1.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
2.
Trinity Lane
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Trinity Lane is a historical street in the heart of the college area in Cambridge, England. The lane leads off Trinity Street, the lane then turns south around the back of Gonville and Caius. Here, Trinity Hall is to the west, at the end of the lane is Clare College to the west and Kings College with its huge Chapel blocking the way to the south. Here the Old Schools are also to be found to the east and beyond that the University of Cambridge Senate House where degree ceremonies are held, the Old Schools now house the Cambridge University Offices, which form the main administration for the University. Senate House Passage is a passageway that links from near the end of Trinity Lane back to Trinity Street. Gonville and Caius College is to the north and the Senate House is to the south, Trinity Lane originally linked the High Street with the wharfs on the River Cam. In the 16th century, the east–west part of the lane was known as Find Silver Lane or Kings Childer Lane, before Kings College was built, this street continued on to what is now known as Queens Lane, leading off the north of Silver Street. Trinity Lane has changed little for several centuries, Trinity Lane, Cambridge — postcards of Cambridge Trinity Lane, Cambridge in Colour
3.
Bishop of Norwich
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The Bishop of Norwich is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers most of the county of Norfolk and part of Suffolk, the current Bishop of Norwich is Graham James, who signs as +Graham Norvic. The see is in the city of Norwich and the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy, the Bishops residence is Bishops House, Norwich. East Anglia has held a bishopric since 630, when the first cathedral was founded at Dommoc, in 673, the see was divided into the bishoprics of Dunwich and Elmham, which were reunited by mid 950s, with the seat located at Elmham. After the Conquest the seat was moved in 1070 to Thetford, before finally being located in Norwich in 1094 under William II, ahead of the completion of the new cathedral building. In about 630 or 631, a diocese was established by St. Felix for the Kingdom of the East Angles, in 672, the diocese was divided into the sees of Dunwich and Elmham by St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury. The line of bishops of Elmham continued until it was interrupted by the Danish Viking invasions in the late 9th, by the mid 950s, the sees of Elmham and Dunwich were reunited under one bishop, with the episcopal see at Elmham. After the Norman conquest, the see was transferred to Thetford in 1075, though the see took the name Norwich in the 11th century, its history goes back 500 years earlier, to the final conversion of the kingdom of East Anglia by St Felix. The East Angles became Christian during the reign of Sigeberht, who succeeded to the kingdom in 628, Felix fixed his see at Dommoc, which may have been at Dunwich, now almost entirely submerged off the coast of Suffolk. From there he evangelized the areas corresponding to the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. He was succeeded in turn by Thomas in 647, Brigilsus and Bifus, upon the death of Bifus, in 673 Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, divided the see between Dunwich and Elmham. The see of Elmham came to an end in about 870, after the East Anglian king Edmund, East Anglia was ravaged, the churches and monasteries destroyed, and Christianity was only practised with difficulty. Wilred, Bishop of Dunwich seems then to have reunited the dioceses, the line of his successors at Elmham then descended to Herfast, a chaplain to William the Conqueror, who removed his see to Thetford Priory and died in 1084. Herbert founded a priory in Norwich in expiation for his sin, the See of Thetford was formed when Herfast moved the episcopal see from Elmham to Thetford in 1075. This short-lived see continued until it was moved to Norwich in 1094, the chapter of secular canons was dissolved and monks took their place. The foundation-stone of the new cathedral at Norwich was laid in 1096, by the time of his death in 1119, Herbert de Losinga had completed the choir, which is apsidal and encircled by a procession path, and which originally gave access to three Norman chapels. His successor, Everard, completed the long Norman nave so that the cathedral is a very early twelfth-century building, the chief of these is the Lady Chapel, the cloisters, the West Window, the rood screen, the spire and the vault spanning the nave. The cathedral suffered much from iconoclasm during the Reformation and the civil wars, the Norwich diocese consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk with some parts of Cambridgeshire, being divided into four archdeaconries, Norfolk, Norwich, Suffolk, and Sudbury
4.
Trinity
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The Christian doctrine of the Trinity holds that God is three consubstantial persons or hypostases—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit—as one God in three Divine Persons. The three persons are distinct, yet are one substance, essence or nature, in this context, a nature is what one is, whereas a person is who one is. Reflection, proclamation, and dialogue led to the formulation of the doctrine that was felt to correspond to the data in the Bible. The simplest outline of the doctrine was formulated in the 4th century, further elaboration continued in the succeeding centuries. Scripture contains neither the word Trinity, nor an expressly formulated doctrine of the Trinity, rather, according to the Christian theology, it bears witness to the activity of a God who can only be understood in Trinitarian terms. The doctrine did not take its shape until late in the fourth century. During the intervening period, various solutions, some more. Trinitarianism contrasts with nontrinitarian positions which include Binitarianism, Unitarianism, Oneness Pentecostalism or Modalism, the word trinity is derived from Latin trinitas, meaning the number three, a triad. This abstract noun is formed from the adjective trinus, as the word unitas is the noun formed from unus. The corresponding word in Greek is tριάς, meaning a set of three or the number three, the first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170. He wrote, In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries, are types of the Trinity, of God, and His Word, and His wisdom. And the fourth is the type of man, who needs light, that so there may be God, the Word, wisdom, man. The Ante-Nicene Fathers asserted Christs deity and spoke of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine. Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110, exhorting obedience to Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit. Justin Martyr also writes, in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, the first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word Trinity was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, His Word and His Wisdom in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation, the first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian. He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps. The highly allegorical exegesis of the Valentinian school inclined it to interpret the relevant scriptural passages as affirming a Divinity that, the Valentinian Gospel of Phillip, which dates to approximately the time of Tertullian, upholds the Trinitarian formula
5.
All Souls College, Oxford
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All Souls College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become Fellows, All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford, with a financial endowment of £286. 4m. However, since the Colleges principal source of revenue is its endowment, All Souls is a registered charity under English law. The college is located on the side of the High Street adjoining Radcliffe Square to the west. To the east is The Queens College with Hertford College to the North, the current Warden is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford. The College was founded by Henry VI of England and Henry Chichele, the Statutes provided for the Warden and forty fellows – all to take Holy Orders, twenty-four to study arts, philosophy and theology, and sixteen to study civil or canon law. Today the College is primarily a research institution. The College now has no undergraduate members, All Souls did once have them, especially in the early 17th century on the instigation of Robert Hovenden, in order to provide the fellows with servientes. The admission of undergraduates for this purpose was abandoned in the 19th century, the All Souls Library was founded through a bequest from Christopher Codrington, a Fellow of the College. Christopher Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000, in addition to £10,000 in currency and this bequest allowed the library to be built and endowed. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed his fortune from his sugar planation in the West Indies, the library was completed in 1751, and has been in continuous use since then. The modern library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800, the collections are particularly strong in Law and History. Built between 1438 and 1442, the chapel remained largely unchanged until the Commonwealth, Oxford, having been a largely Royalist stronghold, suffered under the Puritans wrath. The 42 misericords date from the Chapels building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at Higham Ferrers, both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock. Christopher Wren was a Fellow from 1653, and in 1658 produced a sundial for the College and this was originally placed on the South wall of the Chapel, until it was moved to the quadrangle in 1877. During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren, however, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, each year several dozen typically do so. Two examination fellows are elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place in previous years
6.
