1.
Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country
2.
Advertising slogan
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Advertising slogans are short, memorable groups of words used in advertising campaigns. The advertising phrases are means of drawing attention to one distinctive feature, the purpose is to emphasize a phrase that an entity wishes to be remembered by, Particularly, for marketing a specific corporate image, Or, connection to a business product or consumer base. Some slogans are created just for specific campaigns, others are intended as a corporate slogan. Various slogans start out as the former, and are, over time, some advertising slogans are memorable after general use is discontinued. According to the 1913 Websters Dictionary, a slogan derives from the Gaelic sluagh-ghairm and it has come to mean in its contemporary sense, a distinctive advertising motto, or advertising phrase, used by any entity to convey a purpose or ideal, Or, a catchphrase. Taglines, tag lines, or tags are American terms for public communication promoting products. In the UK they are called end lines, endlines, or straplines, in Japan, they are called catchcopy or catch phrase. A marketing slogan can play a part in the interplay between rival companies and it is a business function for attracting customers. Advertising slogans as a system of control include devices similar to watchwords, catchwords. Advertising slogans have extended into areas, such as politics. Fountainheads of strength are found in such features as antithesis, alliteration, euphoniousness, punning, obviousness, the use of slogans may be examined in so far as the slogans continue unconscious and unintentional responses
3.
JUCE TV
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JUCE TV is a youth-oriented Christian television network owned and operated by the Trinity Broadcasting Network. The network is aimed at teenagers and young adults between the ages of 13 and 30 years, and features music videos, Christian-themed entertainment and lifestyle programming, and some church services. JUCE TV is carried over-the-air on digital subchannels of TBN owned-and-operated and affiliated stations nationwide, the network is also live-streamed on its and TBNs official website as well as on the TBN Mobile App for the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch. Some JCTV programming can also be seen on Grace TV in Canada, JUCE TV was launched in 2002 by TBN founder Paul Crouch Sr. under the name JCTV with the vision of airing exclusive programs, new shows, and specials targeted at Christian youth throughout the world. Based at TBNs headquarters in Santa Ana, California, JUCE TV airs its programming worldwide, covering parts of North America, Europe, Asia, the network relaunched as JUCE TV on January 1,2014, with a new on-air logo and additional programming. On June 1,2015, JUCE TV was combined into a single subchannel with sister network Smile of a Child TV, the network also broadcasts some extreme sports programs that document extreme sports athletes and how their faith impacts their lives. It also airs movies with religious and/or inspirational themes, typically on Friday and Sunday evenings, JUCE TV airs sneak preview blocks of its programming on TBN on Friday and Saturday late nights. M. Christian pop culture Smile TV Official website
4.
Smile (TV network)
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Smile is an American Christian-based digital broadcast, digital cable and satellite television network owned and operated by the Trinity Broadcasting Network. The network is aimed at children between the ages of 2 and 12 years, and offers a mix of childrens religious, the network was founded as the television arm of TBNs Smile of a Child ministry, created by TBN co-founder Jan Crouch. S. The network is also livestreamed on both its own and TBNs website, in addition, a parent network TBN runs a Smile block on Saturday mornings. On October 26,2015, Kids & Teens TV began to air a block of Smile programming, the network launched on December 24,2005 at 3 a. m. Eastern Time, with the holiday-themed special Martin the Cobbler as its inaugural program, Smile was initially available as a 24-hour-a-day service on all platforms, debuted on digital subchannels of TBN owned-and-operated station in 13 markets. Over the subsequent years, Smile expanded its coverage to all of TBNs owned-and-operated and affiliated stations in nearly 40 markets. The networks original logo is a visual representation of the initials of Jan Crouchs maiden name. On June 1,2015, Smile was combined into a single subchannel with sister network JUCE TV, under a timeshare arrangement. The following week, the share was modified so that Smile now airs from 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. with JUCE airing the remainder of the day. Jan Crouch died from the effects of a stroke on May 31,2016, Smile adopted its new shortened branding on New Years Day of 2017. S. Rights to Canadian series such as Mickeys Farm, and Japanese anime shows such as Swiss Family Robinson and it also airs family-oriented movies with religious/inspirational themes on Friday afternoons and Saturday evenings. Programs in bold indicate that the program also airs Saturdays on TBN as part of their Smile childrens block, all programs listed are designated as E/I by Smile, fulfilling the Federal Communications Commissions educational programming requirements. 2008, Parents Television Council Entertainment Seal of Approval Smile
5.
Enlace
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Enlace is an American Christian-based broadcast television network. Enlace provides Inspirational Christian programming to the Hispanic community, the network features culturally relevant, faith-based programming to Hispanics of all age groups. Enlaces primary headquarters are in San José, Costa Rica, in addition, Enlace owns and operates studios, offices, and call centers in most Latin American countries. In the United States, Enlaces broadcast facilities are located in Irving, the networks lineup consists of various inspirational and faith programs including church services, music videos, concerts, talk shows, children’s programs, and movies. Concerts and music videos are key components of the program lineup featuring singers such as Jesus Adrian Romero, Marco Barrientos, Marcos Witt, Funky, Julisa. Programs are produced in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia. The network also features Spanish-language dubs of televangelist programs, such as Michael Rood, Enlace is also available across North America, including Mexico on Glorystar Christian Satellite. On December 16,2009, DirecTV in the United States began carrying Enlace on channel 448, making it available for part of its various English, Spanish, on February 2011, Dish Network began carrying Enlace on channel 9411
6.
