Trolleybuses in San Francisco

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San Francisco
trolleybus system
Muni 5 Fulton trolleybus at Temporary Transbay Terminal, December 2017.JPG
XT60 trolleybus on route 5 in December 2017
Operation
LocaleSan Francisco, California, United States
Open1935 (1935)
StatusOpen
Operator(s)Market Street Railway
(1935–1944)
San Francisco Municipal Railway
(1941–present)
Infrastructure
Electrification600 V DC parallel overhead lines
Stockapprox. 300
WebsiteSan Francisco Municipal Railway

The San Francisco trolleybus system forms part of the public transportation network serving San Francisco, in the state of California, United States. Opened on October 6, 1935,[1] it presently comprises 15 lines, and is operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni (or the Muni), with around 300 trolleybuses. In San Francisco, these vehicles are also known as "trolley coaches", a term that was the most common name for trolleybuses in the United States in the middle decades of the 20th century.

The Muni trolley bus system is complementary to the city-owned Muni bus services, Muni Metro and cable car system and the rail-bound regional Caltrain and Bay Area Rapid Transit systems. In addition, it shares some of its overhead wires with the F Market & Wharves streetcar line.

One of only five such systems currently operating in the U.S.,[2] the Muni trolley bus system is the second-largest such system in the Western Hemisphere, after that of Mexico City.

History[edit]

Preserved Muni trolleybus 776 photographed in 2012 at Market and Clayton on the original No. 33 trolleybus route established by Market Street Railway in 1935.

Long a hub of streetcar development, San Francisco already had much of the overhead wire infrastructure necessary to deploy trolleybus service on existing city streets. A city ordinance requiring streetcars to use two operators also served to encourage trolleybus deployment.[3]:40 In April 1934, Col. Jno H. Skeggs of the State Highway Department urged the conversion of the No. 33 Line streetcar to "trackless trolley",[4] as some of the tracks would have to be taken up for the construction of the Bay Bridge. By early August of that year, the Market Street Railway Company (MSRy), successor to the URR, applied to the State Railroad Commission to operate the first trackless trolley system in California;[5] permission was granted by August 30,[6] and the first trolleybus service started on October 6, 1935, using 9 coaches built by Brill.[3]:39;44 The No. 33 Line had been originally established in 1892 by the San Francisco & San Mateo Railway Company as the 18th and Park or 18th Street Branch route. That route initially ran along 18th from Guerrero to Douglass before being extended to Frederick and Ashbury including a sharp hairpin turn on the lower slopes of Twin Peaks at Market and Clayton by May 1894.[7] At the time of conversion, the No. 33 streetcar operated between Third & Harrison (Downtown) and Waller & Stanyan (Golden Gate Park),[5] a round trip of 10.2 miles (16.4 km).[3]:44 The current 33-Ashbury trolleybus route still runs on a portion of that route.[8] After riding the trackless trolley, the editor of the San Bernardino Sun published a rumor that all streetcar service would eventually be replaced with trolleybuses.[9]

Overhead wires for trolleybuses, viewed southwest along the south side of Howard Street, near Moscone Center. Photograph by Carol Highsmith (2012).

On September 7, 1941, Muni introduced its first trolleybus line to compete with MSRy, the R-Howard line, using vehicles built by the St. Louis Car Company.[3]:42 R-Howard was built on the original route of the sparsely ridden No. 35 streetcar line; MSRy's franchise to operate the No. 35 had expired at the end of the 1930s.[10] The R-Howard line was introduced specifically so that Muni could undercut MSRy's prices on its parallel routes on Mission Street.[3]:42 The 35-Howard line originally ran from the Ferry Building along Howard, South Van Ness, and 24th to 24th and Rhode Island.[11] The routing for R-Howard followed a similar path from Howard and Beale along Howard and South Van Ness to South Van Ness and Army (currently named Cesar Chavez). Although the overhead wires are still present along Howard, they are not used in revenue service.[10] The present-day 14-Mission trolleybus route runs along Mission, parallel to the original R-Howard route on Howard.[12] By 1944, the MSRy was in financial difficulties. Thus, at 5 am on September 29, 1944, Muni acquired its commercial competitor. Along with the routes and equipment, Muni adopted its competitor's more expensive seven-cent fare ($1.19 adjusted for inflation).[1] At the time, the R-Howard line used 9 trolleybuses over a 6.8 miles (10.9 km) route (round-trip).[3]:44

Muni trolleybus wires at McAllister & Divisadero streets.

