1.
American Kennel Club
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The American Kennel Club is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. Unlike most other countries kennels clubs, the AKC is not part of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the origins of the AKC lay in the National Greyhound Association, which was the first organization to encourage breeders to produce dogs with a goal in mind. In this case, the goal was not beauty but racing speed, in 1882, the National Coursing League, a British organization, began to require that all racing dogs be registered in their studbooks before they were eligible to race. The National Greyhound Association followed suit soon after, in the early 1800s, the English became concerned with the beauty of dogs rather than their function. This fad spread to North America, and in 1877, the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show began, soon after, the need for a regulating body became obvious. The National American Kennel Club, which had founded in 1876, began to publish. In 1884, a group of 13 breed clubs,10 American clubs and 3 Canadian clubs and these 13 clubs pledged to do everything to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purity of thoroughbred dogs. The AKC differed from The Kennel Club in that individuals could not directly join the Kennel Club, they became members of smaller, individual breed clubs, which were themselves members of the AKC. Soon after the AKC, CKC, and KC produced agreements that made any dog eligible to be registered with the club in its home country, in 1909, the group moved to New York and became incorporated. On July 1,2012, the AKC began to recognize certain titles issued by the North American Flyball Association and these titles are Flyball Champion, Flyball Master, and the ONYX title. The AKC is the largest registry of purebred dogs in the U. S. and is the only not-for profit registry, as well as the most well-known, and the most influential. For a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC, the parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed. Once a determination of eligibility is met, either by application or registry research. As of November 2016, the AKC recognizes 202 breeds, the AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following, Sporting Group,30 breeds, developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels, hound Group,29 breeds, developed to hunt using sight or scent. Working Group,30 breeds, developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, terrier Group,30 breeds, developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Toy Group,21 breeds, developed as companion dogs, herding Group,29 breeds, developed to herd livestock. Non-Sporting Group,20 breeds, assorted breeds who do not fit any of the above groups
2.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
3.
Dog breed
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The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 400 pure dog breeds. Other uses of the breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, cross-breeds, mixed breeds. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred, by Roman times, most of the breed-types known today were well-defined and their qualities and functions recorded. Dog breeds proliferated in Europe during the Middle Ages 700 years ago, for early depictions of dogs in art, see early history. Ancient breed of dogs was a term used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to modern breeds, in 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. These 9 breeds had been referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to the modern breeds, see further, Dog type The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era. In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds, the study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, there were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. Results also indicated that the Basenji had recent admixture with Middle Eastern wolves, the study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. The three groups were an Asian group that showed past admixture with Chinese wolves, a Middle Eastern group, and a northern group. The study referred to these 16 as Basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence, the study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past, if those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, other temperaments may be due to the legacies of ancient ancestry. Groups of owners that have dogs of the breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry and they often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations, dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics
4.
Hound
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A Hound is a type of dog, used by hunters to track or chase prey. Hounds can be contrasted with gundogs, which assist hunters by identifying the location of prey and/or recovering shot quarry, the hound breeds were the first hunting dogs. They have either a sense of smell or great speed. There are three types of hound, with several breeds within each type, Sighthounds, which follow prey predominantly by speed and these dogs are fast and assist hunters in catching game—fox, hare, deer and elk. Scenthounds, which follow prey or others by tracking its scent and these dogs have endurance but are not fast runners. The remaining breeds of hound follow their prey using both sight and scent, difficult to classify as they are neither sighthound nor scent hound and this may not include all hound-type dogs. Breed Groups Dog type Hound Group Hunting dog Scent hound Sighthound Sighthound & Pariah Group
5.
American Foxhound
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The American Foxhound is a breed of dog that is a cousin of the English Foxhound. They are scent hounds, bred to hunt foxes by scent, in 1650, Robert Brooke sailed from England to Crown Colony in North America with his pack of hunting dogs, which were the root of several strains of American Hounds. These dogs remained in the Brooke family for nearly 300 years, george Washington received French Foxhounds, Grand Bleu de Gascogne, as a gift from the Marquis de Lafayette. Many of the dogs Washington kept were descended from Brookes, the American Foxhound is known to originate from the states of Maryland and Virginia, and is the state dog of Virginia. Though there has long been a rumor that the new breed was used for hunting Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The breed was developed by landed gentry purely for the sport of hunting foxes, with the importation of the red fox, Irish Foxhounds were added to the lines, to increase speed and stamina in the dog, qualities still prevalent in todays dogs. One quality that the American Foxhound is famous for is its musical howl that can be heard for miles and this is actually one reason why this breed does not do well in city settings. The breed was first recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1886, today, there are many different strains of American Foxhound, including Walker, Calhoun, Goodman, Trigg, July and Penn-Marydel. Though each strain looks quite different, they are all recognized as members of the same breed, most show hounds are Walkers, many of the pack hounds are Penn-Marydel and hunters use a variety of strains to suit their hunting style and quarry. For years it was traditional to feed Foxhounds on a diet of dog bread, the legs of a Foxhound are very long and straight-boned. The foxhounds chest is rather narrow and it has a long muzzle, and a large, domed skull. The ears are wide and low-set, the eyes are hazel or brown, and are large and wide-set. A close, hard coat of medium length, and any color, though the combination of black, white. American Foxhounds do tend to shed a good amount of hair, the American Foxhound is taller and rangier than its cousin, the English Foxhound. Also, this breed is known to have a musical bark when it is hunting that can be heard for miles, though they are traditionally tri-colored they can be any color. They are one of the rarest breeds in the American Kennel Club, the American Foxhound has a very docile and sweet demeanor. A typical dog is gentle, easygoing, and gets along with children, however, they may act shy and reserved when around strangers. The American Foxhound is an active breed and very high energy
6.
English Coonhound
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The English Coonhound, also referred to as the American English Coonhound or the Redtick Coonhound, is a breed of dog. It is a type of coonhound that is bred in the Southern United States. It is descended from hunting hounds brought to America by settlers during the 17th and 18th centuries, the breeds first recognition came from the United Kennel Club in 1905 as the English Fox and Coonhound. Further recognition has been granted in recent years by the American Kennel Club, first in the Foundation Stock Service, the breed is of medium height and proportionate weight, and their coats come predominantly in three types, redtick, bluetick and a tricolor tick pattern. They have a high prey drive and are used in roles in hunting, including treeing. Health issues that the breed suffers from include overheating while out on hunting expeditions. The breed traces its ancestry from Foxhounds brought to the United States by European settlers during the 17th and 18th centuries and it shares a common ancestry with all other coonhounds with the exception of the Plott Hound. The dogs had to adapt to more rigorous terrain, with the breed being specifically bred over time to suit these new conditions and they were used to hunt raccoons by night and the American Red Fox by day. It was recognized by the United Kennel Club in 1905 as the English Fox, the Treeing Walker Coonhound was recognized separately by the UKC in 1945, splitting it off from the English Fox and Coonhound breed. The following year the Bluetick Coonhound, the breed was accepted into the American Kennel Clubs Foundation Stock Service as the American English Coonhound in 1995. It was moved up to the Miscellaneous Class on 1 January 2010, male English Coonhounds measure between 22–27 inches at the withers, with females being slightly smaller at 21–25 inches. The weight of a Coonhound should be in proportion to the dogs height and their coats come in three distinct colors and patterns. The most common is the pattern, while others include tricolor markings with ticks. Members of the breed in the pattern can be confused with Bluetick Coonhounds. The coat itself is short to medium in length and hard to the touch, unlike the other classifications of coonhounds, a variety of colorations is acceptable to meet English coonhound breed standards. Coloration can be redtick, bluetick, tricolored and tricolored with ticking, however, red markings are predominant and Redtick is a common euphemism for English Coonhounds. Color variations are common even amongst pups from the litter of English coonhounds. English Coonhounds tend to be quiet in the house, and require regular exercise to keep in prime condition, English Coonhounds love to nest and usually make good house pets
7.
