1.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
2.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
3.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
4.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
5.
Cargo
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Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, specially by shipping lines and logistics operators. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with associated packing list of the contained within. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo. Automobiles are handled at many ports and are carried on specialized roll-on/roll-off ships. Break bulk cargo is typically stacked on pallets and lifted into. The volume of bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown. One way to secure break bulk and freight in intermodal containers is by using Dunnage Bags, bulk cargo, such as salt, oil, tallow, and scrap metal, is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces, the way heavy-lift, alumina, grain, gypsum, logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Neo-bulk cargo comprises individual units that are counted as they are loaded and unloaded, in contrast to bulk cargo that is not counted, containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports worldwide. Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts, machinery and manufacturing components to shoes and toys to frozen meat, air cargo, commonly known as air freight, is collected by firms from shippers and delivered to customers. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as the Boeing 747 and the bigger An‑124, such large aircraft employ quick-loading containers known as unit load devices, much like containerized cargo ships. The ULDs are located in the front section of the aircraft, most nations own and utilize large numbers of military cargo aircraft such as the C‑17 Globemaster III for logistical needs. Popular commercial aircraft transformed to an aircraft such as Saab 340A is designed for high revenue. Trains are capable of transporting a number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used for the transportation of water, cement, grain, steel, wood and they are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, the main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the business to road transport
6.
Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
7.
Rail transport in Argentina
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The Argentine railway network consisted of a 47,000 km network at the end of the Second World War and was, in its time, one of the most extensive and prosperous in the world. During the period following privatisation, private and provincial railway companies were created and resurrected some of the passenger routes that FA once operated. The railroad network today, with its 36,966 km size, is now smaller than it once was. Much like in the American West, the railways played a key role in the creation and expansion of new population centres. These sales also included Argentinas first railway, the Buenos Aires Western and this sale, and others that came after it, was heavily criticised at the time for being far lower than the actual value of the railway, and prompted many anti-British protests. In the years followed, there were numerous cases of undervalued sales to British investors, including the 1,000 km long Andean Railway. By 1910 the network had been monopolised by British companies, owned by large firms such as J. S. Its expansion accelerated greatly due to the need for the transport of agricultural products, the rail network converged on the city of Buenos Aires and was a key component in the development of the Argentine economy as it rose to be a leading export country. By the end of the Second World War, the United Kingdom owed Argentina m$n 2 billion after the country had filled the gaps in food shortages during the war effort. Perón later claimed in an interview that the British envoys had offered him a bribe of US$100 million if the state paid an extra m$n 6 billion for the railways on top of the debt cancellation. After the 1948 nationalisation, the 47,000 km long Argentine railway network was separated into six divisions managed by State-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos, of the 20 railways incorporated into Ferrocarriles Argentinos,7 were Argentine,10 were British and 3 were French prior to nationalisation. There were grouped together by track gauge and location and named after important figures in Argentine History, although for many years the state-owned railways were able to provide a good standard of passenger and freight service, over the years the changing politics of Argentina began to take its toll. By the 1960s, the economic boom had ushered in a new age of the automobile, with rail transport on its way out around the world. Later governments between 1967 and 1971 then continued investing in the railways and enacted modernisation plans, renewing much of the rolling stock, under the military junta, the 1970s and 1980s saw a significant decline in Argentinas railways. Between 1976 and 1980,560 stations were closed, along with 5,500 km of track, by the time the country returned to democratic rule, the railways were in bad shape and the country was overwhelmed by the economic burdens and debts left over from the junta. Under this context, and with the state unable to cope with the cost of managing the railways due to a fiscal deficit. At the start of the concessions, the network was quickly reduced to one quarter of its capacity. Railway privatisation resulted in the loss of some 70,000 jobs in the sector over the years
8.
Fluvial
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Fluvial is a term used in geography and geology to refer to the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, fluvial processes include the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed. Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways, firstly, the movement of water across the bed exerts a shear stress directly onto the bed. However, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment, this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed, at the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded. Sediment in rivers is transported as either bedload or suspended load, there is also a component carried as dissolved material. For each grain size there is a velocity at which the grains start to move. However the grains will continue to be transported even if the velocity falls below the entrainment velocity due to the friction between the grains and the river bed. Eventually the velocity will fall low enough for the grains to be deposited and this is shown by the Hjulstrøm curve. A river is continually picking up and dropping solid particles of rock, where the river flow is fast, more particles are picked up than dropped. Where the river flow is slow, more particles are dropped than picked up, areas where more particles are dropped are called alluvial or flood plains, and the dropped particles are called alluvium. Even small streams make alluvial deposits, but it is in the plains and deltas of large rivers that large. The amount of matter carried by a river is enormous. The names of rivers derive from the color that the transported matter gives the water. For example, the Huang He in China is literally translated Yellow River, and it has been estimated that the Mississippi River annually carries 406 million tons of sediment to the sea, the Yellow River 796 million tons, and the Po River in Italy 67 million tons. Lacustrine - of or relating to a lake maritime - of or relating the sea oceanic - of or relating to an ocean palustrine - of or relating to a marsh
9.
Colectivo
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Colectivo is the name given in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay to a type of public transportation vehicle, especially those of Argentinas capital city, Buenos Aires. The name comes from vehículos de transporte colectivo, reflecting their origin as shared taxis and they steadily evolved and grew larger, but kept their picturesque style until the 1990s, when the urban fleet was modernized with standard rear-engined bus units. During most of their history, tickets were sold by the driver, taxi-bus, Chevrolet Double Phaeton, creation of the líneas In the 1900s Argentina was the Granary of the World, one of the largest world food producers and exporters, and a wealthy country. The streets of prosperous Buenos Aires soon filled with cars, on 24 September 1928, the first taxi-bus ran through Buenos Aires. Later called colectivo, it was based on an Argentine-manufactured longer-wheelbase Chevrolet Superior K-series Double Phaeton called Especial Argentino and it provided public transportation throughout Buenos Aires on pre-defined itineraries and stops, charging a low price for each passenger. Chevrolet started manufacturing a truck chassis adaptable to passenger transport, by the 1930s the size of the colectivo had increased from five to up to a dozen seats, and the Chevrolet line had become widely used, with bodies made by local companies. This style was kept until the 1970s and 1980s, by time the units had twenty seats plus cramped room for many standing passengers. Soon people started to prefer these colectivos, which displaced the original buses, with time the routes were formalized, and owners of colectivos joined together into lines that operated standard routes, distinguished by numbers displayed on the colectivos. Since several lines often traversed the same roads, companies began to adopt different colors to distinguish their units more clearly than by the number alone, line 60, a particularly well-known line with a long route, had its beginnings in this era. In less than a decade the output was 6,500 units a year, in 1963 Mercedes built the 10, 000nd colectivo, and continued with other models, such as L1112, LA1112 and the L1114. The Mercedes-Benz colectivos had truck powerplants, an engine with power transmitted to the rear axle by a five-speed constant-mesh gearbox. All the lines progressively adopted these units and, from 1950 to 1990 and that same year model El Detalle OA-101 was launched. This model was rear-engined and had pneumatic suspension, providing smoother rides, Mercedes-Benz responded the following year with the rear-engined OH-1314, but that was considered the death of the Colectivo, certainly the end of an era. In 1989 the last truck-based colectivos, on the classic Mercedes-Benz chassis LO-1114, were assembled, production had been discontinued the previous year. During the 1990s some companies found it cheaper to switch to single-colored units, after 1995 automatic ticket machines made journeys safer, since drivers did not have to sell tickets and drive at the same time. In 2005 Mercedes-Benz units accounted for half of the buses in the city of Buenos Aires and its surroundings, with units built in Buenos Aires. The other half were El Detalle units and others such as Scania, Volvo, Dimex, Zanello, most older units have been retired from service in Buenos Aires, as they are considered too dangerous and noisy for use in the fast-paced city. They were disposed of, or sent to cities all over the country
10.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
11.