University College, Oxford
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University College, is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, as of 2009, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £109m. The college is associated with a number of influential people, notable alumni include Clement Attlee, C. S. Lewis, Bill Clinton, V. S. Naipaul, Stephen Hawking and Percy Bysshe Shelley. A legend arose in the 14th century that the college was founded by King Alfred in 872, however most agree its foundation was in 1249 by William of Durham. He bequeathed money to support ten or twelve Masters of Arts studying Divinity, and this later date still allows the claim that Univ is the oldest of the Oxford colleges, although this is contested by Balliol College and Merton College. Until the 16th century, it was open to Fellows studying theology. As Univ grew in size and wealth, its buildings were replaced with the current Main Quadrangle in the 17th Century. Although the foundation stone was placed on 17 April 1634 the disruption of the English Civil War meant it was not completed until sometime in 1676, Radcliffe Quad followed more rapidly by 1719, and the Library was built in 1861. University College began to accept female students in 1979. The main entrance to the college is on the High Street and its grounds are bounded by Merton Street, the college is divided by Logic Lane which is owned by the college and runs through the centre. The western side of the college is occupied by the library, the hall, the chapel, the eastern side of the college is mainly devoted to student accommodation in rooms above the High Street shops, on Merton Street or in the separate Goodhart Building. This building is named after former master of the college Arthur Lehman Goodhart, the college also owns student accommodation on Staverton Road in North Oxford which houses students after their second year. The college also owns the University College Boathouse and a ground which is located nearby on Abingdon Road. The Alternative Prospectus is written and produced by current students for prospective applicants, the publication was awarded a HELOA Innovation and Best Practice Award in 2011. The Univ Alternative Prospectus offers student written advice and guidance to potential Oxford applicants, the award recognises the engagement of the college community, unique newspaper format, forward-thinking use of social media and the collaborative working between staff and students. University has the longest grace of any Oxford college and it is read before every Formal Hall, which is held Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday at Univ. The reading is performed by a Scholar of the College and whoever is sitting at the head of High Table, the Scholar does not need to know it by heart, and it is unusual for people to do so. Gratiarum actio in collegio magnae aulae universitatis quotidie ante mensam dicenda, SCHOLAR — Deus det vivis gratiam, defunctis requiem, Ecclesiae, Reginae, Regnoque nostro, pacem et concordiam, et nobis peccatoribus vitam aeternam
7.
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
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This is a list of the colleges within the University of Cambridge. They also provide funding, accommodation, or both, for some of the research posts in the University. They are self-governed charities in their own right, with their own endowments, until the mid-19th century, both Cambridge and Oxford comprised a group of colleges with a small central university administration, rather than universities in the common sense. The University of Cambridge has 31 colleges, founded between the 13th and 20th centuries, the oldest college is Peterhouse, founded in 1284, and the newest is Robinson, founded in 1977. Homerton, which was first founded in the century as a dissenting academy. All 16 of the old colleges and 7 of the 15 new ones admit both male and female students as undergraduates and postgraduates, without any age restrictions. No colleges are all-male, although most originally were, darwin, founded in 1964, was the first mixed college, while in 1972 Churchill, Clare and Kings colleges were the first previously all-male colleges to admit women. The last all-male college to become mixed was Magdalene, in 1988, in 1973 Hughes Hall became the first all-female college to admit men, and Girton admitted men in 1976. Lucy Cavendish also places restrictions on the admission of staff members, the same is true of Newnham, but not Murray Edwards. Key, U–undergraduates, P–postgraduates, Abb-Official abbreviation used in the Reporter, there are also several theological colleges in Cambridge that are affiliated with the university through the Cambridge Theological Federation. Most colleges are led by a Master, even when the Master is female, Girton College has always had a Mistress, even though male candidates have been able to run for the office since 1976. These include, Ayerst Hostel, founded in the 1880s, renamed as St Edmunds House in 1896, buckingham College, founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hall, refounded as Magdalene in 1542. Bull College, a college for US GIs returning from World War II, existing in Michaelmas 1945. Cavendish College, founded in 1873, an attempt to allow students to sit the Tripos examinations. Clare Hall was the name of Clare College between 1338 and 1856, Clare College founded a new college named Clare Hall in 1966. Gonville Hall, founded in 1348, and re-founded in 1557 as Gonville, gods House, founded in 1437, and re-founded in 1505 as Christs College. Kings Hall, founded in 1317, and combined with Michaelhouse to form Trinity College in 1546, Michaelhouse, founded in 1324, and combined with Kings Hall to form Trinity College in 1546. List of Oxbridge sister colleges List of fictional Cambridge colleges Colleges of the University of Oxford Colleges of Durham University Colleges of the University of York
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
9.
Stephen Hawking
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Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBCs poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device, Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford, England to Frank and Isobel Hawking. Despite their families financial constraints, both attended the University of Oxford, where Frank read medicine and Isobel read Philosophy. The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a research institute where Isobel was working as a secretary. They lived in Highgate, but, as London was being bombed in those years, Hawking has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. In 1950, when Hawkings father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, Hawking and his moved to St Albans. In St Albans, the family were considered intelligent and somewhat eccentric. They lived an existence in a large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house. During one of Hawkings fathers frequent absences working in Africa, the rest of the family spent four months in Majorca visiting his mothers friend Beryl and her husband, Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. He later blamed its progressive methods for his failure to learn to read while at the school, in St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses, the family placed a high value on education. Hawkings father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School and his family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, although at school Hawking was known as Einstein, Hawking was not initially successful academically. With time, he began to show aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta. Hawkings father advised him to medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates. He wanted Hawking to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater, as it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry
10.
Stanley Bruce
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Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, CH, MC, PC, FRS was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia. He later pursued a long and influential career as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, at the League of Nations and as Chairman of the Food. Born into a wealthy Melbourne family, Bruce studied at the University of Cambridge and he served on the front lines of the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I and returned to Australia wounded in 1917, becoming a spokesperson for government recruitment efforts. He gained the attention of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister Billy Hughes and he was elected to parliament in 1918, becoming treasurer in 1921 and then prime minister in 1923. In office Bruce pursued an energetic and diverse agenda and he comprehensively overhauled federal government administration and oversaw its transfer to the new capital city of Canberra. He implemented many reforms to the Australian federal system that strengthened the role of the Commonwealth and he established the Commonwealth Peace Officers and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the forerunners of the Australian Federal Police and the CSIRO. In the resounding loss at the subsequent election the Prime Minister lost his seat, although he returned to parliament in 1931, Bruces service in the Lyons Government was brief. Instead he pursued a career, accepting appointment as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in 1933. He was elevated to the peerage in 1947 and became the first Australian to sit in the House of Lords, Stanley Melbourne Bruce was born on 15 April 1883 in St Kilda, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, and was the youngest of five children. His father, John Munro Bruce, was of Ulster Scottish descent and had emigrated from Ireland to Australia in 1858 at the age of 18. His mother, Mary Ann Henderson, was Irish and had married her cousin John after emigrating to Australia in 1872 at the age of 24, as his wealth grew, John became increasingly influential in colonial Victorias social and political life. An avid golfer, he was one of the founders of the Royal Melbourne Golf Club and he was prominent in the liberal protectionist political movement within the state, and an early supporter of future prime minister Alfred Deakin. Johns success ensured that Bruce, his sister Mary and brothers Ernest, William, shortly after Bruces birth the family relocated to the stately Wombalano manor in Toorak. However, John was an aloof and remote figure in the lives of his children, despite their familys Presbyterian faith, Bruce was sent to Melbourne Church of England Grammar School and subsequently Bruce would come to identify principally as Anglican. Bruce was a student but extremely active in the sporting life of the school and captain of its football team. The economic depression of the 1880s and 1890s hit the Bruce family fortunes hard, John Bruce lost much of his fortune in the Victorian bank collapse of 1894 and incurred large debts to buy out his partners in the importing business in 1897. The family suffered a great deal more tragedy over the coming decades, stanleys brother William committed suicide in 1899, shortly after seeking treatment for mental illness. Just two years later John Bruce took his own life during a trip to Paris, he had suffered from depression as a result of the great pressures on his business