Coat (dog)
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The coat of the domestic dog refers to the hair that covers its body. A dogs coat may be a coat, made up of a soft undercoat and a tougher topcoat, or a single coat. Double coats have a top coat, made of stiff hairs to help repel water and shield from dirt, and an undercoat to serve as insulation. There are a variety of coat colors, patterns, lengths and textures found in the domestic dog than in its wolf relations, even though dogs. Different breeds use different names for longhaired and shorthaired types, there is no standard nomenclature for length, Coat colors in dogs were not likely initially selected for by humans but were probably the inadvertent outcome of some other selection process. Research has found that tameness brings associated physical changes, including coat coloring and patterning, domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The basic principle of countershading is when the animal is lit from above and these shadows could provide a predator or prey with visual cues relating to the movement of the animal. By being lighter colored on the side of the body, an animal can counteract this. An alternative explanation is that the dorsal and ventral sides of an experience different selection pressures resulting in differing coloration. Modern breeds of dog exhibit a range of coat colorings, patterns, lengths. In recent years, the understanding of the basis for coat coloring and patterning and coat length. There are currently eight known genes within the genome that are associated with coat color. Each of these occurs in at least two variants, or alleles, which accounts for the variation in coat color between animals. Each of these genes exists at a location, or locus. This means, for example, that Ay may be dominant over at. Recent studies reveal saddle tan to be a modification of the tanpoint phenotype caused by interaction of genes with ASIP. There are two alleles that can occur at the B locus, B = Black b = Brown B is dominant to b. D locus The alleles at the D locus are related to the dilution of eumelanin and/or phaeomelanin, there are two known alleles, D = Not Diluted d = Diluted D is dominant to d
8.
Raccoon
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The raccoon, sometimes spelled racoon, also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, northern raccoon and colloquially as coon, is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. The raccoon is the largest of the family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm. Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather, two of the raccoons most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask, which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups. Raccoons are noted for their intelligence, with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years, the diet of the omnivorous raccoon, which is usually nocturnal, consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates. As a result of escapes and deliberate introductions in the century, raccoons are now also distributed across mainland Europe, Caucasia. Though previously thought to be solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in social behavior. Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 hectares for females in cities to 5,000 hectares for males in prairies, after a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young, known as kits, are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall, although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death, the word raccoon was adopted into English from the native Powhatan term, as used in the Virginia Colony. It was recorded on Captain John Smiths list of Powhatan words as aroughcun and it has also been identified as a Proto-Algonquian root *ahrah-koon-em, meaning one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands. Similarly, Spanish colonists adopted the Spanish word mapache from the Nahuatl mapachitli of the Aztecs, in French and European Portuguese, the washing behavior is combined with these languages term for rat, yielding, respectively, raton laveur and ratão-lavadeiro. The colloquial abbreviation coon is used in words like coonskin for fur clothing and in phrases like old coon as a self-designation of trappers. In the 1830s, the U. S. Whig Party used the raccoon as an emblem, causing them to be known as coons by their political opponents. Soon after that it became an ethnic slur, especially in use between 1880 and 1920, and the term is considered offensive. In 1780, Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr placed the raccoon in its own genus Procyon and it is also possible that Storr had its nocturnal lifestyle in mind and chose the star Procyon as eponym for the species. Based on fossil evidence from France and Germany, the first known members of the family Procyonidae lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago. Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, after the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America. Coatis and raccoons have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago
9.
Bobcat
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The bobcat is a North American cat that appeared during the Irvingtonian stage of around 1.8 million years ago. Containing 12 recognized subspecies, it ranges from southern Canada to central Mexico, the bobcat is an adaptable predator that inhabits wooded areas, as well as semidesert, urban edge, forest edge, and swampland environments. It remains in some of its range, but populations are vulnerable to local extinction by coyotes. With a gray to brown coat, whiskered face, and black-tufted ears and it is smaller on average than the Canada lynx, with which it shares parts of its range, but is about twice as large as the domestic cat. It has distinctive black bars on its forelegs and a black-tipped, stubby tail, though the bobcat prefers rabbits and hares, it hunts insects, chickens, geese and other birds, small rodents, and deer. Prey selection depends on location and habitat, season, and abundance, like most cats, the bobcat is territorial and largely solitary, although with some overlap in home ranges. It uses several methods to mark its boundaries, including claw marks. The bobcat breeds from winter into spring and has a period of about two months. Although bobcats have been hunted extensively by humans, both for sport and fur, their population has proven resilient though declining in some areas, the elusive predator features in Native American mythology and the folklore of European settlers. The Lynx genus is now accepted, and the bobcat is listed as Lynx rufus in modern taxonomic sources. Johnson et al. reported Lynx shared a clade with the puma, leopard cat, the first wave moved into the southern portion of North America, which was soon cut off from the north by glaciers. This population evolved into modern bobcats around 20,000 years ago, a second population arrived from Asia and settled in the north, developing into the modern Canada lynx. Hybridization between the bobcat and the Canada lynx may sometimes occur, the bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus, but is on average the smallest of the four. Its coat is variable, though generally tan to grayish-brown, with streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs. Its spotted patterning acts as camouflage, the ears are black-tipped and pointed, with short, black tufts. Generally, a color is seen on the lips, chin. Bobcats in the regions of the southwest have the lightest-colored coats, while those in the northern. Kittens are born well-furred and already have their spots, a few melanistic bobcats have been sighted and captured in Florida
10.
Cougar
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The cougar, also commonly known as the mountain lion, puma, panther, or catamount, is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, an adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar, secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular, although there are daytime sightings. The cougar is more related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat, than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae. The cougar is a predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates, particularly deer, but also livestock and it also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, the cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey, while large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people, fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century, reports of eastern cougars still surface, although it was declared extirpated in 2011. With its vast range across the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture. Currently, it is referred to as puma by most scientists, Mountain lion was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado. Other names include catamount, mountain screamer, and painter, lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper-Southern US regional variant on panther. The word panther is used to specifically designate the black panther, a melanistic jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther. P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, Cougar may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana, the term was originally derived from the Tupi language susuarana, meaning similar to deer. A current form in Brazil is suçuarana and it may also be borrowed from the Guaraní language term guaçu ara or guazu ara. Less common Portuguese terms are onça-parda or leão-baio, or unusually non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, people in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply gata, and outside of the Amazon, both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people
11.
Bear
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Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, Europe, common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails. While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous, and the giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo, with the exception of courting individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals. They may be diurnal or nocturnal and have an excellent sense of smell, despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they are adept runners, climbers, and swimmers. Bears use shelters, such as caves and logs, as their dens, most species occupy their dens during the winter for a period of hibernation. Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their meat and fur, they have used for bear-baiting and other forms of entertainment. With their powerful physical presence, they play a prominent role in the arts, mythology, in modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats and illegal trade in bear parts, including the Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species. The poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited, Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and Ursus come from Latin Ursus/Ursa, he-bear/she-bear. The female first name Ursula, originally derived from a Christian saints name, in Switzerland, the male first name Urs is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from Bär, German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard means bear-brave, bear-hardy, or bold bear, the Old English name Beowulf is a kenning, bee-wolf, for bear, in turn meaning a brave warrior. The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the suborder Caniformia, or doglike carnivorans, Bears closest living relatives are the pinnipeds, canids, and musteloids. Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfamilies, Ailuropodinae, Tremarctinae, and Ursinae, the earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis and the slightly younger Allocyon, both from North America. These animals looked very different from bears, being small and raccoon-like in overall appearance. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene, european genera morphologically are very similar to Allocyon, and to the much younger American Kolponomos, are known from the Oligocene, including Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon. The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae. The subfamily includes the younger genera Phoberocyon, and Plithocyon, a Cephalogale-like species gave rise to the genus Ursavus during the early Oligocene, this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to all living bears
12.
