1.
International Triathlon Union
–
The International Triathlon Union is the international governing body for the multi-sport disciplines of triathlon, duathlon, aquathlon and other nonstandard variations. ITU, which is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, sanctions the ITU World Triathlon Series, the ITU was formed in 1989, and organizes official world championship series races for the sport of triathlon. It was formed in part to give the sport of triathlon an official organizing body. The primary ITU race series is the short-course or standard distance World Triathlon Series, the distances for the ITU world cup races are 1500 m swim,40 km bike, and 10 km run. They were chosen from existing swim, bike, and run distances already in the Olympic games and this distance of triathlon has become one of the primary standards in the world of triathlon. More recently, the ITU created a distance race circuit with official world championships. Long Distance Triathlon races are similar in length to Ironman Triathlon races owned and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation. The ITU also sanctions and organizes official Aquathlon, Duathlon and Winter triathlon championships, the ITU is structured into 5 continental regions, through which the national federations is affiliated to the ITU. Each of the continental regions offers a Continental Championship and Continental Cup Series
International Triathlon Union
–
International Triathlon Union ITU
2.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
Olympic Games
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Stadium in
Olympia, Greece.
Olympic Games
–
Baron
Pierre de Coubertin
Olympic Games
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A postage stamp from the first Greek Olympic stamp set.
Olympic Games
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The opening ceremony in the
Panathinaiko Stadium.
3.
2000 Summer Olympics
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
2000 Summer Olympics
–
The
2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony at
Stadium Australia, on 15 September 2000.
2000 Summer Olympics
–
Games of the XXVII Olympiad
2000 Summer Olympics
–
Gold medallist
Nancy Johnson (centre) of the U.S., raises her hands with silver medallist Cho-Hyun Kang (left), of South Korea, and bronze winner
Jing Gao (right), of China, during the first medal ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games.
2000 Summer Olympics
–
Cathy Freeman after the 400 metre final
4.
Paralympic Games
–
There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
Paralympic Games
–
Sir
Ludwig Guttmann
Paralympic Games
–
Summer Games
Paralympic Games
–
IPC headquarters in
Bonn
Paralympic Games
–
The
Paralympic flag
5.
2016 Summer Paralympics
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These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program, canoeing and the paratriathlon. A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio, for the first time in Paralympic history, and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960, an athlete—Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad—died during competition. Following the third and final round of voting at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, parsons praised how well-organized the 2012 Summer Paralympics were, and felt that his team had learned lessons from London that could be applied in Rio. As in past years, the 2016 Summer Paralympics share most of its venues with the corresponding Summer Olympics. Barra da Tijuca hosts most of the venues of the Games and they are accompanied by a wooden carrying box, and a plush toy of Paralympic mascot Tom with hair leaves that match the medals color. During the Olympics, organizers stated that only 12% of a target of 3.3 million tickets had been sold. By early September, only half of the tickets to medal events had been sold, nugent began the campaign after noticing the large number of empty seats at competition venues during the 2016 Summer Olympics. Following endorsements of the campaign by prominent figures, such as British band Coldplay, as part of a revised ticketing strategy, the organizers set a new target of 2.4 million tickets, with the cheapest tickets costing R$10 each. Ticketing director Donovan Ferreti told The Guardian that a demand for tickets had begun to develop in the final days before the opening ceremony. The low cost of tickets helped to attract attendees to the Paralympics—especially families, while praised the large. The next day, Barra Olympic Park had an attendance of 167,675. On 14 September, the IPC announced that sales had exceeded 2 million, the Paralympic torch relay began with five individual flames being relayed to a city in each of the five regions of Brazil. The emblem incorporates a heart and the infinity symbol, representing a beating heart, IPC president Philip Craven explained that in his opinion, the emblem symbolized the heart of athletes, who were also the heart of the Paralympic movement. As with the Olympic emblem, the Paralympic emblem was designed so that it could also be rendered in two- and three-dimensional versions, named after Brazilian musician Tom Jobim, the Paralympic mascot represents Brazilian flora and is always growing and overcoming obstacles. The mascots fictional backstories state that they were born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games. Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots are intended to reflect the diversity of Brazils culture, the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on the evening of 7 September 2016, the Independence Day in Brazil, at the Maracanã Stadium. With the theme Todo Mundo tem um Coração, the portions of the ceremony featured sequences themed around the culture of host city. The official portions of the ceremony were afflicted by notable political gestures and they will surprise you, inspire and excite you, but most of all they will change you
2016 Summer Paralympics
–
Sculpture of the 2016 Summer Paralympics logo
2016 Summer Paralympics
–
The Official Paralympic emblem/logo was launched on November 26, 2011.
6.
Multisport race
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Most multisport events are endurance races, consisting of aerobic activities such as cycling, running, kayaking and cross-country skiing. The world of multisport competitions has grown from the older and more traditional triathlon and duathlon competitions, there is quite a bit of variation in the naming of these events, the more common and most standardized names are listed here. Adventure racing includes races which comprise a number of different stages of different types, in many adventure races, the competitors do not know some or all of the stages before the race, and must handle unexpected challenges. A team normally consists of 4 people with at least 1 female, all team members must stay together at all times. Biathlon, which consists of alternating stages of cross-country skiing and shooting is often confused with duathlon because of the similarity in names. Some consider biathlon to be a form of event, while others exclude it from the category because the athletes score includes shooting accuracy in addition to total race time. Coast to Coast, a race held in New Zealands South Island. The Longest Day is considered the World Champion for this type of non-standard multisport race
Multisport race
–
Triathletes begin the swimming stage of the 12th World Military Triathlon.
