1.
Nuuk Airport
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Nuuk Airport is an airport serving Nuuk, the capital of Greenland. With connections to Iceland, Nuuk Airport is also one of six airports in Greenland. International connections are made with flights to either Keflavík International Airport in Iceland or Kangerlussuaq Airport, in the early 1960s, seaplanes of the newly established Air Greenland landed in Nuuk Port. In connection with events are chartered aircraft or VIP flights unable to reach Nuuk, a change to a small local aircraft is always needed. In 1962 a PBY Catalina crashed near the port, killing 15 people on board, the tragedy was one of the factors leading to the decision to invest in a helicopter fleet. Nuuk Airport was built in 1979, when the newly formed History of Greenland#Home rule|home rule government]] decided to create a network of the STOL-capable domestic airports. This constituted the first such wave of network expansion, the first international flights from Nuuk Airport were to Iqaluit in Nunavut, Canada. S. Air Force when the former Sondrestrom Air Base was handed over to the home rule government on 30 September 1992. With the airport being limited to serving small planes, the possibilities for international connections remain limited, reopening of the connection to Iqaluit Airport was considered by Air Greenland in late 2009, but was later postponed until at least 2011. Air Greenlands seasonal flights to Iqaluit in Canada finally resumed in summer 2012, the best way of flying between Nuuk and US/Canada is over Reykjavík. The de Havilland Canada Dash 8-Q200 turboprops, acquired in Spring 2010, are the newest planes in the Air Greenland fleet, Nuuk Airport is also home to the Beechcraft King Air B200 Amaalik, used for air ambulance flights and occasional charters. The airport is used for various charter flights, such as airlifts to the summit of the 1,210 m Sermitsiaq Mountain. The airport is used for shuttle flights for events like the 2010 Inuit Circumpolar Council general assembly in Nuuk. In general the short runway is a problem for large events in Nuuk, Nuuk airport has one asphalt runway 950 m ×30 m 283 ft above sea level. The runway platform bed is composed of rock and rubble, topped with gravel. The northern end of the runway is less than 700 m from the shore of Nuup Kangerlua fjord, an expansion of the runway in that direction would require relocation of the connecting road, which climbs under the runway scarp. An often-discussed extension of the runway in the direction would have brought the endpoint close to Qinngorput. There are plans of extending the runway to 1,199 m, there are also suggestions to extend it to 1,700 m or 2,200 m which would allow direct flights to Denmark, but only with small jet planes, needing several daily flights
2.
Uummannaq
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Uummannaq is a town in the Qaasuitsup municipality, in northwestern Greenland. With 1,282 inhabitants in 2013, it is the eleventh-largest town in Greenland, founded in 1763 as Ûmañak, the town is a hunting and fishing base, with a canning factory and a marble quarry. In 1932 the Universal Greenland-Filmexpedition with director Arnold Fanck realized the film SOS Eisberg near Uummannaq, Uummannaq is located 590 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle on Uummannaq Island located in the south-central arm of the Uummannaq Fjord. Uummannaq is also the name given to the series of inlets north of the promontory at Niaqornat on the Nuussuaq Peninsula. The island is home to Uummannaq Mountain, rising very sharply to the height of 1170m. Air Greenland operates helicopter services to Qaarsut Airport from Uummannaq Heliport, the neighbouring villages in the Uummannaq area are served by district cargo helicopters. In summer months, Royal Arctic Line operates its bygdeservice with sailings by small ships to its neighbouring villages, Danish and Greenlandic children believe that Santa Claus lives in Spraglebugten Bay in the west of the island. A turf hut was built there for a Danish television programme, scottish singer KT Tunstalls third album Tiger Suit features the track Uummannaq Song, which was inspired by her trip to the town in September 2008 with Cape Farewell. Uummannaq is home to Uummannaq Music – the worlds northernmost music platform on sea ice and it had 1,282 inhabitants in 2010, which was a decrease of more than 12% relative to the population in 2000. Villages in the Uummannaq area Photos of Uummannaq About filming in Greenland in 1933
3.
Nuuk
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Nuuk is the capital and largest city of Greenland and the municipality of Sermersooq. It is the seat of government and the countrys largest cultural, the major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. Johns in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland. Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenlands population, and also has the tallest building in Greenland, Nuuk is the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. In January 2016, it had a population of 17,316, Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape. It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the shore of the Labrador Sea. Its latitude, at 64°10 N, makes it the worlds northernmost capital, in 2012 the buses transported more than 2 million passengers around the city of Nuuk. The site has a history of habitation. For a long time it was occupied by the Dorset culture around the settlement of Kangeq. The Nuuk area was inhabited by Viking explorers in the 10th century. Inuit and Norsemen both lived with little interaction in this area from about 1000 until the disappearance of the Norse settlement for uncertain reasons during the 15th century. At that time, Greenland was formally still a Danish colony under the united Dano-Norwegian Crown, paarsss colonists consisted of mutinous soldiers, convicts, and prostitutes and most died within the first year of scurvy and other ailments. In 1733 and 1734, an epidemic killed most of the native population as well as Egedes wife. Hans Egede went back to Denmark in 1736 after 15 years in Greenland, Godthaab became the seat of government for the Danish colony of South Greenland, while Godhavn was the capital of North Greenland until 1940 when the administration was unified in Godthaab. This became the nucleus for present-day Nuuk as many Greenlanders from the southeastern coast left their territory to live at the mission station, around 1850, Greenland and especially the area around Nuuk were in crisis. The Europeans had brought diseases and a culture that conflicted with the ways of the native Greenlanders, many Greenlanders were living in poverty. In 1853, Hinrich Johannes Rink came to Greenland and perceived the Greenlanders had lost much of their culture, in response, in 1861, he started the Atuagagdliutt, Greenlands first newspaper, with a native Greenlander as editor. This newspaper based in Nuuk later became significant for the Greenlandic identity, during World War II, there was a reawakening to Greenlandic national identity. Greenlanders shared a language and assembled a council under Eske Bruns leadership in Nuuk
4.
Kangerlussuaq Airport
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Kangerlussuaq Airport is an airport in Kangerlussuaq, a settlement in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland. Alongside Narsarsuaq Airport, it is one of two civilian airports in Greenland large enough to handle large airliners. It is located away from the coast and hence less prone to fog, Kangerlussuaq Airport is the international hub for Air Greenland. The Kangerlussuaq area has few inhabitants, around 500, so few passengers have their origin or destination here. The first airport was built here during the US occupation in 1941 under the name of Bluie West-8, later renamed Sondrestromfjord Air Base, in the 1950s, transatlantic civilian flights began using the air base for refuelling. This use fell off in the 1960s as airliners gained greater range, the airport was handed over to civilian Greenlandic control in 1992. At a late 2011 Air Greenland meeting, plans to move the main Greenland intercontinental air hub away from Kangerlussuaq were agreed upon, according to the 2011 plan three 1, 199-meter airstrips will be built, a new airport at Qaqortoq, and extensions at Nuuk, and Ilulissat. New airports will also be built at Tasiilaq and Ittoqqortoormiit later. These planned airstrips will be too short to host intercontinental flights, the main candidates for a new intercontinental airport are presently Nuuk and Qaqortoq. Alongside Kangerlussuaq, the airports at Narsarsuaq and Kulusuk will also be closed, there is also a need to renovate the Kangerlussuaq runway for fairly high cost as the permafrost is melting under it. There are also a few tourist charter flights between Germany and Kangerlussuaq every summer, in connection with cruise ship arrivals to the Kangerlussuaq seaport and those flights have typically been operated by Air Greenland or airlines from Germany. Other charter flights can appear, for example a number of flights from especially US, the flights from Copenhagen using the large aircraft is the main way of quick transport of goods and mail to Greenland. Because of the lack of a port at Kangerlussuaq, most of it is transported by air to other destinations. Goods that dont need such quick transport are freighted by air to Nuuk, a road to Sisimiut at the coast is planned with this freight in mind. In general there are worries about cost, and furthermore the uncertanty of the future of Kangerlussuaq makes it hard to decide upon a road or a port, the terminal is open for 24 hours during summer. Hotel Kangerlussuaq, with a 70-room capacity and a restaurant, is located within the building of the airport. Other amenities include a night-club and a bar during daytime. Several tourism outfitters share an office in the terminal, alongside the Tourist Office, there are two other more simple accommodations in Kangerlussuaq
5.