Squirrel
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Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, flying squirrels, Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and were introduced by humans to Australia. The earliest known date from the Eocene period and are most closely related to the mountain beaver. That word squirrel, first attested in 1327, comes from the Anglo-Norman esquirel which is from the Old French escurel and this Latin word was borrowed from the Ancient Greek word σκίουρος, skiouros, which means shadow-tailed, referring to the bushy appendage possessed by many of its members. The native Old English word for the squirrel, ācweorna, survived only into Middle English before being replaced, Squirrels typically have slender bodies with bushy tails and large eyes. In general, their fur is soft and silky, although much thicker in some species than others, the color of squirrels is highly variable between—and often even within—species. In general, the limbs are longer than the fore limbs. Their paws include a poorly developed thumb, and have soft pads on the undersides. Unlike most mammals, Tree squirrels can descend a tree head-first and they do so by rotating their ankles 180 degrees so the hind paws are backward-pointing and can grip the tree bark. Squirrels live in almost every habitat from tropical rainforest to desert, avoiding only the high polar regions. They are predominantly herbivorous, subsisting on seeds and nuts, but many will eat insects, as their large eyes indicate, in general squirrels have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for tree-dwelling species. They also have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing, many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs. The teeth of sciurids follow the typical rodent pattern, with large gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, the typical dental formula for sciurids is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3. Many juvenile squirrels die in the first year of life, adult squirrels can have a lifespan of 5 to 10 years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity, Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, only the female looks after the young, in general, ground-dwelling species are social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary. Squirrels cannot digest cellulose, so they must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, during these times, squirrels rely heavily on the buds of trees
13.
Black rat
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The black rat, also known as the ship rat, roof rat, house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus in the subfamily Murinae. The species originated in tropical Asia and spread through the Near East in Roman times before reaching Europe by the 1st century and they are serious pests to farmers as they eat a wide range of agricultural crops. The black rat was one of the species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae. It is the species of the genus Rattus. A typical adult black rat is 12.75 to 18.25 cm long, not including a 15 to 22 cm tail, despite its name, the black rat exhibits several colour forms. It is usually black to brown in colour with a lighter underside. In England during the 1920s, several variations were bred and shown alongside domesticated brown rats and this included an unusual green tinted variety. The black rat also has a coat of black fur. Rattus rattus bone remains that date back to the Norman Period have been discovered in Britain, evidence also suggests that R. rattus existed in prehistoric Europe as well as the Levant during post-glacial periods. The specific origin of the rat is uncertain due to the rats disappearance. Evidence such as DNA and bone fragments suggests that the rats did not originally come from Europe. Rats are resilient vectors for many diseases because of their ability to hold so many infectious bacteria in their blood, Rats played a primary role in spreading bacteria, such as Yersinia pestis, which is responsible for the Justinianic plague and bubonic plague. A recent study indicates that other Asiatic rodents served as reservoirs, from which infections spread as far west as Europe via trade routes. The modern black rat was probably spread across Europe in the wake of the Roman conquest and arose from an ancestor that originated in southeast Asia, the Mediterranean black rats differ genetically from their southeast Asian ancestors by having 38 instead of 42 chromosomes. Therefore, it seems that speciation could have occurred when the rats colonized southwest India, because Rattus rattus is a passive traveler, they could have easily traveled to Europe during the trading between Rome and southwestern Asian countries. Evidence also suggests that, in 321–331 BC, Egyptian birds were preying on Mediterranean rats, Black rats are considered omnivores and eat a wide range of foods, including seeds, fruit, stems, leaves, fungi, and a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates. They are generalists, and thus not very specific in their preferences, which is indicated by their tendency to feed on any meal provided for cows, swine, chickens, cats. They are similar to the squirrel in their preference of fruits and nuts
14.
Opossum
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The opossums, also known as possums, are marsupial mammals of the order Didelphimorphia /daɪˌdɛlfᵻˈmɔːrfiə/). The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 103 or more species in 19 genera, opossums originated in South America, and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of the two continents. Their unspecialized biology, flexible diet, and reproductive habits make them successful colonizers and survivors in diverse locations and conditions, the word opossum is borrowed from the Powhatan language and was first recorded between 1607 and 1611 by John Smith and William Strachey. Both men encountered the language at the British settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, stracheys notes describe the opossum as a beast in bigness of a pig and in taste alike, while Smith recorded it hath an head like a swine. Tail like a rat. of the bigness of a cat, the Powhatan word ultimately derives from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning white dog or dog-like beast. The opossum is also known as a possum, particularly in the Southern United States. Didelphimorphia refers to the fact that, like all marsupials, these animals have two wombs, didelphimorphs are small to medium-sized marsupials, ranging in size from a small mouse to a large house cat. They tend to be omnivores, although there are many exceptions. Most members of this taxon have long snouts, a braincase. By mammalian standards, this is an unusually full jaw, the incisors are very small, the canines large, and the molars are tricuspid. Didelphimorphs have a stance and the hind feet have an opposable digit with no claw. Like some New World monkeys, opossums have prehensile tails, like all marsupials, the fur consists of awn hair only, and the females have a pouch. The tail and parts of the feet bear scutes, the stomach is simple, with a small cecum. Notably, the male opossum has a forked penis bearing twin glandes, opossums have a remarkably robust immune system, and show partial or total immunity to the venom of rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and other pit vipers. Opossums are about eight times less likely to carry rabies than wild dogs, although all living opossums are essentially opportunistic omnivores, different species vary in the amount of meat and vegetation they include in their diet. Members of the Caluromyinae are essentially frugivorous, whereas the lutrine opossum, the yapok is particularly unusual, as it is the only living semi-aquatic marsupial, using its webbed hindlimbs to dive in search of freshwater mollusks and crayfish. As a marsupial, the female opossum has a system that includes a bifurcated vagina, a divided uterus and a marsupium. The average estrous cycle of the opossum is about 28 days, opossums do possess a placenta, but it is short-lived, simple in structure, and, unlike that of placental mammals, is not fully functional
15.
Skunk
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Skunks are mammals known for their ability to spray a liquid with a strong odor. Different species of skunk vary in appearance from black-and-white to brown or cream colored, 1630s, squunck, from a southern New England Algonquian language seganku, from Proto-Algonquian */šeka, kwa/, from */šek-/ to urinate + */-a, kw/ fox. Skunk has historic use as an insult, attested from 1841, skunk cabbage is attested from 1751, earlier skunkweed. In 1634, a skunk was described in the Jesuit Relations, The other is a low animal, I mention it here, not on account of its excellence, but to make of it a symbol of sin. I have seen three or four of them and it has black fur, quite beautiful and shining, and has upon its back two perfectly white stripes, which join near the neck and tail, making an oval which adds greatly to their grace. The tail is bushy and well furnished with hair, like the tail of a Fox and it is more white than black, and, at the first glance, you would say, especially when it walks, that it ought to be called Jupiters little dog. But it is so stinking, and casts so foul an odor, no sewer ever smelled so bad. I would not have believed it if I had not smelled it myself, I believe the sin smelled by Saint Catherine de Sienne must have had the same vile odor. Skunk species vary in size from about 15.6 to 37 in long and they have moderately elongated bodies with relatively short, well-muscled legs and long front claws for digging. Although the most common fur color is black and white, some skunks are brown or grey, all skunks are striped, even from birth. They may have a thick stripe across back and tail. Some also have stripes on their legs, skunks are omnivorous, eating both plant and animal material and changing their diets as the seasons change. They eat insects and larvae, earthworms, grubs, rodents, lizards, salamanders, frogs, snakes, birds, moles and they also commonly eat berries, roots, leaves, grasses, fungi and nuts. In settled areas, skunks also seek garbage left by humans, less often, skunks may be found acting as scavengers, eating bird and rodent carcasses left by cats or other animals. Pet owners, particularly those of cats, may experience a skunk finding its way into a garage or basement where pet food is kept, skunks commonly dig holes in lawns in search of grubs and worms. Skunks are one of the predators of the honeybee, relying on their thick fur to protect them from stings. The skunk scratches at the front of the beehive and eats the guard bees that come out to investigate, mother skunks are known to teach this behavior to their young. Skunks are crepuscular and solitary animals when not breeding, though in the parts of their range
16.