The city attorney's office had ruled that using trolleybuses instead of streetcars was not abandonment of service; this opinion would eventually be overturned in 1959,[3]:46 but not before Muni followed national trends in replacing most of its streetcar rail lines with trolleybus service in the 1940s and 1950s. The E-Union line was the first to be replaced with trolleybus service, which combined the route with R-Howard as the E-Union-Howard. Trolleybus operation on the new E line commenced on June 9, 1947; it was redesignated in 1949 and survives as the 41-Union.[3]:45 8-Market was converted to trolleybus service in 1948.[3]:46 The deployment of new "trackless trolleys" was greatly expanded on July 3, 1949, when Muni rolled out trolleybus service to replace five former MSRy lines,[3]:46 including the 21-Hayes and 5-McAllister streetcar lines.[13] In total, fourteen streetcar lines were converted to trolleybus service by 1951.[1] With the closure of the B-Geary line on December 29, 1956,[3]:48 only five lines with dedicated rights-of-way (including those running through the Twin Peaks and Sunset tunnels) continued as rail-based streetcar lines. Those five lines ran 1940s-era PCC streetcars through the 1970s and were subsequently converted to the Muni Metro light rail system using Boeing-Vertol SLRVs.[3]:48–49;56

Grade[edit]

While many municipalities further converted their trolleybus systems to diesel buses during the middle of the 20th century, San Francisco maintained trolleybuses due to their ability to climb the city's notably steep grades and because electricity was available at extremely low cost from the city-owned O'Shaughnessy Dam.[3]:46 [14] Muni has stated that it is impossible for some lines to be replaced by regular buses.[15] The system includes the single steepest known grade on any existing trolley bus line in the world,[16][17][18][19] specifically 22.8% in the block of Noe Street between Cesar Chavez Street and 26th Street on route 24-Divisadero,[16][18][20] and several other sections of Muni trolley bus routes are among the world's steepest.[21]

ETI 14TrSF trolleybus climbs Nob Hill along Sacramento near Powell in 2007, a 17% grade

On December 16, 1981, the 55-Sacramento line was converted from diesel motor coach service to the 1-California trolleybus specifically to power the westward climb on Sacramento up Nob Hill.[1] Before dieselization, the line had been operated using cable cars. At the time, Muni was also facing a severe shortage of available diesel motor coaches due to age and deferred maintenance, which would lead to the conversion of the 45-Greenwich diesel bus service to the 45-Union-Van Ness trolleybus in 1982 as a temporary experiment later made permanent.[3]:59–60 In 1993, 31-Balboa was partially converted to trolleybus service, with full implementation delayed until 1994, when accessible Flyer E60 trolleybuses became available.[3]:74–75;78 Coming full circle, at the end of 1995 the 8-Market trolleybus line was replaced by the F-Market & Wharves streetcar line using refurbished PCCs. The overwhelming popularity of the new F line allowed Muni to reduce the frequency of and then discontinue 8-Market.[3]:81

Approximately ​1⁄3 of the daily riders on Muni are carried on trolleybuses;[22] in 2010, that was 227,000 passenger boardings per weekday.[23]:5

Lines[edit]

Trolley buses currently operate the following Muni routes:[24]

Line Routing Division Notes
1 California Drumm Street – California Street – 33rd Avenue/Geary Presidio
2 Sutter/Clement (Short turn) Ferry Plaza – Sutter Street – Presidio Avenue Presidio Only short turn buses, operated during weekday peak hours, are operated with trolley coaches.
3 Jackson Sutter Street – Jackson Street – Presidio Avenue Presidio
5 Fulton Transbay Terminal – Fulton Street – La Playa/Ocean Beach Potrero Trolley coaches used during weekend and weekday hours when 5R is not in operation.
5R Fulton Rapid Operates weekdays 7am-7pm using articulated 60 foot trolleybuses
6 Haight-Parnassus Ferry Plaza - Haight Street – Parnassus Street – Quintara Street Presidio
14 Mission Ferry Plaza – Mission Street – San Jose Avenue/Daly City Potrero
21 Hayes Ferry Plaza – Hayes Street – Stanyan/Fulton Presidio
22 Fillmore 3rd St./20th – Fillmore Street – Marina Boulevard Potrero Construction starts in fall 2018 for re-routing to Third Street in Mission Bay[25]
24 Divisadero Jackson Street – Divisadero Street – Oakdale/Palou/3rd Street Presidio
30 Stockton Caltrain Depot – Stockton Street – Broderick/Jefferson Loop Potrero
31 Balboa Ferry Plaza – Balboa Street – La Playa/Ocean Beach Presidio
33 Ashbury-18th Street Maple Street – Ashbury Street - 18th Street – Potrero/25th Street Presidio
41 Union Lyon/Greenwich - Union Street – Columbus Avenue – Howard/Main Presidio Operates only during rush hour.
45 Union-Stockton Lyon/Greenwich - Union Street – Stockton Street – Caltrain Depot Presidio
49 Van Ness-Mission North Point Street – Van Ness Avenue – Mission Street – City College Potrero Dieselized until 2021 due to Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit construction.[26]