Tustin, California
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Tustin is a city located in Orange County, California, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the census of 2010, Tustin had a population of 75,540, the city is located next to the county seat, Santa Ana, and does not include the Tustin Foothills. Members of the Tongva and Juaneño/Luiseño nations long inhabited this area, after the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Father Junipero Serra named the area Vallejo de Santa Ana. On November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement in Alta California, in 1801, the Spanish Empire granted 62,500 acres to Jose Antonio Yorba, which he named Rancho San Antonio. Yorbas great rancho included the lands where the cities of Olive, Orange, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa, smaller ranchos evolved from this large rancho including the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. After the Mexican-American war, Alta California became part of the United States, columbus Tustin, a carriage maker from Northern California, founded the city in the 1870s on 1,300 acres of land from the former Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. The city was incorporated in 1927 with a population of about 900, the townsite was bordered by Camino Real on the south, Newport Avenue on the east, 1st Street on the north, & the Costa Mesa Freeway on the west. Tustin is located at 33°44′23″N 117°48′49″W, according to the Citys 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are, The 2010 United States Census reported that Tustin had a population of 75,540. The population density was 6,816.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Tustin was 39,729 White,1,722 African American,442 Native American,15,299 Asian,268 Pacific Islander,14,499 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 30,024 persons. The Census reported that 75,020 people lived in households,340 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,568 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 193 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,178 households were made up of individuals and 1,403 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98. There were 17,935 families, the family size was 3.46. The median age was 33.4 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males. There were 26,476 housing units at a density of 2,389.2 per square mile, of which 12,813 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 3%, the vacancy rate was 5. 8%. 36,783 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 38,237 people lived in housing units
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
720p
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720p is a progressive HDTV signal format with 720 horizontal lines and an aspect ratio of 16,9, normally known as widescreen HDTV. The number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution. The p stands for progressive scan, i. e. non-interlaced, when broadcast at 60 frames per second, 720p features the highest temporal resolution possible under the ATSC and DVB standards. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. 720i is a term found in numerous sources and publications. Typically, it is an error in which the author is referring to the 720p HDTV format. However, in cases it is incorrectly presented as an actual alternative format to 720p. No proposed or existing broadcast standard permits 720 interlaced lines in a frame at any frame rate. Progressive scanning reduces the need to prevent flicker by anti-aliasing single high contrast horizontal lines and it is also easier to perform high-quality 50↔60 Hz conversion and slow-motion clips with progressive video. A 720p60 video has advantage over 480i and 1080i60 in that it reduces the number of 3,2 artifacts introduced during transfer from 24 frame/s film. However, 576i and 1080i50, which are common in Europe, generally do not suffer from pull down artifacts as film frames are simply played at 25 frames and the audio pitch corrected by 25/24ths. As a result, 720p60 is used for U. S. broadcasts while European HD broadcasts often use 1080i50 24* frame, arte, a dual-language French-German channel produced in collaboration by ARD, ZDF and France Télévisions, broadcasts in German at 720p50 but in French at 1080i50. EBU Technical paper on HDTV formats
9.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
10.
DirecTV
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DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service, most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a reduction in antenna size across all industries. Receiving equipment includes a dish, an integrated receiver/decoder and a DirecTV access card. Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee, additional monthly fees may include a protection plan, DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view and video on demand events, all programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception, DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit. As of the quarter ended September 30,2012, DirecTV U. S. had 19.981 million subscribers, for the same period, DirecTV Latin America ended with 9.666 million subscribers and revenues of US$1.577 billion. In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, the company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs as well as aircraft in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30,2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched, in 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, in 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20,1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation, the new subsidiary was initially composed of four units, Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems. Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting in 1981 and was a proponent for the development of direct-broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location, Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101-degree location
11.
Dish Network
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Dish Network is an American direct-broadcast satellite service provider. The company provides satellite television, satellite Internet access, audio programming, as of November 2016, the company provided services to 13.7 million television and 580,000 broadband subscribers. The company has approximately 16,000 employees, the company is headquartered in Meridian, Colorado, though the postal designation of nearby Englewood, Colorado is used in the corporate mailing address. In January 2008, Dish Network was spun off from its parent company EchoStar. The company began using Dish Network as its brand in March 1997, after the successful launch of its first satellite, EchoStar I. That launch marked the beginning of its television services, and EchoStar has since launched numerous satellites. EchoStar continues to be the technology partner to Dish Network. Joseph Clayton became president and chief officer of the company in June 2011. Clayton remained in the position until March 31,2015 when he retired leaving Ergen to resume the post, Dishs main service is satellite television. Its offerings are similar to satellite and cable companies. Viewers can choose from a series of bundles, paying more money for more channels. A la carte programming is available, however limited other than Premium channels, the company is currently working on diversifying its offerings. With its purchase of Blockbuster LLC, it now owns the Blockbuster trademarks and has used its intellectual property agreement to offer streaming, Dish Anywhere is Dishs subscriber-only streaming video service, which includes HBO and Cinemax programming. In May 2012, the American Customer Satisfaction Index ranked Dish second among American television providers and it weighs ten pounds, is protected from weather, and automatically searches for a signal. The only satellites that are compatible with the Tailgater are at Dishs 119,110. In March 2012, Dish began offering a video recorder called Dish Hopper that can automatically record all prime time programming on the four major television networks. The other half is for video on demand, a Hopper feature, called AutoHop, enables customers to view these programs without commercials, subject to time restrictions. AutoHop has attracted enthusiasts, critics, boycotts and legal action, at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show Dish won an award for their AutoHop feature on the Hopper
12.