Coonhound
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Not to be confused with the raccoon dog. A Coonhound is a type of scent hound and a member of the hound group and they are an American style of hunting dog developed for the game animals and working conditions found in the United States, specifically coon hunting. There are six distinct breeds of coonhound, in the colonial period, foxhounds were imported for the popular sport of fox hunting. Various breeds of foxhounds and other hunting hounds were imported from England, Ireland, the dogs were often confused or unable to hold the scent when this occurred, and would mill about. The name is derived from their use in hunting raccoons. A good coonhound will bark and keep its prey treed until the hunters arrive, bloodhounds specifically were added to many coonhound lines to enhance the ability to track. Some dogs have webbed toes to deal with the rivers and swamps so common in their hunting grounds, coonhounds can hunt individually or as a pack. Generally, hunters do not chase their quarry along with the hounds, unlike organized foxhunting, coonhounds are excellent at handling all manner of prey if trained properly. Established in 1937, the Key Underwood Coon Dog Memorial Graveyard in Colbert County, black and Tan Coonhound Bluetick Coonhound American English Coonhound Plott Hound Redbone Coonhound Treeing Walker Coonhound
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Scent hound
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Scent hounds are a type of hound that primarily hunts by scent rather than sight. These breeds are hunting dogs and are regarded as having some of the most sensitive noses among canines. Hounds are hunting dogs that hunt by following the scent of a game animal or by following the animal by sight. There are many breeds in the type, and scenthounds may do other work as well. Kennel clubs assign breeds of dogs to Groups, which are based on breed types. Each kennel club determines which breeds it will place in a given group, scent hounds specialize in following a smell or scent. Most of these breeds have long, drooping ears, one theory says that this trait helps to collect scent from the air and keep it near the dogs face and nose. They also have large cavities, which also helps to help them smell better. Their typically loose, moist lips are said to assist in trapping scent particles, most of these breeds have deep, booming voices and use them actively when running, and especially when following a scent trail. The best scent hounds can follow a scent trail even across running water, most scent hounds are used for hunting in packs of multiple dogs. Longer-legged hounds run more quickly and usually require that the follow on horseback. The hunters then go to the spot on foot, following the sound of the dogs baying, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale places scent hounds into their classification Group 6. This includes a subdivision, Section 2, Leash Hounds, some examples of which are the Bavarian Mountain Scenthound, the Hanoverian Scenthound, in addition, the Dalmatian and the Rhodesian Ridgeback are placed in Group 6 as Related breeds. The United Kennel Club divides its Scenthound Group into two categories, the first, Tree Hounds, includes the American hunting dogs known as coonhounds and the European hounds from which they were developed. The second category is named Trailing Scenthounds, and includes dogs used for the tracking of game animals and they are also used for explosives detection. The Trailing group are reputedly descended from a type of bloodhound kept by monks in Belgium, genetic studies confirm the long-standing belief that all scent hounds share a more recent common ancestor with each other than they do with other branches on the dog family tree. The scent hound type includes the following breeds, The Scenthound Group is the category used by the United Kennel Club. The first includes the American hunting dogs known as coonhounds and the European hounds from which they were developed and these are referred to as Tree Hounds
19.
Alpine Dachsbracke
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The Alpine Dachsbracke is a small breed of dog of the scent hound type originating in Austria. The Alpine Dachsbracke was bred to track wounded deer as well as boar, hare and it is highly efficient at following a trail even after it has gone cold. The Alpine Dachsbracke is very sturdy, and Austria is said to be the country of origin and this small dog has a slight resemblance to a Dachshund, with short legs and a long body. The coat is dense, short but smooth except for the tail, the round eyes have a lively expression. Being very sturdy, the Alpine Dachsbracke is visibly robust and has a big boned structure, preferred colors in competition are dark deer red with or without black hairs lightly interspersed. Black with red-brown markings on the head, chest, legs, feet, the ideal height for dogs is 37–38 cm, and the ideal height for bitches is 36–37 cm. Strong limbs and feet, with black toenails and tight toes as well as strong elastic skin are features that look for in competition. They also look for a trotting gait, the top coat should be very thick, the undercoat dense and both closefitting to the body. The Alpine Dachsbracke weighs from 15 to 18 kg and stands from 34 to 42 cm at the withers and it is often compared with the dachshund, as they are very similar in appearance. Used effectively to track wounded deer, this breed could work even in harsh terrain and it makes a good companion, although it is primarily a hunter and therefore is kept mostly by hunters. It has a fearless, friendly and intelligent personality, most Alpine Dachsbrackes are excellent with children and good with dogs and other pets, though they may exhibit a strong prey drive typical of many scent dogs. Alpine Dachsbrackes, as with the other Bracke, can be dated back to the middle of the 19th century, the Dachsbrache were bred down in size by crossing the larger dogs with Dachshunds. It once was a favorite of German royalty, during the 1880s, Alpine Dachsbrackes accompanied Crown Prince Rudolf of Habsburg on hunting trips to Egypt and Turkey. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes the Alpine Dachsbracke in Group 6 Scenthounds, Section 2 “Leash Hounds” with the Bavarian Mountain Scenthound, the breed is also recognized by a number of minor registries, hunting clubs, and internet-based dog registry businesses. Hunting dog Scenthound Finnish Bracke Westphalian Dachsbracke Drever
20.
Ariegeois
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The Ariegeois is a breed of dog from the département of Ariège in the Midi-Pyrenées region of southern France. It is a medium-sized pack-hunting scenthound deriving from crossing of Grand Bleu de Gascogne and it is used both as a courser and for driving game to waiting guns. While most successful with hares, it is used for hunting deer. It is distinguished by its nature with other hounds and affection for human companions. This breed originated in France in 1912, making it a new breed. It is not yet known outside of its own region. The breed is registered with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the Ariegeois normally weighs approximately 28–30 kg. Males should stand 52–58 cm tall, and females 50–56 cm, the coat is smooth and short, white with clearly defined black markings, it is sometimes mottled, and there may be tan points at the head. The head of the dog is lean and elongated, the eyes are dark and gentle. The ears are very soft and medium-length, the muzzle is of medium length, and the nose is black. The neck is slender and arched slightly, to the chest which is narrow, the ribs are well-sprung with a strong, sloping back. It should have straight forelegs and strong, powerful hindlegs, the feet are hard and foxlike. Overall, the Ariegeois is a scenthound, and affectionate. The Ariegeois is now being bred in Italy and used to hunt wild boar, Club du bleu de gascogne, du gascon saintongeois et de lariégeois Continental Kennel Club standard A pack of Ariegeois in pursuit Ariegeois in Italy
21.
Artois Hound
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The Artois Hound is a rare breed of dog, and a descendant of the Bloodhound. A scent hound 22-23 inches high at the withers, weighing anything between 55 and 65 pounds, it is a well constructed dog with a graceful gait. It has a large, strong head, a medium-length back and their ears are set at eye level, they have large prominent eyes and quite thick lips. A well constructed dog, muscled and not too long, giving the impression of strength, cranial Region, Its skull should be strong, broad, quite short, rounded and flat at its upper part but with the occipital protuberance only slightly pronounced. Facial Region, Its nose should be black, strong, with wide opened nostrils and its muzzle should be straight and, seen in profile, moderately elongated. Of its lips, the upper lip should largely be covering the lower lip and its jaws/teeth should have a scissor bite, the upper incisors covering the lower in a narrow contact and are well set squarely in relation to the jaws. The mucous membranes of the lower lids must not be visible and its leathers should be set at eye level, a little thick, broad, round at the tip, almost flat and quite long, reaching the beginning of the nose. Its neck is long, powerful, very little dewlap. Its back is broad and well supported, the hips give a slight inclination to its croup, which is well muscled. Its chest is broad and long, rather let down so that the line arrives at elbow level. Its ribs should be well sprung and its belly flanks fully its body. It is strong and quite long, there should be longer and coarser, slightly offstanding hairs. It is carried in a fashion, never falling forward. A view of the ensemble indicates that its limbs are strong and its shoulders are oblique and muscled. Its elbows are set well in the axis of the body and its forearm should be lightly oblique. A view of the ensemble indicates that, the point of the buttock, the middle of the leg, the hock, the metatarsal and its upper thighs are let down and well muscled. Its hock joints are strong and moderately angulated, and the metatarsals are short and they are slightly elongated, strong but sufficiently tight, the pads are black, tough and compact. Its hair is short, thick and quite flat, the coat pattern is a dark fawn tri-colour, with a mantle or in large patches
22.