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David Johnston
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David Lloyd Johnston CC CMM COM CD FRSC FRCPSC is a Canadian academic, author, and statesman who is the current Governor General of Canada, the 28th since Canadian Confederation. Johnston was born and raised in Ontario, studying there before enrolling at Harvard University and later Cambridge and he was in 2010 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of then Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper, to replace Michaëlle Jean as viceroy. At the time, Johnston was predominantly praised as a choice for the Queens representative. As governor general, Johnston is entitled to be styled His Excellency while in office and The Right Honourable for the duration of his viceregal tenure, given current practice, he will be sworn into the Queens Privy Council for Canada when his term as the Queens representative ends. Johnston was born on June 28,1941 in Sudbury, Ontario, to Lloyd Johnston, the owner of a hardware store and he attended Sault Collegiate Institute in nearby Sault Ste. In 1970, Segal wrote the best-selling novel Love Story, basing a character in the book—Davey, Johnston suffered three concussions from playing football and hockey, he was told by his doctor to either wear a helmet or stop playing hockey. Johnston later attended the University of Cambridge, obtaining a Bachelor of Laws with honours in 1965, during that period, Johnston married his high school sweetheart, Sharon, with whom he has five daughters. Johnston has had an academic career, during which he came to specialise in securities regulation, corporation law, public policy. Johnston stepped down in 1994 as principal of McGill to remain at the university only as a law professor until he was in 1999 installed as the fifth President of the University of Waterloo. At that time, the couple acquired a home in Heidelberg, Ontario and he also moderated the provincial leaders debate featuring David Peterson, Bob Rae, and Larry Grossman, in the run up to the Ontario general election in 1987. He also sat on the Ontario governments Task Force on Management of Large Scale Information and Information Technology Projects and he is the only non-American citizen to chair the Harvard Board of Overseers. Johnston completed his report on January 11,2008, listing seventeen questions of interest for further investigation, Johnstons role as special adviser was parodied by Roger Abbott on the January 11,2008, airing of Air Farce Live. For this corporate, government, charitable, and academic work, Johnston was in 1988 appointed to the Order of Canada as an Officer and he has also published numerous books on law, chapters in other volumes, magazine articles, and aided in writing legislation. And sat as the co-chair of the Montreal No Committee during the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence, at the time, Harper said of Johnston that he represents the best of Canada, he represents hard work, dedication, public service and humility. I am confident he will continue to embody these traits in his new role as the Crown representative in Canada. Johnston himself said in a conference that he and his wife had always been dedicated to service and vowed to, while in office, defend Canadian heritage. Also on the short list were other distinguished Canadians, including John de Chastelain, the appointment was widely praised, its announcement garnering positive words from individuals like former University of Toronto president Robert Prichard and columnist Andrew Coyne. Opposition Leader Michael Ignatieff stated, David Johnston’s dedication to learning, combined with his legal expertise and constitutional knowledge makes him an ideal choice for Governor General
12.
Marshall McLuhan
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Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC was a Canadian professor, philosopher, and public intellectual. His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of theory, as well as having practical applications in the advertising. McLuhan is known for coining the expression the medium is the message and the global village. He was a fixture in media discourse in the late 1960s, in the years after his death, he continued to be a controversial figure in academic circles. With the arrival of the internet, however, interest has renewed in his work, Herbert Marshall McLuhan was born in Edmonton, Alberta to Elsie Naomi and Herbert Ernest McLuhan, both born in Canada. His brother Maurice was born two years later, Marshall was his maternal grandmothers surname. His mother was a Baptist schoolteacher who became an actress. That business failed when World War I broke out, and McLuhans father enlisted in the Canadian army, after a year of service, he contracted influenza and remained in Canada, away from the front. At Manitoba, McLuhan explored his relationship with religion and turned to literature to gratify his souls hunger for truth and beauty. After studying for one year as a student, he changed majors and earned a BA, winning a University Gold Medal in Arts. He took an MA in English from the University of Manitoba in 1934 and he had long desired to pursue graduate studies in England and he was accepted to the University of Cambridge, having failed to secure a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford. He entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge in the autumn of 1934 and these studies formed an important precursor to his later ideas on technological forms. He received the bachelors degree from Cambridge in 1936 and entered their graduate program. Later, he returned from England to take a job as an assistant at the University of Wisconsin–Madison that he held for the 1936–37 academic year. While studying the trivium at Cambridge, he took the first steps toward his eventual conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1937, in 1935, he wrote to his mother, ad I not encountered Chesterton, I would have remained agnostic for many years at least. At the end of March 1937, McLuhan completed what was a slow but total conversion process, after consulting a minister, his father accepted the decision to convert. His mother, however, felt that his conversion would hurt his career and was inconsolable, McLuhan was devout throughout his life, but his religion remained a private matter. He had a lifelong interest in the three and sometimes said that the Virgin Mary provided intellectual guidance for him
13.
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
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Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham, known as Howard of Effingham, was an English statesman and Lord High Admiral under Elizabeth I and James I. Few details of Charles Howards early life are known and he was born in 1536, and was the cousin of Queen Elizabeth. He was son of William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham and Margaret Gamage and he was a grandson of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. He was also the cousin of Anne Boleyn, and held prominent posts during the reign of Annes daughter. It is believed that Charles Howard was taught French and a bit of Latin at the house of his uncle and he was also educated in penmanship, chivalric exercises, and some legal traditions. He served as a page to his cousin Thomas who later became the 4th Duke of Norfolk and he also fished and hunted fervently throughout his life. Howard served at sea under his fathers command as a youth, in 1552, he was sent to France to become well-educated in the French language, but was soon brought back to England at the request of his father because of questionable or unexpected treatment. Howard went to the negotiations between England and France which led to the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis of 1559. He personally informed Elizabeth of its ratification and he served as Ambassador to France in 1559. In December 1562, he became the keeper of the Queens house, Howard was also a member of the House of Commons, yet he was not as distinguished as many others have been. He represented Surrey in Parliament in 1563 and again in 1572, in 1564 he became a member of Grays Inn, and received his Master of Arts at Cambridge in 1571. This was not because he had any ambitions, but because it was the normal thing for men of his status to do. He served as General of the Horse in 1569 and suppressed a Catholic rebellion in northern England and he commanded a squadron of ships escorting the Queen of Spain on a state visit in 1570. Howard was knighted in 1572 and became Lord Howard of Effingham following his fathers death in 1573, from 1576–1603 he was patron of a playing company, Nottinghams Men, later called the Admirals Men. On 3 April 1575 Howard was elected to the Order of the Garter to replace his cousin, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk and he was installed at Windsor on 8 May 1575. Howard was named Lord High Admiral in 1585, the French ambassador wrote to Sir Francis Walsingham, saying Elizabeths appointment of Howard was a choice worthy of her virtue and prudence and very necessary for the Admiralty. I pray you tell her that the King has written to me by an express to thank her for having elected so good an admiral, Howard regularly attended the Privy Council during the Babington Plot. He was named as one of the commissioners to try Mary, Howard then met Davison and informed him that Elizabeth was now fully resolved and ordered him to bring forth the warrant to be signed, that it might be forthwith despatched and deferred no longer
14.