Bus rapid transit
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Bus rapid transit is a bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the flexibility, lower cost, the first BRT system was the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, which entered service in 1974. This inspired many similar systems around Brazil and the world, such as TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, as of November 2016, a total of 207 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for 5,468 km of BRT lanes. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil, Colombia, in the other regions, China and Iran also stand out. Currently, TransJakarta considered as the longest BRT route in the world with approximately 210 kilometres length connecting the Indonesian capital city, BRT uses buses on a wide variety of rights-of-way, including mixed traffic, dedicated lanes on surface streets, and busways separated from traffic. Critics have charged that the bus rapid transit has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The first BRT system in the world was the Rede Integrada de Transporte, implemented in Curitiba, Brazil, most of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Curitiba Mayor Architect Jaime Lerner. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning in Porto Alegre, in the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburghs South Busway, operating on 4.3 miles of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the Martin Luther King Jr, east Busway in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of 9.1 miles, traffic signal preemption, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the West Busway,5.1 miles in length in 1990, new Orleans ran buses on Canal Street in a dedicated right of way beginning in the 1960s. This style of service was maintained until 2004 when streetcar service was restored on this 4-mile route segment, in 1995, Quito, Ecuador, opened trolleybus BRT. The success of TransMilenio spurred other cities to develop high quality BRT systems, in January 2004 the first BRT in Asia, TransJakarta, opened in Jakarta, Indonesia. As of 2015, at 210 kilometres, it is the longest BRT system in the world, africas first BRT system was opened in Lagos, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered as a light BRT system by many people. Johannesburg’s BRT, Rea Vaya, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, Rea Vaya and MIO were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure. BRT systems normally include most of the features, Bus-only lanes make for faster travel. Separate rights of way may be elevated, in a cutting, or in a tunnel, Transit malls or bus streets may also be created in city centers. Centre of roadway or bus-only corridor keeps buses away from the busy curb-side, fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses, Bus priority will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence
12.
Metrobus (Buenos Aires)
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The Buenos Aires Metrobus is a 50.5 km network of dedicated separated lanes and stations for normal buses that serve the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Designed as a Bus Rapid Transit system, it mixes a few bi-articulated buses with conventional buses, the service operates 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, with 2-4 minute frequencies during the day and 10-15 minutes at night. The first segment of the network opened to the public in May 2011, justo Avenue linking the neighbourhoods of Liniers and Palermo. This segment consists of 21 stations and has an extension of 12 kilometres, the second segment of the network, opened on 24 July 2013, spans the length of the 9 de Julio Avenue, consisting of 17 stations with an extension of 3 kilometres. The third segment of the network opened on 14 August 2013, in parts of this segment of the network the bus lines merge with the general traffic and return to the dedicated lane afterwards. On 9 October 2013, the Government of the City announced plans for the extension of the network, when the network is complete, it will have a total of 7 lines carrying an estimated 1.2 million passengers per day. The fourth line, Metrobus Cabildo, opened in June 2015 and this segment was originally going to be covered by Line D in its extension to the borders of the city proper, however the creation of this Metrobus means the lines extension will be unlikely. An eighth line was announced in 2015 which would run from North to South in the West of the city, linking most of the East-West lines together. This line will most likely replace the planned Line I of the Buenos Aires Underground, while parts of the line will run underground, justo was the first to begin operations, opening in 2011 and running down the entire length of the Juan B. It is 12 kilometres long, has 21 stations and carries 100,000 passengers per day with a frequency of one bus every 2 minutes, the same exclusive lane is utilised by emergency vehicles. The segment also resulted in a 30% increase in bus travel as a result of the travel times. The Metrobus 9 de Julio is 3 kilometres long with 13 stations and runs down the 9 de Julio Avenue and it serves 11 bus lines and reduces bus travel time by 50% along the avenue. The National Government of the time criticised the line for overlapping with Line C of the Underground, in May 2015, two new 90 metre and 230 metre tunnels on the southern end of the line were opened. These tunnels go to and from Constitución railway station and are designed to surface traffic in the area around the station. The Metrobus Sur was inaugurated in 2013 and joins Constitución railway station to the south of the city, the line has two branches, is 23 kilometres long and has 37 stations. It connects with the PreMetro E2 at its General Salvio terminus, with Underground Line H at Inclán, the line is estimated to serve around 250,000 passengers per day, with its creation increasing ridership by 30% and reducing journey times by 15%. This Metrobus line cost an estimated AR$265 million ARS to build, on 5 October 2015 the Metrobus 25 de Mayo was opened, being the first line to operate on an expressway. The 7.5 kilometres line is expected to transport some 120,000 passengers daily, the lane is opened between 6 and 12 in the morning towards the city and then again between 3 and 9 in the evening with buses circulating away from the city centre
13.
