Triple Alliance (1668)
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The Triple Alliance was signed by the Kingdom of England, the Swedish Empire and the Dutch Republic in May 1668. It was created in response to the occupation of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Com
Sir William Temple, English ambassador in the Hague and driving force behind the Alliance
Antwerp, c. 1645, whose closure in 1648 made Amsterdam the richest port in Europe; keeping it shut brought the Dutch into conflict with France.
Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary from 1653 to 1672; although the treaty was seen as a Dutch triumph, he recognised the danger of antagonising Louis XIV
HMS St Andrew; launched in 1670 as part of an expansion of the Royal Navy, intended to provide military support for the Triple Alliance
Treaty of Madrid (1667)
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The Treaty of Madrid, also known as the Earl of Sandwich's Treaty, was signed on 23 May, 1667 by England and Spain. It was one of a series of agreements made in response to French expansion under King
Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich
Bombay, c. 1665; acquired by Charles II's marriage to Catherine of Braganza, which disrupted Anglo-Spanish relations
Sir Richard Fanshawe, the English ambassador in Lisbon (1662–1666) and Madrid (1664–1666) had his negotiations become the basis of the 1667 treaty.
Juan Nithard, Spanish chief minister