Canon law
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Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. The way that such law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a council, these canons formed the foundation of canon law. Greek kanon / Ancient Greek, κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, straight, a rule, code, standard, or measure, the root meaning in all these languages is reed. In the Fourth century the First Council of Nicaea calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church, the canon, κανὠν, means in Greek. There is an early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, west Syrian Rite which includes the Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Church and the Syro-Malankara Church. Armenian Rite Church which includes the Armenian Catholic Church, east Syrian Rite Churches which includes the Chaldean Church and Syro-Malabar Church. All of these groups are in full communion with the Supreme Pontiff and are subject to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods, the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum, in relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus and the jus novum. The academic degrees in law are the J. C. B. Because of its nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law. Much of the style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. This is in contrast to the form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U. S. law. The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the development of much of Europe. Sampel explains that law has significant influence in contemporary society. Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy, each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church, the publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later
15.
Norwich
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Norwich is a city on the River Wensum in East Anglia and lies about 100 miles north-east of London. It is the administrative centre for East Anglia and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London and it remained the capital of the most populous English county until the Industrial Revolution. The urban area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 Census, the parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. A total of 132,512 people live in the City of Norwich, Norwich is the fourth most densely populated local-government district in the East of England, with 3,480 people per square kilometre. In May 2012, Norwich was designated Englands first UNESCO City of Literature, the capital of the Iceni tribe was a settlement located near to the village of Caistor St. Edmund on the River Tas approximately 8 kilometres to the south of modern-day Norwich. Following an uprising led by Boudica around AD60 the Caistor area became the Roman capital of East Anglia named Venta Icenorum, literally the market place of the Iceni. According to a rhyme, the demise of Venta Icenorum led to the development of Norwich, Caistor was a city when Norwich was none. There are two suggested models of development for Norwich, the ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 AD when it was raided and burnt by Swein Forkbeard the Viking king of Denmark. Mercian coins and shards of pottery from the Rhineland dating from the 8th century suggest that trade was happening long before this. Between 924 and 939, Norwich became fully established as a town, the word Norvic appears on coins across Europe minted during this period, in the reign of King Athelstan. The Vikings were a cultural influence in Norwich for 40–50 years at the end of the 9th century. At the time of the Norman Conquest the city was one of the largest in England, the Domesday Book states that it had approximately 25 churches and a population of between 5, 000–10,000. It also records the site of an Anglo-Saxon church in Tombland, the site of the Saxon market place and the later Norman cathedral. Norwich continued to be a centre for trade, the River Wensum being a convenient export route to the River Yare and Great Yarmouth. Quern stones and other artefacts from Scandinavia and the Rhineland have been found during excavations in Norwich city centre and these date from the 11th century onwards. Norwich Castle was founded soon after the Norman Conquest, the Domesday Book records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle. In 1096, Herbert de Losinga, Bishop of Thetford, began construction of Norwich Cathedral, the chief building material for the Cathedral was limestone, imported from Caen in Normandy
16.
Pembroke College, Cambridge
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Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has seven hundred students. Physically, it is one of the larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its founding. As of 2014 the college has an endowment of £67 million. Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges, Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister, in Pembrokes case William Pitt the Younger. The college library, with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower, is endowed with a copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams. The colleges current master is Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke founded Pembroke College, Cambridge. Christmas Eve 1347, Edward III granted Marie de St Pol, widow of the Earl of Pembroke, the Hall of Valence Mary, as it was originally known, was thus founded to house a body of students and fellows. The college was later renamed Pembroke Hall, and finally became Pembroke College in 1856, Marie was closely involved with College affairs in the thirty years up to her death in 1377. Both the founding of the college and the building of the citys first college Chapel required the grant of a papal bull. The original court was the universitys smallest at only 95 feet by 55 feet, the colleges gatehouse is the oldest in Cambridge. The original Chapel now forms the Old Library and has a striking seventeenth-century plaster ceiling, designed by Henry Doogood, around the Civil War, one of Pembrokes fellows and Chaplain to the future Charles I, Matthew Wren, was imprisoned by Oliver Cromwell. On his release after eighteen years, he fulfilled a promise by hiring his nephew Christopher Wren to build a great Chapel in his former college. The resulting Chapel was consecrated on St Matthews Day,1665, and the end was extended by George Gilbert Scott in 1880. An increase in membership over the last 150 years saw an increase in building activity. The Hall was rebuilt in 1875–6 by Alfred Waterhouse after he had declared the medieval Hall unsafe, Building work continued into the 20th century with W. D. Caröe as architect. He added Pitt Building between Ivy Court and Waterhouses Lodge, and extended New Court with the construction of O staircase on the side of the Lodge. In 1926, as the Fellows had become disenchanted with Waterhouses Hall, Maurice Webb was brought in to remove the open roof, put in a flat ceiling
17.
Henry VIII of England
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Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
18.
Trinity College, Cambridge
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Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
19.
Henry VI of England
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Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Henry inherited the long-running Hundred Years War, where Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. Henry married Charless niece, Margaret of Anjou, partially in the hope of achieving peace in 1445, the war recommenced, with France taking the upper hand, by 1453, Calais was Henrys only remaining territory on the continent. Henry experienced a breakdown after the failure of the war. Civil war broke out in 1460, leading to a period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was taken prisoner by Richard of York at Northampton on 10 July 1460 but was rescued that December by forces loyal to Margaret and he was deposed on 29 March 1461 following the victory at Towton by Richards son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Henry suffered another breakdown and, despite Margaret continuing to lead a resistance to Edward, he was captured by Edwards forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, restored Henry to the throne in 1470, Henry died in the Tower during the night of 21 May 1471, possibly killed on the orders of Edward. He was buried at Chertsey Abbey, before being moved to Windsor Castle in 1484, miracles were attributed to Henry after his death, and he was informally regarded as a saint and martyr until the 16th century. He left a legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, Kings College and All Souls College, William Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. Henry was the child and heir of King Henry V. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor Castle and he succeeded to the throne as King of England at the age of nine months upon his fathers death on 31 August 1422, he was the youngest person ever to succeed to the English throne. A few weeks later on 21 October 1422 in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420 and his mother, Catherine of Valois, was then 20 years old. As Charles VIs daughter, she was viewed with suspicion by English nobles and was prevented from playing a full role in her sons upbringing. On 28 September 1423, the nobles swore loyalty to Henry VI and they summoned Parliament in the Kings name and established a regency council to govern until the King should come of age. One of Henry Vs surviving brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, was appointed regent of the realm and was in charge of the ongoing war in France. During Bedfords absence, the government of England was headed by Henry Vs other surviving brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and his duties were limited to keeping the peace and summoning Parliament. Henry Vs half-uncle Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, had an important place on the Council, after the Duke of Bedford died in 1435, the Duke of Gloucester claimed the Regency himself, but was contested in this by the other members of the Council
20.
King's Hall, Cambridge
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Kings Hall was once one of the constituent colleges of Cambridge, founded in 1317, the second after Peterhouse. Alan Cobban has identified John Hotham, Bishop of Ely, as the person who guided Edward II in this foundation and it received letters patent from Edward III in 1337. Kings Hall no longer exists, as it was combined with Michaelhouse in the mid 16th century by King Henry VIII, at the time, the King had been wiping out and seizing Church lands from abbeys and monasteries. It is thought that the King had great plans to create a college to rival Oxfords Christ Church with great new architecture, the layout of Great Court is mainly due to Thomas Nevile, a master of Trinity. g. University College, London to cater for dissenters, the universities used their contacts to plead with Henry VIIIs 6th wife, Catherine Parr. The Queen persuaded her not to close them down. This, combined with lands confiscated from the Church, caused Trinity to be the richest and biggest college, Kings Hall was located in what is now the northern section of the Great Court of Trinity College, and there still stands an original building from that time. Unfortunately, the last buildings of Michaelhouse were recorded as being knocked down with the completion of the section of Great Court. A photo of Kings Hall Trinity College Official Site University of Cambridge Official Site
21.