Transportation system
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A transport network, or transportation network is a realisation of a spatial network, describing a structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity. Examples are network of roads and streets, railways, pipes, aqueducts, one can distinguish land, sea and air transportation networks. Transport network analysis is used to determine the flow of vehicles through a transport network and it may combine different modes of transport, for example, walking and car, to model multi-modal journeys. Transport network analysis falls within the field of transport engineering, braess paradox Flow network Heuristic routing Interplanetary Transport Network
6.
Greenland
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Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century, Greenland is the worlds largest island. Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica. With a population of about 56,480, it is the least densely populated country in the world, the Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland, connecting the various cities and settlements. Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada, Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century, and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century. The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century, soon after their demise, beginning in 1499, the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island, naming it Terra do Lavrador. In the early 18th century, Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again, to strengthen trading and power, Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island. Greenland was settled by Vikings more than a thousand years ago, Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland, discovering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached Caribbean islands. Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians, Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262, the Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century. Thus, the two kingdoms resources were directed at creating Copenhagen, Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved. Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814, and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark, in 1973, Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark. However, in a referendum in 1982, a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985, Greenland contains the worlds largest and most northernly national park, Northeast Greenland National Park. Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq, Kujalleq, Qaasuitsup and it also retains control of monetary policy, providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK3.4 billion, which is planned to diminish gradually over time. Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources, the capital, Nuuk, held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games. At 70%, Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world, the early Viking settlers named the island as Greenland. In the Icelandic sagas, the Norwegian-born Icelander Erik the Red was said to be exiled from Iceland for manslaughter, along with his extended family and his thralls, he set out in ships to explore an icy land known to lie to the northwest. After finding an area and settling there, he named it Grœnland
7.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
8.
Dog sled
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A dog sled or dog sleigh is a sled pulled by one or more sled dogs used to travel over ice and through snow. Numerous types of sleds are used, depending on their function and they can be used for dog sled racing. Dog power has been used for hunting and travel for over a thousand years, as far back as the 10th century BCE these dogs have contributed to human culture. Assembling a dog sled team involves picking leader dogs, point dogs, swing dogs, the lead dog is crucial, so mushers take particular care of these dogs. Another important detail is to have powerful wheel dogs to pull the sled out from the snow, however, Alaskan Huskies are also a popular dog for sled dog racing, because of their endurance, good eating habits, speed, and dedication to running even when tired. Sometimes, for sprint races, mushers use short haired hounds that are faster than the average husky and these hounds are raised from a young age to pull. It is harder to train hounds than it is to train Siberian Huskies and Malamutes to pull a sled because it is not in their nature, training should start at around six months of age by pulling a small log behind them. Sirius Dog Sled Patrol The Canadian Museum of Civilization - History of Dogsled mail in the Yukon
9.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
10.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
11.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
Narsarsuaq Air Base
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The first aircraft landed there in January 1942, as a link in the North Atlantic air ferry route in World War II. The base had a population of about 4,000 American servicemen. Radioing from Bluie West 1, while crossing the Atlantic in mid-June 1942, the P-38 and P-39 fighters, piloted by combat crews who had been given special training in long-distance flying, were escorted by the longer-range B-17 bombers. Other important bases in Greenland were Bluie West Eight near the town of Kangerlussuaq. Bad weather is frequent in Southern Greenland, and Narsarsuaq is virtually surrounded by high mountains, the usual approach was a low-level flight up a fjord. Because the runway slopes up west to east, landings were made to the east, with take-offs to the west, the runway by this time had been paved with concrete. Jets require a longer run than do propeller-driven aircraft. There is an account of a visit to BW-1 in the early days of World War II by Ernest K. Gann. The advent of aerial refueling, and the opening of the larger Thule Air Base in northern Greenland, made the base redundant, and it was turned over to the Danish government of Greenland in 1958. Today it is Narsarsuaq Airport and served by flights from Reykjavík, Iceland during the summer season, as well as by commuter aircraft from Kangerlussaq. There is no tower, and a 4,000 ft ceiling is advised. Erik the Red Narsarsuaq Airport This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, remembering Bluie West One Narsarssuak Air Base BW-1 - John Stott
14.
Wide-body aircraft
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A wide-body aircraft is a jet airliner having a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles, also known as twin-aisle aircraft, with seven or more seats abreast. The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m, in the typical wide-body economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers. The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations, by comparison, a typical narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to 4 m, with a single aisle, and seats between two and six people abreast. Wide-body aircraft were designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort. However, airlines quickly gave in to economic factors, and reduced the passenger space in order to maximize revenue. Wide-body aircraft are used for the transport of commercial freight and cargo and other special uses. The biggest wide-body aircraft are known as jumbo jets due to their large size, examples include the Boeing 747, Airbus A380. The phrase, jumbo jet, derives from Jumbo, a circus elephant in the 19th century. 7-abreast aircraft seats typically 160 to 260 passengers, 8-abreast 250 to 380,9, following the success of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 in the late 1950s and early 1960s, airlines began seeking larger aircraft to meet the rising global demand for air travel. Engineers were faced with many challenges as airlines demanded more seats per aircraft, longer ranges. Early jet aircraft such as the 707 and DC-8 seated passengers along either side of a single aisle, larger aircraft would have to be longer, higher, or wider in order to accommodate a greater number of passenger seats. Engineers realized having two decks created difficulties in meeting emergency evacuation regulations with the available at that time. During the 1960s, it was believed that supersonic airliners would succeed larger, slower planes. Thus, it was believed that most subsonic aircraft would become obsolete for passenger travel, as a result, airline manufacturers opted for a wider fuselage rather than a taller one. By adding an aisle, the wider aircraft could accommodate as many as 10 seats across. The full length double-deck solution was not realized until the twenty-first century, the widebody age began in 1970 with the entry into service of the first widebody airliner, the four-engined, partial double-deck Boeing 747. New trijet widebody aircraft soon followed, including the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, the first widebody twinjet, the Airbus A300, entered service in 1974. This period came to be known as the widebody wars, in the jumbo category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname Superjumbo
15.
Civil Aviation Administration Denmark
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Was the Danish government agency that oversaw all civil aviation in Denmark, including the autonomous areas of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CAA-DK, with its office in Copenhagen, was part of the Danish Ministry of Transport. In addition to the regulation of aviation, it also operated the Bornholm Airport. On 1 November 2010 the Danish Transport Authority and the Civil Aviation Administration - Denmark were merged to one administration, the name of the new administration is the Danish Transport Authority. The former CAA-DK attends to the same tasks as before and remains at the same address, Civil Aviation Administration Denmark Civil Aviation Administration Denmark
16.