C band (IEEE)
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The communications C-band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks, note that by using the band from 3.7 to 4.0 GHz, this C-band overlaps somewhat into the IEEE S-band for radars. The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, hence, the transponders on the same polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz, the C-band is primarily used for open satellite communications, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. Typical antenna sizes on C-band capable systems ranges from 7.5 to 12 feet on consumer satellite dishes, rain fade – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in the air. Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in parts of the world. This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes the Peoples Republic of China, India, Pakistan, Japan and this is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C-band by AMSAT. Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources, the frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz or 5.712 GHz, which is the second harmonic of S-band
13.
4DTV
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4DTV is a proprietary broadcasting standard and technology for digital cable broadcasting and C-band/Ku-band satellite dishes from Motorola, using General Instruments DigiCipher II for encryption. It can tune in both analog VideoCipher 2 and digital DCII satellite channels, 4DTV technology was originally developed in 1997 by General Instrument/NextLevel and Motorola, now a division of ARRIS. The 4DTV format is contemporary to the DVB-based digital television broadcast standard but its completion came before that of DVB and thus it is similar, the DigiCipher 2 encryption system is used in digital channels much like the VideoCipher and VideoCipher II systems were used for analog encrypted transmissions. On December 31,2010, Motorola abandoned support for 4DTV after 13 years when it was developed and this made all of the receivers to redirect to AMC-18 instead of its of other satellites that carries analog/VCII channels. On August 24,2016, at 9,18 AM EST, Headend In The Sky transitioned to DVB-S2, Comcast and Arris has ended their support for consumer c band subscription TV. Theres still a HD C band consumer subscription service available from a company based in Tonasket Washington Rainier Satellite and they use the Cisco PowerVu system and provide those master feeds to backyard dish owners. 4DTV is designed for C-band/Ku-band based satellite dishes in conjunction with the DigiCipher II system and it is also used on Canadas Shaw Direct. This peripheral is no longer in production, in the United States, National Programming Service, LLC was the primary provider of subscription programming to 4DTV and C band/Ku band users. They ceased operations as of December 26,2010 after making an attempt of converting all of their customers over to Dish Network which failed. The largest providers are now Satellite Receivers, Ltd. and Skyvision who sell programming from the Headend In The Sky service by Comcast and will continue to do so in 2011 and beyond. The HITS services use the Comcast Subscription Authorization Center for the channels being broadcast on the AMC18 satellite located at 105 degrees West, in Canada, Dr. Sat is now the primary provider for HITS subscription services offered on C-Band after Satellite Communications Source ceased operations. Due to the removal of 4DTV/DigiCipher II channels on August 24,2016, there are no more programming providers for the 4DTV in the United States, however, Shaw Direct still offers DigiCipher II programming in Canada, but not HITS programming. The 4DTV makes use of first-generation digital master feeds on several satellites, therefore, a high quality signal is received, compared to other programming options that are typically compressed and re-uplinked. Being a C-band system, the 4DTV has the advantage of stability, great satellite footprint. This is a problem with such as Dish Network and DirecTV satellite providers since they re-uplink on Ku. The master feeds for the channels available can be scattered amongst multiple satellites. The actuator must slowly rotate the dish into the desired satellites signal path. This procedure makes rapid channel surfing impossible outside the HITS provided channels
14.
Cignal
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Cignal is a subscription-based Direct-To-Home satellite television service provider in the Philippines. Cignal is owned by Cignal TV Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of the MediaQuest Holdings Inc. under the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund, for subscribers to receive Cignal broadcasts, they must acquire upon subscription the satellite dish antenna, remote control, and the set top box. Cignal’s prepaid electronic loading system, is powered by the loading platform of Smart Communications. Cignal uses VideoGuard encryption system to protect its content from signal piracy, Cignal TV is utilizing the SES-7 satellite to provide optimal coverage directly to the target markets. As of September 2015, Cignal reached the 1,000,000 subscribers base target, Cignal HD Spikers Cignal HD Hawkeyes
15.