River Cam
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The River Cam is the main river flowing through Cambridge in eastern England. After leaving Cambridge, it flows north and east into the Great Ouse to the south of Ely at Popes Corner. The Great Ouse connects the Cam to the North Sea at Kings Lynn, The total distance from Cambridge to the sea is about 40 mi and is navigable for punts, small boats, and rowing craft. The Great Ouse also connects to Englands canal system via the Middle Level Navigations, in total, the Cam runs for around 69 kilometres from its furthest source to its confluence with the Great Ouse. This was not universally applied, however, and the stretch of the river continues to be informally known as the Granta. It has been said that the river is the Granta above the Silver Street Bridgemap 11, the Rhee tributary is also formally known as the Cam, and the Granta has a tributary on its upper stretch also known as the Granta. The Cam has no connection with the much smaller River Cam in Gloucestershire, an organisation called the Conservators of the River Cam was formed in 1702, charged with keeping the river navigable. The Conservators are responsible for the two locks in and north east of Cambridge, Jesus Lockmap 7 and Baits Bite Lock. map 3 The stretch north of Jesus Lock is sometimes called the lower river. The stretch between Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock is much used for rowing, there are also many residential boats on this stretch, their occupants forming a community who call themselves the Camboaters. Navigation on the lowest section of the Cam, below and including Bottisham Lock, the stretch above Jesus Lock is sometimes known as the middle river. Between Jesus Lock and the Mill Pond, map 12 it passes through the Backsmap 10 below the walls of many of the colleges and this is the section of river most popular with tourists, with its picture-postcard views of elegant bridges, green lawns and graceful willows. Access for mechanically powered boats is prohibited above La Mimosa Pub between 1 April and 30 September, when the middle and upper river are only to manually propelled craft. The most common of these are the flat-bottomed punts, punts and canoes can be manhandled around the weir above the Mill Pool by means of the rollers, a slipway from lower to upper level. From the Mill Pool and its weir, the river can be followed upstream through Grantchester meadows to the village of Grantchestermap 14 and Byrons Pool, the two principal tributaries of the Cam are the Granta and the Rhee, though both are also known as the Cam. The Rhee begins just off the High Street, at Ashwell in Hertfordshire, just after flowing under the Roman Ermine Street, it crosses the avenue of Wimpole Hall and a few kilometres later it receives the waters of the minor River Mel that runs through Meldreth. It runs along the edge of the village of Barrington. At Harston it passes Harston Mill, the site of a mill from at least the 11th century until the need for mill died out in the mid-20th century. It then touches the edge of the village of Haslingfield before joining the Granta at Hauxton Junction
22.
Bridges in Cambridge
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The following is a list and brief history of the bridges in Cambridge, England, principally those over the River Cam. The River Cam enters Cambridge from the south west of the city, after passing St Johns College, it turns sharply and runs east, passing the weir at Jesus Green and the boathouses alongside Midsummer Common. Passing Chesterton, it turns again and leaves the city. The most upstream bridge in Cambridge lies along Grantchester Road between Grantchester and Trumpington, also known as Brasel Bridge, this 1790 brick bridge replaced a wooden bridge at the site of a ford. Links Coe Fen behind The Leys School over a small bridge to Lammas Land. Also known as Sheeps Green bridge, it was closed in the quarter of 2006 to replace the steps with ramps to make it easier for cyclists. The bridge decking was also replaced. map 1 The first road bridge that is reached as the river enters the city, repairs, however, allowed the bridge to last for a further 40 years. The current design is by Timothy Guy Morgan, who at the time was a student at Jesus College. Morgan died in 1960, before the bridge was completed, the bridge was crafted from a single block of limestone, carved to give the appearance of masonry. map 12. A bridge in Oxford, also nicknamed The Bridge of Sighs but more reminiscent of the Rialto Bridge, Named after Magdalene College, which stands nearby. The foundation stone was laid by Frederic Wace, mayor of Cambridge, on 4 November 1889, the bridge was rebuilt for strengthening in 1992. map 15 Named after the Fort St George pub near its southern end. This bridge is now open for use by cyclists. map 16 A pedestrian, the original footbridge was closed in 2003 after over 75 years of service, and removed during December 2004. The replacement, over which cyclists may now legally cycle, was opened on 20 May 2005, a plain four-carriageway concrete bridge, opened by Lord Butler in his capacity as High Steward of Cambridge on 13 July 1971, this is Cambridges most recent road bridge. The opening caused a few minutes of embarrassment when Lord Butlers golden scissors failed to cut the ribbon across the road. map 18 The bridge forms part of Elizabeth Way, the most recent river crossing connects Chesterton and Riverside near the Museum of Technology. Construction work began in April 2007, and the foot and cycle bridge opened to the public on 5 June 2008 and it cost £3.1 million and was partially funded by Tesco to provide increased access to its Newmarket Road store. Map 18a Named after the Green Dragon pub opposite its northern end, also known to student rowers as Chesterton Footbridge as it crosses over what they know as Chesterton Corner. map 19 Crosses the river through east Chesterton, south of the A14 bridge. Estimated cost is £4.5 million Known to rowers and others as the Motorway Bridge, Crosses the river just south of Baits Bite Lock. This bridge is sometimes referred to as Bovis Bridge. map 21 An elevated footbridge crosses Baits Bite Lock in Milton to a narrow islet
23.
Pope Urban V
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Pope Urban V, born Guillaume de Grimoard, was Pope from 28 September 1362 to his death in 1370 and was also a member of the Order of Saint Benedict. He was the sixth Avignon Pope, and the only Avignon pope to be beatified, even after his election as pontiff, he continued to follow the Benedictine Rule, living simply and modestly. His habits did not always gain him supporters who were used to lives of affluence, Urban V pressed for reform throughout his pontificate and also oversaw the restoration and construction of churches and monasteries. One of the goals he made upon his election to the Papacy was the reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches and he came as close as some of his predecessors and successors, but did not succeed. Guillaume de Grimoard was born in 1310 in the Castle of Grizac in the French region of Languedoc, the son of Guillaume de Grimoard, Lord of Bellegarde. He had two brothers, Étienne and Anglic, the cardinal, and a sister Delphine. In 1327, Guillaume Grimoard became a Benedictine monk in the small Priory of Chirac, near his home and he was sent to St. Victor for his novitiate. After his profession of vows, he was ordained a priest in his own monastery in Chirac in 1334. He studied literature and law at Montpellier, and then he moved to the University of Toulouse and he earned a doctorate in Canon Law on 31 October 1342. He was appointed Prior of Nôtre-Dame du Pré in the diocese of Auxerre by Pope Clement VI and he began both disciplinary and financial reforms. Prior Grimoard became Procurator-General for the Order of St. Benedict at the Papal Curia and he became a noted canonist, teaching at Montpellier, Paris and Avignon. He was appointed by the Bishop of Clermont, Pierre de Aigrefeuille to be his Vicar General, when Bishop Pierre was transferred to Uzès, Guillaume Grimond became Vicar General of Uzès. Guillaume was named abbot of the monastery of Saint-Germain en Auxerre on 13 February 1352 by Pope Clement VI, in 1359 the town and abbey were captured by the English and subjected to heavy imposts. In the summer of 1352 Pope Clement VI summoned Abbot Guillaume for an assignment, northern Italy had been in a chaotic state for some time, thanks to the ambitions of the Visconti of Milan, led by Archbishop Giovanni Visconti. He had conquered much of Lombardy, seized the Papal city of Bologna, in order to keep a hold on the territory for the Church, the Pope had hit on the scheme of making Archbishop Visconti his Vicar of Bologna for the present. He drew up an agreement on 27 April 1352, which absolved the Visconti of all their transgressions, the Pope even made the first payment on the subsidy which he was going to provide them. On 26 July, Abbot Grimoard and Msgr, azzo Manzi da Reggio, the Dean of the Cathedral of Aquileia, were presented with written instructions by Pope Clement to go to northern Italy as Apostolic nuncios to deal with the situation. This he did on 2 October 1352, Guillaume was allotted 8 gold florins a day for his expenses, his associate Anzo only 4 florins
24.
