the most famous of these was the named Pines Express from Manchester to Bournemouth West, both the Midland Railway and the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway opened locomotive depots near the station on the west side of the river Avon. The Midland Depot opened in 1869 and the SDJR in 1874, Queen Square station was operated by the Midland Railway. At the grouping it passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, for almost all of its life, it was usually referred to as Bath Queen Square station, after the prestigious square about a quarter of a mile away. It became Bath Green Park under British Railways in 1954, parts of the distinctive glass roof were damaged during bombing raids in April 1942, and the glazing was not re-instated during railway usage after the war. The atmosphere of the station was always powerfully nostalgic, and at most times of the day a local train could be seen simmering in the platform waiting for departure time. On summer Saturdays the station became very busy, passing numerous holiday trains between northern towns and Bournemouth, all of them had to be reversed in the station
28.
Bangkok Railway Station
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Bangkok Railway Station, unofficially known as Hua Lamphong Station, is the main railway station in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan District, the station is officially referred to by the State Railway of Thailand as Krungthep Station in Thai and Bangkok Station in English. Hua Lamphong is the name of the station, used by both foreign travellers and locals. The station is named as Hua Lamphong in travel guide books. In other areas of Thailand the station is referred to as Krungthep Station. In all documents published by the State Railway of Thailand the station is uniformly transcribed as Krungthep in Thai, the station was opened on June 25,1916 after six years construction. The site of the station was previously occupied by the national railways maintenance centre. At the nearby site of the railway station a pillar commemorates the inauguration of the Thai railway network in 1897. The station was built in an Italian Neo-Renaissance-style, with decorated wooden roofs, the architecture is attributed to Turin-born Mario Tamagno, who with countryman Annibale Rigotti was also responsible for the design of several other early 20th century public buildings in Bangkok. The pair designed Bang Khun Prom Palace, Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the Royal Plaza and Suan Kularb Residential Hall and Throne Hall in Dusit Garden, there are 14 platforms,26 ticket booths, and two electric display boards. Hua Lamphong serves over 130 trains and approximately 60,000 passengers each day, since 2004 the station has been connected by an underground passage to the MRT subway systems Hua Lamphong Station. The station is also a terminus of the Eastern and Oriental Express luxury trains, รายงานกองบัญชาการครั้งที่20 กล่าวด้วยการเดินรถไฟหลวงทางขนาดใหญ่ในกรุงสยามประจำพระพุทธศักราช2459, กรมรถไฟหลวง, โรงพิมพ์กรมรถไฟ,2460 งานฉลอง 50ปี กรมรถไฟหลวง, กรมรถไฟหลวง, โรงพิมพ์กรมรถไฟ,2490
29.
Brighton railway station
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Brighton railway station is the southern terminus of the Brighton Main Line in England, and the principal station serving the city of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex. It is 50 miles 49 chains down-line from London Victoria, the station is Preston Park. The station is managed by Southern, which operates many of the trains. Thameslink and Great Western Railway also operate trains from Brighton. In 1846, the became the London Brighton and South Coast Railway following mergers with other railways with lines between Portsmouth and Hastings. With almost 16.1 million passenger entries and exits in 2011/12, the London and Brighton Railway built a passenger station, goods station, locomotive depot and railway works on a difficult site on the northern edge of Brighton. This site was 0.5 miles from, and 70 feet above the sea shore, the passenger station was a three-storey building in an Italianate style, designed by David Mocatta in 1839–40 which incorporated the head office of the railway company. The station is said to have similarities to the Nine Elms railway station of the London and Southampton Railway designed by Sir William Tite. Baker & Son were paid £9766 15s for the building between May and August 1841. The platform accommodation was built by John Urpeth Rastrick and consisted of four pitched roofs each 250 ft long and it opened for trains to Shoreham on 11 May 1840, and in September 1841 for trains to London. The station site was extended for the opening of the Brighton Lewes, in July 1846, the L&BR merged with other railways to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. Further extensions to the station occurred during the century but only a limited number of additional platforms could be added because of the awkward sloping site. The station currently has a large double-spanned curved glass and iron roof covering the platforms, at the front of the station is a taxi rank and a bus station. The cab run was covered when the station above was extended over it on cast iron columns, the cab run remains in situ but has been sealed at the station end. The site of the yard has since been redeveloped. Thereafter Isetta cars were built in a part of the works. The space created was used to accommodate a new much enlarged motive power depot in 1861, during the early 1930s, following the electrification of the lines the steam motive power depot was rebuilt and reduced in size. It was closed 15 June 1961, but remained in use for stabling steam locomotives until 1964, Brighton station was listed at Grade II* on 30 April 1973
30.
