1.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
2.
Motorway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
3.
Controlled-access highway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
4.
M3 motorway (Hungary)
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The M3 motorway is a Hungarian motorway connecting Budapest to Nyíregyháza. It will eventually connect Budapest to the Ukrainian border, two other motorways branch off it, the M30 and the M35. The M3 follows the route of route 3, and, later, the section of the motorway, the one between Görbeháza and Nyíregyháza was opened to the public in August 2007. The latest section of the motorway, the one between Highway 49 and Vásárosnamény was opened to the public in 2014, the total length of the motorway now is 281 km. Hatvan – Gyöngyös-west,1983 Gyöngyös-west – Füzesabony,1998.09.01, Füzesabony – Polgár,2002 Polgár – Görbeháza, M35,2004.10. Distance from Zero Kilometre Stone in Budapest in kilometres
5.
M5 motorway (Hungary)
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The M5 motorway is a Hungarian motorway which connects Budapest with the south-eastern regions of the country, the cities of Kecskemét, Szeged, and finally Röszke on the Serbian border. The motorway reached the city of Szeged in December 2005, while the portion was completed in April 2006. The M5 continues as the A1 motorway in Serbia from the Serbian side of the border at Horgoš and it is also the main route from Budapest to Bucharest via the M43 motorway and Romanias A1 motorway, as the link has been opened to traffic since July 2015. - half profile, Örkény – Kecskemét-north,1989 - half profile, distance from Zero Kilometre Stone in Budapest in kilometres. Media related to Autópálya M5 at Wikimedia Commons
6.
M6 motorway (Hungary)
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The M6 motorway is a north-south motorway in Hungary running along the Danube connecting Budapest to the seat of Baranya county Pécs, and further south to the Croatian border. The southernmost Bóly - Ivándárda section will be built last, at the time as the connecting segment of the A5 in Croatia. Dunaújváros, M8 – Bóly, M60,2010.03.31, distance from Zero Kilometre Stone in Budapest in kilometres
7.
M7 motorway (Hungary)
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Since the completion of the M7 it is possible to travel on motorway from Budapest to the Adriatic Sea, a popular tourist destination for Hungarians. The last portion of the motorway to the Croatian border, including the Zrinski Bridge on the river Mura, was completed on 22 October 2008, the roads first sections were built in the 1960s and 1970s. The completion of the last sections was undertaken since 2001.08.08, distance from Zero Kilometre Stone in Budapest in kilometres
8.
M30 motorway (Hungary)
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The M30 motorway is a Hungarian motorway that connects the M3 motorway to Miskolc. It follows the route of the D3 one-lane highway and it was opened to the public on December 2,2004. European routes E71 and E79 follow the M30 and it is planned to extend the M30 to meet the Slovak R4 expressway near the border town of Tornyosnémeti by about 2020. Road is considered as part of planned Via Carpatia from Baltic coast to Sofia Media related to Autópálya M30 at Wikimedia Commons
9.
M43 motorway (Hungary)
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The M43 motorway is a Hungarian motorway that runs from the junction with the M5 Motorway west of Szeged to the Romanian border at Nagylak via Makó. Since 2015 it connects Hungary with Romania as the first border crossing on a motorway between the two countries,1, Szeged, M5 – Szeged-north,2005.12.10. Bridge Ferenc Móra Bridge over Tisza river
10.
M70 expressway (Hungary)
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The M70 expressway is an expressway in Hungary, connecting the M7 motorway to the A5 motorway in Slovenia. The last section was completed in 2006, after the opening of the last missing sections of the M7 on August 19,2008, there is a direct motorway link from Budapest to Slovenia. - half profile Tornyiszentmiklós –,2005 Media related to Autópálya M70 at Wikimedia Commons
11.
M85 expressway (Hungary)
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The M85 expressway is a Hungarian expressway connecting Győr to Sopron. It will eventually connect M1 motorway to the Austrian border
12.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
13.