Buenos Aires Underground
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The Buenos Aires Underground, locally known as Subte, is a mass transit metro system that serves the area of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Currently, the underground networks six lines—A, B, C, D, E, the network is complemented by the 7.4 km long Premetro line, and the 26 km long Urquiza suburban line, with 17 more stations in total. As of 2015, the underground also has 4 closed stations, over a million passengers use the network, which also provides connections with the citys extensive commuter rail and bus rapid transport networks. The network expanded rapidly during the decades of the 20th century, by 1944 its main routes were completed. The pace of expansion fell sharply after the Second World War, in the late 1990s expansion resumed at a quicker pace, and four new lines were planned for the network. Despite this, the expansion has been largely exceeded by the transportation needs of the city and is said to be overcrowded. The entire network was nationalised in 1939, remaining in state hands, the Subte opened in 1913, becoming the 13th underground system in the world, as well as the first in Latin America, the Southern Hemisphere and the Hispanophone, followed by the Madrid Metro in 1919. The network was built and operated by three separate private companies and later nationalised in 1939. In 1952 it was absorbed by a state administration, in 1963 it became the property of a newly founded company. All the Underground lines, along with the Urquiza Line and Premetro were offered as 20-year concessions to interested private parties, by 1995, Metrovías took over the Subte under a $395 million plan. In this context, the first proposals for the building of a system were made, along with requests for government grants, first, in 1886. However, the Ministry of Interior denied the city administration the power to license building in the subsoil and for this reason. The first Underground line was opened on 1 December 1913 and was built by the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company and that line was made up of one of the existing sections of Line A, linking the stations of Plaza de Mayo and Plaza Miserere. 170,000 passengers took part in the lines first trip, on 1 April 1914 the line was to expand to Río de Janeiro station and on 1 July was extended to Primera Junta Station. In 1912 the Lacroze Hermanos company won a concession to build another Underground line, the company was a competitor to the Anglo-Argentine company, operating tramways in Buenos Aires as well as the Buenos Aires Central Railway, which later became part of the Urquiza Line. Construction began in 1927 and this line became Line B when it was inaugurated on 17 October 1930, during 17–18 December 380,000 passengers travelled on the lines then 32 cars. By this point, the AATC had only built 48 metres of what is today Line C, in 1933 a third company, the Hispano-Argentina Company of Public Works and Finances began construction of the other Underground lines. Line Cs first section, Constitución railway station-Diagonal Norte, was inaugurated on 9 November 1934 by Agustín P. Justo, then President of Argentina
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Greater Buenos Aires
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Greater Buenos Aires is the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos over the Province of Buenos Aires. Thus, it does not constitute an administrative unit. The conurbation spreads south, west and north of Buenos Aires city, to the east, the River Plate serves as a natural boundary. The term is related to other expressions that are not necessarily well-defined, the Buenos Aires conurbation, the Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration. The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses has defined Greater Buenos Aires, there are three main groups within the Buenos Aires Conurbation. The first two groups comprise the traditional conurbation, or the conurbation proper, the third group of six partidos is in process of becoming fully integrated with the rest. D. and Marcos, M. The social map of Greater Buenos Aires as empirical evidence of urban models, volume 11 Number 1, pp. 67–78, DOI10. 1353/lag.2012.0012 Keeling, D. Buenos Aires, Global Dreams, Local Crisis
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Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
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Rosario, Santa Fe
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Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, in central Argentina. It is located 300 km northwest of Buenos Aires, on the shore of the Paraná River. Rosario is the third most populous city in the country, and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital, with a growing and important metropolitan area, Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012. One of its main attractions includes the architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences, houses. Rosario is the city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep port, the Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically. Exports include wheat, flour, hay, linseed and other oils, corn, sugar, lumber, meat, hides. Manufactured goods include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs, the Rosario-Victoria Bridge, opened in 2004, spans the Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria, across the Paraná Delta. Because it plays a role in agricultural commerce, the city finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy. Along with Paraná, Rosario is one of the few Argentine cities that cannot point to an individual as its founder. The citys patron is the Virgin of the Rosary, whose feast day is October 7, the asteroid 14812 Rosario was named in its honor. In 1689, captain Luis Romero de Pineda received part of the lands of the Pago de los Arroyos by royal decree, before that, the area was originally inhabited by Calchaquí tribes in reducciones, a kind of missions founded by Franciscans. These missions were attacked and destroyed by hostile tribes of the Chaco region. Romero de Pineda established the first permanent settlement, an estancia — intended as farmland, in 1719 the Jesuits bought another part and established Estancia San Miguel. The area was still so scarcely populated that it had no authority, it was ruled from the provincial capital. In 1724, another settlement was initiated by Santiago de Montenegro, who set up a mill, drew plans for the future town, built a chapel. The area of control of local government extended northward from todays Rosario
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CSR EMU (Argentina)
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The CSR EMU is a series of electric multiple unit cars manufactured by CSR Corporation Limited for use on Buenos Aires commuter rail network. The trains operate on three of the lines as of 2015 and 705 cars were manufactured, with each line using a different number of cars per train. They were created for use on lines electrified using third rail and overhead lines. By 2013, the stock of Buenos Aires commuter rail network was ageing and deteriorating rapidly. The government thus decided to intervene, revoking concessions to such as Trenes de Buenos Aires. This was followed by a series of rolling stock purchases from China CNR Corporation, however, not all works were finished by the time the CSR EMUs arrived on their respective lines, and some works continued on while they were already functioning. The units were built at CSRs Qingdao factory, a complex with 1,640,000 m2 of covered space. In 2014, CSR then purchased the Argentine rolling stock manufacturer Emprendimientos Ferroviarios, there are very minor differences with the Roca Line trains, and the most major difference is the overhead collection which runs at a different voltage. The trains began to arrive in February 2014, just 13 months after the order was signed, the electric multiple units are used on all of Buenos Aires electrified commuter rail lines, with the exception of the Urquiza Line which uses Japanese Toshiba EMUs. The Belgrano Sur line had diesel multiple units with an appearance to the CSR electric multiple units purchased. The Sarmiento Line was the first to begin operating the CSR trains in July 2014, followed by the Mitre Line, all the trains are operated by the state-owned Trenes Argentinos, which is now a part of the larger Ferrocarriles Argentinos umbrella company
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Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado
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Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado is an Argentine State-owned company created in 2008 to operate passenger services in Argentina. It is a subsidiary of the Ferrocarriles Argentinos holding company, since March 2015 SOFSE has run the Buenos Aires commuter rail services Mitre, San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Sur lines previously operated by private companies. After the Railway privatisation in Argentina at the beginning of the 1990s the railway assets that had not given in concession were taken over by Ferrocarriles Argentinos before being dissolved. From 1996 to 2000 those assets were administered by Ente Nacional de Administración de Bienes Ferroviarios created through a National Decree promulgated by the Presidency of Argentina, on June 1,2000, ENABIEF merged to Dirección Nacional de Bienes del Estado. From then on, the Organismo Nacional de Administración de Bienes began its activities as an organism created to manage the assets not directly affected to State activities. Law 26.352 promulgated in 2008 re-organized the railway operations in Argentina creating two State organisms, the Administración de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias and the Operadora Ferroviaria, Decree N° 752/08 regulated the activities by the recently established company since then. Although having been established in 2008, SOFSE became active two years later, when the took over the railway services in Chaco Province left by Servicios Ferroviarios del Chaco. In 2011 the organism added the services of Salta and Buenos Aires Provinces. When Minister of Transport was created in 2012, SOFSE took over all the urban services not granted in concession of Greater Buenos Aires. The society also began to operate services such as train services to Córdoba, Tucumán cities. In June 2013, SOFSE took over the Tren de la Costa when the Government decided the company would be managed by the Argentine State after revoking the contract with Sociedad Comercial del Plata. In September 2013, the Government of Argentina designed SOFSE to operate the Mitre and Sarmiento lines and this decision was officially promulgated through Resolution N° 1083/13. SOFSE operated temporarily the Mitre line until the Government of Argentina re-privatised it, in December 2014, brand new trains acquired by the Government of Argentina to Chinese company CNR Dalian, started to run luxury services from Constitución to Mar del Plata. Classic service continued to be operated by Ferrobaires, in February 2015, services from Buenos Aires to Rufino, Santa Fe were reestablished after 22 years. The service runs with brand-new trains acquired to China on Ferrocarril San Martín tracks, trains make stops at Chacabuco, Junín, Vedia and Alberdi, among other stations. In March 2015, SOFSE started to run the CNR CKD8 trains from Retiro to Córdoba, due to the poor conditions of the tracks, trains took 19 hours to run the 700 km between terminus. It was double the time that in 1938, when operated by Central Argentine took 9 hours to connect both cities with two intermediate stops. SOFSE took over Belgrano Sur and Roca and Mitre and San Martín lines after the Government of Argentina rescinded the contracts signed with both companies on March 2,2015, the contract terms specified that the concession could be cancelled with no right to claim compensation
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Retiro railway station
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Retiro Station is the name given to three railway terminus located in the district of Retiro of Buenos Aires, that are Retiro Mitre, Retiro Belgrano and Retiro San Martín. The stations are terminus of Mitre, Belgrano and San Martín Railways respectively and it is also found in the vicinity of Retiro bus station, the largest bus terminal in the country. The stations are close to the Retiro bus station, the principal long-distance bus terminal in Buenos Aires. The complex is accessible by the C line of the Buenos Aires Metro system. The stations will also be accessible by both Line E and Line H of the metro once their extensions are complete, three stations are located opposite Plaza San Martín, a large park. Retiro is the largest railway complex in Buenos Aires and more commuter trains arrive, long-distance services to Rosario and Tucumán cities. Belgrano Norte service to Villa Rosa, San Martín service calling at Villa Devoto, El Palomar, Hurlingham and Pilar, amongst others. As of 2015, state-owned Trenes Argentinos manages long-distance services to the cities of Córdoba, Tucumán and those services had been run by defunct company Ferrocentral. From the Retiro San Martín station trains depart to Rufino station in Santa Fe Province, media related to Retiro train station at Wikimedia Commons
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Regional rail
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Regional rail, also known as local trains and stopping trains, are passenger rail services that operate between towns and cities. These trains operate with more stops over shorter distances than inter-city rail, regional rail normally operates with an even service load throughout the day, although slightly increased services may be provided during rush-hour. The service is less oriented around bringing commuters to the urban centers, other regional rail services operate between two large urban areas, but make many intermediate stops. The main difference between regional rail and commuter rail is that the latter is focused on moving people between where they live and where work on a daily basis. Regional rail operates outside major cities, unlike inter-city, it stops at most or all stations. It provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services, regional rail typically operates throughout the day but often at low frequency, whereas commuter rail provides a high-frequency service within a conurbation. Regional rail services are less likely to be profitable than inter-city. This is justified on social or environmental grounds, and because regional rail services often act as feeders for more profitable inter-city lines. Since their invention, the distinction between regional and long-distance rail has also commonly been the use of propulsion, with longer-distance trains tending to be locomotive-hauled. Not using a locomotive also provides greater passenger capacity in the role at peak periods. There are of course trains that are something in between regional and inter-city, like the Oresundtrain with stopping pattern like a train and pass prices attracting work commuters. This list describes the used for regional rail in various countries. Train categories in Europe Passenger rail terminology
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Commuting
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Commuting is periodically recurring travel between ones place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community. It sometimes refers to any regular or often repeated traveling between locations, even when not work-related, a distinction is also often made between commuters who commute daily or weekly between their residence to work place, and are therefore considered respectively local or long-distance commuters. Later, the back formations commute and commuter were coined therefrom, commuted tickets would usually allow the traveller to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during the period of validity, normally, the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day. Before the 19th century, most workers lived less than a walk from their work. Today, many people travel daily to work a long way from their own towns, cities, in the near future there may be another move away from the traditional commute with the introduction of flexible working. Some have suggested that employees would be far more productive and live healthier. Commuting has had a impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes that were not practical. Many large cities or conurbations are surrounded by belts, also known as metropolitan areas, commuter towns, dormitory towns. The prototypical commuter lives in one of areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city. A UK study, published in 2009, found that women suffer four times as much psychological stress from their work commute than do men, institutions that have few dormitories or low student housing populations are called commuter schools in the United States. As an example, Interstate 405 located in Southern California is one of the busiest freeways in the United States, commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction work or collisions on the freeway distract and slow down commuters, cars carrying only one occupant use fuel and roads less efficiently than shared cars or public transport, and increase traffic congestion. Commuting by car is a factor contributing to air pollution. Carpool lanes can help commuters reach their destinations more quickly, encourage people to socialize, some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as car-pooling and telecommuting. Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money, alternatives like personal rapid transit have also been proposed to reap the energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport. Traffic emissions, such as trucks, buses, and automobiles. Airborne by-products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are an ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities
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Trenes de Buenos Aires