Copenhagen Central Station
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It is situated between the districts of Indre By and Vesterbro with entrances from Bernstorffsgade, Banegårdspladsen, Reventlowsgade and access to platforms from Tietgensgade. Copenhagen Central Station is the hub of the DSB railway network serving Denmark, the station also services the Copenhagen S-train network, but the S-train system in Copenhagen doesnt use any kind of hub at all. It is an urban transit which differs from most Metro systems mainly by being a type of railway, at the station are two platforms with four tracks that are used by the S-trains only. All other trains usually use the four platforms and eight tracks. In addition to the original 6 island-platforms and their 12 tracks, has one additional track far later been constructed, the single spare track, called track 26, was initially built for trains to southern Sweden, while Malmö C still was a terminus. It has later occasionally used for express trains to or from Sweden or to or from Norway. After the introduction of controls and mandatory identity checks for travel to Sweden this track was fenced and used for X2000. The extra track 26 is located 200 metres south of the building and is reachable only by walking along the platform for track 4 and 5 or from a staircase from the Tietgensgade street. The platforms begin under the passenger hall. A hotel is built above the S-train tracks in the Northern end, in the opposite end, all platforms are covered with the typical railway arched roof. This roof is shorter than the platforms, but all tracks remain below street level, the main hall isnt just a waiting hall, but also a market place where most things can be bought. From fresh fruit sellers to market, postal office, banks, currency exchanges, hamburgers, coffee shops, restaurants. There are also travel center for information an manual sale of tickets, shower rooms are also available for a smaller fee. The current station building opened in 1911 and is the work of architect Heinrich Wenck, the station has 7 platforms and 13 tracks. On the station there are many small shops, cafeterias. All public transport within Greater Copenhagen are divided into close to 100 ticket fare zones, the Central station is located in fare zone 1, which together with zones 2 and 3 constitute Copenhagen municipality and the exclave of Frederiksberg municipality. As the cheapest single ticket always is valid in two zones, a ticket bought at the station is valid within the entire city centre. A ticket to Copenhagen Airport Kastrup, however, demands the payment for three zones since its located in zone 4, from July 2019 the Central station will also be served by the new Copenhagen Metro line M3, which will be a circular line with 17 stations
31.
Darlington railway station
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Darlington railway station is on the East Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom, serving the town of Darlington, County Durham. It is 232 miles 50 chains down-line from London Kings Cross and its three-letter station code is DAR. Darlington is the location of the first commercial railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway. The station building is a Grade II* listed Victorian structure and winner of the Large Station of the Year award in 2005. This branch line was purchased by the Great North of England Railway a decade later to incorporate into their new main line from York which reached the town on 30 March 1841. A separate company, the Newcastle & Darlington Junction Railway continued the new line northwards towards Ferryhill and Newcastle. This crossed the S&D at Parkgate Junction by means of a crossing which would in future years become something of an operational headache for the North Eastern Railway. The original Bank Top station where the two met was a modest affair, which was rebuilt in 1860 to accommodate the expanding levels of traffic on the main line. By the mid-1880s even this replacement structure was deemed inadequate and so the NER embarked on an upgrade to facilities in the area. These improvements were completed on 1 July 1887, when the old route west of Oak Tree closed to passengers. The new station, with its island platform was designed by T. E. Harrison chief engineer, and William Bell. The lines to Penrith, Barnard Castle and Richmond have now gone, but the main line and it is also still possible to travel to Catterick Garrison and Richmond from here, by means of the Arriva North East-operated X26 and X27 buses. The same company operated the Sky Express bus service to Durham Tees Valley Airport from the station. In the 1980s a replica set of Darlington Railway Station was built for an episode of Noels Saturday Roadshow for the BBC, on 16 November 1910, and express freight train overran signals and was involved in a rear-end collision with another freight train. On 27 June 1928, a train and an excursion train were involved in a head-on collision. Twenty five people were killed and 45 were injured, on 3 October 2009, a Northern Rail passenger train operated by a Class 142 diesel multiple unit hit the rear end of a departing National Express East Coast service. Three passengers from the Northern Rail train were taken to hospital with minor injuries, as noted previous, the station is fully staffed, the ticket office is open throughout the week. There is a room and a first class Lounge on the platform
32.
Glasgow Queen Street railway station
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Glasgow Queen Street is a city centre railway terminal in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the smaller of the two main line railway termini and the third busiest station in Scotland. The station is situated between George Street to the south and Cathedral Street Bridge to the north, at the end of Queen Street adjacent to George Square. The other main station in Glasgow being Glasgow Central. The station was built by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, in 1865 the E&GR was absorbed into the North British Railway, in 1878 the entire station was redesigned by the civil engineer James Carswell. It became part of the LNER group in 1923, in 1928 there was a railway accident causing 3 fatalities when a train leaving the station slipped to a standstill and rolled back into another train. Modern diesel trains have no difficulty with the climb and this caused difficulties with longer trains, as Queen Street is in a confined position between George Square and the tunnel. In the 1980s, HST were used on Cross Country and East Coast services ran by InterCity, Queen Street stations platforms are on two levels, with the High Level platforms running directly north-south, and the Low Level running east-west. They are connected by staircases at either end of the Low Level platforms,3 trains per hour to Stirling 1 train per hour to Aberdeen via Perth and Dundee. 1 train per hour to Dundee, the high level railway approaches the station building through the Queen Street Tunnel, which runs beneath the Buchanan Galleries shopping centre to the Sighthill area northeast of the city centre. Platforms 1–7 occupy the High Level, Platform 1 being at the end of the trainshed. Platforms 8 and 9 comprise the Low Level station, and it is the most central stop on the North Clyde Line of the Glasgow suburban electric network. Trains run frequently between Helensburgh, Balloch and Milngavie on the Firth of Clyde, towards Airdrie, on the edge of the Greater Glasgow and onward to Edinburgh via Bathgate, the line is electrified, the fleet operating this route are Class 318s, Class 320s and Class 334s. Services on the West Highland Line to Oban, Fort William, the Low Level line between High Street, Queen Street and Charing Cross was built before the Glasgow Subway, making it the oldest underground railway in the city. In May–June 2014, work was carried out to redevelop the Low Level platforms, Queen Street signal box, opened in 1881, was on a gantry spanning the tracks close to the tunnel mouth. It closed on 26 February 1967 when control of the high level station was transferred to a panel in Cowlairs signal box and that box was superseded by the new Cowlairs signalling centre on 28 December 1998. This in turn was abolished in October 2013 and the station is now under the supervision of Edinburgh IECC, the low level station had two signal boxes, Queen Street West and Queen Street East. Both boxes were over the tracks and closed on 8 February 1960, the low level lines came under the control of Yoker Signalling Centre on 19 November 1989
33.
Hull Paragon Interchange
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Hull Paragon Interchange is an integrated rail and bus station in the city centre of Kingston upon Hull, England. As well as trains to the west the station was the terminus of the Y&NMR, from the 1860s the station also became the terminus of the Hull and Holderness and Hull and Hornsea railways. At the beginning of the 20th century the North Eastern Railway expanded the trainshed and station to the designs William Bell, installing the present five arched span platform roof. In 1962 a modernist office block Paragon House was installed above the main entrance, replacing a 1900s iron canopy. A bus station was erected adjacent to the north of the station in the mid 1930s, the new station, named Paragon Interchange opened in September 2007, integrating the citys railway and bus stations under William Bells 1900s trainshed. As of October 2016, the station is operated by TransPennine Express. In 1840 the Hull and Selby Railway opened the first railway line into Hull, terminating at a passenger and goods terminal, Manor House Street station, adjacent to the Humber Dock, near the old town. Subsequently, the Hull and Selby entered into working arrangements with the Manchester and Leeds Railway and then the York, in 1846 the York and North Midland and Manchester and Leeds railways began proceedings to create a new terminal station and connecting branch line in Hull. The York and North Midland,1847 act was subsequently passed, the new station had the advantage of being better situated for travellers, and allowed the old station to be used exclusively for freight traffic.5 miles roughly west of the new station. In addition a new connecting chord was made from the Hull and Selby Line, to the Bridlington branch, the station was located on the western edge of the growing Georgian town, and took its name from Paragon Street. Construction contracts had been signed by early 1847, before the bill had been formally passed, the station opened in 1847 without any notable ceremony. The station and hotel were both in the Italian Renaissance style, with both Doric and Ionic order elements, the fascades show inspiration from the courtyard of the Palazzo Farnese. The train shed contained 5 tracks and 2 platforms, each 30 feet, the station site was nearly 2.5 acres. The hotel was in a style to the station, located at the east end of the station with its main fascade. It was completed in 1849 as a three building,9 bays wide, of area 120 by 130 feet. The centre of the building contained a 650 feet square lightwell with ground glass roof, architect for both buildings was G. T. Andrews, and represent his last major commission. By the time of completion of the station hotel George Hudson, chairman of the York, the Hotels official opening ceremony took place on 6 November 1851. Additional facilities at the station included a locomotive house, on the west end of north side of the main shed, a coal depot to the north-west
34.
Newcastle railway station
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Newcastle railway station is on the East Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom, serving the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear. It is 268 miles 56 chains down-line from London Kings Cross and its three-letter station code is NCL. Opened in 1850, it is a Grade I listed building and is located in the city centre at the edge of Grainger Town. It is also served by the adjoining Central Station on the Tyne, as of June 2015, the main line station is managed by Virgin Trains East Coast. All Virgin Trains East Coast services between London and Edinburgh stop at Newcastle, the station is also a terminus for TransPennine Express, which connects Newcastle to Liverpool Lime Street, via Leeds and Manchester Piccadilly, with some services also running to Manchester Airport. Northern variously combines three routes out of Newcastle in order to provide both terminating and through services, to the south east, the Durham Coast Line connects to Sunderland and County Durham and Teesside. Important stops include Hartlepool, Stockton and Middlesbrough, the line being shared with Tyne, in peak hours some services arrive from Teesside via the main line. Additionally, Northern and Abellio ScotRail jointly operate a service to Glasgow Central via Carlisle. Together with the Metro stop and numerous bus routes, the complex is one of the most important transport hubs in the North East. A scheme for a station was proposed by Richard Grainger. The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway had agreed to relinquish their insistence on using their Redheugh terminus on the south bank of the River Tyne. They agreed with George Hudson on a station north of the Tyne. Instead of crossing the Tyne by a low bridge and climbing to the Spital by a rope-worked incline, they would build an extension crossing at Scotswood. They opened this line and a station at Forth. Hudson, known as the Railway King was concentrating on connecting his portfolio of railways so as to join Edinburgh with the English network. His Newcastle and Berwick Railway obtained its authorising Act of Parliament in 1845, building a crossing of the Tyne was obviously going to be a lengthy process, so that he gave the construction of the general station a low priority. The Tyne crossing became the High Level Bridge, Newcastle and Carlisle Railway trains would of course enter from the west. It was to a Romano-Italien design with work of the Doric order
35.
Gare de Lille Flandres
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Lille Flandres is the main railway station of Lille, capital of French Flanders. It is a terminus for SNCF Intercity and regional trains and it opened in 1842 as the Gare du Lille, but was renamed in 1993 when Lille Europe station opened. There is a 500m walking distance between the two stations, which are also adjacent stops on one of the lines of the Lille Metro, the station was built by Léonce Reynaud and Sydney Dunnett for the CF du Nord. Construction began in 1869 and ended in 1892, Dunnett added the Hôtel des Voyageurs in 1887, and the rooftop in 1892. Gare de Lille Europe Euralille Media related to Gare de Lille-Flandres at Wikimedia Commons Timetables TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais Official website SNCB/NMBS
36.
Liverpool Lime Street railway station
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Liverpool Lime Street is a terminus railway station, and the main station serving the city centre of Liverpool. Opened in August 1836, it is the oldest grand terminus mainline station still in use in the world, a large building constructed in the Renaissance Revival style fronts the station. A branch of the West Coast Main Line from London Euston terminates at the station, as well as TransPennine Express trains, the underground Lime Street Wirral Line station on the Merseyrail network is accessed via the main terminus. Lime Street is the largest and oldest railway station in Liverpool, the original terminus of the 1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway was located at Crown Street, in Edge Hill, to the east of and outside the city centre. A new station in the city centre was needed, construction of a purpose-built station at Lime Street in the city centre began in October 1833, the land was purchased from Liverpool Corporation for £9,000. A twin track tunnel was constructed between Edge Hill and the new station before the station was built in 1832, it was used to building materials for the station. The architects were Cunningham and Holme, and John Foster Jr, the station opened to the public in August 1836, although construction was not completed until the following year. This building was designed with four gateways, two of which were intentionally nonfunctional. Due to the steep incline uphill from Lime Street to Edge Hill, locomotives were removed from the trains and the passenger carriages were taken down by gravity, with the descent controlled by brakemen in a brake van. The return journey was achieved by using a steam engine, located at Edge Hill. This system, constructed by Mather, Dixon and Company under the direction of John Grantham, within six years of opening, the rapid growth of the railways required expansion of the original station. A plan was formed to erect an iron roof similar to found at Euston station in London. However, Richard Turner and William Fairburn submitted a design for a curved roof. The work cost £15,000 and was completed in 1849 with the involvement of William Tite. Meanwhile, in 1845, the L&MR had been absorbed by its business partner, the Grand Junction Railway. A group of four columns, adjoining platform 1 and attributed to Edward Woods, by 1857, two granite columns had been erected outside the station entrance, and had become known as the Candlesticks. In 1867 further expansion was needed and included the present northern arched train shed, designed by William Baker and Francis Stevenson and with a span of 200 feet, it was the largest in the world at the time. It was also the first train shed in which iron was used throughout, a second parallel southern train shed was completed in 1879, designed by Stevenson and E. W. Ives, notably, it was of dry construction and each bay took only three days to build
37.
London King's Cross railway station
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Kings Cross railway station, also known as London Kings Cross, is a central London railway terminus on the northern edge of the city. It is one of the busiest railway stations in the United Kingdom, the station was opened in 1852 by the Great Northern Railway in the Kings Cross area to accommodate the East Coast Main Line. It quickly grew to cater for services and was expanded several times in the 19th century. It came under ownership of the London and North Eastern Railway as part of the Big Four grouping in 1923, who introduced famous services such as the Flying Scotsman and Mallard. The station complex was redeveloped in the 1970s, simplifying the layout and providing electric suburban services, in the late 20th century, the area around the station became known for its seedy and downmarket character, and was used as a backdrop for several films as a result. Adjacent to Kings Cross station is St. Pancras International, the London terminus for Eurostar services to continental Europe, beneath both main line stations is Kings Cross St. Pancras on the London Underground, and combined they form one of the countrys largest transport hubs. The Kings Cross fire at the station in 1987 led to improved fire safety standards across the London rail network. The station is located on the London Inner Ring Road at the end of Euston Road, next to the junction with Pentonville Road, Grays Inn Road. To the west, at the side of Pancras Road, is St Pancras railway station. Several London bus routes, including 10,30,59,73,91,205,390,476 pass in front of or at the side of the station, Kings Cross is spelled both with and without an apostrophe. Kings Cross is used in signage at the Network Rail and London Underground stations, on the tube map and it has been used on official maps from Underground companies since 1951 – the apostrophe was used on them only very rarely before then. Kings Cross is used in the National Rail timetable database and other National Rail railway pages, Kings X, Kings + and London KX are abbreviations used in space-limited contexts. The National Rail station code is KGX, the area of Kings Cross was previously a village known as Battle Bridge which was an ancient crossing of the River Fleet, originally known as Broad Ford, later Bradford Bridge. The river flowed along what is now the west side of Pancras Road until it was rerouted underground in 1825, the name Battle Bridge is linked to tradition that this was the site of a major battle between the Romans and the British Iceni tribe led by Boudica. According to folklore, Kings Cross is the site of Boudicas final battle, platforms 9 and 10 have been suggested as possible sites. Boudicas ghost is also reported to haunt passages under the station, Kings Cross station was built in 1851–1852 as the London hub of the Great Northern Railway and terminus of the East Coast main line. It replaced a station next to Maiden Lane that had been quickly constructed with the lines arrival in London in 1850. The station took its name from the area of London, named after a monument to King George IV that was demolished in 1845
38.
London Paddington station
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Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area. The site has been the London terminus of the Great Western Railway, much of the main-line station dates from 1854 and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It was first served by London Underground trains in 1863, as the western terminus of the Metropolitan Railway. Today, Paddington tube station is served by the Bakerloo, Circle, District and it is also the terminus for the Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services to and from London Heathrow Airport. It is one of 19 stations in the United Kingdom managed directly by Network Rail and it is situated in fare zone 1. The station complex is bounded at the front by Praed Street and at the rear by Bishops Bridge Road, on the west side of the station is Eastbourne Terrace, while the east side is bounded by the Paddington arm of the Grand Union Canal. The station is in a cutting, a fact obscured at the front by a hotel building. The surrounding area is residential, and includes the major St Marys Hospital, restaurants. Until recently there was little office accommodation in the area, however, recent redevelopment of derelict railway and canal land, marketed as Paddington Waterside, has resulted in new office complexes nearby. In addition to the Underground stations at Paddington, Lancaster Gate tube station on the Central line is a walk away to the south. A little further to the south lie the conjoined parks of Hyde Park, the National Rail station is officially named London Paddington, a name commonly used outside London but rarely by Londoners, who call it just Paddington, as on the London Underground map. Parts of the station, including the train shed, date from 1854. It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail, the first station was a temporary terminus for the GWR on the west side of Bishops Bridge Road, opened on 4 June 1838. The first GWR service from London to Taplow, near Maidenhead, after the main station opened in 1854, this became the site of the goods depot. It opened on 29 May 1854, the glazed roof is supported by wrought iron arches in three spans, respectively spanning 68 feet,102 feet and 70 feet. The roof is 699 feet long, and the original roof spans had two transepts connecting the three spans and it is commonly believed that these were provided by Brunel to accommodate traversers to carry coaches between the tracks within the station. However recent research, using documents and photographs, does not seem to support this belief. The Great Western Hotel was built on Praed Street in front of the station in 1851–1854 by architect Philip Charles Hardwick, the station was substantially enlarged in 1906–1915 and a fourth span of 109 feet was added on the north side, parallel to the others
39.
St Pancras railway station
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St Pancras railway station, also known as London St Pancras and since 2007 as St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It was opened in 1868 by the Midland Railway as the terminus of its main line. When inaugurated, the train shed by William Henry Barlow was the largest single-span roof in the world. The restored station has 15 platforms, a centre. St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways and is managed by Network Rail, high-speed domestic services to Kent, run by Southeastern, began in December 2009. St Pancras is often termed the cathedral of the railways, the train shed, completed in 1868 by the engineer William Henry Barlow, was the largest single-span structure built up to that time. The terminal is one of relatively few stations in England to feature multilingual signage, all notices are written in English. Ashford International station has similar bilingual signs, other stations with foreign-language signs include Southall, which has signs in Punjabi, Wallsend Metro station, and Moreton-in-Marsh. In March 2014, the public relations team commissioned a study of mispronounced words. St Pancras occupies a site orientated north/south, deeper than it is wide, the south is bounded by the busy Euston Road, with the frontage provided by the former Midland Grand Hotel. Behind the hotel, the Barlow train shed is elevated 5 m above street level, to the west, the original station is bounded by Midland Road with the British Library on the other side of the road. To the east, it is bounded by Pancras Road and is opposite Kings Cross station, the new northern half of the station is mainly bounded to the east by Camley Street, with Camley Street Natural Park across the road. To the north-east is Kings Cross Central, formerly known as the Railway Lands, a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads, St Pancras contains four groups of platforms on two levels, accessed via the main concourse at ground level. The below-surface group contains through platforms A and B, and the level has three groups of terminal platforms, domestic platforms 1–4 and 11–13 on each side of international platforms 5–10. The international platforms do not occupy the width of the Barlow train shed. The southern end of The Arcade links to the ticket hall of Kings Cross St Pancras tube station. The main pedestrian entrance is at the end of this concourse, where a subway enables pedestrians to reach Kings Cross station. There are several items of art on display to the public at St Pancras, at the south end of the upper level, a 9-metre high 20-tonne bronze statue named The Meeting Place stands beneath the station clock
40.
Ballarat railway station
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Ballarat Railway Station is located on the Serviceton line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the city of Ballarat opening on 11 April 1862, the extensive building complex is of major architectural and historical significance to Ballarat with most of its original 19th-century features intact. Disused stations Ballarat East, Warrenheip, Bungaree and Gordon are located between Ballarat and Ballan, a bluestone engine shed was built to the south and the goods shed to the north were added in 1863. In 1877 the footbridge and waiting rooms on the side were added. In 1885, hand operated gates were added at Lydiard Street. Following the opening of the line from Ballarat to Melbourne in December 1889. A grand portico, stationmasters office and clocktower designed in 1888 were added in 1891 however the clock was not added at this time, with the closure of Ballarat East station and the amalgamation of councils, the station gradually dropped the name West Ballarat. On 13 December 1981 fire badly damaged the interiors of the 1888 section including the office, waiting room, booking office, dining room. All of these areas were repaired and retained. Many of the features were restored however some interiors including the booking office were subsequently modernised. In 1983, the Public Transport Corporation proposed to demolish the level crossing gates at Lydiard Street, the City of Ballarat, National Trust and Historic Buildings Council responded with a campaign to save the gates. A clock was added to the tower in 1984, in 1990, conservationists succeeded in their lobby to preserve the railway gates and an automated mechanical system was built to allow for the continued use of the historic gates. Additional restoration was carried out in 2005 with the roof replaced with quarried Welsh slate to match the original southern roof. The resulted in the call for a station, with Wendouree opening in June 2009 to alleviate congestion primarily caused by park. The station saw an increase in trains following the resumption of services to Maryborough. It is serviced by V/Line Ballarat, Ararat and Maryborough line services, halls Gap & the Grampians National Park via Ararat & Stawell Horsham, Dimboola, Nhill & Adelaide Operated by Firefly Express. Geelong Operated by Gold Bus Ballarat/ Christians Bus Co. Hamilton & Mount Gambier Operated by Trotters Coaches Ouyen, Donald and Mildura Operated by Gold Bus Ballarat/ Suraysia Buslink. Most of the bus services also stop outside the Station on Lydiard St, including
41.
Madrid Atocha railway station
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Madrid Atocha is the largest railway station in Madrid. It is the station serving commuter trains, intercity and regional trains from the south. These train services are run by the Spanish national rail company, from 2014, this station is connected everyday to Marseille in France. The station is in the Atocha neighborhood of the district of Arganzuela, at this site, Madrids first railway station was inaugurated on 9 February 1851 under the name Estación de Mediodía. After the building was destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt. The architect for the replacement, in a wrought iron style was Alberto de Palacio Elissagne. Engineer Henry Saint James also took part in the project, the name Atocha has become attached to the station because of the nearby basilica dedicated to Our Lady of Atocha. The train platforms were covered by a roof in the form of inverted hull with a height of approximately 27 meters. The steel and glass roof spreads between two flanking buildings. This complex of railway tracks expanded through the years, in 1985, a project of complete remodeling began, based on designs by Rafael Moneo. In 1992, the building was taken out of service as a terminal, and converted into a concourse with shops, cafés. Like the Orsay Museum in Paris, the concourse has been given a new function, a modern terminal was also designed by Moneo, and built in adjacent land to serve both the new AVE trains and local commuter lines. The main lines end in the new terminal, commuter train platforms are located underground, the station is served by two Madrid Metro stations, Atocha and Atocha Renfe. The latter was added when the new building was constructed and is directly linked to the railway station. On 11 March 2004, packed arriving commuter trains were bombed in a series of coordinated bombings, killing 191 people, the official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by a terrorist cell. On 10 June 2004, a somber and minimalist Atocha station memorial was dedicated for the victims of the Attack, the monument includes a virtual shrine. Visitors to the stations can leave a hand silhouette and a message through special-purpose consoles. A second monument to this event, known as 11-M in Spain, is the Bosque del Recuerdo in the Parque del Buen Retiro near Atocha
42.
