Treaty of Sèvres
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The Treaty of Sèvres was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, but not ratified. The treaty would have required the cession of large parts of Ottoman t
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The Ottoman delegation at Sèvres: Left to right: Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha (wearing fez), minister of finance Mehmet Tevfik Biren, and ambassador Reşat Halis
Mehmed Hâdî Pasha signs the Treaty of Sèvres
The First Republic of Armenia, with the western borders defined by US President Woodrow Wilson
Turkish War of Independence
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The Turkish War of Independence was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat i
Treaty of Sèvres
…nationalism. The treaty's signatories were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly, led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, which ignited the Turkish War of Independence. Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in the Chanak crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of…
Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's capture of Smyrna; troops in Ankara's Ulus Square preparing to leave for the front.
Front page of İkdam on 4 November 1918, "The Three Pashas Escaped"
Allied occupation troops marching at the Grande Rue de Péra (İstiklal Avenue)
Mustafa Kemal Pasha in 1918, then an Ottoman army general