Rail transport in Hungary
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Rail transport in Hungary is mainly owned by the national rail company MÁV, with a significant portion of the network owned and operated by GySEV. The railway network consists of 7,893 km, its gauge is 1,435 mm standard gauge and 3,060 km are electrified, Hungary is a member of the International Union of Railways. The UIC country code for Hungary is 55, all the other narrow gauge railways are run by State Forest companies or local non-profit organisations. See also Narrow gauge railways in Hungary
14.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
15.
Sopron
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Sopron is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near the Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő. When the area that is today Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire and its forum was located where the main square of Sopron can be found today. During the Migration Period, Scarbantia was believed to be deserted, by the time Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries, Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls, the town was named in Hungarian after a castle steward named Suprun. In 1153, it was mentioned as an important town, in 1273, King Otakar II of Bohemia occupied the castle. Even though he took the children of Soprons nobility with him as hostages, the king rewarded Sopron by elevating it to the rank of free royal town. During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, the Ottoman Turks ravaged the city in 1529, many Hungarians fled from the occupied areas to Sopron, and the citys importance grew. While the Ottomans occupied most of central Europe, the north of lake Balaton remained in the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1676, Sopron was destroyed by a fire, the modern-day city was born in the next few decades, when Baroque buildings were built to replace the destroyed medieval ones. Sopron became the seat of the comitatus Sopron, the town was the seat of the Ödenburg comitat near 1850. After the compromise of 1867 and until 1918, the city was part of the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary, following the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, ethnic Germans inhabited parts of four western Hungarian counties, Pozsony, Vas, Sopron and Moson. These counties were awarded to Austria in the Treaty of Saint Germain. Since then Sopron has been called Civitas Fidelissima, and the anniversary of the plebiscite is a city holiday, however, the western parts of Vas, Sopron and Moson counties did join Austria and today form the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, while Pressburg/Pozsony was awarded to Czechoslovakia. Sopron suffered greatly during World War II, it was bombed several times, the Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1,1945. As the first successful crossing of the border it helped pave the way for the flight of East German citizens that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9,1989. During the Socialist era, the government tried to turn Sopron into an industrial city, today, Soprons economy immensely benefits from the European Union. Having been a city close to nowhere, that is, to the Iron Curtain, furthermore, after being suppressed during the Cold War, Soprons German-speaking culture and heritage are now recognized again. As a consequence, many of the citys street-and traffic-signs are written in both Hungarian and German making it an officially bilingual city due to its proximity to the Austrian frontier, visitors admire the large number of buildings in this city that reflect medieval architecture - rare in war-torn Hungary
16.
Budapest Keleti railway station
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Budapest Keleti railway station is the main international and inter-city railway terminal in Budapest, Hungary. The station stands where Rákóczi Avenue splits to become Kerepesi Avenue, Keleti pályaudvar translates to Eastern Railway Terminus. In contrast, the Nyugati railway station used to serve lines toward Vienna, the building was designed in eclectic style by Gyula Rochlitz and János Feketeházy and constructed between 1881 and 1884 as one of the most modern railway stations of Europe. The main façade is adorned with two statues depicting James Watt and George Stephenson, inside the station are frescos by Karoly Lotz. The station is served by the services, Railjet services Bp-Keleti pu. - Győr - Vienna - St Pölten - Linz - Salzburg Hbf Bp-Keleti pu, - Győr - Vienna - St Pölten - Linz - Salzburg - München Hbf Bp-Keleti pu. - Győr - Vienna - St Pölten - Linz - Salzburg - Innsbruck - Zürich Hb EuroCity services – EC Bp-Keleti pu, - Tatabánya - Győr - Wien Westbf Bp-Keleti pu. - Bratislava - Brno hl. n, - Bratislava - Brno - Praha hl. n. - Bratislava - Brno - Prague - Dresden - Berlin Hbf Bp-Keleti pu, - Bratislava - Brno - Prague - Dresden - Berlin - Hamburg-Altona EuroNight services – EN Bp-Keleti pu. - Győr - Vienna - St Pölten - Linz - Salzburg - München Hbf Bp-Keleti pu, - Bratislava - Brno - Prague - Dresden - Berlin Hbf Bp-Keleti pu. - Szolnok - Békéscsaba - Arad - Deva - Sibiu - Brasov - Bucureşti Nord Int, interCity services – IC Bp-Keleti pu. - Győr - Szombathely - Graz Hbf Bp-Keleti pu, - Dombóvár - Kaposvár - Koprivnica - Zagreb Glavni Kol. - Miskolc - Košice Bp-Keleti pu, - Szolnok - Püspökladány - Oradea - Cluj Napoca - Miercurea Ciuc - Brasov Bp-Keleti pu. - Szolnok - Békéscsaba - Arad - Timişoara Nord Bp-Keleti pu, - Szolnok - Békéscsaba - Arad - Deva - Sibiu - Brasov Bp-Keleti pu. - Szolnok - Békéscsaba - Arad - Timişoara - Drobeta Tr. Severin - Craiova - Bucureşti Nord Int, express services Wien Westbf - Győr - Tatabánya - Bp-Keleti pu. - Szolnok - Békéscsaba - Arad - Deva - Brasov - Bucureşti Nord Bp-Keleti pu, - Kiskunhalas - Subotica - Novi Sad - Belgrade Inland Intercity services – IC Bp-Keleti pu. - Kelenföld - Tatabánya - Győr - Csorna / Répcelak - Szombathely / Sopron Bp-Keleti pu, - Kelenföld - Sárbogárd - Pincehely - Dombóvár - Sásd - Szentlőric - Pécs Bp-Keleti pu. - Füzesabony - Miskolc-Tiszai Bp-Keleti pu, - Füzesabony - Miskolc-Tiszai - Szerencs - Tokaj - Nyíregyháza Bp-Keleti pu
17.
Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal
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Budapest-Nyugati pályaudvar, is one of the three main railway terminals in Budapest, Hungary. Known to locals and foreigners alike simply as the Nyugati it lies at the intersection of Grand Boulevard, the station was planned by August de Serres and was built by the Eiffel Company. It was opened on 28 October 1877, previously another station stood in its place, the end station of Hungarys first railway line, the Pest–Vác line. This building was pulled down in order to construct the Grand Boulevard which is now smaller than the outer ringroad, the station gave name to the immediately adjacent Western Square, a major intersection where Teréz körút, Szent István körút, Váci út, and Bajcsy-Zsilinszky út converge. The square also serves as a hub with several bus routes, tram routes 4 and 6. Since 2007 state railway MÁV has operated services between the terminal and Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Terminal 1. The trip takes approximately 25 minutes, costs 365 HUF, beside the terminal and partially above its open area there is the WestEnd City Center shopping mall
18.
Szolnok
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Szolnok is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary. Its location on the banks of the Tisza river, at the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain, has made it an important cultural, Szolnok is located in the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain, at the confluence of the Tisza and Zagyva rivers. It lies about 100 kilometres east-southeast from Budapest, the climate of the area is continental, with hot summers following relatively mild winters. The region is one of the sunniest in Europe, the precipitation is about 490 millimetres annually. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round, the Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfb. Szolnok was named for the first steward of the city, Szaunik or Zounok, the town was first officially mentioned under the name Zounok in 1075. In the following centuries, it was recorded as Zounok, Saunic, Zounuc, the variety of spellings likely comes from phonetic discrepancies occurring when Hungarian sounds - originally written in runic Old Hungarian script - were recorded using the Latin alphabet. Another possibility revolves around speculation that the name Szaunik was not a name after all. In most other languages, the citys Hungarian name is used without derivation, the city has its own name in a few languages, deriving from these languages historical relationship to the city. The area was first settled in the Paleolithic era, the first known inhabitants lived in temporary tent-like structures made from reeds, or in more permanent dwellings made of hides draped over wooden poles. They were hunters of mammoth, reindeer, deer, and boar, archeologists have also found stone tools from this era, some made of flint. Fishing equipment such as hooks and weights from nets, dating from the Neolithic era and these were usually made from clay, as were ritual statues of gods, bulls, and stylized women. In Szandaszőlős, a suburb of Szolnok, a permanent Neolithic era settlement was discovered, by the Mesolithic era, the inhabitants of the area had settled into permanent villages, where they practiced agriculture and animal husbandry. Reconstructions of these settlements can be seen in Szolnoks Damjanich János Museum, the houses of this era were largely made of wood. They utilized carts for transporting goods and large earthenware granaries for storing grain, in the Bronze Age, new peoples arrived in the Carpathian Basin. In Tószeg, a neighbor of Szolnok, a settlement was established. The villagers kept horses, pigs, and sheep, as well as collecting clams from the river, certain artifacts have been found, such as bronze tools, swords, and shells, which suggest long-distance trade. The Romans were not able to establish permanent settlements on the Alföld, so in the time before the arrival of the Hungarians in 896, the area was populated by Scythians, Celts, and Sarmatians
19.
Miskolc Tiszai railway station
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The Tiszai Railway Station, operated by Hungarian State Railways, is the largest of two railway stations of the city of Miskolc, Hungary. Despite its name, the station is not close to the river Tisza, miskolcs need for connection with other cities by railway lines arose in the 1830s. Disagreements between the railway constructing company and the government of the city hindered work. Because of the disagreement the local government didnt support the building of the railway lines, the station was simply called Miskolc Railway Station then, it got its current name in 1959. In 1860 Miskolc was connected by railway to Košice, in 1870 the Miskolc-Pest line was ready, on June 2,1944 the US Air Force bombed the station as a part of Operation Frantic Joe. Many bombs fell on the city instead, claiming 206 lives. The station building stands today was designed by Ferenc Pfaff and was built in 1901 in eclectic style. It is a historic building and was restored recently, in 1999. During the construction of the important archaeological findings were made. The square where the stands is one of the most important traffic hubs of Miskolc. Both of the Miskolc tram lines and several bus lines of MVK ZRt. have their terminus here, the square is named in honor of Kálmán Kandó, a Hungarian engineer who developed components for electric locomotives. ISBN 963-03-1973-X pp. 93–94 Dobrossy István, Miskolc írásban és képekben, ISBN 963-9311-49-9 pp. 79–81 Tiszai Railway Station on HelloMiskolc. hu A picture from 1918
20.
Miskolc
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Miskolc is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary and it is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary. The city lies at the point of different geographical regions – east from the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó. According to the 2001 Census the city has an area of 236.68 km2. The ground level slopes gradually, the difference between the highest and lowest area is about 800 m, the lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of 110–120 m. The area belongs to the Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the area of the Lower Bükk consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions, the highest area, the 600–900 m high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, several caves can be found in the area. The city is known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with −35 °C. Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc, daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season, Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below −20 °C both occur in the winter, the area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic, proving human presence for over 70,000 years. Its first known dwellers were the Cotini, one of the Celt tribes, the area has been occupied by Hungarians since the Conquest in the late 9th century. It was named after the Miskóc clan and was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD, the Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing the power of the oligarchs. Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum in 1365 by King Louis I and he also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr transformed into a Gothic fortress. The city developed in a way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Turks burnt Miskolc in 1544 and the city had to pay taxes until 1687
21.
Debrecen
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Debrecen is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Debrecen is the centre of the Northern Great Plain region. It was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and it is one of the most important cultural centres of the Hungarians, Debrecen was also the capital city of Hungary during the revolution in 1848-1849. During the revolution, the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty was declared in the Reformed Great Church, the city also served as the capital of Hungary by the end of the World War II in 1944-1945. The city was first mentioned by the name Debrezun in 1235, the name derived from the Turkic word debresin, which means live or move and it is also a male given name. Other theory says the name is of Slavic origin meaning well-esteemed, in other languages, the name of the city varies more in spelling than in pronunciation, Romanian Debreţin, German Debrezin, Serbian Debrecin, Czech and Slovak Debrecín. Debrecen, typical of Central Europe, has a climate on the boundaries of oceanic, the development of Debrecen is mainly financed by agricultural, health care and educational business. The city is the center of shopping in the east of Hungary. Forum Debrecen is the largest shopping mall in the region, Debrecen is one of the most developed cities in Hungary, regional center of international companies, like National Instruments, IT Services Hungary, British Telecom and health product manufactures. Debrecen is located on the Great Hungarian Plain,220 km east of Budapest, situated nearby is the Hortobágy National Park. The city used to be isolated from Budapest, Hungarys main transport hub. However, the completion of the motorway M35 means Budapest can now be reached in two hours. Debrecen Airport has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to more international flights, although almost all flights to. Cities that can be reached from the Debrecen Airport include Brussels, Eindhoven, London, Malmö, Milan, the closest airport with scheduled flights in terms of distance is Oradea Airport in Romania 1 hour and 20 minutes away from Debrecen. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungarys mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. Debrecens proximity to Ukraine and Romania enables it to develop as an important trade centre, local transport in the city consists of buses, trolleybuses, and trams. It is provided by the DKV, nearby towns and villages are linked to the city by Hajdú Volán bus services. The settlement was established after the Hungarian conquest, Debrecen became more important after some of the small villages of the area deserted due to the Mongol invasion of Europe
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Szeged
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Szeged is the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád county. The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary, the famous Szeged Open Air Festival is one of the main attractions, held every summer and celebrated as the Day of the City on May 21. The name Szeged might come from an old Hungarian word for corner, others say it derives from the Hungarian word sziget which means island. Others still contend that szeg means dark blond – a reference to the color of the water where the rivers Tisza, Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times. Ptolemy mentions the oldest known name of the city, Partiscum and it is possible that Attila, king of the Huns had his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of King Béla III, today only one corner of the castle still remains standing. During the Mongol invasion the town was destroyed and its inhabitants fled to the nearby swamps, King Sigismund of Luxembourg had a wall built around the town. Szeged was raised to free royal town status in 1498, Szeged was first pillaged by the Turkish army on 28 September 1526, but was occupied only in 1543, and became an administrative centre of the Ottomans. The town was a sanjak centre first in Budin Eyaleti, after in Eğri Eyaleti, the town was freed from Turkish rule on 23 October 1686, and regained the free royal town status in 1715. In 1719, Szeged received its coat of arms from Charles III, during the next several years, Szeged grew and prospered. Piarist monks arrived in Szeged in 1719 and opened a new school in 1721. Szeged also held lectures and theatrical plays. These years brought not only prosperity but also enlightenment, between 1728 and 1744 witch trials were frequent in the town, with the Szeged witch trials of 1728-29 perhaps being the largest. In 1720, the population of the city totalled 193 households, Szeged is known as the home of paprika, a spice made from dried, powdered capsicum fruits. Paprika arrived in Hungary in the half of the 16th century as an ornamental plant. About 100 years later the plant was cultivated as an herb, Szeged is also famous for their szekelygulyas, a goulash made with pork, sauerkraut and sour cream. And also famous for their halászlé, fish made of carp. The citizens of Szeged played an important part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, lajos Kossuth delivered his famous speech here
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Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
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Budapest Metro
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The Budapest Metro is the rapid transit system in the Hungarian capital Budapest. Its iconic Line 1, completed in 1896, was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002, the first metro line was conceived as a means of carrying passengers from the city centre to the City Park without the need for surface transport on Andrássy Avenue. The Diet of Hungary approved the project in 1870. Construction began in 1894 and was carried out by the German firm Siemens & Halske AG. This original metro line followed a northeast-southwest route along Andrássy Avenue from Vörösmarty Square, in the centre of the city, to the City Park and Zoo, a distance of 3.7 kilometres. There were a total of stations on the line, with nine underground. With trains running every two minutes, the line was then capable of carrying up to 35,000 passengers per day, one of the original Budapest Metro cars has been preserved at the Seashore Trolley Museum. Line 2 was built with help of specialists and finally opened with seven stations on April 41970. It follows an east-west route, connecting the major Keleti and Déli railway stations and it has a joint station with the original line at Deák Ferenc Square. In 1973, both lines were extended—the first with one station and the second with four, the lines reached their current lengths of 4.4 kilometres and 10.3 kilometres, respectively. The Budapest Transport Company took over operation of the metro that same year, planning for Line 3 began in 1963 and construction started in 1970 with help of soviet specialists. The first section, consisting of six stations, opened in 1976 and it was extended to the south in 1980 with five additional stations, and to the north in 1981,1984, and 1990, with nine additional stations. With a length of approximately 16 kilometres and a total of 20 stations, concurrently with the opening of Line 3, the metro adopted a colour-coding scheme for easier identification. The first line was given the yellow, the second line red. Additionally, green is used to mark the railways in. In the 1980s and 1990s, Line 1 underwent major reconstruction, of its 11 stations, eight are original and three were added during reconstruction. The original appearance of the old stations has been preserved, and each station feature displays of historical photographs, there is also a Millennium Underground Museum in the Deák Ferenc Square concourse. Line 4 has a history, dating back to 1972
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Regional rail
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Regional rail, also known as local trains and stopping trains, are passenger rail services that operate between towns and cities. These trains operate with more stops over shorter distances than inter-city rail, regional rail normally operates with an even service load throughout the day, although slightly increased services may be provided during rush-hour. The service is less oriented around bringing commuters to the urban centers, other regional rail services operate between two large urban areas, but make many intermediate stops. The main difference between regional rail and commuter rail is that the latter is focused on moving people between where they live and where work on a daily basis. Regional rail operates outside major cities, unlike inter-city, it stops at most or all stations. It provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services, regional rail typically operates throughout the day but often at low frequency, whereas commuter rail provides a high-frequency service within a conurbation. Regional rail services are less likely to be profitable than inter-city. This is justified on social or environmental grounds, and because regional rail services often act as feeders for more profitable inter-city lines. Since their invention, the distinction between regional and long-distance rail has also commonly been the use of propulsion, with longer-distance trains tending to be locomotive-hauled. Not using a locomotive also provides greater passenger capacity in the role at peak periods. There are of course trains that are something in between regional and inter-city, like the Oresundtrain with stopping pattern like a train and pass prices attracting work commuters. This list describes the used for regional rail in various countries. Train categories in Europe Passenger rail terminology
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Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
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5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways
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Railways with a railway track gauge of 5 ft/1,524 mm were first constructed in the United Kingdom and the United States. This gauge is commonly called Russian gauge because this gauge was later chosen as the common track gauge for the Russian Empire. The gauge was redefined by Russian Railways to be 1520 mm, the primary region where Russian gauge is used is the former Soviet Union, Mongolia and Finland, with about 225,000 km of track. Russian gauge is the second most common gauge in the world, in 1748, the Wylam waggonway was built to a 5 ft gauge for the shipment of coal from Wylam to Lemington down the River Tyne. In 1839, the Eastern Counties Railway was constructed, and in 1840, in 1844, both lines were converted to 1,435 mm standard gauge. In 1903, the East Hill Cliff Railway, a funicular, was opened. In 1827, Horatio Allen, the engineer of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, prescribed the usage of 5 ft gauge. The presence of several distinct gauges was a disadvantage to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. In 1886, when around 11,500 miles of 5 ft gauge track existed in the United States, while of almost no practical importance the railway did demonstrate that this gauge was viable. The second railway in the Russian Empire was the Warsaw–Vienna railway which was built to 1,435 mm, for the building of Russias first major railway, the Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway, engineer Pavel Melnikov hired as consultant George Washington Whistler, a prominent American railway engineer. Melnikov, of the Construction Commission overseeing the railway, recommended 6 ft following the example of the first railway and his study of US Railways. Following a report sent by Whistler the head of the Main Administration of