Manchester Central Convention Complex
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Manchester Central Convention Complex is an exhibition and conference centre converted from the former Manchester Central railway station in Manchester, England. Designed by Sir John Fowler, the station, the terminus for services to London St Pancras, was opened in July 1880 by the Cheshire Lines Committee. The structure has an arched roof with a 64-metre span - the second-largest railway station roof span in the United Kingdom. After 89 years as a terminus, it closed to passengers in May 1969. It was renovated as an exhibition centre known as the G-MEX Centre in 1982. From 1986 to 1995 it was Manchesters primary music concert venue until the construction of the Manchester Arena, the venue was refitted in 2008 to host conferences, exhibitions and is Manchesters secondary large concert venue. The complex was originally Manchester Central railway station, one of the main railway terminals. It was built between 1875 and 1880 and was closed to passengers on 5 May 1969, the station served as the terminus for Midland Railway express trains to London St Pancras. At its height, in the 1930s, more than 400 trains passed through the station every day, the station operated for 89 years, before closing in May 1969. It became derelict and the shed was initially used as an indoor car park. In 1978, the structure was acquired by the Greater Manchester County Council to redevelop as a concert venue, in 1982 construction work undertaken by Alfred McAlpine It was the centrepiece of the regeneration plan for the area and wider Castlefield district. The hall covered 10,000 square metres and could be partitioned into various sized units for different exhibitions, initial construction work concentrated on repairing the derelict structure and re-pointing brickwork which took 18 months. The Greater Manchester Exhibition Centre or G-Mex Centre was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1986 after four years of renovation, in 2001, the Manchester International Convention Centre was added, comprising an 804-seat auditorium and breakout rooms and the Great Northern Hall. In 2005, the running the complex was bought by Manchester City Council. G-Mex was Manchesters primary concert venue from 1986 to 1995 and its position as a concert venue diminished after the opening of the Manchester Arena in 1995. In January 2007 it was renamed Manchester Central, evoking the memory of the station and converted into an exhibition. The building was renovated at a cost of £30 million in 2008 by Manchester-based architects, the first phase to create a foyer took from February to November 2008. The second phase, completed towards the end of 2009, included a foyer to the iconic Grade ll listed Central Hall
43.
Manchester Piccadilly station
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Manchester Piccadilly is the principal railway station in Manchester, England. Opened as Store Street in 1842 and renamed Manchester London Road in 1847, the station has twelve terminal platforms in the train shed and two through platforms to the south of it. Piccadilly is a interchange with the Metrolink light rail system. Six train operating companies operate services to and from Piccadilly and it is the second busiest interchange station outside London, with almost 3.8 million passengers changing trains at the station annually. The stations refurbishment took five years and cost £100m in 2002, a TWAO application to build two new platforms was made in October 2016 and construction is expected to commence on completion of the Ordsall Chord in January 2018. There are plans for five new platforms in the High Speed 2 proposals, a temporary terminus on Travis Street opened in June 1840 when the Manchester and Birmingham Railway opened its line to Stockport. In 1842 the companys Store Street station, consisting of two platforms and offices, adjacent to London Road, was completed and by then the line extended to Crewe, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway shared the station from 1844 as the terminus of its line. The station name was changed to London Road in 1847 and it retained that name until 1960, in 1849, the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which became the Great Central Railway, was formed. London Road was overcrowded by the 1860s, and the relationship between the companies using it was poor, in 1862 the companies agreed to rebuild the station so it could be split in two. As traffic continued to increase the station was expanded and two added to the train shed in 1881. The MSJAR platforms and the bridge over Fairfield Street were demolished, the adjacent Mayfield station opened in 1910 providing four platforms which alleviated overcrowding at Piccadilly. It closed to passengers in 1960 and closed permanently in 1986, the Mayfield station building still exists and can still be seen on approach to Piccadilly and from platforms 13 and 14. Following the 1923 railway grouping, the station was served by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, after nationalisation in 1948, London Road station was operated as two independent stations, separated by iron railings on platform 5. On one side was the London Midland Region of British Railways, the MSJAR platforms and bridges over Fairfield Street were replaced. The island platforms were located on a new pre-stressed concrete slab bridge with cantilevered sides for the tracks, in the early 1970s, as part of the Picc-Vic tunnel project, there were proposals to build an underground station, Piccadilly Low Level. The project was cancelled, and subsequent rail improvements concentrated on surface projects, the stations undercroft, the two levels below the main rail platforms, was converted in the early 1990s to provide two platforms for the Manchester Metrolink tram system. Piccadillys island platforms were rebuilt and lengthened in 1988 in connection with the opening of the Windsor Link. The glass roof over the platforms was completely replaced in the late 1990s
44.