Sky Cable
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Sky Cable is a cable television service of Sky Cable Corporation. Since it started community antenna television system operation in the Philippines on January 26,1992, SkyCable provides cable Internet, VoIP services and digital cable TV service. On June 6,1990, SkyCable Corporation was incorporated via 79. 3% stake in Sky Vision Corporation, operator of cable brands, SkyCable and Sun Cable. On April 18,1991, Sky Vision Corporation was incorporated and ventures into television, communication, system, television media, shopping network. It is owned 18. 8% by ABS-CBN Corporation and 78% by Lopez Inc, in 1997, Sky Vision Corporation acquired 47% of Pilipino Cable Corp. operator of Sun Cable for P900 million. In 1997, SkyCable launches its first cable TV branded credit card in the Philippines, the SkyCard MasterCard with SolidBank, in 2001, Benpress Holdings Inc. and Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company signed a master consolidation agreement for SkyCable Corporation to consolidate its interest. Beyond Cable Inc. controls 66. 5% through Benpress Holdings Corp. and 33. 5% through MediaQuest Holdings, on December 7,2001, Beyond Cable Holdings Inc. was incorporated. On May 11,2012, SkyCable bought Destiny Cable Inc, uni-Cable TV Inc. and Solid Broadband Corp. S cable TV and broadband internet assets and subscribers with consolidating value of P3.497 billion, in order to be competitive in the cable TV industry, SkyCable adopts an alternative pricing model for its subscribers. It allows its subscribers to select their own packages or channels, SkyCable also introduces the package-pricing model typically used by other cable television providers in which channels are classified into packages. Select, It is a plan that allows its subscribers to choose channels on top of their preset package. Select plan is available on existing subscription either from Bronze 299,399 and 499, Silver HD, Gold HD or Postpaid HD plans, Bronze 299, SkyCable Bronze 299 package consists of 20 basic channels. However, it offered for new subscribers in the rest of remaining provincial areas. Plus, SkyCable Plus package consists of 50 channels, no longer offered to new subscribers, status of current subscribers uncertain. Bronze 399, SkyCable Bronze 399 consists of more or less than 30 channels, available only in most of regional areas with digital service. Recently, as of November 2014, the plan were currently expanded its service in Metro Manila, but as of October 1,2015, it currently no longer offered for new subscribers. However, status of current subscribers remained unchanged, Bronze 499, SkyCable Bronze 499 package consists of more than 50 channels. But as of October 1,2015, it no longer offered for new subscribers
16.
Destiny Cable
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Destiny Cable is a direct-to-home cable television subscription service based in Quezon City. Destiny Cable is the 2nd largest cable TV provider in the Philippines and it is owned by Sky Cable Corporation. And allowed to provide television services to Metro Manila and nearby municipalities, cities and provinces. Destiny Cable Inc. embarked on marketing promotion through Solid Group Inc. by offering bundled services, in November 2000 Destiny Cable formed a partnership with Global Cable to further strengthen and systematize its cable television ventures. However, it was only on late 2003 that the name was changed to Global Destiny Cable. Global Destiny Cable is perceived to be the closest competitor of Sky Cable the Philippines largest cable TV company in Metro Manila, both have their own associates all over the country and both offer high-speed cable Internet service to its respective subscribers. Global Destiny Cable has been reverted to Destiny Cable after separation from Global Cable, on November 15,2012 Destiny Cable headquarters moved from Solid House Building in Makati City to Sky Cables headquarters in Quezon City. The NTC approved Skys acquisition on December 18,2012
17.
Wave Broadband
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Wave provides services via their own fiber-optic network and has approximately 1,000 employees. It was expanded by acquiring other, some distressed, cable, telecommunications, wave is a subsidiary of WaveDivision Holdings, LLC, which is headquartered in Kirkland, Washington
18.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
19.
AT&T U-verse
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AT&T U-verse, commonly called U-verse, is an AT&T brand of triple-play telecommunications services, although the brand is now only used in reference to the television portion of the services. Launched on June 26,2006, using the FTTP, VDSL, and ADSL communication protocols, U-verse included broadband Internet, IP telephone, and IPTV services in 21 states. On March 27,2017, it was revealed that AT&T is seriously considering closing down the TV service website Uverse. com on May 30,2017. SBC announced its plans for a network and Internet Protocol television deployment in 2004. Beta testing began in San Antonio in 2005 and AT&T U-verse was commercially launched June 26,2006, a few months later on November 30,2006, the service was launched in Houston. In December 2006, the product launched in Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, Hartford, Indianapolis, in February 2007, U-verse was launched in Milwaukee. One month later service was initiated in Dallas and Kansas City, in May 2007, U-verse launched in Detroit, Los Angeles, and surrounding areas. Launch continued in Cleveland, Akron, and San Diego in June 2007, the Oklahoma City and Sacramento launches occurred in August 2007. In November 2007, service was started in Austin, in December 2007, U-verse was launched in Orlando and St. Louis. A controlled launch was initiated in Atlanta that month marking the first launch in the Southeastern United States. On December 22,2008, the product debuted in Birmingham, on January 25,2010, AT&T announced that U-verse was available to over 2.8 million households. AT&T Phone was added on January 22,2008, and was first available in Detroit, in 2008, U-verse availability approached 8 million households and over 225,000 customers had been enrolled, with new installations reaching 12,000 per week. By 2009,1 million Phone customers and 2.1 million U-verse TV customers had been enrolled, at the end of 2011, U-verse was available to more than 30 million living units in 22 states and U-verse TV had 3.8 million customers. By mid-2012, AT&T had 4.1 million U-Verse TV subscribers,2.6 million Phone subscribers, by the third quarter of 2012, AT&T had 4.3 million TV subscribers,2.7 million Phone subscribers and 7.1 million Internet. This represents 7% growth quarter on quarter, the actual number of customers is lower, as most customers subscribe to a bundle and so are counted in both categories. On March 29,2016, AT&T announced that it will increase data caps on its Internet service on May 23,2016, the integration of AT&T and DirecTV is set to begin by the fourth quarter of 2016. On May 16,2016, AT&T announced that it will acquire Quickplay Media, on September 19,2016, AT&T announced that the U-verse brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them AT&T Internet and AT&T Phone, respectively. AT&T delivers most U-verse service over a fiber-to-the-node or fiber-to-the-premises communications network, in the more common FTTN deployment, fiber-optic connections carry all data between the service provider and a distribution node
20.
Verizon Fios
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Verizon Fios is a bundled Internet access, telephone, and television service that operates over a fiber-optic communications network with over 5 million customers in nine US states. The name, Fios, is an acronym for Fiber Optic Service, Fios service began in 2005, and networked areas expanded through 2010, although some areas do not have service or cannot receive TV and phone service because of franchise agreements. Verizon was one of the first major U. S. carriers to offer fiber to the home, other service providers use fiber optics in the network backbone and existing copper or coax infrastructure for residential users. Where available, select Verizon Wireless stores also sell Fios services, similar to AT&T offering DirecTV, the early stages of Fios began when Bell Atlantic was testing its video service Stargazer in 1995. This was the worlds first commercial VOD service, which was tested to 1,000 homes in northern VA, during this time there were talks of developing a fiber optic based service. This service was developed at a headquarters located in Reston, Virginia and this will be folded into our deployment of fiber to the curb, Mr. Townsend said, referring to Bell Atlantics plans to deploy a high-tech fiber-optic system. In September 2005, Verizon Communications, announced the launch of its Fios television service, Verizon aimed to replace copper wires with optical fibers, which would allow greater speed and quality of communication. In 2006, Verizon and Motorola partnered to bring its customers home DVR access, in 2006, The Wall Street Journal speculated, Verizon Communications Inc. is fielding offers for. Verizon also has been shopping a package dubbed GTE North that comprises about 3.4 million access lines in former GTE Corp. territories in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, in addition to expanding its customer base, Verizon expanded its services in the first few years. Home Media DVR, a video recorder, was released in 2006. Fios updated its user interface in 2007, allowing customers to access widgets for localized content, such as weather, Verizon announced in January 2008 that one million people subscribed to the service. By the end of 2008, Fios offered more than 150 HD channels, price increases were announced in April 2008, when Fios was available to 6.5 million households. In January 2009, Fios was available to 12.7 million homes, as of June 2009, Fios Internet had 3.1 million customers. Estimates on December 31,2009, were 3.4 million Internet customers and 2.86 million for Fios TV, doug Michelson, an analyst at Deutsche Bank, concluded that Verizon has been overspending to acquire Fios customers. Some viewed the halt in expansion as a violation of Verizons agreements with municipalities and states. In New Jersey, Verizon collected an additional $15 billion in fees from customers, the New Jersey government altered the deal in 2014 to allow Verizon to substitute wireless internet access to fulfill its promise instead. Verizon defended itself, claiming that they had spent $13 billion building fiber optics in New Jersey, critics pointed out that wireless internet was slower and less reliable. In April 2010, Verizon announced that three people were subscribed to Verizon Fios
21.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
22.
Digital media player
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Digital media players are home entertainment consumer electronics devices first introduced in 2000 that can connect to a home network to stream digital media. They should not be confused with media players, which are portable consumer electronics devices capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images. Most digital media players utilize a 10-foot user interface, and many are navigated via a remote control. com and these types of digital media player are sometimes referred to as HD Media Players or HDD Media Player if they can support a Hard Disk Drive installed inside. The means to play files on a network-connected digital media player that is permanently connected to a television. Digital media players fill this market niche, the rapid growth in the availability of online content, including digital music and video files and video games, has made it easier for consumers to use these devices and obtain content. YouTube, for instance, is a common plug-in available on most networked devices, Netflix has also struck deals with many consumer-electronics makers to make their interface available in the devices menus, for their streaming subscribers. Media players are often designed for compactness and affordability, and tend to have small or non-existent hardware displays other than simple LED lights to indicate whether the device is powered on, some remotes also include accelerometers for air mouse features which allow basic motion gaming. They are also incapable of recording audio or video. Digital media players are commonly referred to as a digital media extender, digital media streamer, digital media hub, digital media adapter. Digital media player manufacturers use a variety of names to describe their devices, some more commonly used alternative names include, A digital media player can connect to the home network using either a wireless or wired Ethernet connection. Digital media players includes an interface that allows users to navigate through their digital media library, search for. Stream movies, music, photos over the wired or wireless network View digital pictures Stream online video to a TV from services such as Netflix, play video games such as Angry Birds and others. Browse the Internet, check email and access social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, video conference by connecting a webcam and microphone. The models change frequently, so it is advisable to visit their web sites for current model names and these devices come with low power consumption processors or SoC and are most commonly either based on MIPS or ARM architecture processors combined with integrated DSP GPU in a SoC package. They also include RAM-memory and some type of type of non-volatile computer memory. All these can play computer-based media files to a television without the need for a computer or network connection. Some players come with USB ports which allow local media content playback, digital media players can usually play H.264, MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-1, MPEG-2. mpg, MPEG-2. TS, VOB and ISO images video, with PCM, MP3 and AC3 audio tracks. They can also display images and play music files, some digital media players will only connect to specific media server software installed on a PC to stream music, pictures and recorded or live TV originating from the computer
23.