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Trenes de Buenos Aires was a private company that operated commuter rail services over 5 ft 6 in broad gauge Sarmiento and Mitre lines of Buenos Aires. In more recent years, the company has become synonymous with the collapse of the railways in Argentina under privatisation, the company took over both lines on 27 May. During the first two years of concession, TBA met the requirements specified on the contract, about the frequency of the service, by February 1999 the consortium had invested USD200 million, which included the reconstruction of 220 Toshiba carriages and the remodelling of 13 stations and workshops. In addition, a new ticket selling system was introduced with the installation of automated counters, one of the most notable improvements was the introduction of Puma coaches in the Retiro-Tigre branch. Those coaches had been built by local factory Emprendimientos Ferroviarios S. A. and featured air conditioning, ABS brakes, in 1997 the Government decided to modify the contracts of concession with a plan of modernisation for USD2.5 billion. Nevertheless, the Government of Fernando De la Rúa made changes to the original project, as compensation to the companies, the State granted subsidies to TBA as a way to compensate losses. After the cancellation of the contact, both lines were taken over by the consortium Unidad de Gestión Operativa Mitre Sarmiento and later Trenes Argentinos, putting them back in state hands. In October 2015, an Exposé in the daily newspaper La Nación highlighted the firms apparent mismanagement while in charge of the commuter rail lines. The article revealed large expenditures by the company on luxury items like jewellery and champagne, as well as trips to Doha. At the same time, the company is still under investigation due to the Once Tragedy and it has also been revealed that the company had bribed the former transport minister Ricardo Jaime, who is also under investigation. Sergio Cigliano, one of the owners of TBA, has been convicted to 9 years in prison for negligence surrounding the accident which had resulted in the revocation of concession. Rail transport in Argentina Railway privatisation in Argentina Official website Feb 1,2012
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Urquiza Line
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The Urquiza Line is a 26 km suburban electric commuter rail line in Buenos Aires, Argentina, operated by the Buenos Aires Underground operator Metrovías. The line uses third rail current collection and, at present, is used by an average of 75,400 passengers daily, the line operates 20 hours a day,7 days a week at 8 to 30 minute intervals. This suburban line runs on track operated by General Urquiza Railway before railway privatisation. In earlier times the line was planned to run into the centre of Buenos Aires, the ramp connecting the Urquiza Line to Line B still exists, though it is only used for maintenance purposes. Today Federico Lacroze has a connection to the line B underground station of the same name. Like the Buenos Aires Underground system, the Urquiza line uses the 1,435 mm standard gauge rather than the 1,676 mm broad gauge used in other railways of Buenos Aires. On 2 October 1884, they were granted a concession to build a 47 kilometres railway also pulled by horses from Buenos Aires through open country southwest to Pilar. On 6 April 1888, the line was opened with the name of Tramway Rural to Pilar with a branch to San Martín thereafter. Electricity came from the Lacroze tramways of Buenos Aires and overhead wires delivered 600 volt DC current to a fleet of wooden US-style interurban coaches from Brill. In 1897 the line was renamed Ferrocarril Rural de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, however, since it was still operated by its owners, it continued to be known unofficially as the Federico Lacroze Rural Tramway. One interesting fact is that in 1959, General Urquiza Railway acquired 30 PCC coaches and these were modified at the ends to operate in two, three or four-sectioned articulated formations like most modern LRVs. They were all retired by the mid-1960s, because they were too lightly built to handle the passenger loads. Buenos Aires Underground Federico Lacroze Metrovías General Urquiza Railway Rail transport in Argentina Urquiza Line on Metrovías website Urquiza Line at Ministry of Transport website
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Resistencia, Chaco
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Resistencia is the capital and largest city of the province of Chaco in north-eastern Argentina. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city proper was 291,720 inhabitants and it is the anchor of a larger metropolitan area, Greater Resistencia, which comprises three more municipalities for a total population of 387,340 as of 2010. This conurbation is the largest in the province, and the eleventh most populous in the country and it is located along the Negro River, a tributary of the much larger Paraná River, opposite the city of Corrientes, Corrientes Province. The area was inhabited by Guaycuru aboriginals such as the Tobas. Their resistance to evangelisation postponed substantial European settlement until the late 19th century, not until 1865 was a proper settlement established, and on January 27,1878, Resistencia was formally established as the territorial capital. The national government supported immigration, and in 1878 the first Italian immigrants arrived, the first City Council was made up entirely of members originating from that country. Resistencia is one of the warmest cities in Argentina, and is known for its extremely hot, the climate is humid subtropical, with a cooler, dryer season and a long, humid summer. Fall and spring are marked by sudden transitions from summer weather patterns to winter weather patterns. During the summer, temperatures attain highs of 30 to 35 °C on a daily basis, the record temperature is 43.5 °C on November 2,2009. Nights are warm and sticky, between 19 to 25 °C, and afternoon thunderstorms are common, the dry, cool season starts in May and lasts until September. During its peak in June and July, the high is 20 °C. Light frost occurs under very calm conditions with air in place. On occasion, however, under cold weather patterns, measured temperatures reach −2 °C. The citys economy, originally based on agriculture and trade, has diversified into the sector in recent decades. Resistencia is known nationally as the city of sculptures and open-air museum because of the more than 500 monuments, the city has organized a Biennial International Sculptures Contest since 1988, after each contest the sculptures remain in the city for public display in parks or sidewalks. Since 1997, the event has been sponsored by UNESCO, the city has been served by Resistencia International Airport since 1965, its terminal, completed in 1971, was designed by renowned modernist architect Amancio Williams. Its access via highways includes National Route 11, National Route 16, and the General Belgrano Bridge, Resistencia has five sister cities, Udine, Italy. Municipality of Resistencia Municipal information, Municipal Affairs Federal Institute, Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina
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Mendoza, Argentina
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Mendoza is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains. As of the 2010 census, Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a population of 1,055,679. Ruta Nacional 7, the road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago, runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering, hiking, horse riding, rafting, in the winter, skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes. Two of the industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine producing area in Latin America, on March 2,1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza. Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches, the Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred, the system is still evident today in the wide trenches, which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza. It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, when nearby rivers were tapped as a source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires and it was from Mendoza that San Martin, other Argentinian patriots and Chilean patriots organized the army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru. Mendoza suffered an earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design, tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of hard commodities such as oil and uranium ensure Mendozas status as a key regional center. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras, Luján de Cuyo and Maipú have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the population of 212,000 in 1947. Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a history museum
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Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
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Tren de las Sierras