7.
Triathlon
–
A triathlon is a multiple-stage competition involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance disciplines. While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves swimming, cycling, triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed transitions between the individual swim, cycle, and run components. The word triathlon is of Greek origin from τρεῖς or treis, a transition area is set up where the athletes change gear for different segments of the race. This is where the switches from swimming to cycling and cycling to running occur and these areas are used to store bicycles, performance apparel, and any other accessories needed for the next stage of the race. The transition from swim to bike is referred to as T1, the athletes overall time for the race includes time spent in T1 and T2. Transition areas vary in size depending on the number of participants expected, in addition, these areas provide a social headquarters before the race. The nature of the focuses on persistent and often periodized training in each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning. Triathlon is considered by some to have its beginnings in 1920s France and this race is held every year in France near Joinville-le-Pont, in Meulan and Poissy. An earlier tri-sport event in 1902 featured running, cycling, there are documented tri-sport events featuring running, swimming, & cycling in 1920,1921,1945, and the 1960s. In 1920, the French newspaper L´Auto reported on a competition called Les Trois Sports with a 3 km run,12 km bike, and those three parts were done without any break. Another event was held in 1921 in Marseilles with the order of events bike-run-swim, the first modern swim/bike/run event to be called a triathlon was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25,1974. The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club. It was reportedly not inspired by the French events, although a race the year at Fiesta Island, San Diego. The International Triathlon Union was founded in 1989 as the governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time. In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon series, the World Triathlon Corporation is a private company that sanctions and organizes the Ironman and Ironman 70.3 races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships, the Ironman World Championship is held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The Ironman and Iron brands are property of the WTC, therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called Ironman or Iron races. For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races, however, USAT uses a combination of ITU, the Challenge Family brand produces long-distance events around the world, and includes events like Challenge Roth
Triathlon
–
The three typical components of triathlon: swimming, cycling, and running.
Triathlon
–
The symbol for triathlon in the Olympics
Triathlon
–
Competition and pressure for faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is adequate for both swimming and cycling, such as
speedsuits.
Triathlon
–
Reality TV's "Survivor" winner, Parvati Shallow, dressed to compete in the 2008 Nautica Triathlon Malibu Individual Open for females.
8.
Human swimming
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Human swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water or another liquid, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, humans can hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response. Swimming is consistently among top public recreational activities, and in some countries, as a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national, and international competitions, including every modern summer Olympics, which takes place every four years. Swimming relies on the buoyancy of the human body. On average, the body has a density of 0.98 compared to water. However, buoyancy varies on the basis of body composition and the salinity of the water. Higher levels of fat and saltier water both lower the relative density of the body and increase its buoyancy. Since the human body is slightly less dense than water, water supports the weight of the body during swimming. As a result, swimming is “low-impact” compared to land such as running. The density and viscosity of water also create resistance for objects moving through the water, Swimming strokes use this resistance to create propulsion, but this same resistance also generates drag on the body. Hydrodynamics is important to stroke technique for swimming faster, and swimmers who want to swim faster or tire less try to reduce the drag of the motion through the water. Just before plunging into the pool, swimmers may perform such as squatting. Squatting helps in enhancing a swimmer’s start by warming up the thigh muscles, human babies demonstrate an innate swimming or diving reflex from newborn until the age of approximately 6 months. Other mammals also demonstrate this phenomenon, Swimming can be undertaken using a wide range of styles, known as strokes, and these strokes are used for different purposes, or to distinguish between classes in competitive swimming. It is not necessary to use a stroke for propulsion through the water. There are four main strokes used in competition and recreation swimming, the front crawl, also known as freestyle, the breaststroke, the backstroke, competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly using the breaststroke. In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions, Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times, and the earliest records of swimming date back to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC, some of the earliest references include the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible, Beowulf, and other sagas
Human swimming
–
A swimmer performing
front crawl
Human swimming
–
Competitive open water swimming race
Human swimming
–
Timurid conqueror
Babur 's troops swim across a river.
Human swimming
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Children's bathing beach, Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois, 1905
9.