Roku
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The Roku Streaming Player, or simply Roku, is a series of digital media player set-top boxes manufactured by Roku, Inc. Roku partners provide over-the-top content in the form of channels, the name comes from the Japanese word roku meaning six. A Roku streaming device gets data via a wired or Wi-Fi connection to an Internet router, the data is output via an audio cable, video cable, or HDMI cable. The device can be connected to any set with appropriate input connections. Roku announced the first Netflix Internet video streaming receiver box—the Roku DVP—on May 20,2008, before Autumn 2010, three versions of the Roku DVP were available, the Roku SD, HD, and HD-XR. The Roku SD only streams standard definition content, the Roku HD streams both SD and HD content. The Roku SD and HD both have an Ethernet connection and built in 802. 11g Wi‑Fi compatible with wireless b, g, and n routers. The Roku HD-XR, which streams both SD and HD content, has built in dual-band 802. 11n WiFi support and a USB port on the back, Roku revamped its lineup of devices in September 2010. The revised HD became the model of the line, offering 720p resolution,802. 11g WiFi reception. The middle of the model, the XD, added 1080p resolution, an enhanced remote with replay capabilities. The top-level XD|S offered component video and optical audio outputs, dual-band wireless N, and a USB port for playing videos, photos, on July 20,2011, Roku updated its product lineup with three new boxes. However, the Ethernet connection and remote with motion control for games are only on the XS model. The Roku Game Remote uses Hillcrest Labs Freespace motion control technology, the Netflix application was revamped for the Roku 2 HD, Roku 2 XD and Roku 2 XS, the current models now provide the option of subtitles, when the program provides them. On October 11,2011, the Roku LT was introduced as a lower cost, i/O consists of two AV ports, one HDMI, and one 3.5 mini plug composite SD analog. The same content capability is available, except it cannot play games, there is no Ethernet port nor microSD card slot. The feature Roku Search was added on October 29,2012 and this feature allows users to search movie and TV show titles, actors, and directors for multiple services on Roku such as Amazon Video, HBO Go, and Netflix. The feature is available on Roku 2, Roku Streaming Stick, Roku LT. This feature appears to work in the USA
24.
Christian
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A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
25.
Costa Mesa, California
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Costa Mesa is a city in Orange County, California. The population was 109,960 at the 2010 United States Census, members of the Gabrieleño/Tongva and Juaneño/Luiseño nations long inhabited the area. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Junípero Serra named the area Vallejo de Santa Ana, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement in Alta California, New Spain. In 1801, the Spanish Empire granted 62,500 acres to Jose Antonio Yorba, yorbas great rancho included the lands where the communities of Olive, Orange, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa and Newport Beach stand today. An 1889 flood wiped out the serving the community, however. To the south, meanwhile, the community of Harper had arisen on a siding of the Santa Ana and Newport Railroad and this town prospered on its agricultural goods. On May 11,1920, Harper changed its name to Costa Mesa and this is a reference to the citys geography as being a plateau by the coast. Costa Mesa surged in population during and after World War II, as many thousands trained at Santa Ana Army Air Base, within three decades of incorporation, the citys population had nearly quintupled. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.7 square miles. 15.7 square miles of it is land and 0.05 square miles of it is water, Costa Mesa has a semi-arid climate with mild temperatures year round. Rain falls primarily in the months, and is close to nonexistent during the summer. Morning low clouds and fog are common due to its coastal location, the 2010 United States Census reported that Costa Mesa had a population of 109,960. The population density was 7,004.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Costa Mesa was 75,335 White,1,640 African American,686 Native American,8,654 Asian,527 Pacific Islander,17,992 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39,403 persons. The Census reported that 106,990 people lived in households,2,232 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 3,013 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 281 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,963 households were made up of individuals and 2,775 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68. There were 23,239 families, the family size was 3.30. The median age was 33.6 years, for every 100 females there were 103.7 males
26.
Irving, Texas
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Irving is a principal city located in Dallas County in the U. S. state of Texas. According to a 2013 estimate from the United States Census Bureau, Irving is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. In January 2011 the city completed the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas, part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving. Irving was founded in 1903 by J. O and it is believed that literary author Washington Irving was a favorite of Netta Barcus Brown, and consequently the name of the town site, Irving, was chosen. Irving originally began in 1889 as an area called Gorbit, Irving was incorporated April 14,1914, with Otis Brown as the first mayor. By the late nineteenth century the Irving area was the site of churches, the Irving district public school system dates back to the 1909 establishment of Kit and Lively schools. Population growth was slow and sometimes halting, with only 357 residents in 1925, by the early 1960s the city had a population of approximately 45,000. A number of manufacturing plants operated in Irving, along with transportation, retail, the University of Dallas in Irving opened in 1956, and Texas Stadium was completed in 1971 as the home field of the Dallas Cowboys. Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashed in Irving on August 2,1985, Irvings population reached 155,037 in 1990 and the United States Census estimated 236,607 residents in 2016, a 3.5 percent population increase over 2013 census estimates. Joseph Rice recorded the history of Irving in his 1989 book, Irving, Rice explored Irvings past and culture in his treatment of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 67.7 square miles. The warmest month on average is July, and the highest recorded temperature was 112 °F in 1980, the average coolest month is January, and the lowest recorded temperature was −8 °F in 1899. Irving is considered to be part of the subtropical region. May is the average wettest month, as of the census of 2000, there were 191,615 people,76,241 households, and 46,202 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,850.2 people per square mile, there were 80,293 housing units at an average density of 1,194.3 per square mile. Non-Hispanic Whites were 48. 2% of the population, down from 88. 9% in 1980,31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.19. In the city, the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,11. 9% from 18 to 24,39. 4% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
27.