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Tren de las Sierras is a regional 150.8 km regional rail line in Córdoba Province of Argentina. The line runs from Alta Córdoba to Cosquín, being operated by state-owned company Trenes Argentinos. The rail line was opened on July 2,1889 to carry both, freight and passengers from Córdoba to Cruz del Eje, operated by British-owned company Córdoba North Western Railway. In 1901 it was taken over by Córdoba Central Railway which operated the branch until 1909 when the company was acquired by the Argentine State Railway, nevertheless, the railway was closed in 1977. When the Government of Argentina leadered by Carlos Menem privatized all the lines in the early 1990s. The Government of Córdoba stated that they could not finance the service, under the trade name Aero Ruta, the consortium operated the line from Córdoba to Capilla del Monte but services suddenly stopped in 2001. Three years later the Government of Córdoba revoked the contract of concession blaming the concessionary for the bad conditions of the service, in 2007 the Province transferred the line to the National Government. On August 10,2007, the service was partially re-opened, private consortium Ferrocentral was granted concession to operate the service. The trip took about 40, served by trains manufactured in Portugal. In August 2007 the first phase of the project from Rodríguez del Busto to La Calera was re-opened to public by Ferrocentral, the National Government invested $10 million to re-open the line. Projects also include to extend services to Cruz del Eje, one year later the rail line reached Cosquín via the Quebrada of Bamba. In March 2015, Alta Córdoba was set up as terminus again, also incorporating the Hospital Neonatal station
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Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
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Premetro (Buenos Aires)
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It opened in 1987 and is operated by Metrovías. Originally, the Premetro was to many more lines, but shortly after the privatisation of the railways the projects were postponed and never materialised. The first section was opened for service on 28 April 1987, service was extended to Villa Soldati in June and to General Savio on 25 August. A formal inauguration ceremony was two days later. The cost of constructing the line was USD5.4 million, in order to avoid a long delay in the opening of the line, officials decided to create a temporary fleet by converting some 1913 metro cars into trams. They were double-truck, non-articulated, double-ended trams, a total of eight such cars were built, using new metal bodies manufactured in Buenos Aires by EMEPA S. A. mounted on the original 1913 Belgian-built La Brugeoise underframes. They were painted in a livery of all-over green, the first three of these inaugurated service on the first section of line E2 in April 1987. The Materfer trams began to arrive in mid-1988, with six delivered by the end of the year and their electrical equipment was supplied by Siemens. Like the temporary cars rebuilt from cars, the Materfer/Siemens trams are double-truck. They have seating for 24 passengers and room for around 115 standees and they have three doors on each side. The low-platform stops along the line are enough to accommodate only one car at a time. The first cars entered service on 14 October 1988, in 1989, both types of car were still in service, but eventually the Materfer cars displaced all of the rebodied metro cars. By April 1991,20 of the 25 cars had been delivered, however, the scheduled service needed only six cars. As of 2001, normal peak service still required only six to eight cars. Metrovías became the operator on 1 July 1993. With Line E of the Underground, PreMetro E2 was the first phase of the project with the construction of PreMetro E1 being the second phase and this line would have extended out from the end of Line E eastwards to the limits of the city proper with Greater Buenos Aires. In the end though, the Metrobus was constructed instead of Premetro H, plans for other lines included PreMetro D1 in the 1980s, which would have departed from the final station of Line D to the limits of the city proper. In 2015, this will become a reality, but with the opening of Metrobus Cabildo rather than a tram service. The current extension of Line E northwards to Retiro will substitute this, but not the Puerto Madero section, in October 2015 the refurbishment of the Intendente Saguier terminal was completed, followed by the refurbishment of Fátima station in April 2016
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Line E (Buenos Aires Underground)
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Opened in 1944, the Line E was the last completely new line to be added to the Buenos Aires Underground, until 2007 when Line H was opened. The line has a history of being re-routed and extended due to having been historically the line with the lowest passenger numbers on the network. Line E was opened on 20 June 1944, after construction began in 1938, soon after, it was decided to abandon the terminus at Constitución and instead reroute the line towards the Plaza de Mayo. Work began in 1957, and in 1966 the San José, Independencia, Belgrano, for many years, the two stations closed during the re-route remained unused until the mid 1990s when one was converted into a workshop to service the rolling stock of the line. The line was extended in 1973 to José María Moreno. The PreMetro E2 tramway was completed in 1987 and was linked to Line E with the intention of connecting a larger Premetro network to the line, under the private operation of the Subte by Metrovías, the colour of the line was changed from yellow to purple during the 1990s. Purple had previously used for Line C, while yellow is now used for Line H. As of 2014, all major works have been completed on the three new stations and are only missing their tracks and signalling systems. The city will complete the work required in this time. In 2006,64 of the CAF-GEE cars were to be refurbished, there are two ghost stations on the line - San José vieja and Constitución. These formed part of the original trajectory towards Constitución railway station until the line was re-routed in 1966. Both stations have used as workshops and storage areas for the lines rolling stock. San José vieja was used as a set for the 1996 Argentine film Moebius and served as the fictional Dock Sud, Buenos Aires PreMetro Rail transport in Argentina Subterráneos de Buenos Aires Metrovías S. A. Subte Operator Subterráneos de Buenos Aires, E Line System map
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Line B (Buenos Aires Underground)
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Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground runs 11.75 kilometres from Leandro N. Alem to Juan Manuel de Rosas in Villa Urquiza. Line B opened to the public on 17 October 1930 and it was the first line in Buenos Aires whose stations had turnstiles and moving stairways. Its gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in is the same as the rest of the Buenos Aires underground system, the rolling stock currently used on the B line are former Tokyo Metro 300/500/900 stocks, which was used on Marunouchi Line and CAF5000 stock. These Japanese units were acquired in the early 1990s, and offer less sitting room than the previous setup, the Japanese trains are being phased out and replaced by newer CAF5000 and CAF6000 rolling stock acquired from the Madrid Metro.7 km tunnel. The Act provided that the works would clear in part the traffic in the area of the city. This will grant the concession of the line for passengers, parcels, the construction was done by the Argentine builder Dwight P. Robinson & Cía, and the line was called Ferrocarril Terminal Central de Buenos Aires. The first section between Federico Lacroze and Callao opened on 17 October 1930 and measured 7.021 km, the maiden voyage was made by President de facto José Félix Uriburu. On 22 June 1931, it was extended to Carlos Pellegrini station, finally, the line was completed on 1 December 1931 when the subway reached the station Leandro N. Alem. These three sections were carried out entirely below Corrientes Avenue, including 19 curves and 13 stations, according to the depth of the line, some sections were made by open ditch or gallery or tunnel. As so were performed mainly at open skies the stations Federico Lacroze, Dorrego, Canning, Río de Janeiro, when you reach the tunnel at Maipu Street the maximum depth reached 17 metres. Underneath the Rancagua park, in Chacarita, a workshop and a 10 track garage were built and this line had escalators and turnstiles for the payment of coin-operated service, initially manufactured in United States, formerly controlled by guards. It also was deeper than the Line A, and like it and this was lifted after the fire occurred on 27 November 1952. Line B was recently extended underground further west from Los Incas/Parque Chas to Echeverría, the new stations opened in July 26,2013. Each car had two 105 HP motors, the interiors had 47 wooden seats, the majority with reversible back and three slide doors on each side, at the platforms level, of opening and closure commanded by the guard. One year later,20 similar cars made by Osgood Bradley Car Company of the US were incorporated, the Japanese-built Eidan 300/400/500/900 sets, which ran on line B starting in 1996, were in service on the Marunouchi Line in Tokyo from 1959 through late 1995. In 2009, it was announced that the Madrid Metro has sold its oldest wide-profile trains to Buenos Aires. The 5000 series trains, which were in operation in Madrid since 1974, in July 2013, Madrid Metro sold 73 of its 6000 series cars to Buenos Aires for €32.6 million in exchange for the retirement of the rest of the Japanese-built trains. Until the privatization of subte in the 1990s, the B line was identified by the green color, florida and Carlos Pellegrini stations are the two busiest stations on the line, as most commuters alight there in the morning to work in the downtown financial district