Nathaniel Lloyd
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Sir Nathaniel Lloyd was an English jurist and Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Born in the Savoy Hospital 29 November 1669, eldest son of Sir Richard Lloyd by Elizabeth and he was educated at St Pauls School and Trinity College, Oxford, where he matriculated 9 April 1685. He was elected fellow of All Souls College in 1689, graduated B. C. L,22 June 1691, and proceeded D. C. L. 30 June 1696, in which year he was admitted a member of the College of Advocates, Lloyd was appointed deputy admiralty advocate during the absence of Dr. Henry Newton on 15 Nov.1701, and was kings advocate from 1715 to 1727. He resigned the mastership on 1 October 1735, died at Sunbury-on-Thames on 30 March 1745, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Lloyd, Nathaniel
25.
Maso da San Friano
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Maso da San Friano was an Italian painter active in Florence. His real name was Tomaso DAntonio Manzuoli and he was born in San Friano and died in Florence. According to Giorgio Vasari, Maso was a pupil of Pier Francesco Foschi while others claim it was Carlo Portelli and he collaborated with an elder Michelangelo on some projects. His altarpiece of the Visitation was painted in 1560 for the church of San Pier Maggiore, Florence - now in Trinity Hall Chapel, Cambridge, a similar work can be seen in the Prato cathedral. After 1561, he painted in the church of Ognissanti, Florence and he participated in the decoration of the Studiolo of Francesco I with an oval canvas relating the Fall of Icarus story. The canvas has an affected milling in individuals below and an anomalous perspective and his second contribution Mining of Diamonds. A portrait of Ferdinando I de Medici by Maso can be found in the Town Council Hall of Prato and he is regarded as part of the Counter-Maniera or Counter-Mannerism movement in Florence. His most important pupils were Jacopo da Empoli and Alessandro Fei, one of his paintings, thought to be of Cosimo I de Medici in 1560, is believed to be the oldest to show a watch. Freedberg, Sydney J. Pelican History of Art, ed, three Notes on Maso da San Friano
26.
Mary, mother of Jesus
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Mary, also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin, the miraculous birth took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, the Gospel of Luke begins its account of Marys life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her life her body was assumed directly into Heaven. Mary has been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion and she is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, there is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, many Protestants minimize Marys role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Marys name in the manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name ܡܪܝܡ. The English name Mary comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament, in Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husbands involvement. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos, Aeiparthenos as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelos Pietà, the title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. However, this phrase in Greek, in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God, some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, the scriptural basis for the term Queen can be seen in Luke 1,32 and the Isaiah 9,6. Queen Mother can be found in 1 Kings 2, 19-20 and Jeremiah 13, other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary
27.
Elizabeth (biblical figure)
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Elizabeth, also spelled Elisabeth or Elisheba, was the mother of John the Baptist and the wife of Zechariah, according to the Gospel of Luke. According to the Gospel of Luke, Elizabeth was of the daughters of Aaron and she and her husband Zacharias were righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless, but childless. While he was in the temple of the Lord, Zacharias was visited by the angel Gabriel, But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zechariah and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you are to call him John. He will be a joy and delight to you, and many will rejoice because of his birth and he is never to take wine or other fermented drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even before he is born. Zacharias doubted whereby he could know this since both he and his wife were old, the angel identified himself as Gabriel and told Zacharias that he would be dumb, and not able to speak until the words were fulfilled, because he did not believe. When the days of his ministry were complete, he returned to his house, after this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant and for five months remained in seclusion. “The Lord has done this for me, ” she said, “In these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace among the people. After she was informed that her relative Elizabeth had begun her sixth month of pregnancy, she travelled to Hebron, in the hill country of Judah. When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, in a loud voice she exclaimed, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the child you will bear. But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me, as soon as the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy. Blessed is she who has believed that the Lord would fulfill his promises to her, after Mary heard Elizabeths blessing, she spoke the words now known as the Magnificat. Again, Henry notes that it was here, in Hebron, that circumcision was first instituted, Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about three months and then returned home. When it was time for Elizabeth to have her baby, she gave birth to a son and her neighbors and relatives heard that the Lord had shown her great mercy, and they shared her joy. On the eighth day they came to circumcise the child, and they were going to him after his father Zechariah. He is to be called John. ”They said to her, “There is no one among your relatives who has that name. ”Then they made signs to his father, to find out what he would like to name the child. He asked for a tablet, and to everyone’s astonishment he wrote, “His name is John. ”Immediately his mouth was opened and his tongue set free. That is the last mention of Elizabeth, who is not mentioned in any other chapter in the Bible. Elizabeth is mentioned in books of the Apocrypha, most prominently in the Protevangelion of James, in which the birth of her son
28.
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
29.
Geoffrey Howe
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Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, PC, QC, known from 1970 to 1992 as Sir Geoffrey Howe, was a British Conservative politician. His resignation on 1 November 1990 is widely considered by the British press to have precipitated Thatchers own resignation three weeks later, Geoffrey Howe was born in 1926 at Port Talbot, Wales, to Benjamin Edward Howe, a solicitor and coroner, and Eliza Florence Howe. He was to himself as a quarter Scottish, a quarter Cornish. Howe was not sporty, joining instead the debating society and it was during wartime, so he ran the Home Guard at the school, and set a National Savings group. He was also a photographer, and film buff. A gifted classicist, Howe was offered an exhibition to Trinity Hall in 1945 and he did a six months course in maths and physics. He was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1952, in August 1953 Geoffrey Howe married Elspeth, daughter of P. Morton Shand. They had a son and two daughters, at first the valleys practice struggled to pay, surviving thanks to £1,200 gift from his father and a judicious marriage. He served on the Council of the Bar from 1957 to 1962, a high-earning barrister, he was made a QC in 1965. Choosing instead a career in politics, Howe stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Aberavon at the 1955 and 1959 general elections, losing in a very safe Labour Party seat. He became chairman of the Bow Group, an internal Conservative think tank of young modernisers in the 1960s, in 1958, he co-authored the report A Giants Strength published by the Inns of Court Conservative Association. The report argued that the unions had become too powerful and that their legal privileges ought to be curtailed, Ian Macleod discouraged the authors from publicising the report. Howe represented Bebington in the House of Commons from 1964 to 1966 with a reduced majority. He became a Chairman of the committee on social services, being quickly recognised for promotion to the front bench, as HM Opposition spokesman on welfare. He was defeated in 1966 general election and he sat as deputy Chairman of Glamorgan Quarter Sessions. More politically significant was work on the Latey Committee tasked with recommending a reduction in the voting age, in 1969 he investigated Ely Mental Hospital, Cardiff for alleged abuse. He returned to parliament as MP for Reigate from 1970 to 1974, in 1970 he was knighted and appointed Solicitor General in Edward Heaths government. He was responsible for the Industrial Relations Act that caused immediate retaliatory union strikes
30.
Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
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Fitzwilliam College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. The institution was based at Fitzwilliam Hall, opposite the Fitzwilliam Museum in central Cambridge. Having moved to its present site in the north of the city, female undergraduates were first admitted in 1978, around the time most colleges were first admitting women. Six members of Fitzwilliam College have received a Nobel Prize, Fitzwilliam is now home to around 450 undergraduates,300 graduate students and 90 fellows. This became the headquarters of the Non-Collegiate Students Board and provided student facilities and it was renamed Fitzwilliam House in 1922. It developed a tradition in Medicine and established a reputation as one of the most internationally diverse institutions within the University, in the second half of the 20th century, the availability of grants made Cambridge more accessible and the need for a non-collegiate body of undergraduates began to decline. The suggestion that Fitzwilliam close prompted an outcry from former students, funds were accumulated and a new site was acquired at Castle Hill, about one mile north of the city centre. The first new buildings were opened in 1963, in 1966, Fitzwilliam House was granted a royal charter by the Queen-in-Council and became Fitzwilliam College. Since Fitzwilliam began operating at its current site in the north-west of Cambridge, it has steadily and developed into one of the Universitys larger. Built around a manor house, the college has grown by one or two buildings each decade and now consists of five interconnected courts, enclosing large, rectangular gardens. In contrast to most of the University, and indeed the regency estate at the colleges centre, the first two courts and the central building were designed by Sir Denys Lasdun and completed in 1963. The intention was for buildings to constitute the back of the college and, as funding became available, the college grew to the south, with New Court. Finally, the plan was completed when Gatehouse Court became the new front. In the following year, the completed the new Auditorium building. Fitzwilliam has, over the years, also known for its beautiful gardens. In 2008, an archaeological dig discovered on the College site the earliest clear evidence of settlement in Cambridge, Fitzwilliam was the third Cambridge college and is, as of today, one of only seven to have won University Challenge. It did so in 1973 with a team consisted of Philip Bassett, David Curry. The same team featured in the 2002 Reunited Series and won its only game, the main grounds of the College are located off Storeys Way, towards the north-west of Cambridge
31.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
32.
Hans Blix
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Hans Martin Blix is a Swedish diplomat and politician for the Liberal Peoples Party. He was Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs and later became the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, as such, Blix was the first Western representative to inspect the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union on site, and led the agency response to them. Blix was also the head of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission from March 2000 to June 2003, in 2002, the commission notably began searching Iraq for weapons of mass destruction, ultimately finding none. In February 2010, the government of the United Arab Emirates announced that Blix would be the head of a board for its nuclear power program. Blix was born in Uppsala, Sweden and he is the son of professor Gunnar Blix and Hertha Wiberg and grandson of professor Magnus Blix. He comes from a family of Jamtlandic origin, Blix studied at Uppsala University and Columbia University, earning his PhD from the University of Cambridge. In 1959, he earned a Juris Doctor in International Law at Stockholm University, hans Blix has two sons, Mårten and Göran, who both have doctor degrees. Mårten Blixs som hör till Moderaterna, dissertation from 1997 is Rational Expectations, between 1962 and 1978 Blix was a member of the Swedish delegation at the Disarmament Conference in Geneva. He held several positions in the Swedish administration between 1963 and 1976, and from 1961 to 1981 served on the Swedish delegation to the United Nations. From 1978 to 1979, Blix was the Swedish Foreign Minister, Blix chaired the Swedish Liberal Partys campaign during the 1980 referendum on nuclear power, campaigning in favor of retention of the Swedish nuclear energy program. Blix became Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency between 1981 and 1997 after Sigvard Eklund, the attack was regarded as being in breach of the United Nations Charter and international law and was widely condemned. Iraq was alternately praised and admonished by the IAEA for its cooperation, kofi Annan originally recommended Rolf Ekéus, who worked with UNSCOM in the past, but both Russia and France vetoed his appointment. Blix personally admonished Saddam for cat and mouse games and warned Iraq of serious consequences if it attempted to hinder or delay his mission. In his report to the UN Security Council on 14 February 2003, Blix claimed that so far, UNMOVIC has not found any such weapons, in 2004 Blix gave a statement that there were about 700 inspections, and in no case did we find weapons of mass destruction. Blixs statements about the Iraq WMD program came to contradict the claims of the George W. Bush administration, ultimately, no stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction were ever found. In an interview with The Guardian newspaper, Blix said, I have my detractors in Washington, there are bastards who spread things around, of course, who planted nasty things in the media. In 2004, Blix published a book, Disarming Iraq, where he gives his account of the events, senior U. S. officials ordered the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency to investigate Blix to gather sufficient ammunition to undermine him so that the U. S. could start the invasion of Iraq, the U. S. officials were upset that the CIA did not uncover such information
33.
Tom James
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Thomas James MBE is a British rower, twice Olympic champion and victorious Cambridge Blue. James was born in Cardiff and spent part of his childhood in Berlin, Germany as his father was an officer in the British Army, James was educated at Packwood Haugh School near Ruyton-XI-Towns, and then at The Kings School, Chester. He was a sportsman and played football and rugby before being diagnosed with Osgood–Schlatter disease. While at Kings, he was schoolmates and shared a boat with fellow Olympian Chris Bartley and he went up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 2002, obtaining his undergraduate degree in engineering in 2007. Whilst at Cambridge University, James was a member of Cambridge University Boat Club and he was elected president of CUBC for the 2006–07 academic year. Having concentrated his efforts on the Olympics in 2004, James returned to Cambridge in 2005, both universities had extremely strong intakes that year, with Cambridge boasting several world champions and the Oxford crew including Olympic silver medalist Barney Williams. Oxford won the epic contest by 2 lengths in a time of 16 minutes 41 seconds, in 2006, the weather was particularly bad, and Cambridge lost again, this time by 5 lengths. After three years of disappointment, James returned to the race one final time in 2007. They rowed on to win by a length and a quarter, having won a bronze medal in 2001 with GB Junior eights and silver in 2002 at the Junior World Rowing Championships, James won his first senior international vest in 2003. He stroked the Great Britain Eight, which won a medal at the World Championships in Milan. Following this success, James decided that training for the Olympics and he took a year off from his studies at Cambridge, and trained with the Leander Club in Henley-on-Thames. The build up to the Olympics for the GB Mens Rowing Squad was somewhat disrupted due to illness, injury and variable form. James fell ill the night before the Heat in the Olympic competition – a devastating blow and whilst he returned for the repechage, after taking a break from international rowing, James returned to the British Team in 2006, forming a pair with Oxford rival Colin Smith. He was then selected in the GB coxed four for the championships in Munich. The crew made the final, securing GB qualification for the Beijing Olympics, reunited with Colin Smith in a pair, James finished second at the GB final trials regatta in March,2008, to put himself well on course for a place at his second Olympics. He was then selected for the GB coxless four along with Andy Triggs-Hodge, Steve Williams and Pete Reed. After a difficult season, with both James and Triggs-Hodge picking up injuries, the four raced together for the first time in Poznan in the final World Cup event of the season. The GB four then dominated their heats and semi finals at the Olympics Beijing, in the final, however, the Australian four led for most of the way
34.
Governor General of Canada
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The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
35.