Hendersonville, Tennessee
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Hendersonville is the largest city in Sumner County, Tennessee, on Old Hickory Lake. The population was 51,372 at the 2010 census and 54,068 according 2013 estimates, Hendersonville is the fourth-largest city in the Nashville metropolitan area after Nashville, Murfreesboro, and Franklin and the 11th largest in Tennessee. Hendersonville is located 18 miles northeast of downtown Nashville, the city was settled around 1784 by Daniel Smith, and is named for William Henderson. Other notable past and present residents include Conway Twitty, Jean Shepard, Marty Stuart, Taylor Swift, Young Buck, Hendersonville was settled circa 1784 by Daniel Smith when he began work on Rock Castle. In 1790, William Henderson, for whom the area was named, settled in, the city of roughly 250 was incorporated in 1969 under the leadership of L. H. Dink Newman, and over the decades has been one of Tennessees fastest-growing cities. The city contains around 0. 7% of the population of Tennessee, during the Civil War, Monthaven, a historic home on the National Historic Register, was used as a field hospital. Hendersonville is governed by a board of 12 aldermen and a mayor, known as The Board of Mayor, the aldermen are elected for staggered terms of four years by district. The mayor is elected every four years by the whole city. Hendersonville is located at 36°18′00″N 86°36′22″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.9 square miles, of which 27.3 square miles is land and 5.6 square miles is water. Hendersonville has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 40,620 people,15,823 households, the population density was 1,486.4 people per square mile. There were 16,507 housing units at a density of 604.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 93% White,4. 12% African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 10% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 65% from other races, and 0. 90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 71% of the population,22. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,31. 5% from 25 to 44,24. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 94.9 males
28.
Gadsden, Alabama
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Gadsden is a city in and the county seat of Etowah County in the U. S. state of Alabama. It is located on the Coosa River about 56 miles northeast of Birmingham and 90 miles southwest of Chattanooga and it is the primary city of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 103,931. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 36,856, Gadsden and Rome, Georgia, are the largest cities in the triangular area defined by the Interstate highways between Atlanta, Birmingham, and Chattanooga. Gadsden was at one time in the 19th century Alabamas second most important center of commerce and industry, the two cities were important shipping centers, Gadsden for riverboats and Mobile for international trade. Through the 1980s, Gadsden was a center of industry, including the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. The first substantial settlement in what is now Gadsden was a village called Double Springs. It was founded in about 1825 by John Riley, a mixed-race American Indian and European-American settler who built his house near two springs, Riley used his house for a stagecoach stop on the Huntsville-to-Rome route. The original building stands as the oldest in Gadsden. The house was purchased by brothers Gabriel and Asenath Hughes in 1840, the Hughes brothers purchased much of the land between Lookout Mountain, the Coosa River, and the mouth of Wills Creek. The brothers proposed constructing a railroad from Savannah to Nashville through their land, the original 120 acres survey of Gadsden included the Hughes brothers land, plus that of John S. Moragne and Lewis L. Rhea. On July 4,1845, Captain James Lafferty piloted the steamboat Coosa to the settlement, in 1867, with the organization of Baine County, Gadsden was incorporated and made the county seat. Baine County was dissolved in 1868 and Etowah County created in its place, after most of Gadsdens major industries closed in the 1970s and 1980s, the city began to decline. A Rand McNally article in 1989 listed Gadsden as one of the Seven Worst Cities to Live in the United States, the city government was spurred to action by these reports. Redevelopment efforts such as the Cultural Arts Center and downtown revitalization earned Gadsden first place in the 2000 City Livability Awards Program, underemployment continues to be a severe problem, as indicated by the economic data presented below. Gadsden is located in central Etowah County at 34°0′37″N 86°0′37″W, on sides of the Coosa River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 38.3 square miles, of which 37.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles. The southern end of Lookout Mountain rises to the north of the city center, typical of the Deep South, Gadsden experiences a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Winter lasts from early December to late-February, the average temperature in January is 41.3 °F
29.