Cycling
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Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists, bikers, or less commonly, apart from two-wheeled bicycles, cycling also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles. Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now approximately one billion worldwide. They are the means of transportation in many parts of the world. Cycling is widely regarded as an effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fuels, less air or noise pollution. These lead to financial cost to the user as well as to society at large. By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve, in many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle. These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road, utility bicycles tend to be equipped with accessories such as mudguards, pannier racks and lights, which extends their usefulness on a daily basis. As the bicycle is so effective as a means of various companies have developed methods of carrying anything from the weekly shop to children on bicycles. Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has developed around the bicycle as a form of transport. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the most bicycles per capita, road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, making use of stronger muscles, the price of a new bicycle can range from US$50 to more than US$20,000, depending on quality, type and weight. However, UCI regulations stipulate a legal race bike cannot weigh less than 6.8 kg, being measured for a bike and taking it for a test ride are recommended before buying. The drivetrain components of the bike should also be considered, a middle grade dérailleur is sufficient for a beginner, although many utility bikes are equipped with hub gears. If the rider plans a significant amount of hillclimbing a triple-chainrings crankset gear system may be preferred, otherwise, the relatively lighter and less expensive double chainring may be better. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available, many road bikes, along with mountain bikes, include clipless pedals to which special shoes attach, via a cleat, enabling the rider to pull on the pedals as well as push. For basic maintenance and repairs cyclists can carry a pump, a repair kit, a spare inner tube, and tire levers
Cycling
–
Tro-Bro Léon racing, 2009.
Cycling
–
Mountain biking.
Cycling
–
Police cyclists in London
Cycling
–
Village cycling in
Sri Lanka
10.
Running
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Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by a phase in which all feet are above the ground. The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting and it is assumed that the ancestors of mankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago, probably in order to hunt animals. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas, records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland in 1829 BCE, while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the worlds most accessible sport and it is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like Australopithecus, an early ancestor of humans, to walk upright on two legs. The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practice also indicated this likelihood, according to Sears scientific investigation of the Nariokotome Skeleton provided further evidence for the Carrier theory. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various such as Greece, Egypt, Asia. The Tailteann Games, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess Tailtiu, dates back to 1829 BCE, the origins of the Olympics and Marathon running are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE. Seeing that they were moving and running, from their running nature they were called Gods or runners. Running gait can be divided into two phases in regard to the extremity, stance and swing. These can be divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing. Due to the nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the cycle in a body already in motion. Footstrike occurs when a portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot and heel strike types and these are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot respectively. During this time the hip joint is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the swing phase. For proper force absorption, the joint should be flexed upon footstrike
Running
–
Eadweard Muybridge photo sequence
Running
–
A man running with a baton during a relay race.
Running
–
Track running
Running
–
Auto racing
11.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
12.
Joinville-le-Pont
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Joinville-le-Pont is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.4 km from the center of Paris, the commune was created in 1791 under the name La Branche-du-Pont-de-Saint-Maur by detaching its territory from the commune of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. The commune was renamed Joinville-le-Pont on 29 August 1831, under Louis-Philippe of France, the Redoute de Gravelle was built in the commune. In 1929, the commune of Joinville-le-Pont lost more than a third of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes, Joinville-le-Pont is served by Joinville-le-Pont station on Paris RER line A. P. E. P. Which runs from preschool to senior high school/sixth-form college, communes of the Val-de-Marne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Home page
Joinville-le-Pont
–
The bridge of Joinville-le-Pont
13.
Meulan
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Meulan-en-Yvelines is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It hosted part of the events for the 1900 Summer Olympics held in neighboring Paris. In 1435 as a part of the Hundred Years War, Ambroise de Loré, the Coat of Arms of Meulan-en-Yvelines is blazoned as, Azure semy-de-lys or, a chief chequy or and gules of four tiers. com Summer Olympics Paris 20 May 1900 sailing mixed open results
Meulan
–
Town hall (Hôtel de ville)
14.
Poissy
–
Poissy is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,23.8 km from the centre of Paris. In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference and it is known for hosting successively the Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, and now hosts one of Frances largest Peugeot factories. The Simca Poissy engine was made here, Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, the Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator, a heliport, the Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val dOise, villa Savoye, considered by many to be the seminal work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. The Noyau de Poissy is a based on macerated or distilled apricot pits. Musée du jouet, shows 800 games and toys dating between 1850 and 1950, La salle Molière, Cinema, Library Christine de Pizan, Library André-Malraux. La Porteuse de pain, La Demoiselle dAvignon, La Tribu Les Grands Ducs, Le Ciel, les oiseaux et. ta mère. S
Poissy
–
The town hall in Poissy
Poissy
–
PSA Peugeot-Citroën
15.
Marne
–
Marne is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne which flows through the department. The prefecture of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne, the subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François. The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne, Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4,1790. It was created from the province of Champagne, Marne has a long association with the French Army. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and these are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain. Marne is part of the region of Grand Est and is surrounded by the departments of Ardennes, Meuse, Haute-Marne, Aube, Seine-et-Marne, and Aisne. Geologically, it divides into two parts, the Upper Cretaceous chalk plain in the east and the more wooded. Rivers draining the department include the Marne, Vesle, Ardre, numerous other rivers, such as the Grande and the Petite Morin rise in the department but flow mainly in others. Conversely, the Aube joins the Seine in the department of Marne, the inhabitants of the department are called Marnais. Reims, with its famous cathedral in which the kings of France were traditionally crowned, is a major attraction, other branches of tourism are provided by the bird reserve on the Lake Der-Chantecoq and the fishing lakes nearby. The Parc Naturel Régional de la Montagne de Reims is an area of country recreation. In the west of the département there are scenic routes to be explored as also are the several wine cellars of Épernay
Marne
–
Prefecture building of the Marne department, in Châlons-en-Champagne
Marne
–
The
Porte Mars in
Reims, a
triumphal arch from the third century AD.