Greenland Airport Authority
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The Greenland Airports is the national airport operator of the airports in Greenland, in charge of airport upgrades and associated fees and taxes in all airports in Greenland. Owned by the Government of Greenland, it operates 13 airports, all of which can accommodate fixed-wing STOL operations year-round and it also operates a large, countrywide network of heliports, of which 8 are primary heliports, while the rest are considered helistops. The company employs over 400 people, mainly staffing the main airports, most of the helistops are staffed by Air Greenland. Greenland Airports also owns two hotels, at Kangerlussuaq and Narsarsuaq. It also operates an AFIS school at Narsarsuaq, Greenland Airports is supervised by the Danish Transport Authority regarding safety rules and other regulations. For all the airports operated by the authority, see the List of airports in Greenland
17.
Air Greenland
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Air Greenland A/S, also known as Greenlandair, is the flag carrier airline of Greenland, a subsidiary of the SAS Group, owned by the SAS Group, the Greenlandic Government and the Danish Government. Flights to heliports in the settlements are operated on contract with the government of Greenland. The majority of operations were based on helicopters until the newly established Greenland Home Rule began investing in a network of short takeoff and landing airfields. The reliability of connections improved as the airport network expanded in the 1990s. In the 21st century, it competes with Air Iceland for international connections, in 1962, interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council and the Royal Greenland Trade Department. The first flights serving the American bases in Greenland operated lightweight DHC-3 Otters, after a crash in 1961, Grønlandsfly used PBY Catalina water planes and DHC-6 Twin Otters on domestic routes. One of the Catalinas then crashed in 1962, in 1965, the Douglas DC-4 became the lines first larger airplane. During the 1970s, Grønlandsfly upgraded its DC-4 to the newer DC-6, by 1972, it opened up service to east Greenland with a helicopter based in Tasiilaq, and established Greenlandair Charter. Mining at Maamorilik in the Uummannaq Fjord required still more helicopters, Grønlandsfly also picked up a Danish government contract to fly reconnaissance missions regarding the sea ice around Greenland. By the end of 1979, the number of Grønlandsfly passengers served annually exceeded 60,000 and that year, the airlines first international route was also opened, running between Greenlands capital Nuuk and the town of Iqaluit in northern Canada. The decade also saw the train and hire its first native Kalaallit pilots. To service the enlarged network, Grønlandsfly began acquiring DHC-7s, planes particularly suited to the severe weather conditions in Greenland. The first was delivered on 29 September 1979, followed by more over the next decade and these planes remain in active service, serving every airport except Nerlerit Inaat near Ittoqqortoormiit, whose operation is handled by Air Iceland under contract with Greenland Home Rule. In 1981, Grønlandsfly opened its first route to Iceland, linking Reykjavík Airport to its hub at Kangerlussuaq via Kulusuk. In 1986, a route to Keflavík allowed the company to break SASs monopoly on flights between Greenland and Denmark via a Keflavík-Copenhagen leg operated by Icelandair, by 1989, the airline employed more than 400 Greenlanders and carried more than 100,000 passengers annually. The company saw its activity curtailed as the mines at Ivittuut and Maamorilik closed operation, with the purchase of a fifth Dash 7, Grønlandsfly was – for the first time since its inception – able to provide plane services to all major towns in Greenland. Grønlandsfly also purchased its first jet aircraft, a Boeing 757–200 which began operation in May 1998, the airliner was named Kunuunnguaq in honour of the Greenlandic explorer and ethnologist Knud Rasmussen, whose bust decorates in the terminal of Kangerlussuaq hub. The airliner allowed the company to run the profitable Kangerlussuaq–Copenhagen route directly, thus, in 1999, the airline served 282,000 passengers, nearly triple the number at the end of the previous decade
18.
Danish language
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There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, around 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Danish is a descendant of Old Norse, until the 16th century, Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions. With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing, a language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect. It spread through use in the system and administration though German. Today, traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared, though there are variants of the standard language. The main differences in language are between generations, with youth language being particularly innovative, Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels, and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød, a kind of laryngeal phonation type. The grammar is moderately inflective with strong and weak conjugations and inflections, nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender. As in English, Danish only has remnants of a case system, particularly in the pronouns. Its syntax is V2, with the verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence. Danish is a Germanic language of the North Germanic branch, other names for this group are the Nordic or Scandinavian languages. Along with Swedish, Danish descends from the Eastern dialects of the Old Norse language, Scandinavian languages are often considered a dialect continuum, where there are no sharp dividing lines between the different vernacular languages. Like Norwegian and Swedish, Danish was significantly influenced by Low German in the Middle Ages, Danish itself can be divided into three main dialect areas, West Danish, Insular Danish, and East Danish. Danish is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Swedish, both Swedes and Danes also understand Norwegian better than they understand each others languages. By the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language was called the Danish tongue, or Norse language. Norse was written in the alphabet, first with the elder futhark. From the 7th century the common Norse language began to undergo changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, most of the changes separating East Norse from West Norse started as innovations in Denmark, that spread through Scania into Sweden and by maritime contact to southern Norway
19.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
20.
Air Iceland Connect
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Air Iceland is a regional airline with its head office at Reykjavík Airport in Reykjavík, Iceland. It operates scheduled services to destinations across Iceland and to Greenland. Its main bases are Reykjavík Airport and Akureyri Airport and it is a subsidiary of Icelandair Group. The airline was formed in Akureyri by Tryggvi Helgason as Norðurflug, a reorganisation and merger of Icelandair Domestic and Norlandair resulted in the present name in 1997. It is wholly owned by Icelandair Group and had 226 employees in March 2007, in late 2011, Air Iceland acquired two Bombardier Dash 8-200 aircraft for delivery in early 2012. Upon delivery of aircraft, Air Iceland sold its only Dash 8-100 series. It previously operated ATR42 aircraft from 2000 to 2003, a fleet of 3 Bombardier Dash 8-Q400 aircraft replaced the airlines 5 Fokker 50 aircraft in 2015-16. Services using the new aircraft include a route to Aberdeen on behalf of Icelandair started in March 2016 flying out of KEF. As of May 2016, the Air Iceland fleet consisted of the aircraft, Among the destinations, most in Greenland. Dash 8-200 is the aircraft type possessed by Air Iceland compatible with such runways. The Q400s are currently used on flights to Akureyri, Egilsstaðir, Kangerlussuaq, Narsarsuaq, on 29 May 1947, an Air Iceland Douglas C-47A TF-ISI crashed at Héðinsfjörður, Iceland in bad weather, killing all 25 on board. This was the worst air accident in Icelandic history, on 4 March 2011, a Dash 8 TF-JMB was landing at the Nuuk Airport it was hit by a microburst and the right wheel broke off causing the aircraft to slide off the runway. All 31 people on board were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off. Media related to Air Iceland at Wikimedia Commons Official website
21.
Kulusuk
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Kulusuk, formerly Kap Dan, is a settlement in the Sermersooq municipality in southeastern Greenland, located on an island of the same name. The settlement population of 267 is quite uncommon for an Inuit settlement in Greenland with many Danes choosing to live due to the airport. In Kalaallisut, the name of the village means Chest of a Black Guillemot, the urbanized area of the settlement is centered around the harbour in the northwestern part of the island, on the shores of the Torsuut Tunoq sound. Industrial utility buildings are scattered in the vicinity of the airport. The island is small,8 km from north to south and 11 km from west to east and it is hilly throughout, with several distinct mountains dominating the eastern and southern coast. The southernmost point is Cape Naujaangivit, formerly Cape Dan under the Isikajia mountain, the highest point on the island is the summit of Qalorujoorneq, at 676 m topping a wide mountain massif in the southeast, directly above the airport. The Saqqaq people were the first to reach eastern Greenland, arriving from the north through what is now known as Peary Land and they were displaced by the Dorset culture around 3,000 years ago. The Thule people passed through the area in the 15th century, due to back-migrations to the more densely populated western coast, the southeastern coast was deserted for another two hundred years. The region wasnt settled until the late 18th century, with the current town of Tasiilaq – then known as Ammassalik – surviving as the permanent settlement in the 19th century. Population increased however from the 1880s, dispersing over several villages in the area, the small Kulusuk Island wasnt permanently settled until the early 1900s, with the village founded only in 1909, celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2009. The church in the village was constructed in 1908 by the crew of a Danish sailing vessel ran aground on the nearby coast. A model of the ship still hangs above the organ of the church, rebuilt, the village cemetery is located about 200 m southeast of the village center, on permafrost ground, straddling the southern and northern slopes of a small hill. No names appear on the crosses in honour of the Inuit tradition that the name of the deceased is passed on to another at death, in the 1930s the population reached 165 inhabitants, the village surpassing the older Tasiilaq as the largest settlement in the region. Due to its relative and longstanding isolation, the dialect of Greenlandic spoken in Kulusuk, amongst Greenlandic dialects, it is considered the most innovative. Medical services are provided by one resident Danish nurse and one resident educated local helper, the school, which was rebuilt in 2005, has about 70 pupils with a high proportion of educated teachers. In 2009 the village received permission from the Sermersooq municipal authorities to convert the old Royal Greenland fish processing plant for school use, few families have access to running water. Despite the harsh, icy winter, potable water drawn from the centrally located lake is all year round through the central pump installation. As in most settlements in Greenland, pipe waterworks are led above the ground due to permafrost, the village is served by the communal all-purpose Pilersuisoq store with an integrated a post office of Post Greenland
22.
Ittoqqortoormiit
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Ittoqqortoormiit or Illoqqortoormiut, formerly known as Scoresbysund, is a settlement in the Sermersooq municipality in eastern Greenland. Its population is 452 as of 2013, the former name Scoresbysund derives from the Arctic explorer and whaler William Scoresby, who was the first to map the area in 1822. The name Ittoqqortoormiit means Big-House Dwellers in the Eastern Greenlandic dialect, the region is known for its wildlife, including polar bears, muskoxen, and seals. Ittoqqortoormiit is located on Liverpool Land, near the mouth of the shore of the Kangertittivaq fjord. Ittoqqortoormiit was founded in 1925 by Ejnar Mikkelsen and some 80 Inuit settlers and they were brought on the ship Gustav Holm and settled 400 kilometres south of the last known Inuit settlement in northeastern Greenland. The settlement was encouraged by the colonial power Denmark which at the time had a growing interest in Northeast Greenland, at the same time, the colonization was intended to improve declining living conditions in Tasiilaq, from where the settlers were more or less voluntarily transferred. The settlers soon prospered on the good hunting conditions of the new area, before that, however, the area itself had been home to a dense population of Inuit in the past, as testified by ruins and other archeological remains. Ittoqqortoormiit Municipality was a municipality of Greenland. It is now part of Sermersooq Municipality, Ittoqqortoormiit is one of the most remote towns in Greenland. In the summer, there are two Air Iceland weekly departures from Reykjavík to Nerlerit Inaat, most of the only one flight to Iceland a week. Air Greenland has weekly flights from Kangerlussuaq and Nuuk, local hunters have made a living from whale and polar bear hunting for generations, and it remains, up to the present, a significant cultural-economical factor in the area. Flesh and by-products play a part in the economy of the hunting families. Income is gained by trading these products, but these options are seasonal, tourism, on the other hand, is growing in importance. Ittoqqortoormiit is the closest town in Greenland from Iceland, the buildings at the abandoned Uunarteq settlement are used by the local inhabitants as cottages during summer.6 °C makes Ittoqqortoormiit one of the coldest permanently inhabited locations on Earth. The population of Ittoqqortoormiit has fluctuated over the past two decades, decreasing almost 17% since 2006
23.
Ilulissat
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Ilulissat, formerly Jakobshavn or Jacobshaven, is a town in the Qaasuitsup municipality in western Greenland, located approximately 350 km north of the Arctic Circle. With the population of 4,541 as of 2013, it is the third-largest city in Greenland, after Nuuk, the city is home to almost as many sled-dogs. In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Kalaallisut word for Icebergs, the nearby Ilulissat Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and has made Ilulissat the most popular tourist destination in Greenland. Tourism is now the principal industry. The city neighbours the Ilulissat Icefjord, where there are enormous icebergs from the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere. These white giants are a source of astonishment for both residents and visitors, when the gaze drifts to the wide Disco Bay and when you close to the fjord. The town was established as a trading post by Jacob Severins company in 1741 and was named in his honor, the Zion Church was built in the late 18th century, and was the largest man-made structure in Greenland at the time. The final resident of nearby Sermermiut moved to Ilulissat in 1850, the town was the site of the Arctic Ocean Conference in May 2008. The Ilulissat Declaration arose from the conference and it also said that it remained committed to this legal framework and to the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims. With this existing legal framework, providing a foundation for responsible management. The states involved, would keep abreast of the developments in the Arctic Ocean, the Ilulissat Icefjord southeast of Ilulissat was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Ilulissat is the largest town in the Qaasuitsup municipality, the population increased over 8% relative to 1990 levels but has remained steady since around 2003. Air Ilulissat Airport is located 2.8 km to the northeast of the center and was built in 1983. It serves Ilulissat with connections to towns in northwestern and midwestern Greenland via Air Greenland, service to Reykjavík, Iceland, began in April 2011 via Air Iceland. Sea The Arctic Umiaq ferry links Ilulissat with Sisimiut, Nuuk, the town is home to Nagdlunguaq-48 who play in the Greenlandic Mens Football Championship, Greenlands top soccer competition. Nagdlunguaq-48, who all their league games in Nuuk, have won the championship ten times. Knud Rasmussen, noted explorer and anthropologist, referred to as the father of Eskimology. Born in Ilulissat, Rasmussen was the first man to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled and he remains well known in Greenland, Denmark and among Canadian Inuit
24.
Iqaluit
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Iqaluit /iˈkæluːɪt/ ih-KAL-oo-it is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, its largest community, and its only city. Until 1987, the city was known as Frobisher Bay, after the bay on the coast of which the city is situated. In 1999, Iqaluit became the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories, before this event, Iqaluit was an insignificant city and not well-known outside of the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. As of the 2016 census the population was 7,740, Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut, Iqaluit has been a traditional fishing place used by Inuit for thousands of years, hence the name Iqaluit, which means place of many fish. In 1942 an American air base was built there, intended to provide a stop-over, Iqaluits first permanent resident was Nakasuk, an Inuk guide who helped American Air Force planners to choose a site with a large flat area suitable for a landing strip. The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two and was part of the Crimson Route, for the history of the air base, see Frobisher Bay Air Base. The Hudsons Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the valley of Niaqunngut, officially called Apex. The population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line in the mid-1950s, in 1957,489 of the towns 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit. After 1959, the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay, including full-time doctors, the Inuit population grew rapidly in response, as the government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities with government services. Naval Radio Station Frobisher Bay, callsign CFI, was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo, Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network. Because of its remoteness and size, it was expensive to operate. Advancing technology eventually forced the closure of CFI in 1967, in 1964, the first elections were held for a community council, and in 1979 for the first mayor. The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre, now Inuksuk High School, at the time of its founding, it was the sole high school operating in more than one-seventh of Canadian territory. On 1 January 1987, the name of the municipality was changed from Frobisher Bay to Iqaluit – aligning official usage with the name that the Inuit population had always used. In December 1995, Iqaluit was selected to serve as Nunavuts future capital in a territory-wide referendum, on 19 April 2001, it was redesignated as a city. Iqaluit was designated by Canada as the host city for the 2010 meeting of the G7 finance ministers, the meeting strained the northern communications technology infrastructure. 1576 – Englishman Martin Frobisher sails into Frobisher Bay believing he has found the route to China, First Anglican/Episcopalian church service in North America
25.
Kangerlussuaq Fjord
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Kangerlussuaq Fjord is a long fjord in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland. The fjord is 190 km long and between 1.5 km and 8 km wide, flowing from the estuary of Qinnguata Kuussua river to the southwest and it is the longest fjord of western Greenland. The head of the fjord is located at 67°00′18″N 50°41′35″W, at the estuary of the Qinnguata Kuussua river flowing from the Russell Glacier of the Greenland ice sheet, the fjord mouth is located at 66°01′40″N 53°32′00″W, south of the Simiutaq Island. Another, smaller waterway connects to the sea to the north of the island, Kangerlussuaq Fjord does not have any tributary fjords, with a fairly uniform coastline. Small hills of the Kangaamiut dike swarm, such as the highlands of Tarajornitsut, dominate the coast of the parts of the fjord. In that it is different from fjords of Norway, or indeed many other fjords in Greenland, alluvial sediments from Qinnguata Kuussua, which carries meltwater from the ice sheet give rise to a distinct emerald coloring of the fjord waters for several kilometers from the fjord head. Silt accumulation at the estuary formed patches of quicksand of variable size up to a kilometer into the fjord and this fjord marks the border between the two geographic regions of Queen Ingrid Land and King Frederick IX Land. The only settlement on the shores of the fjord is Kangerlussuaq, Kangaamiut is located on a small island, on the shores of Davis Strait, approximately 26 km south of the fjord mouth. The fjord is navigable in its entire length, cruise ships, such as Norways Hurtigruten and supply ships of Royal Greenland navigate the fjord, mooring at the Kangerlussuaq port, west of Kangerlussuaq Airport. Media related to Kangerlussuaq Fjord at Wikimedia Commons
26.
Sisimiut
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Sisimiut, formerly Holsteinsborg, is the capital and largest city of the Qeqqata municipality, and the second-largest city in Greenland. It is located in central-western Greenland, on the coast of Davis Strait, although now a place-name, Sisimiut literally means the people at the fox burrows. The population of modern Greenlanders in Sisimiut is a mix of the Inuit and Danish peoples, today, Sisimiut is the largest business center north of the national capital of Nuuk and is one of the fastest growing cities in Greenland. Fishing is the industry in Sisimiut, although the town has a growing industrial base. KNI and its subsidiary Pilersuisoq, a chain of all-purpose general stores in Greenland, have their base in Sisimiut. Architecturally, Sisimiut is a mix of traditional, single-family houses, Sisimiut is still expanding, with the area north of the port, on the shore of the small Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay reserved for a modern suburb-style housing slated for construction in the 2010s. Several professional and general schools are based in Sisimiut, providing education to the inhabitants of the city, the new Taseralik Culture Center is the second cultural center to be established in Greenland, after Katuaq in Nuuk. The city has its own bus line, and is the northernmost year-round ice-free port in the country, supply ships head from the commercial port towards smaller settlements in more remote regions of Uummannaq Fjord, Upernavik Archipelago, and as far as Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. The town airport is served by Air Greenland, providing connections to towns on the western coast of Greenland. At that time, the shoreline was up to several meters above the present line. The Saqqaq remained in western Greenland for nearly two millennia, has uncovered the changing settlement pattern, exhibiting transition from the single-family dwellings to tiny villages of several families. The types of dwelling varied from tent rings made of the hides of hunted mammals, to stone hearths, despite recent advances in DNA research based on hair samples from the ancient Saqqaq migrants, the reason for the decline and subsequent disappearance of the culture are not yet known. After several hundred years of no permanent habitation, the wave of migration arrived from Canada. The first wave of immigrants, known as Dorset I, arrived around 500 BCE, the Inuit of the Thule culture—whose descendants form the majority of the current population—arrived nearly a thousand years ago, with the first arrivals dated to approximately 13th and 14th century. The shoreline was still at a higher altitude than today, with the Sisimiut valley east of the Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay, many artifacts and graves from the several centuries of permanent settlement remain scattered in the region. There are no signs of Norse settlement in the region, at the time of its founding, the Kalaallisut name of the place was Amerlok, after its fjord. The colonists formally established several villages in the region, of only two remain to this day, Itilleq and Sarfannguit. Under the Royal Greenland Trading Department, Holsteinsborg was a center of the trade in reindeer skins, several 18th-century buildings still stand in Sisimiut, among them the 1725 Gammelhuset and the 1775 Bethel-kirken or Blå Kirke, the oldest surviving church in Greenland
27.
Kangerlussuaq
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Kangerlussuaq, is a settlement in western Greenland in the Qeqqata municipality located at the head of the fjord of the same name. It is Greenlands main air hub and the site of Greenlands largest commercial airport. The airport dates from American settlement during and after World War II, the Kangerlussuaq area is also home to Greenlands most diverse terrestrial fauna, including muskoxen, caribou, and gyrfalcons. The settlements economy and population of 499 is almost entirely reliant on the airport, Kangerlussuaq occupies an alluvial flatland on the far end of the 190 km long Kangerlussuaq Fjord, straddling both sides of the Qinnguata Kuussua river estuary. East of Kangerlussuaq there is a confluence of the two major rivers, the Qinnguata Kuussua and Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua. The valley of the latter forms large quicksand plains, both rivers originate from the Russell Glacier. The edge of the glacier is accessible and is a major tourist attraction from the town. Highlands such as Tarajornitsut bound Kangerlussuaq from the north and south, to the southeast behind lake Tasersuatsiaq, which provides fresh water to the town, is the vast highland of Ammalortup Nunaa, the original region artificially populated with 27 muskoxen. While Inuit hunters certainly visited Kangerlussuaq, there appears never to have been a settlement at the location, Kangerlussuaq was founded at the east end of Kangerlussuaq fjord as Bluie West-8 on 7 October 1941, under the supervision of Colonel Bernt Balchen of the United States Army Air Forces. It served as one of the Distant Early Warning Line bases, following the fall of the Soviet Union, the usefulness of the base was greatly diminished and the last U. S. Air Force personnel left the base on 30 September 1992. The base subsequently came under Greenlandic Home Rule and was renamed using the Kalaallisut dialect of the West Greenland Inuit and this site and Bluie West-1 in Narsarsuaq remain Greenlands best-equipped airports. Almost all of the permanent structures in the town were built during the American occupation of the site, the population of Kangerlussuaq dropped significantly after the liquidation of the Sonderstrom Air Base. Since then it has increased by more than 80%, although it has begun dropping again in recent years, as the only civilian airport in Greenland large enough to support large long-range airplanes such as Boeing 747s, Kangerlussuaq Airport is Greenlands most important transport hub. Hotel Kangerlussuaq operates at the airport, Kangerlussuaq Fjord is navigable in its entire length. There is a seaport at Kangerlussuaq,20 km west of Kangerlussuaq Airport and it is fairly shallow and suitable for small ships only, mainly used by supply ships of the Royal Arctic Line, and unusable in winter. Cruise ships, such as Norways Hurtigruten navigate the fjord, anchoring outside the port, there are plans to build a new deep port, around 10 km west of the present one. As of today, the journey and lack of ports. Kangerlussuaq has the largest road network outside any settlement in Greenland, a gravel road through Isunngua connects Kangerlussuaq with the ice sheet, initially serving as venue for car endurance experiments
28.
Qaqortoq
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Qaqortoq, formerly Julianehåb, is a town in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland, located near Cape Thorvaldsen. With a population of 3,229 in 2013, it is the most populous town in southern Greenland, the area around Qaqortoq has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Beginning with the Saqqaq culture roughly 4,300 years ago, the earliest signs of population presence are from roughly 4,300 years ago. The Dorset people arrived in the Qaqortoq area around 2,800 years ago, several rectangular peat dwelling structures, characteristic of the early Dorset culture, can be found around the wider Qaqortoq area. Written records of South Greenland history begin with the arrival of the Norse in the late 10th century, the ruins of Hvalsey – the most prominent Norse ruins in Greenland – are located 19 kilometers northeast of Qaqortoq. General or even limited trade between the Norse and the Thule people was scarce, except a few novel and exotic items found at Thule sites in the area, evidence suggests cultural exchange was initially sporadic. Later, the south Greenland Norse adopted trade with the southern Inuit and were for a time the supplier of ivory to northern Europe. The Norse era lasted for almost five hundred years, ending in the mid-15th century, the last written record of the Norse presence is of a wedding in the Hvalseyjarfjord church in 1408. The Thule culture Inuit arrived in southern Greenland and the Qaqortoq area around the 12th century and were contemporaneous with the Norse, however, there exists little evidence of early contact. The Thule culture was characterized by an existence and there are few, if any. The present-day town was founded in 1774 by the Dano-Norwegian trader Anders Olsen, the town was christened Julianehaab after the Danish queen Juliane Marie, although it sometimes mistakenly appears as Julianshaab. The name was sometimes anglicized as Julianas Hope. The town became a center for the saddle-back seal trade. Until December 31,2008, the town was the center of Qaqortoq municipality. The building that now houses the Qaqortoq museum was originally the towns blacksmiths shop, the house was built in yellow stone and dates back to 1804. The oldest standing building at the historical colonial harbor – and thus of all of Qaqortoq – is a log building from 1797. The building was designed by royal Danish architect Kirkerup, pre-assembled in Denmark, shipped in pieces to Qaqortoq, from 1993 to 1994 Qaqortoq artist Aka Høegh presided over the Stone & Man project, designed to transform the town into an open air art gallery. Eighteen artists from Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Greenland carved 24 sculptures into the rock faces, today there are over 40 sculptures in the town, all part of the Stone & Man exhibit
29.
Narsaq
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Narsaq or Narssaq is a town in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland. The name Narsaq is Kalaallisut for Plain, referring to the shore of Tunulliarfik Fjord where the town is located, people have lived in the area for thousands of years, but not continuously. Remains of the Norse settlement can be found in the area, the church ruins of Dyrnæs can be found on the north-western outskirts of the town. The Landnám homestead, Landnamsgaarden, can be found immediately to the west of the town, dated to the year 1000, the homestead is among the oldest of the Norse ruins in the area. The wider Narsaq area has some of the most striking Norse artefacts, erik the Reds Brattahlid is located in present-day Qassiarsuk, and the Gardar bishop seat is in present-day Igaliku. Present day Narsaq was founded as Nordprøven in 1830, distinguishing it from Sydprøven established the same year, the initial settlement was founded as a trading colony of Qaqortoq, then named Julianehaab. A trading center was established due to the natural deep water harbor which could accommodate ocean faring vessels. Initially local seal hunters traded blubber and seal skin for continental goods, such as coffee, sugar, bread, until approximately 1900 seal hunting formed the main economy for Narsaq. In the early 1900s seal hunting began to fail, and the basis for the economy gradually shifted to fishing. The citys historical fishing village is from 1914, the main house of the historical village today houses the power company in the city. Simiutak at the Skovfjord mouth near Narsaq was a HF/DF radio range finding station called Bluie West Three during World War Two, the station commenced operations in January 1942, and was permanently manned until the end of the war. The population also increased during this period, from 25 in 1870, to 162 in 1919, however the settlement did not experience significant population growth until 1953, when its first prawn and fishing factory of Royal Greenland was established. The factory was closed in 2010. In 1959 the population exceeded 600, and Narsaq achieved town status, with 1,503 inhabitants as of 2013, it is the ninth-largest town in Greenland. Several hundred people live in the surrounding community, the town is notable for the 1990 Narsaq massacre, a mass shooting where seven people were killed and one was wounded. The shooting was the worst in Greenlands history, until December 31,2008, the town was the administrative center of Narsaq Municipality in the Kitaa amt. In addition to the town, the municipality consisted of the Qassiarsuk, Igaliku and Narsarsuaq settlements, as well as several sheep and reindeer farms. On January 1,2009, Narsaq became part of Kujalleq municipality, when the Kitaa amt, as well as the municipalities of Narsaq, Qaqortoq, fishing is the mainstay of the local economy
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Aasiaat
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Aasiaat or Ausiait, formerly Egedesminde, is a town in the Qaasuitsup municipality in western Greenland, located in the heart of Aasiaat Archipelago at the southern end of Disko Bay. With a population of 3,102 as of 2014, it is Greenlands fifth-largest town, the exact explanation for this is yet to be determined because of the lack of historical facts of the origin of the name. The most common assumption is that when the town was founded as a mere settlement, like in the rest of Greenland, spiders are rarely seen in the town in modern times. Aasiaat is sometimes referred to as the Town of the Whales, since marine mammals such as whales, archaeological projects in the region have suggested human habitation in the region that includes Aasiaat as far back as the 5th millennium BC. The earliest modern settlers dated to around 1200, these were probably subsistence hunters and these inhabitants hunted harp seals and capelin near Sydøst Bay in the spring. In the summer, they moved to Nassuttooq for reindeer and halibut, during autumn, the people of Disko Bay returned home to hunt small harp seals. In the winter, the bay froze over, and they hunted narwhals and these early people designed and built their own kayaks and umiaks when the water freed up, in the winter, they used dogsleds. The settlement that would become Aasiaat was founded in 1759 by Niels Egede, son of Hans Egede, named Egedesminde Colony after him, it was located north of Nordre Strømfjord, and was 125 km south of Aasiaats current location. The town was moved to its current site in 1763, most villagers were whalers, and the smallpox germs they carried to the region ravaged the native population, especially during the 1770s. Aasiaat saw much growth in the first half of the 20th century, on May 3,1940, a treaty signed in Godhavn allowed American relief airplanes bound for the British Isles to use Greenlandic, Icelandic, and Scottish airspace. A result of World War II was the fact that Denmark, under the control of Nazi Germany, could not freely send supplies to Greenland, supplies were stored near Aasiaat, and were then transferred to other towns of the region, such as Uummannaq and Sisimiut. Aasiaat has grown much since the war, a weather station was constructed in 1942 by the Americans. Cod, a popular fish since the 1930s, were caught. Other businesses sprang up, accommodating to the resources and climate of the region and this boom reached its peak in the 1950s, when a power plant and telecommunications station were installed. In 1998, a new landing strip was opened to the public, today, almost 4,800 people live in Aasiaat and its neighboring settlement, Kangaatsiaq. The largest island of the Aasiaat Archipelago is Saqqarliup Nunaa, which is uninhabited, on the western tip of the island is the abandoned village of Manermiut. As of 2013 the total population of the archipelago is spread among three settlements, The town of Aasiaat, is located on the island just northwest of Saqqarliup Nunaa. The settlement of Akunnaaq is located on the island just northeast of Saqqarliup Nunaa,23 km east-north-east of Aasiaat
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Royal Arctic Line
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Royal Arctic Line A/S or Royal Arctic is a seabourne freight company in Greenland, wholly owned by the Greenland Home Rule Government. It was formed in 1993 and is headquartered in Nuuk, Royal Arctic Line A/S was spun off as a company separate from the Greenlandic conglomerate KNI in 1993. Like many Greenlandic companies, its operations derive from and carry on the traditions of the earlier Royal Greenland Trading Department, the company has a monopoly on all sea transport of cargo to, from, and within Greenland. Seabourne traffic from North America goes to Reykjavík aboard Eimskip, whence it is carried to Greenland aboard Royal Arctic, in 2011, government concessions accounted for 76% of the companys income. The Transport Committee newly formed by Greenland Home Rule issued a report stating that liberalisation of the market offers no benefits. It also began planning with RAL and stakeholders to expand the harbors in Nuuk, Royal Arctic Linietrafik operates the companys fleet, currently consisting of ten ships – six container ships and four settlement ships – with five more under construction. The three largest ships – the Naja Arctica, Nuka Arctica, and Mary Arctica – are principally used for the Aalborg route, the Irena Arctica, Arina Arctica, and Pajuttaat are used within Greenland and have equipment for unloading in cities without harbors. All these container ships are double-hauled and built with high freeboards and the highest ice ratings, the settlement ships Angaju Ittuk, Anguteq Ittuk, Aqqaluk Ittuk, and Johanna Kristina are all older and smaller and used for supplying the smaller ports. In 2011, the ships had an average rate of 72%. One of the new ships is considered Mary-class and will have a capacity of 606 TEU, of the four others, two will have 108-TEU and two will have 360-TEU capacity. Royal Arctic Havneservice operates the companys operations and nearby lighthouses. Royal Arctic Bygdeservice A/S is an owned subsidiary based in Nuuk. It operates under contract from the Home Rule Government and provides fortnightly supplies to ice-free ports and it subcontracts its weekly passenger duties to Arctic Umiaq. In 2011, Royal Arctic Bygdeservice received a 20-year contract extension, five new ships have been contracted from P+S Werften in Germany to provide the increased tonnage, financed via loans from a German bank. Royal Arctic Logistics A/S is an owned subsidiary based in Aalborg. It operates the Aalborg harbour and the business between Greenland and Denmark. Its subsidiaries include the Aalborg Stevedore Company A/S, Nordjysk Kombi Terminal A/S, Royal Arctic Tankers A/S is a wholly owned subsidiary based in Nuuk. It was formerly owned jointly with Herning Shipping A/S, but Hernings interest was bought out in January 2012, Arctic Umiaq Line A/S is owned jointly with Air Greenland and based in Nuuk
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Arctic Umiaq Line
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Arctic Umiaq Line A/S or Arctic Umiaq is a passenger and freight shipping line in Greenland. Its name derives from the Kalaallisut word for the traditional Inuit passenger boat, the sea connection provided by Arctic Umiaq is a lifeline for the entire western and southwestern Greenland. It is a subsidiary of Air Greenland and Royal Arctic Line, Arctic Umiaq Line was founded in 2006. Like many Greenlandic companies, though, it can trace its operations to former divisions of the Royal Greenland Trade Department prior its 1986 handover to the Greenland Home Rule Government. Since 2007, Arctic Umiaq Line has been operating at a deficit, the company carried fewer passengers for the first nine months of 2009 than in the comparable period of the previous year. The Greenland Home Rule Government has continued to provide loss guarantees to the joint owners, in fiscal 2011, this amounted to DKK8.1 million and Royal Arctic Line has announced that loss guarantees have been secured through 2016. The ferry service operates from late April until early January, as of 2010, Arctic Umiaq Line employs 40 people, operating one ship on the Ilulissat-Narsaq route along the coast of western and southwestern Greenland. The only ship in operation is M/S Sarfaq Ittuk, built in 1992, it was subsequently renovated and upgraded in 2000 in the Gdańsk Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland. The ship has a 249-passenger capacity, with 52 2-bed cabins and it has a length of 72.8 m, a Gross tonnage of 2118 t, and freight capacity of 163 t. M/S Sarpik Ittuk – which serviced the Upernavik Archipelago, the Uummannaq Fjord region, and Disko Bay – was sold in 2006 to Nova Cruising, a company from the Bahamas
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Roll-on/roll-off
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This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo. RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps that allow the cargo to be rolled on. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the ramps and doors may be located in stern, bow or sides, or any combination thereof. At first, wheeled vehicles carried as cargo on oceangoing ships were treated like any other cargo, automobiles had their fuel tanks emptied and their batteries disconnected before being hoisted into the ship’s hold, where they were chocked and secured. This process was tedious and difficult, and vehicles were subject to damage, an early roll-on/roll-off service was a train ferry, started in 1833 by the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, which operated a wagon ferry on the Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland. The first modern train ferry was Leviathan, built in 1849, the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway was formed in 1842 and the company wished to extend the East Coast Main Line further north to Dundee and Aberdeen. The company hired the civil engineer Thomas Bouch who argued for a train ferry with an efficient roll-on/roll-off mechanism to maximise the efficiency of the system. Custom-built ferries were to be built, with lines and matching harbour facilities at both ends to allow the rolling stock to easily drive on and off the boat. To compensate for the tides, adjustable ramps were positioned at the harbours. The wagons were loaded on and off with the use of steam engines. ”The company was persuaded to install this train ferry service for the transportation of goods wagons across the Firth of Forth from Burntisland in Fife to Granton. The ferry itself was built by Thomas Grainger, a partner of the firm Grainger and Miller, the service commenced on 3 February 1850. Train-ferry services were used extensively during World War I and this involved three train-ferries to be built, each with four sets of railway line on the main deck to allow for up to 54 railway wagons to be shunted directly on and off the ferry. These train-ferries could also be used to transport vehicles along with railway rolling stock. Later that month a second train-ferry was established from the Port of Southampton on the South East Coast, in the first month of operations at Richborough,5,000 tons were transported across the Channel, by the end of 1918 it was nearly 261,000 tons. There were many advantages of the use of train-ferries over conventional shipping in World War I and it was much easier to move the large, heavy artillery and tanks that this kind of modern warfare required using train-ferries as opposed to repeated loading and unloading of cargo. The increase of traffic because of the war effort meant that economies. After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front, indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry from Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries had space for motor transport as well as rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars
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Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
35.
Qoornoq
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Qoornoq is an uninhabited fishing village in the Sermersooq municipality in southwestern Greenland. The area was known to have been inhabited by the ancient pre-Inuit and it still contains archaeological ruins of ancient Inuit and Norse buildings. The site was excavated in 1952 and the remains of an old Norse farm, the outside walls of the farm are double hatched and contain several Inuit houses. The last permanent resident left in 1972, descendents of former residents often come to their houses in the summer by boat. Qoornoq is located on the northeastern coast of the Qoornuup Qeqertarsua Island in the Nuup Kangerlua fjord, to the northeast of Nuuk, qoornoq also once had a railway used for transporting fish. The railway was used in the 1950s, with a small diesel-hydraulic locomotive hauling flat wagons full of fish, the line closed shortly before the towns last resident left
36.