Fleet[edit]

Muni Marmon-Herrington trolleybus in front of the Ferry Building on Market (1953)

Since the start of service in 1935 (on the Market Street Railway system), the San Francisco trolleybus system fleet has included vehicles built by many different manufacturers, including the J. G. Brill Company, the St. Louis Car Company, Marmon-Herrington, Twin Coach, Flyer Industries (now New Flyer), and Electric Transit.

Flyer and New Flyer[edit]

A 47 Van Ness Muni Flyer E800 trolley bus exiting service, 1983

By 1977, with the delivery of more than 300 Flyer E800 trolleybuses, Muni was able to retire its existing fleet of trolleybuses; the newest of those (outside the Flyers) was by then more than 25 years old. A significant portion of the legacy fleet was sold to Mexico City. As the fleet aged, reliability declined. In 1991, the fleet of Flyer E800 trolleybuses traveled a mean distance of 2,000 mi (3,200 km) between failures (MDBF). By 1995, the MDBF had fallen to just 600 mi (970 km), and each breakdown was taking an average of 4​1⁄4 days to fix, often compounded by the unavailability of parts for the E800s, which were nearly 20 years old at that point.[22] In addition, a number of incidents where poles had detached from the wires and subsequently struck pedestrians and vehicles gained publicity at the time.[27]

In 1993, Muni procured a fleet of 60 New Flyer E60s, the first use of articulated trolleybuses.[23][28] Muni was the only customer for the E60 trolleybus variant of the New Flyer Galaxy; a prototype was built in 1992 and numbered 7000 for evaluation before the larger purchase was completed.[29] The New Flyer E60 fleet subsequently were blamed for increasing the fleet accident rate. By 1996, the fleet average was 12.5 accidents per 100,000 mi (160,000 km) traveled; in comparison, the E60 rate was 26 accidents over the same distance. They gained a reputation as the most difficult buses in drive system-wide, and were often driven by the least experienced drivers, as their increased capacity meant they were used on the busiest lines, which were relegated to drivers with the least seniority.[30]

In 2001, the first known trolleybus fire occurred aboard No. 5204, a Flyer E800 that was over 20 years old. At that point, procurement of the successor ETI 14TrSF replacement vehicles was already underway.[31]

Flyer E60 at Market & Main (2011)

The reliability of the New Flyer E60s suffered as they aged, achieving a MDBF of approximately 500 miles (800 km) in January 2011 and January 2012.[32] 20 of the 60 originally ordered had been retired by 2010.[23] At that time, the New Flyer E60 fleet was approaching 20 years old, and buses were breaking down, on average, once every five days.[33] 12 New Flyer E60s were retired in early 2013,[34][35]:5 and the remaining 28 E60s were retired in early January 2015.[36]

Electric Transit, Inc.[edit]

The Electric Transit, Inc. (ETI) trolleybuses were delivered between 2001 and 2003, and came in two different models: 240 40-foot units (model 14TrSF) and 33 articulated 60-foot units (model 15TrSF), specially derived from the Škoda 14Tr and 15Tr, respectively, for use on the Muni system. The suffix SF in the two ETI model numbers stands for San Francisco.[37] During testing, the new ETI trolleybuses were compared to a "luxury car" by one driver, and touted features included a new pneumatic system to raise and lower trolley poles and an on-board battery to allow off-wire operation for up to 2 1⁄2 mi (4.0 km).[38] However, the new ETI trolleybuses proved to be overweight during testing.[37]