Marne
–
Cathedral of Reims where the
kings of France were
traditionally crowned
Marne
–
Vineyards near
Epernay
16.
Marseilles
–
Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
Marseilles
–
Clockwise from top:
Notre-Dame de la Garde •
Old Port •
La Joliette with
CMA CGM Tower •
Calanque of Sugiton
Marseilles
–
View of the "Petit Nice" on the Corniche with
Frioul and
Château d'If in the background
Marseilles
–
Marseille seen from Spot Satellite
Marseilles
–
View from Marseille's
Old Port (Vieux-Port) towards
Notre-Dame de la Garde
17.
La Rochelle
–
La Rochelle is a city in southwestern France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department, the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2. 9-kilometre bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis dAntioche, the area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes. The Romans subsequently occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period. La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century, in 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. During the Plantagenet control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, the main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, a wealthy bourgeois named Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa to tap the riches of the continent. He went bankrupt and went into poverty as he waited for the return of his ships, the Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter. La Rochelle was for the Templars their largest base on the Atlantic Ocean, from La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and the Mediterranean. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307, during the Hundred Years War in 1360, following the Treaty of Bretigny La Rochelle again came under the rule of the English monarch. La Rochelle however expelled the English in June 1372, following the naval Battle of La Rochelle, the French and Spanish decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for the first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the use of handguns on warships, having recovered freedom, La Rochelle refused entry to Du Guesclin, until Charles V recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372. In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle, until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese. During the Renaissance, La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas, calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II. An early result of this was the burning at the stake of two heretics in La Rochelle in 1552. On the initiative of Gaspard de Coligny, the Calvinists attempted to colonize the New World to find a new home for their religion, with the likes of Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry. After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique, they failed to establish a colony in Brazil and he has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière, as le père de léglise de La Rochelle
La Rochelle
–
La Rochelle
La Rochelle
–
Coastline around La Rochelle in
Roman times.
La Rochelle
–
Left image:
Vauclair castle was built by the English in 1185. Right image: Remnants of Vauclair castle, Place de Verdun, La Rochelle.
La Rochelle
18.
Mission Bay, San Diego, California
–
Mission Bay is a saltwater bay or lagoon located south of the Pacific Beach community of San Diego, California. The bay is part of the recreational Mission Bay Park, the largest man-made aquatic park in the country, consisting of 4,235 acres, approximately 46% land, the combined area makes Mission Bay Park the ninth largest municipally-owned park in the United States. Wakeboarding, jet skiing, sailing, and camping are popular on the bay, with miles of light color sandy beaches and an equally long pedestrian path, it is equally suitable for cycling, jogging, roller skating and skateboarding, or sunbathing. Mission Bay Yacht Club, on the west side of the bay, conducts sailing races year-round in the bay and the nearby Pacific Ocean and has produced national sailing champions in many classes. Fiesta Island, a peninsular park located within Mission Bay, is a popular location for charity walks and runs, bicycle races, time trials. It is also the home of the annual Over-the-line tournament, Mission Bay is also host to the annual Bayfair Cup, which is a hydroplane boat race that takes place on the H1 Unlimited circuit. Mission Bay Park was originally a marsh that was named “False Bay” by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. It was developed into a water park during the 1940s, 1950s. The San Diego River had historically shifted its terminus back and forth between San Diego Bay to the south and “False Bay” to the north, during the 1820s the river began to empty primarily into San Diego Bay, causing worries that the harbor might silt up. In 1852 the United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed a dike along the side of the river to prevent water from flowing into San Diego Bay. This made “False Bay” an estuary outlet for the San Diego River drainage, unfortunately the dike failed within two years. Finally in 1877 the city erected a permanent dam and straightened the river channel to the sea, during the late 1800s some recreational development began in “False Bay” including the building of hunting and fishing facilities. These facilities were destroyed by flooding that took place years later, in 1944, a Chamber of Commerce committee recommended development of Mission Bay into a tourism and recreational center, in order to help diversify the City’s economy, which was largely military. In the late 1940s, dredging and filling operations began converting the marsh into what today is Mission Bay Park, twenty-five million cubic yards of sand and silt were dredged to create the varied land forms of the park, which now is almost entirely man-made. The first modern event to be called a triathlon was held at Mission Bay, San Diego. The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club. It was reportedly not inspired by the French events, although a race the year at Fiesta Island, San Diego. Approximately one half of the park was once state tidelands, one of the restrictions sets a limit on commercial development of leaseholds, so that no more than 25% of the land area and 6. 5% of the water area can be used for private purposes
Mission Bay, San Diego, California
–
Mission Bay looking toward the east. May 2011
Mission Bay, San Diego, California
–
Contents
Mission Bay, San Diego, California
–
Mission Bay as seen from the beach behind the Catamaran Resort
Mission Bay, San Diego, California
–
Downtown San Diego Skyline as seen from Ski Beach in Mission Bay
19.