Fjord
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Geologically, a fjord or fiord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion. Norways coastline is estimated at 29,000 kilometres with 1,190 fjords, a fjord is formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by ice segregation and abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Glacial melting is accompanied by the rebounding of Earths crust as the ice load, in some cases this rebound is faster than sea level rise. Most fjords are deeper than the adjacent sea, Sognefjord, Norway, fjords generally have a sill or shoal at their mouth caused by the previous glaciers reduced erosion rate and terminal moraine. In many cases this causes extreme currents and large saltwater rapids. Saltstraumen in Norway is often described as the worlds strongest tidal current and these characteristics distinguish fjords from rias, which are drowned valleys flooded by the rising sea. Drammensfjorden is cut almost in two by the Svelvik ridge, a moraine that during the ice cover was under sea level. During the winter there is usually little inflow of freshwater. Surface water and deeper water are mixed during winter because of the cooling of the surface. In the deep there is still fresh water from the summer with less density than the saltier water along the coast. Offshore wind, common in the areas during winter, sets up a current on the surface from the inner to the outer parts. This current on the surface in turn pulls dense salt water from the coast across the fjord threshold, during the summer season there is usually a large inflow of river water in the inner areas. This freshwater gets mixed with saltwater creating a layer of water with a slightly higher surface than the ocean which in turn sets up a current from the river mouths towards the ocean. This current is more salty towards the coast and right under the surface current there is a reverse current of saltier water from the coast. In the deeper parts of the fjord the cold water remaining from winter is still, fjords with a shallow threshold this deep water is not replaced every year and low oxygen concentration makes the deep water unsuitable for fish and animals. In the most extreme cases there is a constant barrier of freshwater on the surface, gaupnefjorden branch of Sognefjorden is strongly affected by freshwater as glacial river flow in. Velfjorden has little inflow of freshwater, as late as 2000, some coral reefs were discovered along the bottoms of the Norwegian fjords. These reefs were found in fjords from the north of Norway to the south, the marine life on the reefs is believed to be one of the most important reasons why the Norwegian coastline is such a generous fishing ground
37.
Mestersvig
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Mestersvig, also called Mesters Vig, is a military outpost located in Scoresby Land, on the southern shore of the King Oscar Fjord in King Christian X Land. It has a 1,800 m gravel airstrip and this airport is located near the Stauning Alps mountainous area. From 1956 to 1963, Mestersvig was a zinc and lead mine, in September 2015, as part of the newest defence agreement to increase the enforcement of sovereignty in Greenland, Mission Mestersvig was executed. The mission was to test the responsiveness of the military of Denmark, HDMS Thetis, parts of the Guard Hussar Regiment, Hunter Corps and the Danish Frogman Corps all participated in the exercise. List of research stations in the Arctic Nerlerit Inaat Airport Stauning Alps
38.
Ivittuut
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Ivittuut, formerly Ivigtût is an abandoned mining town near Cape Desolation in southwestern Greenland, in the modern Sermersooq municipality on the ruins of the former Norse Middle Settlement. Ivittuut is one of the places in the world so far discovered to have naturally occurring cryolite. The area was settled by about twenty farms of Norsemen, a called the Middle Settlement by modern archaeologists from its placement between the larger Western and Eastern settlements. It is the smallest and least well known of the three, and no records of its residents survive, for which reasons it is believed to have been established last of the three. Investigations show a presence after 985 and with occupation continuing up to at least the 14th century, Danish engineers began mining the cryolite itself in 1859 and in 1864 the Danish Kriolit Mine og Handels Selskabet was granted a monopoly on its extraction. These early mines simply processed the cryolite for its direct aluminum content and for sale to the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, the 1884 establishment of the Hall-Heroult Process, which depends on the rare cryolite but dramatically improved the extraction of aluminum from bauxite ore, increased the deposits importance. The Ivittuut mining operations were a factor in the American occupation of Greenland during World War II. After World War II, the cryolite was mined by the Danish firm Kryolitselskabet Øresund, cryolite was eventually synthesized, reducing the importance of the mine, and production was finally found uneconomical and discontinued in 1987. The community was abandoned soon after, Ivittuut holds the record for Greenlands highest recorded temperature of 30.1 °C. The lowest recorded temperature was −28.9 °C, Ivittuut and Kangilinnguit are connected by a road, the only two towns in Greenland to do so
39.
Disko Island
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Disko Island is a large island in Baffin Bay, off the west coast of Greenland. It has an area of 8,578 km2, making it the second largest island of Greenland, the name Qeqertarsuaq means The Large Island. The island has a length of about 160 km, rising to an height of 975 m. The port of Qeqertarsuaq lies on its southern coast, blæsedalen valley is north of Qeqertarsuaq. The island is separated from Nuussuaq Peninsula in the northeast by the Sullorsuaq Strait, to the south of the island lies Disko Bay, an inlet bay of Baffin Island. Eric the Red paid the first recorded visit to Disko Island at some time between 982 and 985, the island may have used as a base for summer hunting and fishing by Viking colonists. Mineral deposits, fossil finds and geological formations add to interest in the area, one of the interesting geological features is the native iron found at the island. A 22-ton lump mixture of iron and iron carbide has been found, there are only a few places on earth where native iron is found which is not of meteoric origin. There are numerous hot springs on the island, the microscopic animal Limnognathia, the only known member of its phylum, was discovered in these springs. Several studies on the show high marine interstitial diversity in Disko Island. For instance, the gastrotrich species Diuronotus aspetos is found in Iterdla and it is associated with a rich diversity of other gastrotrichs like Chatonotus atrox, Halichaetonotus sp
40.
Qullissat
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Qullissat is a former settlement in the Qaasuitsup municipality in western Greenland. It was a mining town founded to exploit the national resources of Disko Island. The mines operated for 48 years until 1972, when the base of the settlement collapsed. Qullissat was not a traditional Inuit settlement, but was founded in 1924 as a mining town. By 1966 the mine was producing 40,000 tonnes of coal a year, the coal mine attracted a multinational population, with Danes, Swedes, and British people working in the mines. In 1960 Nanok Idraetslag were crowned champions of the 1959–60 Greenlandic Football Championship, the Greenland Provincial Council voted to close the mine in 1966 due to falling profits and demand, poor quality coal and a lack of labour force in the cod fishing industry. Residents were to be moved after a plan was completed. The mine was closed on 4 October 1972, despite the fact that the cod industry had collapsed in the interim. By then 700 residents had moved, and the remaining 500 were compulsorily relocated. Kuupik Kleist, later Prime Minister of Greenland, was born in Qullissat, the town was sold on 20 October 1972 to an entrepreneur, who demolished the site. The towns church was spared and relocated to nearby Ilulissat, in November 2000 Qullissat was hit by a tsunami caused by a large landslide in Paatuut at the Nuussuaq peninsula. The tsunami reached more than 100 meters inland and would have cost many lives had the town still been inhabited. Qulissat was located on the northeastern coast of Disko Island, on the shores of Sullorsuaq Strait, kuupik Kleist, the Prime Minister of Greenland Aka Hoegh, Greenlandic artist
41.
Maamorilik
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Maamorilik is a mining site in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. Holding resources of zinc, iron, lead, and silver, the first excavations in Maamorilik took place from 1938, possibly earlier, with operations continuing until 1945, and again from 1973 to 25 July 1990 when the mine was closed. During seventeen years of operation, the yield of zinc ore amounted to 12 mln tonnes. Proceeds from mineral resources exploitation will provide Greenland with a counterbalance to the subsidies from Denmark. The operations are carried out by Angel Mining plc, a UK-registered company, as of April 2010, work continues on widening of the mine entrance to the required 300 m. The mine is due to reopen in 2013, with zinc, prospective employment is estimated at 110 people. Ukkusissat Heliport is the closest aerodrome to the site, approximately 24 km to the southwest. As in the 1970s, supplies for the reconstruction are carried out via Air Greenland charter flights. Heavy transport including mining products was and will be transported by ship, a port exists at the fjord. An aerial tramway was used to connect to the mine at 750 m above the fjord, photographs of Maamorilik from the 1970s
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The unity of the Realm
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
Media related to Transport in Greenland at Wikimedia Commons