ETI 14TrSF at Presidio Division (2008)

Domesticated 14Tr trolleybuses that had been delivered earlier to Miami Valley RTA had some electrical issues related to the auxiliary power unit enabling off-wire operation; the cost of fixing those issues forced ETI to ask for a cash advance on its contract with Muni in 1999.[39] The ETI trolleybuses were assembled at Pier 15;[37] manufacturing started in the Czech Republic with frames, motors and controls, continued in Hunt Valley, Maryland, where the body, paint, under-flooring and wiring were added, and finished in San Francisco.[40] The manufacturing activities were designed to meet "Buy America" regulations required for vehicles procured using federal assistance.[39]

By January 2010, the exclusively high-floor Muni trolleybus fleet included 313 serviceable vehicles, comprising three different types, of which 240 were 40-foot conventional (two-axle) units, the ETI 14TrSF, and 73 were 60-foot articulated buses, 33 ETI 15TrSF and 40 New Flyer E60 vehicles built in 1993–94.[24][41][23]:5–6 Parts for the ETI trolleybuses needed to be shipped from the Czech Republic, increasing the time spent out of service.[23]:28–29 The MDBF of the ETI 14TrSF and 15TrSF trolleybuses was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) for January 2011 and 2012.[32] However, as they aged, the ETI trolleybuses were temporarily pulled from service for repairs after several caught fire in 2014 and 2015.[42]

Return to New Flyer[edit]

New Flyer XT40 and XT60 at Cabrillo and La Playa loop (2018)

In 2013, the SFMTA adopted plans for an eventual one-for-one replacement of the existing trolleybus fleet in a joint procurement with King County Metro and New Flyer over technical specifications and pricing.[43] The first order to be placed under the 2013 agreement was the 2014 order for 60 New Flyer XT60 articulated low-floor trolleybuses, delivery of which began in 2015. These are the trolleybus system's first low-floor vehicles.[44] Two prototypes (Nos. 7201 and 7202) arrived in March 2015 and May 2015, respectively,[44] and entered service in May[44] and September 2015.[45] Delivery of the 58 production-series vehicles began in September 2015, and the series entered service between November 2015[45] and July 2016. The XT60s replaced the 33 ETI 15TrSF articulated trolleybuses, the last of which were retired in April–May 2016. These changes left the fleet with 240 conventional 40-foot units built by ETI (model 14TrSF) and 60 articulated New Flyer XT60s. In July 2016, an order for an additional 33 New Flyer XT60 articulated buses was placed.[46] According to internal testing in November 2015, the New Flyer XT60 articulated trolleybuses are limited to routes with grades of less than 10%.[47]

The final procurement under the 2013 agreement was an order for 185 two-axle, 40-foot New Flyer XT40 trolleybuses, which received final approval in June 2017.[48] These vehicles will replace the remaining ETIs. Muni has options for an additional 55 XT40 trolleybuses, but is not planning to exercise them, because the 2016 order for 33 additional XT60 articulated trolleybuses provided sufficient capacity.[49] In the 2010 Fleet Management Plan, Muni anticipated the growth in ridership on routes served by trolleybuses would be accommodated by an increased proportion of articulated vehicles in the fleet.[23]:39–40

Current fleet[edit]

The present fleet includes 40-foot (12 m) trolleybuses and 60-foot (18 m) articulated trolleybuses. Trolleybuses are assigned to Potrero and Presidio Divisions, with the 60-foot articulated trolleybuses operating exclusively from Potrero.[23]:39–40

Current San Francisco trolleybus fleet
Fleet numbers Quantity Manufacturer Propulsion Model Configuration Year built Image Notes
5401–5640 240 Electric Transit, Inc. (ETI)
(Škoda/AAI Corp.)		 Škoda Electric 14TrSF 40' Conventional 1999 (first two), 2001–2004 MUNI 5589.JPG 81 coaches retired.

Presidio division: 5496-5640

Potrero division: 5401-5495

7201–7260 60 New Flyer Vossloh Kiepe XT60 60' Articulated, low-floor 2015–2016 Muni 7201 on first day of service, August 2015.jpg All assigned to Potrero division
7261–7293 33 Kiepe Electric 2017–2018 Option exercised in mid-2016.[46]
5701–5885 185[50][48] New Flyer Kiepe Electric XT40 40' