1.
Rubber-tyred trams
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A development of the guided bus is the tramway on tyres, in which a vehicle is guided by a fixed rail in the road surface and draws current from overhead electric wires. Two incompatible systems using physical guide rails exist, the Guided Light Transit designed by Bombardier Transportation, there are no guide bars at the sides but there is a central guidance rail that differs in design between the systems. In the case of Translohr, this rail is grasped by a pair of metal wheels set at 45° to the road. In the GLT system, a single double-flanged wheel between the rubber tires follows the guidance rail, in both cases, the weight of the vehicle is borne by rubber tires to which the guide wheels are attached. Power is usually supplied by lines, rechargeable batteries, or internal combustion engines where there are no overhead wires. The Translohr system operates as a vehicle at all times, while with the Bombardier system the vehicles can be driven autonomously as requirements dictate. On the other hand, Translohr vehicles operate like standard trams and cannot move without guidance, the infrastructure installation can be less complicated than the installation of a complete tram line in an existing street. These systems have been likened to the equivalent of rubber-tyred metros. There is no evidence to prove the superiority of either guidance system, both Bombardier and Translohr have had derailments during operation. Roll way Rubber-tyred metro TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram Tram Tyre
2.
Guided bus
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Guided buses are buses steered by external means, usually on a dedicated track or roll way that excludes other traffic, permitting the maintenance of schedules even during rush hours. Guidance systems can be physical, such as kerbs or guide bars, or remote, Guided buses may be articulated, allowing more passengers, but not as many as light rail or trams that do not also freely navigate public roads. There are only a few examples, but more have been proposed in various countries, the first guided busway in the United Kingdom was in Birmingham, the Tracline 65,1,968 feet long, experimentally in 1984. Several guided busways have been planned or built in the United Kingdom and it was discontinued as the majority of buses fitted with guide wheels were withdrawn for age reasons. There are no plans to convert newer buses, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway between Cambridge and St Ives is the worlds longest guided busway. The Nagoya Guideway Bus in Nagoya, opened in March 2001 and is the guided bus line in Japan. The kerb-guided bus guidance mechanism is a development of the early flangeways, the Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad of 1809 therefore has a claim to be the earliest guided busway. Earlier flangeways existed, but were not for passenger carrying, optical guidance relies on the principles of image processing. A camera in the front of the vehicle scans the bands of paint on the ground representing the reference path, the signals obtained by the camera are sent to an onboard computer, which combines them with dynamic parameters of the vehicle. The calculator transmits commands to the motor located on the steering column of the vehicle to control its path in line with that of the reference. Optical guidance is a means of approaching light rail performance with a fast, the distance between the door steps and the platform is optimized not to exceed 5 centimetres. Level boarding is possible, and there is no need to use a mobile ramp for people with mobility impairments. Other experimental systems have non-mechanical guidance, such as sensors or magnets buried in the roadway, in 2004, Stagecoach Group signed a deal with Siemens AG to develop an optical guidance system for use in the UK. Two bus lines in Eindhoven, Netherlands, are used by Phileas vehicles, Line 401 from Eindhoven station to Eindhoven Airport is 9 km long, consists largely of concrete bus lanes and has about 30 Phileas stop platforms. Line 402 from Eindhoven station to Veldhoven branches off from line 401 and adds another 6 km of bus lanes, the regional authority for urban transport in the Eindhoven region has decided not to use the magnetic guidance system any more for some years. The Douai region in France is developing a public network with dedicated infrastructure. The total length of the lines will be 34 km, the first stage is a line of 12 km from Douai via Guesnain to Lewarde, passing close to Waziers, Sin-le-Noble, Dechy and Lambres-lez-Douai. 39 stop platforms will be provided with a distance between the stops of 400 m
3.