Austrian Black and Tan Hound
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The Austrian Black and Tan Hound is a breed of dog originating in Austria. It is thought to be the descendant of the original Celtic Hounds, although there is no known history of the Austrian Black. This large sized hound was used for tracking wounded game, most commonly hare, colouring in this breed is highly important, it must be black with small, clearly defined, light to dark fawn markings. Two fawn marks above the eyes must be present, the coat is smooth, dense and short. The long tail is bent and the ears are medium in length. Males are 50–56 centimetres, while females are 48–54 centimetres and it has a keen sense of smell. It is an elegant runner, used in all sorts of game and it has a lovely voice, and makes a great pet due to its good-natured personality. It is not a dog wanting to be in a city, a suitable home will be in a rural area where the dog will have lots of space to run unrestricted by a leash. The breed will only require a once-a-week brushing and only bathing when necessary, nails need to be trimmed regularly and ears need to be cleaned every day to avoid ear infections. There are no genetic diseases known to affect this breed, which is fairly healthy, brandlbracke is a compound word, stemming from Brand which refers to the fawn markings and Bracke, a type of hunting dog. Vieräugl is the Austro-Bavarian diminutive of Vierauge, meaning, somebody our something having four eyes and it refers to the distinctive fawn markings above the eyes
23.
Basset Bleu de Gascogne
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The Basset Bleu de Gascogne, also known as the Blue Gascony Basset, is a long-backed, short legged breed of dog of the hound type. The breed originated in the Middle Ages, descended from the Grand Bleu de Gascogne and it nearly became extinct around the early 19th century, its salvation was attributed to one Alain Bourbon. A French native breed, it is rare outside of its homeland and it is recognized internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, in the UK by The Kennel Club, and by the United Kennel Club in the United States. The bleu of its name is a reference to its coat which has a ticked appearance, the color of their coat is predominantly white, ticked so as to give a bluish appearance, with brown spots and tan markings above the eyes and on the ears. Height at the withers is usually between 34 and 42 centimetres although the Kennel Club standard specifies 30–38 centimetres and their general appearance is usually not too heavy, and they weigh between 16 and 18 kilograms. They have dark eyes and low-set ears that can reach at least the end of their muzzle. Because of their nature as a hunting hound, effects of this work such as scars, nicks, notches on the ears. The Basset Bleu de Gascogne descended directly from the old breed of Grand Bleu de Gascogne and they have been recorded in paintings from the 14th century in Gascony, southwest France. It is thought that Gaston III of Foix-Béarn kept a pack of dogs to hunt wild boar. He is known as the writer of the Livre de chasse, prior to the French Revolution, hunting was reserved for the nobility who generally hunted on horseback. Following the French Revolution, hunting was opened up to the people who would hunt on foot. From this the slower, shorter legged Basset Bleu de Gascogne may have been created, during the early 19th century the breed nearly became extinct with a declining popularity in hunting. However, the breed was saved and revived by the work of Alain Bourbon, today, the Basset Bleu is one of six types of Basset Hound recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. The Kennel Club of the UK recognizes the Basset Bleu De Gascogne in the breed register. The United Kennel Club recognised the breed in 1991, and both they and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale list the Basset Bleu De Gascogne in the Scenthound Group, the breed is also known as the Blue Gascony Basset in the FCI. The Basset Bleu De Gascogne is not recognized by the American Kennel Club or the Canadian Kennel Club, Basset Hound Basset Fauve de Bretagne Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen Excellent video of a pack of Basset Bleu de Gascognes hunting YouTube Basset Bleu de Gascogne at DMOZ
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Basset Fauve de Bretagne
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The Basset Fauve de Bretagne is a short-legged hunting breed of dog of the scent hound type, originally from Brittany, a historical kingdom of France. The Basset Fauve de Bretagne is a hound, built along the same lines as the Basset Hound. Wire-coated, the coat is harsh to the touch, dense. They have coarse, dense fur which may require stripping, the hair on the ears is shorter, finer and darker than that on the coat. The ears just reach the end of the rather than trailing on the ground. They should have dark eyes and nose and ideally no crook on the front legs, the French standard says these are the shortest backed of all the basset breeds so they generally do not appear as exaggerated as the British Basset. There is apparently only one completed health survey of Basset Fauve de Bretagnes, the UK Club is planning a new, in depth health survey to be run late 2012 early 2013 in the hope that the longevity can be more accurately represented. Most common causes of death were road traffic accidents, cancer, heart failure, the high incidence of road traffic accidents may be perhaps blamed on this dogs love of the scent. Many pet Fauves go AWOL when they find a scent and this trait is something an owner must never forget. Fauves can be trained very well in a controlled environment but training is rapidly forgotten once a fresh rabbit trail is found, among 84 live dogs in the 2004 UKC survey, the most common health issues noted by owners were reproductive, aural, and ocular. The breed was developed in France as a dog from the larger Grand Fauve de Bretagne. However, the French club denies this, and says that Basset Fauve numbers were never so low, the middle breed, the Griffon Fauve de Bretagne, still exists but it is certainly rarer than the Basset. The breed in the UK is mainly seen as a dog and family pet. It can also be found in parts of Europe where it is used to scent trail. They are loving, happy, outgoing dogs and are good with children, in the UK the breed has no hereditary faults, however, epilepsy has been identified in some breeding lines in France and other parts of Europe. Some Fauves are born with black in the coat, this may or may not go with maturity and it is less common to see them with white patches but when they do occur it is generally confined to the chest and top of the head. The correct colour for a Fauve is anything from fawn to red, the Basset Fauve de Bretagne is a neat looking hound, free from exaggeration and lively and friendly, as a scenthound, though, he has the usual failing of becoming absorbed with what hes scenting. He is agile enough to trouble any rabbit he scents, where the Basset Fauve de Bretagne is still used for hunting it is either singly or in pairs
25.
Basset Hound
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The Basset Hound is a short-legged breed of dog of the hound family, as well as one of six recognized Basset breeds in France. The Basset is a scent hound that was bred for the purpose of hunting hare. Their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the Bloodhound, the name Basset is derived from the French word bas, meaning low, with the attenuating suffix -et meaning small, together meaning rather low. Basset Hounds are usually bicolours or tricolours of standard hound colouration, in this article, Basset is used to distinguish the modern breed from other basset-type dogs. Bassets are large, short, solid and long, with curved sabre tails held high over their long backs, an adult dog weighs between 20 and 35 kilograms. This breed, relative to size, is heavier-boned than any other and this breed, like its ancestor the Bloodhound, has a hanging skin structure, which causes the face to occasionally look sad, this, for many people, adds to the breeds charm. The dewlap, seen as the loose, elastic skin around the neck, and its neck is wider than its head. This, combined with the skin around its face and neck means that flat collars can easily be pulled off. The looseness of the results in the Bassets characteristic facial wrinkles. The Bassets skull is characterised by its large dolichocephalic nose, which is only to the Bloodhound in scenting ability. The coat of a Basset is medium-short, smooth and hard, any true hound colour is acceptable in Basset Hounds, and no one colour is preferred over any other. The source of colour is the E Locus, which has four alleles, EM, EG, E, the EM, E and e alleles are present in the Basset Hounds. The E allele allows for the production of red and black pigments, so is present with the majority of colour patterns in Basset Hounds. Red and Lemon colours are caused by the e allele of MC1R, the e allele is recessive, so red and lemon dogs are homozygous e/e. Lemon dogs are lighter in colour than Reds, but the mechanism that dilutes phaeomelanin in this instance is unknown. No black hairs will be present on either Red or Lemon dogs, if there are any black hairs, the dog is officially a tricolour. The EM allele produces a black mask on the face that may extend up around the eyes and this pattern is most easily seen on Mahogany dogs, although any Basset colour pattern may express the EM allele, except for red and white or lemon and white due to e/e. Many Bassets have a clearly defined white blaze and a tip to their tail
26.