Milan Central railway station
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Milano Centrale is the main railway station of the city of Milan, Italy and one of the main railway stations in Europe. The station is a terminus and located at the end of central Milan. Milano Centrale has high speed connections to Turin in the west, Venice via Verona in the east and on the mainline to Bologna, Rome, Naples. The Simplon and Gotthard railway lines connect Milano Centrale to Bern via Domodossola, destinations of inter-city and regional railways radiate from Milano Centrale to Ventimiglia, Genova, Turin, Domodossola, Tirano, Bergamo, Verona, Mantova, Bologna and La Spezia. The Milan suburban railway service, however, does not use Milano Centrale but the other stations, Porta Garibaldi, Cadorna. The first Milano Centrale station opened in 1864 in the now occupied by the Piazza della Repubblica. It was designed by French architect Louis-Jules Bouchot and its style was reminiscent of Parisian buildings of that period. The station was designed to replace Porta Tosa station and Porta Nuova station and was interconnected with all lines, either existing or under construction and it remained in operation until 30 June 1931, when the current station was opened. There is now no trace of the old station left, king Victor Emmanuel III of Italy laid the cornerstone of the new station on April 28,1906, before a blueprint for the station had even been chosen. This happened especially when Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister, and wanted the station to represent the power of the Fascist regime. The major changes were the new types and the introduction of the great steel canopies by Alberto Fava,341 m long and covering an area of 66,500 square metres. Construction resumed in earnest in 1925 and on July 1,1931 and its façade is 200 metres wide and its vault is 72 metres high, a record when it was built. Each day about 330,000 passengers use the station, totaling about 120 million per year, the station has no definite architectural style, but is a blend of many different styles, especially Liberty and Art Deco, but not limited to those. It is adorned with numerous sculptures, “The ‘incongruous envelope of stone’ of this gigantic and monumental building dominates Piazza Duca d’Aosta. ”On September 25,2006, officials announced a €100 million project, already in progress, to refurbish the station. The project includes moving the office and installing new elevators and escalators for increased accessibility. Every day about 320,000 passengers pass through the station using about 500 trains, the station is served by national and international routes, with both long-distance and regional lines. Daily international destinations include Bern, Lugano, Geneva, Zürich, Paris, Vienna, Barcelona, the station is also connected to Milan-Malpensa Airport through the Malpensa Express airport train. There is no service of Milan Suburbano at the Centrale station
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Reading Terminal
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It is composed of the Reading Terminal Headhouse, Trainshed, and Market. In 1889, the Reading Railroad decided to build a depot, passenger station. The chosen location was occupied by a market that had been in continuous operation since 1853. This required the trainshed and all of its tracks to be constructed one story above street level, with the Ninth Street Branch to bring trains in, the headhouse was designed in 1891 by Francis H. Kimball, and the train shed by Wilson Brothers & Company. Construction began that year, and the station opened on January 29,1893. At the time, the trainshed was one of the largest single-span arched-roof structures in the world, the following year, the Wilson Brothers would build an even larger trainshed three blocks away, for the Pennsylvania Railroads Broad Street Station. The Readings trainshed is now the worlds oldest such structure and the one left in the United States. The complex was fronted on Market by an eight-story headhouse that housed the passenger station, built in the Italian Renaissance style, the headhouse has brick bearing walls with cast-iron columns and timber floors. Interior finishes include molded ornamental plaster and marble with cast-iron detailing, many of those trains would be converted to electric power in a project that began in 1928 and basically completed in 1933, with the Newtown Branch being electrified to Fox Chase in 1966. Daily traffic peaked during World War II with up to 45,000 daily passengers, then declined in the 1950s with the advance of road, the terminal buildings declined with the railroads fortunes as maintenance budgets were cut. The Reading declared bankruptcy on November 23,1971, the shed was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. In 1976, Conrail took over the operations of the Reading. The railroads regional rail service went to SEPTA, the transit authority for Philadelphia. Still, the Reading retained ownership of its Terminal complex, SEPTA also gained control of the ex-PRR regional lines and consolidated all regional rail service. The new station is adjacent to and partially under Reading Terminal, Reading Terminal handled its last train, a specially made-up train using Blueliners from Lansdale, on November 6,1984. In the years followed, the Reading Terminals fate was uncertain. Its demolition was staved off by a led by urban-renewal advocate Edmund Bacon. This urban-renewal zone stretched along Market Street from City Hall to 6th Street, in 1993, the complex was chosen from among four candidates as the site for the new Pennsylvania Convention Center and purchased by the citys Redevelopment Authority of Philadelphia
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Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
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Tanjung Priok
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Tanjung Priok is a subdistrict of North Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. It hosts the western part of the main harbor, the Port of Tanjung Priok. Before human development, the area of what is now Tanjung Priok was an area of brackish water with swamp. The construction of the new harbor was started in 1877 by Governor General Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge, the new harbor was named Tandjong Priok. Several facilities were built to support the function of the new harbor, Tanjung Priok is variously spelled in history as Tandjong Priok, Tandjoeng Priok or Tanjon Preeq. Tanjung Priok was the site of a publicized incident on September 12,1984. The protesters were demonstrating against proposed government regulations that would require all formal organisations in the country to adopt Pancasila as their ideology, there were conflicting reports about the total death toll, but most sources indicate that several hundred protesters were killed. After the fall of Suharto the case was taken up again, list of East Asian ports Official site of Port of Tanjung Priok
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Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682