Alstom
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A merger with parts of the General Electric Company plc formed GEC-Alstom in 1989, the company became Alstom in 1998. In 2014, Alstom and General Electric announced that a US$17 billion bid for the power and grid divisions had been made. The GE acquisition deal for the power and grid division was accepted by EU and US anticompetition authorities in mid 2015, in 1932, Alsthom expanded into transportation by acquiring Constructions Electriques de France, Tarbes, a manufacturer of electric locomotives as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. In 1969, Compagnie Générale dElectricité became the majority shareholder of Alsthom, in 1976, Alsthom merged with Chantiers de lAtlantique, becoming Alsthom Atlantique. Thus, the business expanded into marine, the next year, it constructed the first 1300 MW generator set for the Paluel power station, setting a world record with an output of 1500 MW. In 1978, Alsthom delivered its first TGV to SNCF, the TGV went on to break world rail speed records in 1981 and in 1990. It also set the endurance record for high-speed train lines in 2001. In 1986, Alsthom Belfort received an order from EDF for the largest gas turbine in the world, in 1988–89, holding company CGEE Alstom acquired ACEC Energie and ACEC Automatisme from the dissolution of Belgian electrical engineering company ACEC SA. Alstom acquired 100% of ACECs transport division, renaming it ACEC Transport, in 1991, Alstoms parent company CGE was renamed Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Générale dElectricité, or Alcatel Alsthom for short. In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired the vehicle manufacturer Linke-Hofmann-Busch from Salzgitter AG. In 1995, the acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer MAN Energie. In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor Cegelec, in 1998, GEC-Alsthom bought Italian firm SASIB SpAs rail signalling subsidiary Sasib Railways, which included the former General Railway Signal. In June 1998, GEC Alsthom was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange, GEC, at the same time, the company name was changed to Alstom. In 1999, Alstoms energy division merged with ABB in a 50–50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power, Alstom also bought Canadas Télécité, a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold its heavy-duty gas turbine business to General Electric. The next year, it bought out ABBs share in ABB Alstom Power, in 2000, Alstom sold its diesel engine businesses to MAN Group. It also acquired a 51% stake in Fiat Ferroviaria, the Italian rail manufacturer, in April 2003, Alstom sold its industrial turbine business to Siemens for €1.1 billion. By 2003, Alstom was facing a crisis due to poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities. Alstoms share price had dropped 90% over two years, in 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom and received an EU-approved French government bailout worth €2.5 billion
4.
Clermont-Ferrand tramway
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The Clermont-Ferrand tramway is a transit system located in the city of Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne Region of France. It is a Translohr system, meaning it is guided by a single rail and this tramway comprises just one tramline, called Line A, that serves 34 stations and runs on 15.7 kilometres of double track length. However, there have been plans for extension of the line. Clermont-Ferrand constructed its first tram system in 1890, but in 1956 the tramway was decommissioned in favor of new bus routes, the current Translohr system officially opened in 2006. The first tramline in Clermont-Ferrand was put into service on January 7,1890 by the Electric Tramway Company of Clermont Ferrand, the Clermont-Ferrand tramway distinguished itself from other systems as it was the first to use electricity in France. The first 1,435 mm standard gauge tram track ran from Montferrand to Jaude, shortly after this, an extension was opened to Royat on lAvenue des Thermes. A total of 22 two-axle tramcars were put into service, in 1902, a section between Jaude and Place Delille, via Place Gaillard, opened. In 1913, a link to Cermont-Ferrand Train Station via Salins, before the First World War, the Beaumont line was extended to Ceyrat. In 1928, a link to Aubière was created, following the route of Line 3 on Avenue Léon Blum, at the end of the Second World War, the tram suffered many setbacks. As cars began to more popular, the government did not focus any effort on public transportation systems. The tramlines were gradually replaced by buses, the last tram in Clermont-Ferrand ran on 17 March 1956. After this, public transportation in the city was solely by bus, in many places, the rails were paved over to make way for cars. In the 1970s, concern over the consequences of automobile use increased, in the 1983 Elections, a tramway was proposed by Socialist mayor Roger Quilliot in his re-election campaign. However, the project was only seriously considered starting in 1990. The development of the system was given to SOFRETU, which proposed the building of two tramlines, one line, and an east-west line. In 1996, tenders were offered for the stock for the tramway. Alstom proposed that Alstom Citadis trams be used for the system, a revised project was developed in 2000. A new tender was made in 2002, and the only bidders were, Irisbus with their Civis trolleybus, Bombardier with their TVR rail transit system, the contract was ultimately won by Lohr Industrie due to pressure from the government and from Michelin
5.
TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram
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TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram is a Translohr Light Rail system in Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area. It is a modern, high speed rubber tired tram system, the line is considered as part of the Tianjin Metro system. Tianjin once had a conventional steel-wheeled tramway network, the system gradually expanded and reached its peak in 1933 with 116 tramcars. Later however, like most cities around the world, the service was abandoned in 1972 due to its inefficiency. Trams returned in Tianjin in 2006, unlike standard tramway, the Translohr rubber-tired LRT system was adopted. After the abandonment of the network in 1972, gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles such as buses, taxis. Like most Asian countries, China suffered many problems, including pollution, gridlock, increasing population started increasing urbanization of Tianjin, thus more motor vehicles clogged the streets and increased pollution and worsened gridlock. Metro construction started 2 years before the tramway closure, however, it took 14 years to complete the first line as the construction was interrupted greatly by an earthquake and lack of workers. The city was suffering from congestion unheard of in the days of trams and it needed more metro lines, and fast and it was not possible for Tianjin in a short period. So elevated rail also wasnt the permanent solution, many cities around the world like Tunis, Sydney, Buenos Aires and Pyongyang were building LRT systems, and like them, Tianjin also planned for the return of trams. In the 1990s the government looked for a way to decrease pollution as soon as possible, after observation from many cities around the world, the decision was made to reinstate trams in Tianjin. By then number of cars & buses had increased uncontrollably in Downtown Tianjin, the transport authority decided to construct the LRT network in the Tianjin Economic Development Area in eastern side of the main city at Tanggu district. Construction began in 2005 and the 7.86 km long line was opened to the public in 2007, the line is operated by Binhai Mass Transit. The total cost of the project is estimated at 500 million yuan, the Tram line quickly became popular amongst locals. The new system was chosen for TEDA because moving from point A to point B had become slow, the TEDA industrial zone has been Tianjins fastest developing area. 1972 - Abandonment of original tram network as construction on the subway system began. 2005 - Construction of rubber tired LRT started,2007 - Opened to public on May 10,2007. Total length -8 km Opened -10 May 2007, operating hours -5,30 A. M. to 12 Midnight
6.
Zhangjiang Tram
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Zhangjiang Tram is the only tram line operating in Shanghai today, utilizing a system manufactured by the French Translohr company. It is a tram system, second both in China and Asia. Shanghai originally had a steel wheeled tramway network. Routes expanded gradually, and it reached its largest extent in 1925 with 328 tramcars, Tram service returned to Shanghai in 2009, with commercial service resuming in 2010. Unlike the standard tramway, it chose a modern rubber-tired system, Zhangjiang Tram started construction on December 23,2007. Construction was originally planned to be completed on December 2008, but this was delayed a year, passenger operations started on January 1,2010. Zhangjiang Tram runs from Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Station of the Shanghai Metro Line 2 to Heqing Town. Now the 10 km -long 1st phase, which runs from Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Station to Jinqiu Road is in service and it will be followed by an extension in the direction of Tang Zhen-Qing. The tram networks closure in the 1970s was perceived at the time as the removal of an obstruction to smooth and swift traffic, shanghais transport authority at last decided to open a separate, modern, high speed, rubber tired tram. The line is operated by Pudong, Shanghai Modern Rail Transportation Co. Ltd, the tram lines started running in Shanghai in 2010. The new system was built in Zhangjiang Town, because it is a planned area, the Translohr tram way is constructed in Zhangjiang Town which is in the heartland area of Pudong New District. Due to Economic-Technological Development Area ordinances, sound pollution must be kept to a minimum in this area, traditional steel wheeled trams generate lots of vibration and sound during their journey. Rubber tires on the trams reduce vibration, and as a result noise, additionally, the Zhangjiang Town roads are very hilly, and rubber tired trams can climb steeper grades than traditional trams easily. Another advantage is that rubber tired trams dont require tracks, as steel wheeled cars do, so there is disturbance of underground networks like power cables, phone lines. 1975 – The last standard tram ran,2007 – Construction of rubber tired tram started. The modern tram runs from Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park to Heqing Town, operating hours –5,45 am to 11 pm. It consists of 9 multiple units of three cars each and they are low floor, fully air conditioned, and can operate at high speeds. Most Zhangjiang tram lines run along the centre of the roads, while stations are situated at intersections and have side platforms
7.
Trams in Padua
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The Padua Tramway serves Padova, a city in Veneto. In operation since 2007, it is 10. 3-kilometre long, the system built in the 21st century uses the French Translohr system. The historic tramway having been closed down in 1954, first proposals for the reintroduction of tramways in Padua appeared in 1990, however, only in 1995 the Municipality of Padua was granted state contributions provided by law 211 of 26 February 1992. For Padua, a tramway linking Fornace to Prato della Valle was proposed, ansaldo Transportation, Adtranz, Siemens and Fiat Railway submitted tenders in 1999. As the city council change following elections in 1999, no contract followed, to avoid losing state funding a technical committee was formed to rework the project. It drew up a new mobility plan, taking in consideration local oppositions fear of unsightingly overhead lines. The new plans referred to a transport system using guideways. However, the Translohr cars cannot be used off the guiding rail, the original cost was given as 53 millions euro, but increased by a further 15 millions during construction. Construction was then awarded to the Consortium Mantegna, consisting of the companies Rizzani de Eccher, Sicea, Lohr Industrie, work started on 31 March 2003 and ended in 2005, followed by test and driver training. During the test runs the Translohr system suffered five derailments, a further derailment occurred on 22 April 2010 due to a misaligned switch. Commercial operation of the service Translohr in Padua started 24 March 2007, on 5 December 2009, the line was extended north from the train station to the terminus Pontevigodarzere, thus reaching a total length of 10.3 kilometres
8.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
9.
Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
10.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
11.
Bombardier Guided Light Transit
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Guided Light Transit is a public transport system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation and used in the French cities of Nancy and Caen. However, while the vehicles are guided by a guidance rail, they ride on rubber tyres. GLT is effectively a model of guided dual-mode bus, but when GLT vehicles use a pantograph to collect current, as do those in Caen, GLT is one of the few models of rubber-tyred vehicles produced by Bombardier’s transport division, which is otherwise focused on rail transport. The wheels of rubber-tyred metros, on the hand, are bound. Unlike trams and Translohr vehicles, GLT vehicles have a steering wheel, on the GLT line in Nancy, more than one-third of the 10-km route has no guide rail, and steering is controlled entirely by the driver on those sections. The Nancy GLT system is operated by the Société de Transports de lAgglomération Nancienne, with two articulation points and a total length of 24.5 metres, GLT vehicles are shorter than most modern trams, but long compared with conventional buses. They are designed to look like trams, but they are unidirectional and have bus-like rear-view mirrors and they have 100% low floors, have 40 seats, and have standing room for as many as 105 passengers. The Caen vehicles thus cannot move away from the overhead wire except when running in diesel mode. The Nancy vehicles follow a guidance rail on about 60% of the route, the system was first brought into use for passenger service in February 2001, but operation was suspended from March 2001 through March 2002 while Bombardier performed upgrades to the vehicles. In Caen, the GLT fleet began operation in November 2002 and they are operated by the Compagnie des Transports de lAgglomération Caennaise under the name Twisto. The Nancy route T1 includes a section with a 13% grade, compared to buses, the use of a guidance rail allows GLT vehicles running in parallel lanes to pass closer together than drivers could safely steer. The GLT systems in place have experienced some problems which. The vehicles have shown a tendency to move erratically when running free and this could be considered to add to the already high running costs. Ride quality is said to be poor, not much of an improvement on a bus, due to the four-wheeled design. Guidewheel mechanical failures have occurred, causing the trolleybus to swerve off the roadway and this is due to the high centrifugal forces exerted on the wheel when rounding corners. Due to this, a limit of 10 km/h is now enforced on corners. One of the aims of the system, to achieve a lower cost per kilometre than trams, has failed. Other French tramways achieve a cost per kilometre at least 10% lower than that for the guided bus, similarly, the cost per person of the vehicles is also noticeably higher with the guided bus than a tram
12.
Bombardier Transportation
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Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian firm Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Transportation is one of the worlds largest companies in the rail vehicle, the division is headquartered in Berlin, Germany, and has regional offices and major development facilities in Canada and the United States. Bombardier Transportation has many production and development facilities worldwide. Bombardier Transportation produces a range of products including passenger rail vehicles, locomotives, bogies, propulsion and controls. Laurent Troger is the president and chief operating officer of Bombardier Transportation, in January 2011, the company had 34,900 employees,25,400 of them in Europe, and 60 manufacturing locations around the world. Bombardier Transportations first order for mass transit rolling stock was in 1974 for the Société de transport de Montréal to build trains for the Montreal Metro. The core of the Transportation group was formed with the purchase of Montreal Locomotive Works in 1975, with that purchase, Bombardier acquired MLWs LRC tilting train design which it produced in the 1980s. The group also purchased Urban Transportation Development Corporation from the Government of Ontario, MLW was sold to General Electric in 1988. GE ended railcar operations in Canada in 1993, Bombardier Transportation continues to operate the railcar operations in Thunder Bay. In 1987, Bombardier bought the assets of US railcar manufacturers Budd, in 1990, Procor Engineering Ltd. of Horbury near Wakefield, UK, a manufacturer of bodyshells, was acquired, and renamed Bombardier Prorail. In 1991, the grouping Bombardier Eurorail was formed consisting of the companys European subsidiaries, BN, ANF-Industrie, Prorail, in 1992, the company acquired Mexicos largest railway rolling-stock manufacturer, Concarril, from the Mexican government. In 1995, Waggonfabrik Talbot KG in Aachen, Germany, and in 1998, Deutsche Waggonbau AG, DWA encompassed the major portion of the railway equipment industry of the former East Germany, and had its principal sites in Bautzen and Görlitz. In 2001, Bombardier Transportation acquired Adtranz from DaimlerChrysler, and became by many measurements the Western worlds largest rail-equipment manufacturer, the addition of ADtranz made Bombardier a manufacturer of locomotives along with its existing product lines of passenger carriages, multiple-unit trains, and trams. With the acquisition of ADtranz, Bombardier also gained competence in the propulsion components business. Other sites had their work reduced in scope, or were closed. In Sep 2014 the downsizing and eventual closure of the Maryborough factory was announced, in January 2015, the government of Hungary nationalised the loss-making and under-utilised Bombardier carriage works at Dunakeszi, acquiring a 64. 9% stake for $7.8 million. An IPO was planned for late 2015, the investment initially representing a 30% stake - a valuation of $5 billion. The sale was required in part to continue the financing of the parent companys C-Series jet, in Aug 2016 Bombardier opened a 6,000 square metres production facility in Isando, Johannesburg, South Africa
13.
Guide rail
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A guide rail is device or mechanism to direct products, vehicles or other objects through a channel, conveyor, roadway or rail system. This conveyor system propels products of various sizes, shapes, accessory to a power tool, such as a straight, swivel or angle jig for a circular saw, and can also referred to as a fence. The guide rail system provides a method of cutting material. Guide rails are part of the workings of most elevator and lift shafts. In the referenced graphic from How Elevators Work, the rails are fixed to two sides of the shaft, one guides the elevator car and the other for the counterweight. In tandem, these rails operate both as stabilization within the shaft during routine use and as a safety system in case of emergency stops, a guide rail is a system designed to guide vehicles back to the roadway and away from potentially hazardous situations. There is no distinction between a guide rail and a guard rail. Several types of roadway guide rail exist, all are engineered to guide vehicular traffic on roads or bridges, such systems include W-beam, box beam, cable, and concrete barrier. Each system is intended to guide vehicles back onto the road as opposed to them from going off the road into potential danger. According to the US Federal Highway Administration, The terms guardrail and guiderail are synonymous, and are used in different regions around the country. Guide rail and guard rail are intended to steer and guide vehicles back onto the road. ”The following quote is from a District 8-0 FAQ, under Right-of-Way from Pennsylvania’s Dept of Motor Vehicles, see PA DOT District8 FAQ, Question, Do I have a location where guide rail is needed. Answer, Motorists should keep their vehicle on the roadway, driving sensibly in accordance with the PA Vehicle Code, however, a driver may also have mechanical problems or leave the road deliberately to avoid a collision with another vehicle or object. Guide rail is installed when warranted and justified. Guide rail warrants are based on the premise that a traffic barrier should be installed if it reduces the severity of potential crashes. On the Sapporo Municipal Subway a central rail guides the train, translohr and Bombardier Guided Light Transit are also guided by a central guide rail
14.
Railroad car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units. The term car is used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the manner, though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, railcar is a term for a railway vehicle, in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another, alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front. If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the direction, or be grouped, with twin rows facing each other. In some vehicles intended for services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, if the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided into small compartments. These usually contain six seats, although sometimes in second class they contain eight, modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened, or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided, other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is converted to one of these for an event. Observation cars were built for the rear of many trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. Sleeping cars outfitted with small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, in the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone. Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars, an example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner. A trainset is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created ad hoc out of cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled on shed, trains are then built of one or more of these sets coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train
15.
Cab (locomotive)
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On steam locomotives, the cab is normally located to the rear of the firebox, although steam locomotives have sometimes been constructed in a cab forward configuration. The former arrangement is now the norm in North America for all types of diesel or electric locomotives, in Europe, most modern locomotives are cab units with two cabs, one at each end. However, the locomotives powering some high speed European trains are normally cab units with one cab, on self-propelled rail vehicles, the cab may be at one or both ends. In addition to the controls, a cab will typically be fitted with windshields, rectangular side windows, crew seats, heating. By about 1850, high speed Crampton locomotives operating in Europe already had a much needed windshield giving some protection to the footplate area, some other early locomotives were even fitted with a cab as part of a rebuilding program, an example being the locomotive John Bull. In Germany, the cab was introduced by the Saxon railway director. However, until 1950 the railway directorates of the German-speaking countries continued to believe that a standing posture was essential to maximise crew vigilance and this unsatisfactory situation changed—with few exceptions—only with the construction of the German standard electric locomotives, which for the first time were equipped with crew seats. Meanwhile, the maintenance of crew vigilance became possible by technical means through the use of Sifa devices, cockpit Control car Control stand Driving Van Trailer Push–pull train This article is based upon a translation of the German-language version as at April 2010
16.
Overhead line
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An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses, or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, the feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph and it presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram, non-electric locomotives may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with overhead clearance. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include third rail, ground-level power supply, batteries and this article does not cover regenerative braking, where the traction motors act as generators to retard movement and return power to the overhead. To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the wire from a second wire known as the messenger wire or catenary. This wire approximates the path of a wire strung between two points, a catenary curve, thus the use of catenary to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as droppers or drop wires. It is supported regularly at structures, by a pulley, link, the whole system is then subjected to a mechanical tension. As the contact wire makes contact with the pantograph, the insert on top of the pantograph is worn down. The straight wire between supports will cause the wire to cross over the whole surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve, causing uniform wear. On straight track, the wire is zigzagged slightly to the left. The movement of the wire across the head of the pantograph is called the sweep. The zigzagging of the line is not required for trolley poles. Depot areas tend to have only a wire and are known as simple equipment or trolley wire. When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was only at low speeds. Compound equipment - uses a second wire, known as the auxiliary
17.
Pantograph (transport)
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A pantograph is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead catenary wire. It is a type of current collector. Typically, a wire is used, with the return current running through the track. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting, the pantograph was invented in 1879 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany. A flat slide-pantograph was invented in 1895 at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was invented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. They appear in photographs of the first day of service,26 October 1903, for many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today. The most common type of today is the so-called half-pantograph. Louis Faiveley invented this type of pantograph in 1955, the half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains to low-speed urban tram systems. The electric transmission system for electric rail systems consists of an upper. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the act as the electrical return. As the train moves, the shoe slides along the wire and can set up standing waves in the wires which break the contact. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted, pantographs are the successor technology to trolley poles, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. However, many of these networks, including Torontos, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation, as a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the air supply is used to blow out the electric arc when roof-mounted circuit breakers are used. Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm, double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant. On railways of the former USSR, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm, some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium
18.
Rechargeable battery
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It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term accumulator is used as it accumulates and stores energy through an electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the sizes and voltages as disposable types. Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile starters, portable devices, light vehicles, tools, uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion-battery and electric vehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, Battery storage power stations use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling and for renewable energy uses. Load-leveling reduces the power which a plant must be able to generate, reducing capital cost. The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association estimated in 2006 that US demand for batteries was growing twice as fast as demand for disposables. Small rechargeable batteries can power portable devices, power tools, appliances. Heavy-duty batteries power electric vehicles, ranging from scooters to locomotives and they are used in distributed electricity generation and in stand-alone power systems. During charging, the active material is oxidized, producing electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit, the energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicles 12-volt DC power outlet. Regardless, to energy in a secondary cell, it has to be connected to a DC voltage source. The negative terminal of the cell has to be connected to the terminal of the voltage source. Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery, slow dumb chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes, fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating, Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a C rate of current
19.
Battery pack
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A battery pack is a set of any number of identical batteries or individual battery cells. They may be configured in a series, parallel or a mixture of both to deliver the desired voltage, capacity, or power density, the term battery pack is often used in reference to RC hobby toys and battery electric vehicles. Components of battery packs include the batteries or cells. Rechargeable battery packs contain a temperature sensor, which the battery charger uses to detect the end of charging. Interconnects are also found in batteries as they are the part which connects each cell, when a pack contains groups of cells in parallel there are differing wiring configurations which take into consideration the electrical balance of the circuit. Active balancing can also be performed by battery balancer devices which can shuttle energy from strong cells to weaker ones in time for better balance. A well-balanced pack lasts longer and delivers better performance, for an inline package, cells are selected and stacked with solder in between them. The cells are pressed together and a current pulse generates heat to them together. SOC or State of charge is the equivalent of a gauge for a battery. SOC cannot be determined by a voltage measurement, because the terminal voltage of a battery may stay substantially constant until it is completely discharged. More complex state of charge estimation systems take into account the Peukert effect which relates the capacity of the battery to the discharge rate, an advantage of a battery pack is the ease with which it can be swapped into or out of a device. This allows multiple packs to deliver extended runtimes, freeing up the device for continued use while charging the removed pack separately. Another advantage is the flexibility of their design and implementation, allowing the use of cheaper high-production cells or batteries to be combined into a pack for nearly any application. At the end of life, batteries can be removed and recycled separately. Packs are often simpler for end users to repair or tamper with than a sealed non-serviceable battery or cell. Though some might consider this an advantage it is important to safety precautions when servicing a battery pack as they pose a danger as potential chemical, electrical
20.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
21.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
22.
Bogie
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A bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle, thus serving as a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport, while bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used. A bogie in the UK, or a truck, wheel truck. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to a railway carriage. In South Africa, the bogie is often alternatively used to refer to a freight or goods wagon. The first standard gauge British railway to build coaches with bogies, an alternate configuration often is used in articulated vehicles, which places the bogies under the connection between the carriages or wagons. Most bogies have two axles, but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie, heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize the load and connect the bogies to the cars. Suspension to absorb shocks between the frame and the rail vehicle body, Common types are coil springs, or rubber airbags. At least one wheelset, composed of an axle with bearings and a wheel at each end The bolster, the railway car is supported at the pivot point on the bolster. Axle box suspensions absorb shocks between the bearings and the bogie frame. The axle box suspension usually consists of a spring between the frame and axle bearings to permit up-and-down movement, and sliders to prevent lateral movement. A more modern design uses solid rubber springs, brake equipment, Two main types are used, brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement. The Commonwealth bogie, manufactured by the English Steel Corporation under licence from the Commonwealth Steel Company in Illinois, fitted with SKF or Timken bearings, it was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles. It was a heavy, cast-steel design weighing about 6.5 long tons, with sealed roller bearings on the axle ends, the leaf springs were replaced by coil springs running vertically rather than horizontally. The advanced design gave a better quality than the BR1. The side frame of the bogie was usually of bar construction, with simple horn guides attached, the axle boxes had a cast-steel equaliser beam or bar resting on them. The bar had two steel coil springs placed on it and the bogie frame rested on the springs, the effect was to allow the bar to act as a compensating lever between the two axles and to use both springs to soften shocks from either axle
23.