Bavarian Mountain Hound
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The Bavarian Mountain Hound is a breed of dog from Germany. As a scent hound, it has used in Germany since the early 20th century to trail wounded game. It is a cross between the Bavarian Hound and the Hanover Hound, the Bavarian Mountain Hounds head is strong and elongated. The skull is broad and slightly domed. It has a stop and a slightly curved nosebridge. The muzzle should be broad with solid jaws, and its lips fully covering the mouth and its nose is black or dark red with wide nostrils. Its ears are set and medium in length. They are broader at the base and rounded at the tips and its body is slightly longer than it is tall and slightly raised at the rump. The neck medium in length, strong, with a slight dewlap, topline sloping slightly upward from withers to hindquarters. Chest well-developed, long, moderately wide, and well let-down with a slight tuck-up and it has a long, fairly straight croup and solid back. While its tail is set on high, medium in length and hanging to the hock, Bavarian Mountain Hounds weigh between 20 and 25 kg, males are 47 to 52 cm high, while females are 44 to 48 cm. The coat is short, thick and shiny, lying flat against the body. It is finer on the head and ears, harsher and longer on the abdomen, legs and its coat can come in all shades of black-masked fawn or brindle. Bavarian Mountain Hounds are calm, quiet, poised, and very attached to their masters and family. When hunting, they are hard, single-minded, and persistent, courageous, spirited, fast, however, they need a patient, experienced trainer. The Bavarian Mountain is not suited for city life and it is in regular need of space and exercise and also requires regular brushing. They are not dogs for the casual hunter, most are owned and used by foresters and game wardens. The Bavarian Mountain Dog specialises in tracking injured big game following the traces of blood the prey loses after being shot and this hunting discipline comes from the Middle Ages
27.
Beagle
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The Beagle is a breed of small-sized hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The Beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare, with a great sense of smell and their tracking instinct, the Beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The Beagle is intelligent but single-minded and it is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Beagles have been depicted in culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings, and more recently in film, television. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been promoted as the worlds most famous beagle, Dogs of similar size and purpose to the modern Beagle can be traced in Ancient Greece back to around the 5th century BC. Xenophon, born around 430 BC, in his Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus refers to a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed on foot. Small hounds are mentioned in the Forest Laws of Canute which exempted them from the ordinance which commanded that all dogs capable of running down a stag should have one foot mutilated, in the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow, deep-throated, scent hound derived from the St. Hubert Hound which had been developed in the 8th century. At some point the English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to give them an extra turn of speed, long extinct, the Talbot strain probably gave rise to the Southern Hound which, in turn, is thought to be an ancestor of the modern-day Beagle. From medieval times, beagle was used as a description for the smaller hounds. Small enough to fit in a pocket or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt, the larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush. Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates, 19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety. Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901, by the 18th century two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit, the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle. The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability. The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties and it was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set and with a more pointed muzzle. It was faster than its southern counterpart but its abilities were less well developed. As fox hunting became increasingly popular, numbers of types of hound diminished. The beagle-type dogs were crossed with larger breeds such as Stag Hounds to produce the modern Foxhound, the beagle-size varieties came close to extinction but some farmers in the South ensured the survival of the prototype breeds by maintaining small rabbit-hunting packs
28.
Beagle-Harrier
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It is a breed of dog originating from France. The Beagle-Harrier appears to be either a large Beagle or a small Harrier and it is a medium-sized dog, between 45 and 50 centimeters tall at the withers, and it weighs between 19 and 21 kilograms. Its coat is usually tricolor, featuring the colors fawn, black, tan, the Beagle-Harriers body is usually muscular and its coat smooth and thick. The Beagle-Harrier is generally good with children and other pets and they are loyal, have lots of determination and are calm and relaxed when at home, making them a good family pet. They are a breed and so require a lot of exercise. The Beagle Harrier is generally healthy and has a life span of 12 to 13 years. Hip dysplasia could cause a big problem, the Beagle-Harrier breed is old, with its origins unclear, they were initially bred to hunt rabbits and other small animals. They were popular in England since the early 14th century and were imported into America in the mid-1800s to hunt rabbits. Beagle-Harriers were bred in France in the 19th century by Baron Gerard, the Beagle Harrier could be a mixture of two breeds, the Beagle and the Harrier, or the midpoint in breeding between the two breeds. It was recognized by the FCI in 1974, the Beagle-Harrier can now be quite rarely found in France and are even more rare in other countries. Beagle Harrier Club du Beagle, de Beagle Harrier et du Harrier
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Billy (dog)
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The Billy is a large scenthound originating from central western France. A Billy may be white or off-white, sometimes with orange or lemon spots on the head. The coat is short, smooth and harsh to the touch, weight is between 52–70 lbs and height is 60–70 cm at the shoulder for males and 58–62 cm for females. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard suggests the dog should gallop easily in its movement, the standard for the breed was established in 1886. The Billy is not suitable for a house, needing a lot of exercise and being difficult to restrain. The Billy was created by Monsieur Gaston Hublot de Rivault in the 19th century, billys we created by combining the three original strains of the Poitevin, the Montemboeuf, Ceris and Larrye. The Billy was one of the breeds used in the development of the Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange in the late 19th century. The Billy remains a breed, although there are several packs in its native France used to hunt roe deer. Scenthound Scenthound Group Hound Alderton, David, Hounds of the World, Swan Hill Press, Shrewsbury,2000, cunliffe, Juliette, The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds Parragon,2001, ISBN 0-7525-6561-3. Federation Cynologique Internationale, Billy, retrieved 12 Dec 14, fogle, Bruce, The Encyclopedia of the Dog, DK Publishing, New York,2009, ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8. Hancock, David, Hounds, Hunting by Scent, The Crowood Press Ltd, Marlborough,2014, ISBN 978-1-84797-601-7
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Black and Tan Coonhound
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The Black and Tan Coonhound is a breed of dog. According to the FCI breed standard Black and Tan Coonhound males should be 25–27 inches in height with slightly smaller at 23–25 inches although it does not specify a weight range. The United Kennel Club does however include guideline weights of males 50–75 pounds with females ranging from 40–65 pounds, the height proportions quoted by the UKC differ from the FCI and allow males to be 23–27 inches and females 21–26 inches. The coat is short, dense and glossy, the eyes are hazel to brown, the ears are extremely long, wide, and thin, are set low and far back on the dogs head, and hang well down the neck. The black and tan markings are similar to the Dobermans and the Rottweilers, the Black and Tan Coonhounds bark is loud and baying, it has been described as a deep howl. The breed standard includes muscular legs that are long in proportion to body length, the tail is set slightly below the natural line of the back. If the dog is alert or excited it carries its tail at a right angle, males are usually larger and heavier than females. As befitting a dog with its heritage, it is strong, independent, the Black and Tan Coonhound is gentle and tolerant with children, but it may be too independent to satisfy a playful child. It is reserved with strangers and in their presence may bay, the Black and Tan Coonhound can run for miles although it is usually content with a moderate jog or long walk, with an occasional excursion into the field. It can wander if it catches a scent, so an area is mandatory. The courage of the Coonhound also makes it proficient on the hunt for deer, bear, wolf, cougar, however, the primary purpose of the Black and Tan Coonhound is as a raccoon-hunting dog. The general impression is that of power, agility and alertness, each hound has its own distinctive voice which is often recognizable to its owners from a great distance. Its coat needs only occasional brushing, most Coonhounds drool to some extent, and the face may need regular wiping. The ears should also be checked regularly to ensure against ear infections, Black and Tan Coonhounds are generally healthy, although there is some risk of hip dysplasia, ear cancer and other ear infections, and eye problems. Litter size is generally eight puppies, the Black and Tan Coonhound is descended from the Talbot Hound, found in medieval England after the eleventh century. Its ancestry is traced through the Bloodhound and the Foxhound to the Black. In 1945, the Black and Tan Coonhound became the first of the six varieties of Coonhound to be recognized by the American Kennel Club, in the Hound Group. The other varieties, which were not recognized until the 2010s, are the Redbone Coonhound, Plott Hound, Bluetick Coonhound, the English Coonhound, American Black And Tan Coonhound Association American Black And Tan Coonhound Rescue
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Bloodhound
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The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium and this breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg. They are 58 to 69 cm tall at the withers, according to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, tan, Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat typical for a scenthound is hard and composed of fur alone and this breed is gentle, and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train, Bloodhounds have an affectionate and even-tempered nature with humans, making excellent family pets. However, like any pet, they require supervision when around small children, up to at least the seventeenth century bloodhounds were of all colours, but in modern times the colour range has become more restricted. The colours are listed as black and tan, liver and tan. White is not uncommon on the chest, and sometimes appears on the feet, genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown, if a hound inherits the black allele from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims and paw-pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents and it produces liver noses, eye rims, paw-pads, and saddles. The second gene determines coat pattern and it can produce animals with no saddle, ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as ‘blanket’ or ‘full-coat’ types, however, more modern study attributes the variation to 3 different alleles of the Agouti gene. Ay produces the non saddle-marked red hound, As produces saddle-marking, of these Ay is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two produces the six basic types shown below. It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask, em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask. Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer a high rate of gastrointestinal ailments. The breed also suffers a high incidence of eye, skin
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Bluetick Coonhound
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The Bluetick Coonhound is a breed of Coonhound originating in the United States. The Bluetick Coonhound is known for its friendly persona, cold nose and it is most commonly used as a raccoon hunting dog, but may also be kept as a pet. The overall build of the Bluetick Coonhound is muscular and speedy, the head is carried up and the tail carried over the back, without signs of fear or nervousness. The Bluetick coat should be coarse and glossy. The Bluetick Coonhound gets its blue coloring from black ticking on a white background and this ticking covers the body and can be interspersed with variously-shaped black spots on the back, ears and sides. Preference runs to more blue than black on the body, black should predominate on the head and ears. Bluetick Coonhounds should have tan dots over the eyes and the sides of the muzzle will be tan, there is generally a ticked blaze running up the face. Bluetick Coonhounds should be 21 inches to 27 inches tall at the shoulder, females are considerably smaller at an average weight of 45 to 65 pounds. Feet should be cat-like, rounded with well-arched toes and their paws are larger than those of nearly all other breeds of dogs. Rear legs should have a bend at the hocks. All legs should be straight from the body to the ground when viewed from the front or rear. Gascon blues are larger than standard Blueticks, with males a minimum of 27 inches, Bluetick Coonhounds are bred to be hunting dogs. They are athletic, hardy, and need a job or activity such as hunting, obedience. They can be challenging to train and they should be monitored around cats or other small animals and they are, like their hound counterparts, very intelligent breeds, with an uncanny knack for problem-solving. Once trained, the members of the breed are very mindful of their owner, something first time pet owners should be aware of is the daunting task of voice-training these dogs. Being bred to bay while hunting, they are highly vocal, if properly socialized from a young age, they can be family pets. In normal conditions, the Bluetick Coonhound gets along well with children and they are mindful and friendly dogs. However their noses will keep them in trouble, so food, the breed is often mistaken for being aggressive as the breed will greet strangers with its signature howl and will sniff the subject until satisfied
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Dachshund
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The dachshund is a short-legged, long-bodied, hound-type dog breed. The standard size dachshund was developed to scent, chase, and flush out badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals, in the United States, they have also been used to track wounded deer and hunt prairie dogs. Dachshunds also participate in shows, field trials and many other events organized through pure-bred dog organizations such as the American Kennel Club. According to the AKC, the dachshund remains one of the top 10 dog breeds in the United States, the name dachshund is of German origin and literally means badger dog, from Dachs and Hund. The pronunciation varies widely in English, variations of the first and second syllables include /ˈdɑːks-/, /ˈdæks-/ and /-hʊnt/, although dachshund is a German word, in modern German they are more commonly known by the name Dackel or, among hunters, Teckel. Because of their long, narrow build, they are often nicknamed wiener dog or sausage dog, Dachshund may be erroneously pronounced and/or spelled dash hound, dash-hound, or dashound by some English speakers. Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior, a typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular with short, stubby legs. Its front paws are large and paddle-shaped for extreme digging. It has skin that is loose enough not to tear while tunneling in tight burrows to chase prey, the dachshund has a deep chest that provides increased lung capacity for stamina when hunting prey underground. Its snout is long with an increased nose area that absorbs odors, there are three dachshund coat varieties, smooth coat, longhaired, and wirehaired. Longhaired dachshunds have a coat and short featherings on legs. Wirehaired dachshunds are the least common coat variety in the US, Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns. Their base coloration can be single-colored, tan pointed, and in wirehaired dogs, patterns such as dapple, sable, brindle and piebald also can occur on any of the base colors. Dachshunds in the litter may be born in different coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents. The dominant color in the breed is red, followed by black, tan pointed dogs have tan markings over the eyes, ears, paws, and tail. Sabling should not be confused with an unusual coat color referred to as sable. At a distance, a sable dachshund looks somewhat like a black, an additional striking coat marking is the brindle pattern. Brindle refers to dark stripes over a solid background—usually red, if a dachshund is brindled on a dark coat and has tan points, it will have brindling on the tan points only
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German Hound
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The German Hound is a breed of dog originating in Westphalia, a region of Germany. The German Hound is of the type, used for hunting both large and small game. The breed is referred to as the Deutsche Bracke in English, rather than by the translation of the name. The German Hound is a hound,40 –53 cm at the withers, with long, drooped ears. It is distinguished by a long, somewhat narrow head, and a rectangular body, described as elegant. The coat has hard, almost bristly, short fur, usually tricolor, with white markings called Bracken marks - a white muzzle, chest, legs, collar, and tip of the tail, the Bracke are an ancient type of hound. Their distinctive narrow heads and long ears set them apart from other types of hounds, the St. Huberts Hound may have contributed to the Brackes voice, the distinctive call made by the dogs while chasing game. Over a very long period of time, Bracke developed into a variety of regional forms, in 1896, the Deutschen Bracken Club, encompassing all of the local types of Bracke in northwest Germany, was formed in Olpe. The breeds were merged in 1900 as one breed and were officially designated Deutsche Bracke and this breed was formerly called by a variety of old regional names such as Olpe Bracke, Sauerländer Bracke and Westphalian Bracke, and other local types now blended into one breed. The only breeds of Bracke in the area today are the German Hound, the Westphalian Dachsbracke is a short-legged dog, possibly a cross of a Bracke with the Dachshund, the Westphalian Dachsbracke. Hunting with the Bracke in early times was done with hunters on horses following the hounds, as done by the ancient Celts chasing deer, and modern-day fox hunters. Another sport, developed in the 16th century, did not require the expense of horses and big kennels, hounds hunting this way tenaciously follow the game while voicing cries that communicate to the hunter as to where the dog is and what type of game the dog is following. Today, the Deutsche Bracke is usually used to hunt deer, often, it is hunted singly as a leash hound, to hunt on smaller areas. The space needed to hunt a pack of hounds is described by the club as a minimum area of 1,000 ha. Related to the hunting with Bracke is the use of horns to communicate with the dogs, a custom that is continued today. The German Hound was the first Bracke to be registered as a breed, in 1900. and by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as breed number 299 in Group 6. Of the major clubs in the English-speaking world, only the United Kennel Club in the US recognises the German Hound. The German Hound is strictly a dog, and seldom seen outside its native country