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Chacarita, Buenos Aires
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Chacarita is a barrio or district in the north-central part of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located between Colegiales, Palermo, Villa Crespo, La Paternal and Villa Ortúzar, this is a neighbourhood with tree-lined streets. Locally, its probably best known for the 95 hectare Chacarita Cemetery, the territories of this district belonged formerly to the Jesuits, who had small farms. Its name comes from the small farm or chácara in old Spanish. Following the Suppression of the Jesuits in 1767, they were expelled, one of the few and most important remaining residences from the era is that of the Comastri family, which at the moment is the Escuela Nacional de Educación Técnica N°34. The areas principal park is Los Andes, which was inaugurated in 1941, Chacarita is the namesake for both the Chacarita Cemetery and the Chacarita Juniors football club. The meeting place of the neighbourhood is the “Club Chacarita Juniors”, jorge Newbery Avenue is characterized for being the only way funeral cars are allowed to go towards the cemetery, the main entrance of which is on Avenida Guzmán. Federico Lacroze Station commuter rail terminal, which local and long-distance services, is also located in Chacarita
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Trams in Buenos Aires
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In the 1920s, Buenos Aires had 875 km of tramways and 99 tram lines using 3000 carriages running throughout the city. By 1963, the vast majority of the network began to be dismantled, a second similar horse-drawn feeder service was established between Monserrat and the Constitución railway terminal in 1866 to service the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway. The first urban tramways were inaugurated in 1870 by Argentine pioneer Federico Lacroze, during this period, up until electrification, there was also an abundance of steam-powered trams which also gradually replaced the horse-drawn ones. In 1880 Fyodor Pirotsky created the first electric tram in Saint Petersberg and Argentina received opened its first electric tram in 1892 in the city of La Plata, by 1914, the last of the horse-drawn trams were retired and the - now much larger - network was completely electrified. Under this new administration, the network saw almost all the rails and overhead lines, as well as the rolling stock, at the same time, this period saw a significant increase in traffic, so much so that double-decker trams were re-incorporated into the network. From 1961 to 1963 the system was dismantled, despite what many saw as a golden age for the tramways. The final trams ceased operating in February 1963, just a few days after the 100-year anniversary of the first tram in Buenos Aires, most of the tram services saw direct replacements with the hundreds of buses purchased by the Government of Argentina from Leyland Motors. The Buenos Aires PreMetro is a 7.4 km-long tram line opened in 1987 with the intention of it functioning as a feeder service for Line E of the Buenos Aires Underground. It is currently operated by the private company Metrovías, who operate the Underground. It uses Argentine-built Materfer trams, though for a period it used re-bodied La Brugeoise cars from the Underground while the Materfer trams were being constructed. Originally there were supposed to be two PreMetro lines, however the line was never built following the privatisation of the countrys railways in the early 1990s. More recent plans to build the line were further thwarted after the construction of a MetroBus line to the south of the city, however, plans are underway to refurbish the existing E2 line, including the construction of a new terminal and the restoration of the lines stops. The group formed in 1980 and runs a tramway in the neighborhood. The service is free and is open on Saturdays and Sundays, the tramway has many trams dating back as far as the early 1900s which are used on its 2 km circuit. The Puerto Madero Tramway was a tram ran in Puerto Madero from 2007 to 2012 on a 2 km-long stretch with 4 stations. The tramway closed after experiencing low passenger numbers, largely due to the nature of the line which only operated in a sparsely populated part of the area. Extensions had been planned to the Retiro railway station and to La Boca, in Greater Buenos Aires the Tren de la Costa, which uses articulated CAF trams, was opened in 1995. It links to the General Mitre Railway in northern Buenos Aires, anglo-Argentine Tramways Company La Brugeoise cars Line A List of town tramway systems in Argentina Polvorín Workshop Rail transport in Argentina Trams in Rosario
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Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
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Tren de la Costa
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The line connects directly to the Mitre line at Maipú station for direct access to Retiro terminus in the Buenos Aires downtown. Tren de la Costa is served by nine two-car trains sets, each train has a capacity of 200 passengers and travels at an average speed of 35 km/h. The journey time is 30 minutes, with a frequency of 30 minutes, tracks ran following the course of the river, serving as an alternative route to Tigre, which was already served by the Buenos Aires Northern Railway. The line was absorbed by the Central Argentine Railway when this company took over the in 1908. The line was electrified in 1931 and after nationalisation in 1948, in 1961 the Government of Argentina led by President Arturo Frondizi closed the B. Mitre-Delta branch due to the low amount of passengers carried and high maintenance costs, in 1990 plans were formulated for the reopening of the line and with the railways being privatised in 1992, the Tren de la Costa company was formed to take over the concession for the service. The track was converted from 5 ft 6 in broad gauge to 1,435 mm, public services and related commercial operations began in April 1995, and the maiden ride was shared by Soldati, company and government officials, and President Carlos Menem. The company remodelled the 8 stations of the branch and built 3 new stations, most of them with the concept of shopping mall centres, a new terminus, named Maipú was built just in front of former Bartolomé Mitre terminus. Both stations were connected through a bridge over Maipú Avenue. Mitre branch, the new Maipú-Delta service was a rail system. Beside the Delta terminus, a new amusement park, Parque de la Costa was built, two years later, the Trillenium Casino opened beside the park and Delta station. These projects, as well as the malls, were designed to be part of the de la Costa franchise. As years went by, a decrease of the number of passenger carried by the company occurred, affecting not only the train services, the line saw a large drop in passenger numbers since its opening in 1995. Around 100,000 journeys were made each weekend initially, but, by 2005 there were just 150,000 a month, the coinciding economic upturn did not reverse this trend, and ridership declined to around 70,000 a month by 2010. The rescision was published on the Argentine Official Bulletin on 3 Jun 2013, the line and its stations were conceived to offer various forms of entertainment and enjoyment for both adults and children, being used by both tourists and commuters. Each station, seven of which are original stations refurbished, has history and art displays, borges Station, by the Olivos marina, was planned as the station of the arts with an art café with open-air sculptures. Located nearby is the Juan Carlos Altavista Cinema, one of the oldest still operating in the world, anchorena station was nicknamed The Tango station due to its cultural centre, and Barrancas station hosts an antiques fair. The route between Libertador and San Isidro was adapted for use by walkers, joggers and cyclists, trams in Buenos Aires Parque de la Costa Mitre Line Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway Light rail Rail transport in Argentina Trenes Argentinos, operator Tren de la Costa website
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Puerto Madero