Andrew Marr
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Andrew William Stevenson Marr is a British journalist and television presenter. Beginning his career as a commentator, he subsequently edited The Independent. He began hosting a political programme—Sunday AM, now called The Andrew Marr Show—on Sunday mornings on BBC One from September 2005, in 2002, Marr took over as host of BBC Radio 4s long-running Start the Week Monday morning discussion programme. In 2010, he presented a series, Andrew Marrs Megacities, examining the life, development, in early 2012 he presented The Diamond Queen, a three-part series about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. In late September 2012, Marr began presenting Andrew Marrs History of the World, following a stroke in January 2013, Marr was in hospital for two months. He returned to presenting The Andrew Marr Show on 1 September 2013, Marr was born on 31 July 1959 in Glasgow, Scotland, to Donald and Valerie Marr. His father was an investment trust manager, regarding his upbringing, he has said, My family are religious and go to church. Nd I went to church as a boy and he went to read English at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating with a first class honours degree. He was once a member of the Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory, at Cambridge, Marr says he was a raving leftie, and he acquired the nickname Red Andy. Marr joined The Scotsman as a trainee and junior reporter in 1981. In 1984, he moved to London where he became a correspondent for the newspaper. Marr met the political journalist Anthony Bevins, who became Marrs mentor, Bevins was responsible for Marrs first appointment at The Independent as a member of the newspapers launch staff. Marr left shortly afterwards, and joined The Economist, where he contributed to the weekly Bagehot political column, Marr has remarked that his time at The Economist changed me quite a lot and made me question a lot of my assumptions. Marr returned to The Independent as the political editor in 1992. Faced with price cutting by the Murdoch-owned Times, sales had begun to decline, with a limited advertising budget, the re-launch struggled for attention, then was mocked for reinterpreting its original marketing slogan It Is – Are You to read Its changed – have you. At the beginning of 1998, Marr was sacked, according to one version of events, according to Nick Cohens account, the sacking was due to the intervention of Alastair Campbell, director of communications for Tony Blair. Campbell had demanded that David Montgomery, the publisher, fire Marr over an article in which he had compared Blair with his predecessor John Major. Three months later, Marr returned to The Independent, Tony OReilly had increased his stake in the paper and bought out owners, the Mirror Group
36.
Khawaja Nazimuddin
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Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, KCIE, CIE, was an East Pakistani politician, conservative figure, and one the leading founding fathers of Pakistan. He is noted as being the first Bengali leader of Pakistan who led the country as the second Prime Minister, and briefly served as the second Governor-General. Born into an aristocrat Nawab family in Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing his education at the Cambridge University to secure his graduation. From 1943–45, he served as the Prime Minister of Bengal, in 1951, he took over the control of the government as Prime Minister of Pakistan upon the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, and relinquished the post of Governor-General to Sir Malik Ghulam. As Prime Minister, he struggled to run the government effectively at internal and foreign fronts and he also faced populist language movement in his native Bengal that eventually led shutdown of Government of East Pakistan. Foreign relations with the United States, Soviet Union, Afghanistan, eventually, he was forced to step down in favor of diplomat Mohammad Ali Bogra by his own appointed Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam and conceded defeat in elections held in 1954. Upon retiring from politics, he fought with a brief illness and passed away in 1964. Nazimuddin was born into an aristocratic and wealthy family of the Nawabs of Dhaka, Dacca, Bengal and he was the grandson of the Khwaja Ahsanullah and his mother, Bilquis Bano, was notable for her own statue. Nazimuddin had a brother, Shahabuddin, who would later played a vital role in national politics onwards. His family spoke Urdu despite being hailed as the Nawab of Dacca and they were the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation of Muslim League in 1906. Nazimuddin secured his graduation with a BA degree from AMU and was sent back to England to pursue higher education, during his time at the AMU, he was known to be an avid Tennis player and excelled in this sport when he represented his university in collegiate games. After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England and attended the Trinity College of the Cambridge University and he was granted MA degree from the Cambridge University. His training in England enabled him to practice law and became Barrister-at-Law in England, in 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the Doctor of Laws by the Vice-Chancellor of the Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan. Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother Shahbuddin from England, taking interest in civil, both brother joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and elected as Chairman of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929. During this time, he was appointed as Education minister and later secured an appointment in Viceroys Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937. Upon the formation of the government in a agreement facilitated between Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haqs premiership. In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the Governor John Herbert amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns, during this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the cause for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan. His premiership lasted until 1945 when a motion of no confidence, from 1945-47, Sir Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in East Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party
37.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
38.
Elizabethan era
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The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Historians often depict it as the age in English history. In terms of the century, the historian John Guy argues that England was economically healthier, more expansive. This golden age represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music, the era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of Englands past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home and it was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeths reign, the Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula, France was embroiled in its own religious battles due to significant Spanish intervention, that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. The one great rival was Spain, which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604 and this drained both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeths prudent guidance. English commercial and territorial expansion would be limited until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeths death, economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade, persistent theft of Spanish treasure, and the African slave trade. The Victorian era and the early 20th century idealised the Elizabethan era, the Encyclopædia Britannica maintains that he long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was Englands Golden Age. Merry England, in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture and this idealising tendency was shared by Britain and an Anglophilic America. In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn, in response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers have tended to take a more dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period, having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and this general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that Golden Age advocates have stressed. The Elizabethan Age was also an age of plots and conspiracies, frequently political in nature, high officials in Madrid, Paris and Rome sought to kill Elizabeth, a Protestant, and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic. That would be a prelude to the recovery of England for Catholicism. In 1570, the Ridolfi plot was thwarted, in 1584, the Throckmorton Plot was discovered, after Francis Throckmorton confessed his involvement in a plot to overthrow the Queen and restore the Catholic Church in England
39.
J. B. Priestley
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Priestley, OM, was an English novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, social commentator, and broadcaster. His Yorkshire background is reflected in much of his fiction, notably in The Good Companions, many of his plays are structured around a time slip, and he went on to develop a new theory of time, with different dimensions that link past, present, and future. In 1940, he broadcast a series of short propaganda radio shows that were credited with strengthening civilian morale during the Battle of Britain and his left-wing beliefs brought him into conflict with the government, and influenced the birth of the Welfare State. The programme was cancelled by the BBC for being too critical of the Government. He is perhaps best known for his 1945 play An Inspector Calls, Priestley was born at 34 Mannheim Road, Manningham, which he described as an extremely respectable suburb of Bradford. His mother died when he was just two old and his father remarried four years later. Priestley was educated at Belle Vue Grammar School, which he left at sixteen to work as a clerk at Helm & Co. a wool firm in the Swan Arcade. During his years at Helm & Co. he started writing at night and had published in local. He was to draw on memories of Bradford in many of the works he wrote after he had moved south, including Bright Day and When We Are Married. As an old man he deplored the destruction by developers of Victorian buildings in Bradford such as the Swan Arcade and he was badly wounded in June 1916, when he was buried alive by a trench-mortar. As he describes in his reminiscences, Margin Released, he suffered from the effects of poison gas. After his military service, Priestley received a university education at Trinity Hall, by the age of 30 he had established a reputation as an essayist and critic. His novel Benighted was adapted into the James Whale film The Old Dark House, Priestleys first major success came with a novel, The Good Companions, which earned him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction and made him a national figure. His next novel, Angel Pavement, further established him as a successful novelist, in 1934 he published the travelogue English Journey, an account of what he saw and heard while travelling through the country in the depths of the Depression. I should be interested to hear a speech and read a book or two on the subject of what Ireland has done to England and he moved into a new genre and became equally well known as a dramatist. Dangerous Corner was the first of many plays that would enthrall West End theatre audiences and his best-known play is An Inspector Calls. His plays are more varied in tone than the novels, several being influenced by J. W. Dunnes theory of time, which plays a part in the plots of Dangerous Corner and Time, many of his works have a strong socialist theme. In 1940, Priestley wrote an essay for Horizon magazine, where he criticised George Bernard Shaw for his support of Stalin, during the Second World War, he was a regular broadcaster on the BBC
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