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Drever
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The Drever is a breed of dog, a short-legged scenthound from Sweden used for hunting deer and other game. The Drever is descended from the Westphalian Dachsbracke, a type of German hound called Bracke, the breed name Drever was chosen through a contest in 1947. The Drevers most noticeable characteristic are its body and short legs, inherited from the Westphalian Dachsbracke. It has short fur, and is of any color with white markings The breed has the drop ears of a hound. The maximum height of a Drever is 38 cm at the withers, the Westphalian Dachsbracke is about 2 cm shorter than the Drever. Most breeds with similar traits are bred for a single purpose. The Drever has a lot of stamina, and has become a hunting hound for deer hunters in northern Norway, Sweden. Roe deer are nervous quarry, and the hounds which are used to hunt them must move slowly, especially in areas where snow can be expected in late autumn. This is given as the reason for breeding of a dog with a medium-sized body, the Drever in Sweden is usually kept as a hunting hound and is not usually found as a pet. The Drever is a Swedish breed originating with the Westphalian Dachsbracke, brought from Germany to Sweden around 1910, the Drever was then recognised by the Swedish Kennel Club as a separate breed in 1947. The breed is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, in Group 6 Scenthounds and related breeds, Section 1.3, Small-sized Hounds. The Drever was recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club in 1956 in the Hound Group, and in 1996 by the United Kennel Club in its Scenthound Group. The breed is recognized by a long list of minor registries, rare breed groups, hunting clubs, and internet registry businesses. It is not currently recognized by The Kennel Club, the Australian National Kennel Council or the New Zealand Kennel Club, specific health problems or claims of extraordinary health have not been documented for this breed. According to the standard, the Drever should be alert and self-possessed, with an affable, even temperament
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Dumfriesshire Hound
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Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhounds were a pack of foxhounds kennelled at Glenholm Kennels, Kettleholm, near Lockerbie until they were disbanded in 2001. They were established by Sir John Buchanan Jardine, author of Hounds of the World, the hounds are believed to have originally been created by crossing Bloodhound/Gascony blue/English Foxhound. They were larger than standard foxhounds and were black and tan, although that pack was disbanded in 1986, there is a pack descended from them in France, known as Equipage de la Roirie. These large hounds were also crossed with the Dumfriesshire Otterhounds during the foundation of the Otterhound pack, Dumfriesshire foxhounds starred as bloodhounds in The Thirty Nine Steps with Robert Powell, which was partly filmed in the Kettleholm area
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Dunker
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A Dunker, also known as the Norwegian Hound, is a medium-sized breed of dog from Norway. It was bred by Wilhelm Dunker to be a scenthound by crossing a Russian Harlequin Hound with dependable Norwegian scent hounds, the Dunker has a clean, noble, long head with parallel planes of the skull and muzzle, carried low and not wedge-shaped. Its skull is domed with a defined stop and clean cheeks, the muzzle is long and square-cut with a straight and broad nasal bridge. The Dunker has a nose with wide nostrils, round, large, and dark eyes. The Dunker has a neck with no throatiness, sloping shoulders, straight forelegs, a level topline, a straight and strong back with broad and muscular loins. Its hindquarters are well-angulated, as are its stifle, and its thighs, the feet are arched, well-knit, have firm pads and hair between the toes, and point straight ahead. The tail is set on level with the topline, strong at the root, tapering at the end, straight, carried in an upward curve. The Dunkers coat is straight, hard, dense, and not too short, with the most desirable colors being black or blue marbled with pale fawn and white markings. The Dunker weighs around 35–39 pounds, and males are 19. 5–21.5 inches at the withers and this is quite a friendly and relaxed breed. It will provide these traits only to owners who will offer lots of activity, occasionally, cases of hip dysplasia can occur. Deafness is also a significant issue, with 75% of all dogs of this breed being unilaterally or bilaterally deaf, the breed is named after the Norwegian Wilhelm Dunker, who bred this dog for hunting hares at the beginning of the 19th century. To create the Dunker, Wilhelm crossed a Russian Harlequin Hound with reliable scent hounds, producing a dog that could hunt rabbits by scent and it has yet to become popular outside of its homeland
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Estonian Hound
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The Estonian Hound is a scent hound-like breed which is the only dog breed developed in Estonia. It was bred in 1947 when the Soviet Unions national economy ministry decided that every country in the Union must have its own dog breed, the Estonian Kennel Union is working on the recognition of the breed by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. The Estonian Hound is relatively young breed that is highly valued in Estonia. This breed resulted from the crossbreeding of several dog breeds with local hunting dogs. These large dogs were blamed for the decline of Estonia’s wildlife population. The result was an agile and hard driven breed that has enjoyed tremendous popularity since then. After Estonia regained its independence, the Estonian Hound was proclaimed the national dog. The Estonian Hound is a dog of medium size and a muscular body, bone structure. It has no folds in its skin and drop ears, the coat is short and rough and should be shiny. This breeds eyes are brown colored. The Estonian Hound usually has black patches and a dark pigmented skin, the size of the patches is unlimited. Blackish-brown color, red patches and a saddle like patches on the back are also allowed, the Estonian Hounds height is 17–21 inches and it weighs 33–44 pounds. The Estonian Hound is happy and pleasant dog with a balanced, calm and active temperament and it is friendly and should never be aggressive, so it needs to be socialized and exposed to new situations and environments in order to prevent it from being a bit timid. It is good with dogs and usually also with cats if used to them as a puppy. They love human attention and can get upset when left alone, proper human to canine communication is really important to its training. The Estonian Hound has a pleasant voice that doesn’t annoy when it hunts
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Finnish Hound
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The Finnish Hound is a breed of dog originally bred for hunting hare and fox. The nob of the Finnish Hound is short, dense and coarse to the touch, the coat pattern is tricolor with tan, a black saddle and small white markings on head, feet, chest and tail tip. Height is commonly 20-24 inches and weight 45-55 pounds, the Finnish Hound is friendly, calm and never aggressive. It is energetic in the hunt and is a versatile tracker and it works independently and pursues the quarry with passionate barking. Finnish Hounds are energetic working dogs with great stamina and they need long, brisk daily walking, and plenty of running and playing free. Life expectancy is about 12 years, the smooth, short haired coat is easy to maintain. The brushing can be done with a bristle brush. The coat does not need bathing unless extremely dirty, Finnish Hounds suffer from an inherited disease, cerebellar ataxia, forcing people to euthanize many puppies. This has been traced to a mutation in a gene called SEL1L. Mutant cells suffer disruptions in their endoplasmic reticula, leading to disease and it is hoped that a test will be developed to screen for this mutation and eventually breed it out of the population. The Finnish Hound was a result of a programme in the 1800s. The goal was to develop a dog that could work on hilly terrain and in deep snow. The Finnish Hound has become Finlands most popular dog breed, although the breed is very popular in Finland and Sweden, it is quite uncommon elsewhere. Scenthound Alpine Dachsbracke Westphalian Dachsbracke Drever Scenthound Group
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Gascon Saintongeois
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This page is about the breed of dog. For the type of cattle, see Gascon cattle, the breed is a very typical French hound, with a lean and muscular body, long legs, long drop ears and pendulous flews. Grands weigh 66 to 71 pounds and its black nose is well-developed, and the lips are pendent. It has a deep chest, and a strong back, the tail is elegant and saber. The colour of the coat is white with patches, sometimes speckled or ticked with black. Ears and face around the eyes are black and the cheeks are tan, two tan markings are above the eyes, and sometimes a tan marking is found on the base of the upper thigh, which is called the roe buck mark. The breed is noted for its good nose, excellent voice and it is instinctively a pack dog. It is audacious, resistant, aristocratic, and is very affectionate off the hunting fields, only three old Saintongeois hounds survived the French Revolution, two dogs and a bitch. Count Joseph de Carayon-Latour in the mid-19th century crossed the last of the old Hound of Saintonge with a few of the old type Bleu de Gascogne. The hounds that were white with black ticking were retained and later given the name Gascon-Saintongeois, in the middle of the 20th century, hunters in the south west of France selected smaller dogs from litters of Grand Gascon Saintongeois for hunting hare and other small game. These became the Petit Gascon Saintongeois, the Grand Gascon Saintongeois is used for hunting big game including Wild boar, Roe deer and sometimes Wolf, usually in a pack. The Petit Gascon Saintongeois is a hunter, usually used on hare and rabbit