ITU Triathlon World Championships
–
The ITU World Triathlon Series is the International Triathlon Unions annual series of triathlon events used to crown an annual world champion. There are eight rounds of competitions culminating in a Grand Final race, athletes compete head-to-head for points in these races that will determine the overall ITU world champion. In 2013, the series offered a total of $2.25 million in money to elite athletes. The elite championship races are held over the distance of 1500 m mass-start open-water swim,40 km draft-legal cycle and 10 km run. Beginning with the 2009 racing season the ITU Triathlon World Championship was changed to a series of events culminating with a final race. From 2009 to 2011 the events were known as the World Championship Series before being relabeled World Triathlon Series in 2012
ITU Triathlon World Championships
–
Australian
Emma Snowsill captured the title on 3 different occasions.
20.
Drafting (aerodynamics)
–
Some forms of triathlon allow drafting. Drafting occurs in swimming as well, both in open-water races and in races in competition pools. In a competition pool a swimmer may hug the lane line that separates them from the swimmer they are abaft of thereby taking advantage of the slipstream in the other swimmers wake. Drafting also occurs in competitive longboarding and it is believed, but not yet conclusively proven, that Thoroughbred racing horses draft each other, especially in longer races. In cycling, any time one bicyclist is riding behind another, energy is conserved, in road bicycle racing, the main group of tightly packed cyclists in a race is called a peloton where cyclists ride in a long formation with each drafting behind the others before them. When cyclists ride fast they form a paceline, each cyclist, except the first, is drafting behind another one. In order to ride very fast, a team of skilled cyclists may form the Belgian tourniquet. Successively, each cyclist leads the group, drafting can be cooperative, several competitors take turns in the lead position. It can also be competitive or tactical, one competitor will try to stay closely behind another, in single seater, open wheel racing series such as Formula One and the IndyCar Series a technique known as slipstreaming is used. However, on the straight this effect is less of a detriment due to the lower levels of grip required. On the faster speedways and superspeedways used by NASCAR, and ARCA two or more vehicles can race faster when lined up front-to-rear than a car can race alone. The low-pressure wake behind a leading car reduces the aerodynamic resistance on the front of the trailing car allowing the second car to pull closer. As the second car nears the first it pushes high-pressure air forward so less fast-moving air hits the lead cars spoiler, the result is less drag for both cars, allowing faster speeds. Handling in corners is affected by balance changes caused by the draft, the trailing car has less front downforce but normal rear downforce. A car with drafting partners both ahead and behind will lose downforce at both ends, similar to the Belgian tourniquet in cycling, the slingshot pass is the most dramatic and widely noted maneuver associated with drafting. A trailing car uses the cars wake to pull up with maximum momentum at the end of a straightaway, enters a turn high. The combination of running downhill and running across the zone of lowest aerodynamic drag allows the car to carry extra speed. Race cars reach their highest speeds on these superspeedways, so the forces are highest
Drafting (aerodynamics)
–
A
paceline of drafting cyclists
Drafting (aerodynamics)
–
Line of cars at
Daytona utilizing the slipstream of leader Kyle Busch
Drafting (aerodynamics)
–
Canada geese flying in
V formation
21.
Ironman triathlon
–
It is widely considered one of the most difficult one-day sporting events in the world. Most Ironman events have a time limit of 17 hours to complete the race. The race typically starts at 7,00 a. m. the mandatory swim cut off for the 2. 4-mile swim is 9,20 a. m. the mandatory bike cut off time is 5,30 p. m. and the mandatory marathon cut off is midnight. Any participant who manages to complete the triathlon within these timings is designated an Ironman, the name Ironman Triathlon is also associated with the original Ironman triathlon which is now the Ironman World Championship. Held in Kailua-Kona, the championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978 and is preceded by a series of qualifying Ironman events. The Ironman World Championship has become known for its length, harsh race conditions. Other races exist that are of the distance as an Ironman triathlon but are not produced, owned. Such races include The Challenge Family series Challenge Roth or the Norseman Triathlon, the idea for the original Ironman Triathlon arose during the awards ceremony for the 1977 Oʻahu Perimeter Relay. Among the participants were representatives of both the Mid-Pacific Road Runners and the Waikiki Swim Club, whose members had long been debating which athletes were more fit, until that point, no one present had ever done the bike race. Prior to racing, each received three sheets of paper listing a few rules and a course description. Handwritten on the last page was this exhortation, Swim 2.4 miles, brag for the rest of your life, now a registered trademark. With a nod to a runner who was notorious for his demanding workouts, Collins said, Whoever finishes first. Each of the racers had their own crew to supply water, food. Of the fifteen men to start off in the morning on February 18,1978. Gordon Haller, a US Navy Communications Specialist, was the first to earn the title Ironman by completing the course with a time of 11 hours,46 minutes,58 seconds. The runner-up John Dunbar, a US Navy SEAL, led after the transition and had a chance to win but ran out of water on the marathon course. With no further marketing efforts, the race gathered as many as 50 athletes in 1979, the race, however, was postponed a day because of bad weather conditions. Only fifteen competitors started off the race Sunday morning, san Diegos Tom Warren won in 11 hours,15 minutes,56 seconds
Ironman triathlon
–
Aloha Tower was the original bike-to-run transition site
Ironman triathlon
–
Start & Finish of the
Ironman World Championship on Ali ʻ i Drive in
Kailua-Kona Hawaii
Ironman triathlon
–
Ironman Australia: swim finish
Ironman triathlon
–
Ironman 70.3 Budapest - 2014
22.
Challenge Roth
–
Challenge Roth is a triathlon race organised by in and around Roth, Germany. It is held annually in July, the course is an Ultra Distance, which is a total of 140.6 miles /226.2 kilometers. The first part of the race, the 3.86 km swim event, the subsequent 180.25 km bike course uses a two-lap course on the countryside, mostly south of Roth. The course is relatively flat with a tougher hill once per lap. The final marathon run goes once around a course with several turning points, mostly the course goes on the same road after each turning points, so competitors meet each other. A major part of the course is along the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the finish is in central Roth. The race has been held since 1990 on the Ironman distance and it was formerly part of the Ironman series, until 2001. It has been held independently from WTC since 2002, the number of participants is around 3500 individuals and 650 relay teams, limited by crowding. Mens record, Jan Frodeno,2016 -7,35,39 Womens record, Chrissie Wellington,2011 -8,18,13 Official website Challenge Roths bicycle route at Openstreetmap
Challenge Roth
–
competitors preparing to start the 2005 race
23.
Triathlon at the Summer Olympics
–
Triathlon had its Summer Olympics debut at the 2000 Games, in Sydney, and has been contested since then. It is governed by the International Triathlon Union, the 2000 Summer Olympics saw the first appearance of the triathlon. 48 women and 52 men competed in separate triathlons, the distances used were the international or standard ones, with a 1.5 km swim,40 km cycle, and a 10 km run. The 2004 triathlon was identical to the first in distance, the quota was further increased to 55 women and 55 men for the 2008 Beijing Olympics and remained the same for London 2012. In London, the womens triathlon took place on Saturday 4 August, thirteen nations have split the thirty medals awarded in the triathlon events. Qualification spots in the triathlon are allotted to National Olympic Committees rather than to individual athletes, there are five ways for NOCs to earn spots in the triathlon. NOCs can earn a maximum of three spots, though only eight nations may earn that many, nations beyond that may earn only two spots. The first five spots go to the winners of the five regional qualifying tournaments, three more spots go to the top three triathletes of the most recent Triathlon World Championships, though any athlete that won a regional tournament is skipped in that determination. The next 39 places go to the NOCs of those athletes highest in the ITU ranking, a forty-eighth place is awarded to the host country if it has not already received a spot, or to the next highest ranked athlete if the host country has. Two places are awarded by the Tripartite Commission, in the end, further five places are distributed to the NOCs without any quota through the ITU Points List, with one place for each continent. The Olympic triathlon is composed of two events, one for men and the other for women. Both use the distances of 1.5 km,40 km. Mass starts are used and drafting is allowed during the cycling phase, because of the variability of courses, official records are not kept for the triathlon. This rule applies to Olympic games as well, the following nations have taken part in the triathlon competition. Key, M - Men only, W - Women only, List of Olympic venues in triathlon Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Mens triathlon Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Mens triathlon Olympic. org ITU homepage
Triathlon at the Summer Olympics
–
Triathlon at the Summer Olympics
24.
Rio de Janeiro
–
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
Rio de Janeiro
–
From the top, left to right:
Christ the Redeemer, Botafogo's cove,
Rio Downtown,
Rio–Niterói bridge,
Maracanã Stadium, and panoramic view of
Barra da Tijuca from
Pedra da Gávea
Rio de Janeiro
–
Founding of Rio de Janeiro in 1565.
Rio de Janeiro
–
View of Rio de Janeiro from the church of the monastery of
São Bento, c. 1825.
Rio de Janeiro
–
Botafogo Bay in 1869.
25.
Brazil
–
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
Brazil
–
Megaliths in the
Solstice Archaeological Park, in
Amapá, erected between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out
astronomical observations.
Brazil
–
Flag
Brazil
–
Representation of the landing of
Pedro Álvares Cabral in
Porto Seguro, 1500.
Brazil
–
Painting showing the arrest of
Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known
movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.
26.
Ironkids
–
The IronKids Triathlon Series is a series of triathlons owned or licensed by the World Triathlon Corporation that is held around the U. S. for children ages 7 to 15. The series started in 1985 and since more than 40,000 kids have participated, including famous alumni. The competition is divided by gender and one-year age groups and in age-appropriate distances for swimming, biking and running, children 6 to 8 are classified as Juniors. 9 to 11 year old kids are classified as intermediate, the senior group is classified as 12 to 15. The junior group competes in a 50-yard swim, a 2-mile bike ride, the intermediate age group goes on a 150-yard swim, a 4-mile bike ride and a 1-mile run. The senior group races on a 300-yard swim, an 8-mile bike ride, the age groups start in heats, with each boys age groups starting before the girls age group. The first age group to start are the 14-year-old boys, followed by the 14-year-old girls, and this continues down the age groups to the 6-year old girls, the final group to start. In addition to the race, there are relay divisions where each leg of the triathlon is completed by a different child. There is also a challenged IronKids division for disabled children, a unique feature of the IronKids Triathlon Series is that the bike and run portions of the triathlon are held on closed courses, i. e. not on streets open to automobiles. This, and the number of volunteers who line the entire course, make this a relatively safe. The bike and run courses are run on multiple loops making them viewer friendly. The IronKids Triathlon Series promotes friendly competition where Every Finisher is a Winner, everyone who competes in the triathlon receives a finishers T-shirt, goodie bag, and finishers medal. Duathlon Ironman Triathlon Ironman World Championship IronKids Website
Ironkids
–
A competitor competing in the swimming portion of the triathlon
Ironkids
–
The bike portion of an IronKids triathlon is held on a closed course
Ironkids
–
2002 IronKids National Championships featured in December 2002 issue of Triathlete Magazine
27.
Ironman Triathlon
–
It is widely considered one of the most difficult one-day sporting events in the world. Most Ironman events have a time limit of 17 hours to complete the race. The race typically starts at 7,00 a. m. the mandatory swim cut off for the 2. 4-mile swim is 9,20 a. m. the mandatory bike cut off time is 5,30 p. m. and the mandatory marathon cut off is midnight. Any participant who manages to complete the triathlon within these timings is designated an Ironman, the name Ironman Triathlon is also associated with the original Ironman triathlon which is now the Ironman World Championship. Held in Kailua-Kona, the championship has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978 and is preceded by a series of qualifying Ironman events. The Ironman World Championship has become known for its length, harsh race conditions. Other races exist that are of the distance as an Ironman triathlon but are not produced, owned. Such races include The Challenge Family series Challenge Roth or the Norseman Triathlon, the idea for the original Ironman Triathlon arose during the awards ceremony for the 1977 Oʻahu Perimeter Relay. Among the participants were representatives of both the Mid-Pacific Road Runners and the Waikiki Swim Club, whose members had long been debating which athletes were more fit, until that point, no one present had ever done the bike race. Prior to racing, each received three sheets of paper listing a few rules and a course description. Handwritten on the last page was this exhortation, Swim 2.4 miles, brag for the rest of your life, now a registered trademark. With a nod to a runner who was notorious for his demanding workouts, Collins said, Whoever finishes first. Each of the racers had their own crew to supply water, food. Of the fifteen men to start off in the morning on February 18,1978. Gordon Haller, a US Navy Communications Specialist, was the first to earn the title Ironman by completing the course with a time of 11 hours,46 minutes,58 seconds. The runner-up John Dunbar, a US Navy SEAL, led after the transition and had a chance to win but ran out of water on the marathon course. With no further marketing efforts, the race gathered as many as 50 athletes in 1979, the race, however, was postponed a day because of bad weather conditions. Only fifteen competitors started off the race Sunday morning, san Diegos Tom Warren won in 11 hours,15 minutes,56 seconds
Ironman Triathlon
–
Aloha Tower was the original bike-to-run transition site
Ironman Triathlon
–
Start & Finish of the
Ironman World Championship on Ali ʻ i Drive in
Kailua-Kona Hawaii
Ironman Triathlon
–
Ironman Australia: swim finish
Ironman Triathlon
–
Ironman 70.3 Budapest - 2014
28.
Youth Olympic Games
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The Youth Olympic Games is an international multi-sport event organized by the International Olympic Committee. The games are held four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, the age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18. The idea of such an event was introduced by Johann Rosenzopf from Austria in 1998 and these Games will also feature cultural exchange programs and opportunities for participants to meet Olympic athletes. The Youth Games are modelled after these sporting events, the YOG are also a successor to the discontinued World Youth Games. Even though this exceeded initial estimates, the YOG are still smaller in size as well as shorter than their senior equivalents. The next Summer YOG to take place will be the 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games of Buenos Aires, the next Winter YOG to take place will be the 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games of Lausanne. The concept of the Youth Olympic Games came from Austrian industrial manager Johann Rosenzopf in 1998 and this was in response to growing global concerns about childhood obesity and the dropping participation of youth in sport activities, especially amongst youth in developed nations. It was further recognized that a version of the Olympic Games would help foster participations in the Olympic Games. Despite these reasons for having an Olympic event for young people, Jacques Rogge, IOC President, formally announced plans for the Youth Olympic Games at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City on 6 July 2007. The city of Singapore was announced as the host of the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics on 21 February 2008, on 12 December 2008 the IOC announced that Innsbruck, host of the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics, would be the host of the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The scale of the Youth Olympic Games is smaller than that of the Olympics, potential host cities are required to keep all events within the same city and no new sports venues should be built. Exceptions to this building include a media center, amphitheater facilities for classes and workshops. This village is to be the heart of the Games for the athletes, no new or unique transportation systems are required as all athletes and coaches will be transported by shuttles. According to bid procedures, the track and field stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies must hold 10,000 people, the IOC has stipulated that costs for infrastructure and venues is to be paid by the host city. The IOC will pay travel costs to the host city and room and board for the athletes and judges, the funding will come from IOC funds and not revenues. The budgets for the two bids for the inaugural Summer Games came in at $90 million, much higher than the estimated costs. The cost of the first games in Singapore escalated to an estimated S$387 million, sponsors have been slow to sign on for the YOG, due to the fact that it is a new initiative and corporations are not sure what level of exposure they will get
Youth Olympic Games
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Jacques Rogge, former president of the
International Olympic Committee.
Youth Olympic Games
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The logo of Youth Olympic Games
Youth Olympic Games
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Flags of participating nations at the
2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Youth Olympic Games
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Singapore, host city of the 1st Summer Youth Olympic Games in 2010
29.
Swim cap
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A swimming cap, swim cap or bathing cap, is a tightly fitted, skin-tight garment, commonly made from silicone, latex or lycra, worn on the head by recreational and competitive swimmers. Caps are worn for various reasons, competitive swim caps also reduce drag in the water caused by loose hair. During longer swimming sessions, a swim cap keeps the head warm. In some countries swimming caps are required before entering the swimming pool, swim caps were made of rubberized fabric during the early 20th century. By the 1920s they were made of latex, the earliest chin strap caps were known as aviators style caps as they resembled the strapped leather helmets of flyers of the day. During the 1940s swim caps became scarce as rubber was needed for war materials and it was a lucky girl who had a swim cap to protect her wave during that period. The permanent wave hairstyle took time to obtain and was expensive, the 1950s saw decorated caps come into vogue, and during the 1960s colorful flower petal swim caps became popular. Mens long hair styles of the late 1960s and early 1970s made swimming pool operators change rules requiring swim caps for swimmers with long hair, without swim cap requirements wearing swim caps fell out of fashion during the early 1970s. Competitive swimming in the 1980s and 1990s and the construction of indoor lap swimming pools for fitness swimming. Many swimmers have trouble finding a cap that keeps their hair dry. Double capping—wearing two swim caps—can provide a tighter swim cap seal, an inner silicone or latex swim cap pulled low over the ears worn under a second traditional style chin strap swim cap with an inner seal may provide the protection desired. Double capping is also used by participants of open water swimming to provide warmth, during the 2012 Olympics held in London U. K. some swimmers wore double swim caps. The English Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation and the Channel Swimming Association state that one standard swim cap may be used for official English Channel record swims, the cap must be approved by the official observer who accompanies the swimmer on the pilot boat across the channel. Swim caps that have neoprene within the cap construction such as the Barracuda Hothead, several other long distance swims such as the Santa Catalina Channel California swim have similar rules for record swims. Swim caps worn for open water swims should be of visible colors that contrast with the water so that observers may safely monitor them, for swimming competition, different swimmers use different types of caps. The most common being made of silicone, when at a swim meet, a coach will normally provide the swimmer with a latex cap with the club logo. As one gets into more serious swimming, the use of dome caps may come into play, a dome cap is a swimming cap that is very tight and has internal structure to ensure that your head is completely smooth. This is done to decrease drag that lumps of hair sticking up in a cap may cause
Swim cap
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A competitive style swim cap in use
Swim cap
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Young girls from a Montreal kindergarten wearing swimsuits and swim caps, 1943
30.
Aid station
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Aid stations may be divided into sections where the station serves both medical and non-medical functions. At endurance races like marathons or bicycle racing events, aid stations are established along the route to provide supplies to participants. During modern cycle races, aid station functions may be performed by a mobile SAG Wagon or support vehicle that travels with participants at the rear of the peloton, typically sports drinks and energy gels are provided as well as water. Depending on the length of the race, food may be available, often, medical supplies will also be available. The aid station may serve as a checkpoint to track competitors. During events where the distance between aid stations is predetermined and known by competitors, some trainers advise using aid stations as course markers for pace-setting, at some major annual marathon events, particular aid stations and their operators have become local institutions. The Chicago Marathon, for example, has annual prizes for aid stations and aid station volunteers, the event includes very large stations, some with more than 300 volunteers, and event organisers publish an Aid Station Instruction Book. During combat or training operations, military units may establish aid stations behind front lines to provide support to troops in the field. In United States military operations, these are most commonly referred to as Battalion Aid Stations, in Commonwealth countries, the term Main Aid Station is also used depending on size and operational context. Aid stations are the smallest units, passing cases on to Field Ambulances, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French established a tiered system of medical support services. The more seriously injured were transported further back behind front lines to field hospitals in churches or nearby chateaus and those who required more extensive treatment were transported again to much larger permanent receiving military hospitals in France. In such situations, aid station medics provide level one care, there is generally no provision for treating serious or life-threatening problems beyond stabilization for transportation to a larger medical facility. In disaster areas, aid stations may be established to provide triage for injured persons or longer term support for those in need of food or shelter. William L. Waugh gives the example of an aid station established during the aftermath of the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse, in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, FEMA and the Red Cross established a number of emergency aid stations throughout New Orleans and near evacuation centers. These provided food, water, recovery supplies, medical aid, a number of privately owned facilities became makeshift aid stations including the bar, Johnny Whites. First aid room Field hospital Rest area Ultramarathon Ironman Triathlon Jonathan Letterman
Aid station
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An aid station at a public festival.
Aid station
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An aid station at the 2007 Soochow 24-hour
ultramarathon.
Aid station
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Wounded American soldiers receive treatment at an aid station in Korea.
Aid station
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A temporary
Federal Emergency Management Agency aid station.