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From its inception, the city of Buenos Aires had a problem accommodating large cargo ships, as per Puerto La Boca, because the shallow river did not allow for direct docking. Instead ships were moored away from the shore and passengers and merchandise were unloaded onto barges and ferries for transport to the pier, in 1882 the national government contracted the local businessman Eduardo Madero to take charge of the construction of a new port which would solve these problems. Construction began in 1887 and was completed in 1897, although the installed fittings had been partially operative some years before completion of the port. It was a project and an engineering landmark at the time. His plans resulted in the Puerto Nuevo, still operating today, the New Port of Buenos Aires was completed in 1926, making the existing Madero docks superfluous. Though these continued to serve in ancillary port functions, the zone gradually decayed, becoming one of the citys most degraded areas, having as objective the urbanization of the area, the federal and city governments participated as egalitarian partners. The 170 hectares of the place had overlapping jurisdictions, the General Administration of Ports, Argentine railroads, today one of the trendiest boroughs in Buenos Aires, it has become the preferred address for growing numbers of young professionals and retirees, alike. Increasing property prices have also generated interest in the area as a destination for foreign buyers, the neighborhoods road network has been entirely rebuilt, especially in the east side. The layout of the east side consists currently of three wide boulevards running east-west crossed by the east sides main street, Juana Manso Avenue, the layout is completed with some other avenues and minor streets, running both east-west and north-south, and by several pedestrianised streets. Every street in Puerto Madero is named after women, Puerto Madero currently represents the largest urban renewal project in the city of Buenos Aires. Having undergone a revival in merely a decade, it is one of the most successful recent waterfront renewal projects in the world. At Puerto Madero Dock 2 buildings belonging to the Universidad Católica Argentina stand successively to the west, here, there are some bars and coffee shops. Numerous new residential high-rises of up to 50 stories have been facing the Rio de la Plata since 2000. These include Alvear Tower, Renoir Towers, El Faro Towers, Chateau Tower of Puerto Madero, many other high-rises that have recently been inaugurated include the Le Parc Tower and Hilton and River View Towers. Additionally a St. Regis Starwood Hotel is being built in the first dique, where the famous nightclub Opera Bay was formerly located, a large Jumeirah Polo resort will also feature a hotel in Puerto Madero, working conjointly with polo fields outside Buenos Aires. The 2 kilometres Tranvía del Este, inaugurated in 2007 and closed in 2012, served the area running parallel to Alicia Moreau de Justo Avenue, the neighborhood is still not well-connected to the citys transit network. An expressway connecting the north and the south of the city through Puerto Madero has long been in the planning stage, placing the expressway between Puerto Madero and the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve has also been considered, but has been strongly opposed by environmentalists
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Alstom Citadis
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The Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. An evolution of Alstoms earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis trams are made in Alstoms factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, also, Gaziantep bought second-hand TFSs from Rouen. The Citadis family includes both partial and fully low-floor trams and LRVs, in versions with three, five, seven, and nine sections, own Russian name according unifying system of rolling stock classification, 71-801. This train type can be built as a dual-voltage or electro-diesel vehicle with various configurations.5 to 5 km, a total of 31 sets have been ordered by the SNCF at an average cost of €3.2 million per train set. Like most trams, Citadis vehicles are powered by overhead electric wires collected by a pantograph. On the networks in France and in Sydney, the switch to conventional overhead wires in outer areas. Another option is to use batteries to store electrical power. The Citadis trams in Nice operate off a set of nickel metallic hydride batteries in two open spaces where overhead wires would be an eyesore
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Line A (Buenos Aires Underground)
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Line A is the oldest line of the Buenos Aires Underground. The line stretches 9.8 km from Plaza de Mayo and San Pedrito and runs all of the Avenida de Mayo and part of the Avenida Rivadavia. On the first day of service, it carried 220,000 passengers. Line A used the cars used at its inauguration for just under a century and these cars were built by Belgian company La Brugeoise starting in 1913 and were refurbished in 1927 when their wooden structure was modified for underground-only use. For this reason, Line A might also be considered the continents first light rail subway, the old wooden cars were removed in 2013, and replaced by modern cars. During the first decade of the 20th century in Buenos Aires, road traffic had sharply increased due to a growing population. In 1903 the city had 895,381 inhabitants and there were 4,791 horse-drawn carriages and 60 cars, while by 1913 there were 1,457,885 people, with 6,211 carriages and 7,438 automobiles. After a dispute, it was agreed that the Western Railway would the line for freight, thus, construction of the Anglo-Argentine Line began on 15 September 1911, with the German company Philipp Holzmann & Cia. as contractor. The total investment to build the line was m$n 17 million, m$n 3 million was invested in the excavation of the tunnel, m$n 7 million in construction, m$n 2.5 million in the initial 50 trains and m$n 2 million for the Polvorín Workshop. The Plaza de Mayo-Plaza Miserere section was inaugurated on 1 December 1913, on the following day it opened to the public, carrying 220,000 passengers. It was the first underground in South America, the Southern Hemisphere, each station had a length of 100 metres and had friezes of specific colours for easy identification. The construction of the Plaza Miserere station was performed by two companies, CTAA and FCO, at that time the station had two tracks for the railroad in the middle, and two pairs of lines for the underground, which were on the laterals. The outside southern track of the subway was eliminated in 1926, the route was extended to Río de Janeiro Station on 1 April 1914 and on 14 July of that year to Caballito, renamed Primera Junta in 1923. This 2 km route has been used since 1980 by Asociación Amigos del Tranvía to run the Buenos Aires Historical Tramway, in 1997 the Plaza Miserere station was declared a national historic monument. Over the years, most stations on the line have also declared part of the national patrimony of Argentina. Unlike other lines, the original stations preserve much of their original appearance, in the first expansion of the line since 1914, Puán and Carabobo stations were opened in December 2008. As part of the ceremony for the two stations Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri drove one of the La Brugeoise trains. That same year, the line was converted from 1100 volts to 1500 volts to match the rest of the network
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Caballito, Buenos Aires
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Caballito is a barrio of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. It is the barrio in the administrative division Comuna 6. It is located in the centre of the city, limited by the following streets and avenues, Rio de Janeiro. The name is said to come from the weather vane from a local pulpería. Opened to the public in 1910, Parque Centenario was so christened in honor of the anniversary of 25 May 1810. The park, in 2006, underwent extensive refurbishment, as well as the installation of a lake in replacement of the two existing smaller ones. Neighbourhood commuters are served by Underground Line A, opened in 1913 as the citys first Underground line, the neighbourhood has a long historical connection with the Underground, since it is the site of the Polvorín Workshop, where the lines famous La Brugeoise rolling stock was repaired. The workshop is now the site of the Buenos Aires Heritage Tramway, similarly, there is the Sarmiento Line, a commuter rail service which takes passengers westward to Greater Buenos Aires or eastward to Once railway station and closer to the city centre. Www. infocaballito. com www. caballitoenlinea. com www. vivecaballito. com Historic Tramway in Caballito – Asociación Amigos del Tranvía
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Bolivia - 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge both countries. Two rail connections between (Villazón, Bolivia - La Quiaca, Argentina) and (Yacuiba, Bolivia - Salvador Mazza, Argentina).
Brazil - break of gauge, 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) gauge in Argentina and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge in Brazil. Bridge over Uruguay River linking Paso de los Libres (Argentina) and Uruguaiana (Brazil).
Chile - South Trans-Andean Railway link between Zapala, Argentina and Lonquimay, Chile. 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) gauge in both countries.[54]
Paraguay - Posadas-Encarnación 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) gauge both countries, service began in 2014.
Uruguay - Tren de los Pueblos Libres 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) in both countries, a short-lived service made to re-open the once closed link. It ceased operation after all concessions to the private company TBA were revoked following the Once Tragedy.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
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