Transport and Buildings recommended 5 ft and it was approved for the railway by Tsar Nicholas I on February 14,1843. The next lines built were also approved with this gauge but it was not until March 1860 that a Government decree stated all major railways in Russia would be 5 ft gauge. It is widely and incorrectly believed that Imperial Russia chose a gauge broader than standard gauge for military reasons, in 1841 a Russian army engineer wrote a paper stating that such a danger did not exist since railways could be made dysfunctional by retreating forces. Finally for the Moscow - Saint Petersburg Railway, which became the benchmark, despite this the difference in gauge did play a role in hindering invading armies, especially in World War II, it was just not selected with that in mind. The 5-foot gauge became the standard in the whole Russian Empire and that includes the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, the Caucasian and Central Asian republics, Finland, and in the once Soviet-influenced Mongolia. This formed a break of gauge between Changchun and Kuancheng, until the rest of the former Chinese Eastern Railway was converted to standard gauge, unlike in South Manchuria, the Soviet Unions reconquest of southern Sakhalin from Japan did not result in regauging of the railway system. Southern Sakhalin has continued with the original Japanese 1,067 mm gauge simultaneously with the Russian gauge railway, constructed in the northern part of the island in 1930-1932
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Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
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Bosnian-gauge railways
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Bosnian gauge is a railway track gauge of 760 mm. It was used extensively in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire as a form of narrow gauge. The name is used for lines of the same gauge outside Bosnia. Similar track gauges are the 2 ft 6 in and 750 mm gauge and it was completed in 1879, using the 760 mm temporary tracks and rolling stock used during the construction of the recently finished Temesvár-Orsova line. The Brod - Zenica - Sarajevo Bosna Bahn provided the basis for the narrow gauge railway network which was established in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In barely two decades a national 760 mm network was built, by the 1890s this stretched through Mostar to the Dalmatian border at Metkovic, and to Gruž, a suburb of Dubrovnik, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. This narrow gauge main line carried much heavier traffic than many of the standard gauge main lines across the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was the success of the Bosnian narrow gauge net which gave impetus after the turn of the century to the building of 760 mm gauge lines across all other territories of the Monarchy. The technical solutions pioneered there were used later on all the narrow railways of Austria-Hungary. List of town tramway systems in Croatia List of track gauges Sarajevo Tramway History of Bosnian railways
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Transport in Croatia
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Transport in Croatia relies on several main modes, including transport by road, rail, water and air. Road transport incorporates a network of state, county and local routes augmented by a network of highways for long-distance travelling. Water transport can be divided into sea, based on the ports of Rijeka, Ploče, Split and Zadar, Croatia has 68 airports, nine of which are international. The country also has several airlines, of which the most notable is Croatia Airlines, rail transport is fairly developed, with dual track and electrification not very common, although high-speed tilting trains are used on some routes. However, bus still tends to be more common than rail as a mode of inter-city transport, there are international airports in Zagreb, Split, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Pula, Rijeka, Osijek, Bol and Mali Lošinj. Currently, the low cost airlines are flying to Croatia, Jet2, EasyJet, Flyglobespan, Germanwings, TUIfly, Ryanair, Thomson, flydubai. Seasonal intercontinental flights also operate from and to Croatia and this means that the country has an IASA Category 1 rating and that Croatian air carriers are authorized to establish direct flights from Croatia to the US. The most important railway lines follow Pan-European corridors V and X, there are connections to the railway networks of Slovenia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. e. As a result, most of the routes are not electrified, are single track traffic around bends. Some limited improvements, however, have made in recent times. A result of this has been an increase in the speed on the railway line on the Pan-European Corridor X, from the Slovenian border via Zagreb, Novska. In places the lines speed limit has been raised from 80 km/h to 120 km/h, the official rail speed record in Croatia is 181 km/h. Maximum speed reached in service is 160 km/h on parts of the Novska–Tovarnik line. Recently Croatian Railways introduced a series of tilting trains produced by the German branch of Bombardier Transportation. They usually deployed on the route between the two largest Croatian cities, Zagreb and Split. Although they can sometimes be found on routes in the country. Croatian Railways aims to revitalize rail traffic through further improvements, thus, establishing rail as serious competitor to the car, particularly during the busy the summer months. Croatian Railways plan to build their first high-speed railway service is progressing, construction of an entirely new line from Karlovac to Rijeka, and reconstruction of the line from the Hungarian border to Karlovac should have originally begun in the fall of 2007
Trolleybuses can be found in three cities: Budapest, Debrecen and Szeged.