Derailment
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A derailment is said to take place when a vehicle such as a train runs off its rails. This does not necessarily mean that it leaves its track, although many derailments are minor, all result in temporary disruption of the proper operation of the railway system, and they are potentially seriously hazardous to human health and safety. In emergency situations, deliberate derailment with derails or catch points is used to prevent a more serious accident. During the 19th century derailments were commonplace, but progressively improved safety measures have resulted in a lower level of such incidents. In the US, derailments have dropped dramatically since 1980 from over 3,000 annually to 1,000 or so in 1986, a traditional track structure consists of two rails, fixed at a designated distance apart, and supported on transverse sleepers. Some advanced track structures support the rails on a concrete or asphalt slab, the running surface of the rails is required to be practically continuous and of the proper geometrical layout. 170 broken rails were reported on Network Rail in the UK in 2008, in jointed track, rails are usually connected with bolted fishplates. The web of the rail experiences large shear forces and these are enhanced around the bolt hole, where track maintenance is poor, metallurgical fatigue can result in the propagation of star cracking from the bolthole. In extreme situations this can lead to a piece of rail at the joint becoming detached. Local embrittlement of the parent metal may take place due to wheel spin, the fishplates in jointed track may fail, allowing the rails to pull apart in extremely cold weather, this is usually associated with uncorrected rail creep. Derailment may take place due to excessive gauge widening, in which the sleepers or other fastenings fail to maintain the proper gauge, the crabbing effect referred to above is more marked in dry conditions, when the coefficient of friction at the wheel to rail interface is high. The running gear — wheelsets, bogies, and suspension — may fail, modern technologies have reduced the incidence of these failures considerably, both by design and intervention. The last condition applies if the suspension springing has a stiffness optimised for the condition, or for a compromise loading condition. The vehicle wheelsets become momentarily unloaded vertically so that the guidance required from the flanges or wheel tread contact is inadequate, a special case is heat related buckling, in hot weather the rail steel expands. This is managed by stressing continuously welded rails and by providing proper expansion gaps at joints, in addition, lateral restraint is provided by an adequate ballast shoulder. If any of these measures are inadequate, the track may buckle, a large lateral distortion takes place, junctions and other changes of routing on railways are generally made by means of points. In the early days of railways these were moved independently by local staff, accidents — usually collisions — took place when staff forgot which route the points were set for, or overlooked the approach of a train on a conflicting route. If the points were not correctly set for either route — set in mid-stroke — it is possible for a passing to derail
24.
Strasbourg tramway
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The Strasbourg tramway, run by the CTS, consists of six tramlines, A, B, C, D, E and F that operate in the city of Strasbourg in Alsace, France. The first tram line in Strasbourg, which was originally horse-drawn, after 1894, when an electric powered tram system was introduced, a widespread network of tramways was built, including several longer distance lines on both sides of the Rhine. The decline of the system began in the 1930s, and ended with the retirement of the service in 1960 in parallel to the closure of many such systems in France. Lines A and D were opened in 1994, lines B and C were opened in 2000, line E was opened in 2007 and it is regarded as a remarkable example of the tramways rebirth in the 1990s. The first tram line in Strasbourg, which was originally horse-drawn, the decline of the tramways system began in the 1930s, and ended with the retirement of the service in 1960. After a long drawn out communal political decision process, the tram was reintroduced in 1994, as part of the redevelopment of the city, a track of a total 33 km distance was built, on which 5 tram line services have been developed. On 5 April 1877 the Strasbourg Horse Railway Company was founded, since May 1897, the AEG electrical manufacturing company was the main shareholder. In 1912 the company was transferred to the possession of the city of Strasbourg, when Alsace became part of France in November 1918, the name of the company was translated into French, Compagnie des tramways strasbourgeois“. In this form it exists today. Public transport in Strasbourg had begun in 1848 with horse-drawn omnibuses and carriages, the first standard gauge tracks of the Horse/Railway Company were opened on 20 July 1878. These passed through the areas of Hönheim and zur Kehler Brücke, in the inner city, horses were used. In the suburbs, small steam locomotives drew the carriages, by 1885 further lines to the suburbs of Königshofen, Robertsau, Neuhof and Wolfisheim were opened, and in 1886 the meter gauge was first used in extending the track to Grafenstaden. The electric company of AEG was engaged to install electric traction of that line in December 1894, though the contract between town and company had included the maintaining of standard gauge, since 1897, the standard gauge tracks were converted to one-meter gauge. New lines were built and run to Kronenburg, Lingolsheim and Breuschwickersheim, in addition to the network in town, an overland network was built, mainly worked with steam traction, extending from Strasbourg to the Vosges Mountains, Colmar and across the Rhine into Baden. In 1930, the network comprised 234 km of track, about 100 km in town and 130 km overland lines, there were 55 million passengers in 1930 and 71.5 million passengers in 1943. In the 1950s, the tram, already weakened by World War II, faced competition from other modes of such as the bus, the bicycle. The tram system was abandoned in 1960 and replaced by buses, much of the traffic was absorbed by the private automobile. Due to increasing traffic and pollution, the Urban Community of Strasbourg considered building a Véhicule Automatique Léger network with two lines
25.