Decatur, Georgia
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Decatur is a city in, and county seat of, DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. With a population of 20,148 in the 2013 census and it is an intown suburb of Atlanta and part of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, and its public transportation is served by three MARTA rail stations. Decaturs official motto is A city of homes, schools and places of worship, prior to 2000, its motto was A city of homes, schools, and churches. The citizens of Decatur did not want the noise, pollution and growth that would come with such a major terminal, in response, the railroad founded a new city to the west-southwest of Decatur for the terminal. This town later became the city of Atlanta, during the American Civil War, Decatur became a strategic site in Shermans campaign against Atlanta. In July 1864 Union general James B, mcPherson occupied Decatur to cut off the Confederates supply line from Augusta, Georgia. During the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, Confederate cavalry under Major General Joseph Wheeler attacked McPhersons supply wagons, a marker at the Decatur courthouse marks the site of this skirmish. In the last half of the century the metropolitan area of Atlanta expanded into unincorporated DeKalb County. Concurrently many well-to-do and middle class white Americans fled the area to more distant suburbs, the 1960s and 1970s witnessed dramatic drops in property values. Decatur is located at 33°46′17″N 84°17′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles, all of it land. The Eastern Continental Divide bisects the city along the CSX trackage right of way, as of the 2010 census, there were 19,335 people,8,599 occupied housing units, and 4,215 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,603.6 people per square mile, there were 9,335 housing units at an average density of 2,222.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 73. 5% White,20. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,2. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 6% from other races, and 2. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 2% of the population,3,263 of all households were made up of individuals of those,1,814 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the family size was 2.96. In the city, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 19,5. 2% from 20 to 24,32. 9% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, there are roughly 44 males for every 56 females. The ZIP code 30030 has one of the highest percentages of households with same sex couples in Georgia,9. 20% as of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $73,602
30.
Miami, Florida
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-most populous city in the United States. As of July 2015, the population was 403,505 and it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 981,005 residents in the MSA and 1,151,172 in the CSA. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, with urban development extending into Osage, Rogers, Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World, once heavily dependent on the oil industry, Tulsa experienced economic downturn. Subsequent diversification efforts created a base in the energy, finance, aviation, telecommunications. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa, at the head of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, is the most inland port in the U. S. with access to international waterways. Two institutions of education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level, Oral Roberts University. It is situated on the Arkansas River at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma, the city has been called one of Americas most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities, Forbes, and Relocate America. FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no.8 in the U. S. for cities of the future, in 2012, Tulsa was ranked among the top 50 best cities in the United States by BusinessWeek. People from Tulsa are called Tulsans, the area where Tulsa now exists was considered Indian Territory when it was first formally settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in 1836. They established a settlement under the Creek Council Oak Tree at the present day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue. This area and this tree reminded Chief Tukabahchi and his group of trail of tear survivors of the bend in the river and their previous Creek Council Oak Tree back in the Talisi. They named their new settlement Tallasi, meaning old town in the Creek language, the area around Tulsa was also settled by members of the other so-called Five Civilized Tribes who had relocated to Oklahoma from the Southern United States. Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee Nation, although Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War, the Tulsa area did see its share of fighting. The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on the side of Tulsa. After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the government that in some cases required substantial land concessions. On January 18,1898, Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected its first mayor, Tulsa was a small town near the banks of the Arkansas River in 1901 when its first oil well, named Sue Bland No. Much of the oil was discovered on land whose mineral rights were owned by members of the Osage Nation under a system of headrights
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Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Evangelicalism
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Its origins are usually traced back to English Methodism, the Moravian Church, and German Lutheran Pietism. While all these phenomena contributed greatly, John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening, today, Evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches, as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones. The movement gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in the United Kingdom. The Americas, Africa, and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals, United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals in the world, its community forms a quarter of the population, is politically important and based mostly in the Bible Belt. In the United Kingdom, Evangelicals are mostly represented in the Methodist Church, Baptist communities, Evangelicalism, a major part of popular Protestantism, is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world, alongside resurgent Islam. While on the rise globally, the world is particularly influenced by its spread. The first published use of evangelical in English came in 1531 when William Tyndale wrote He exhorteth them to proceed constantly in the evangelical truth. One year later Sir Thomas More produced the earliest recorded use in reference to a theological distinction when he spoke of Tyndale his evangelical brother Barns, during the Reformation, Protestant theologians embraced the label as referring to gospel truth. Martin Luther referred to the evangelische Kirche to distinguish Protestants from Catholics in the Roman Catholic Church, into the 21st century, evangelical has continued in use as a synonym for Protestant in continental Europe, and elsewhere. This usage is reflected in the names of Protestant denominations such as the Evangelical Church in Germany, the term may also occur outside any religious context to characterize a generic missionary, reforming, or redeeming impulse or purpose. For example, the Times Literary Supplement refers to the rise, one influential definition of Evangelicalism has been proposed by historian David Bebbington. Conversionism, or belief in the necessity of being again, has been a constant theme of Evangelicalism since its beginnings. To Evangelicals, the message of the gospel is justification by faith in Christ and repentance, or turning away. Conversion differentiates the Christian from the non-Christian, and the change in life it leads to is marked by both a rejection of sin and a corresponding personal holiness of life. A conversion experience can be emotional, including grief and sorrow for sin followed by great relief at receiving forgiveness, the stress on conversion is further differentiated from other forms of Protestantism by the belief that an assurance of salvation will accompany conversion. Among Evangelicals, individuals have testified to both sudden and gradual conversions, biblicism is reverence for the Bible and a high regard for biblical authority. All Evangelicals believe in inspiration, though they disagree over how this inspiration should be defined