Alstom Citadis
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The Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. An evolution of Alstoms earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis trams are made in Alstoms factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, also, Gaziantep bought second-hand TFSs from Rouen. The Citadis family includes both partial and fully low-floor trams and LRVs, in versions with three, five, seven, and nine sections, own Russian name according unifying system of rolling stock classification, 71-801. This train type can be built as a dual-voltage or electro-diesel vehicle with various configurations.5 to 5 km, a total of 31 sets have been ordered by the SNCF at an average cost of €3.2 million per train set. Like most trams, Citadis vehicles are powered by overhead electric wires collected by a pantograph. On the networks in France and in Sydney, the switch to conventional overhead wires in outer areas. Another option is to use batteries to store electrical power. The Citadis trams in Nice operate off a set of nickel metallic hydride batteries in two open spaces where overhead wires would be an eyesore
26.
Flexity Outlook
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For Torontos low-floor streetcars, see Flexity Outlook. The Flexity Outlook is a series of low-floored, articulated light-rail trams manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, part of the larger Flexity product line, Flexity Outlook vehicles are modular in design and commonly used throughout Europe. Bombardier markets two types or families of designs as Flexity Outlook, the Eurotram was a design of electric tramcars designed by for use on the network of the Compagnie de Transports Strasbourgeois. It is initially contracted to Socimi and ABB, after Socimi went bankrupt, the order for Eurotrams was completed by ABB Group. Later models were manufactured under successor companies Adtranz and Bombardier Inc, Bombardier began to market this type as Flexity Outlook, when they made them until 2004. While most Flexity Outlook trams are bi-directional, the Toronto cars are single-ended in order to meet the requirements of that citys legacy streetcar routes. Bombardier has built single-ended Flexity Outlook versions for cities including Graz, Łódź, Torontos version of the Outlook is gauged to fit its legacy streetcar lines, with a track width of 149.5 cm, or 4 ft 10 7⁄8 in. Its closest competitors are the Citadis from Alstom, the Combino and S70 from Siemens, Bombardier Transportation operated a Flexity Outlook demo system in Vancouver from January 21 to March 21,2010, coinciding with the 2010 Winter Olympics. The trams were on loan from a fleet of Flexity Outlook series made for the Brussels tram network, the service was called the Olympic Line and used electrified railway right-of-way owned by the City of Vancouver and not part of the regional transit authority. The temporary line operated from Granville Island to near Olympic Village Station on the Canada Line at 2nd Avenue, service consisted of a 1. 8-kilometre link with two stations, with cars operating every 10 minutes
27.
Tire
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A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide traction between the vehicle and the road providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock. The materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black. They consist of a tread and a body, the tread provides traction while the body provides containment for a quantity of compressed air. Before rubber was developed, the first versions of tires were bands of metal fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. Metal tires are used on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber tires are still used in various non-automotive applications, such as some casters, carts, lawnmowers. The etymology of tire is that the word is a form of attire. The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron, nevertheless, traditional publishers continued using tire. The Times newspaper in Britain was still using tire as late as 1905, the spelling tyre began to be commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK. However, over the course of the 20th century, tyre became established as the standard British spelling, the earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron, placed on wooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a fire, placed over the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work, the outer ring served to tie the wheel segments together for use, providing also a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word tire thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the bands used to tie wheels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson, however, this never went into production. The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street, Belfast, by Scots-born John Boyd Dunlop and it was an effort to prevent the headaches of his 10-year-old son Johnnie, while riding his tricycle on rough pavements. His doctor, John, later Sir John Fagan, had prescribed cycling as an exercise for the boy, Fagan participated in designing the first pneumatic tires. In Dunlops tire patent specification dated 31 October 1888, his interest is only in its use in cycles, in September 1890, he was made aware of an earlier development but the company kept the information to itself
28.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
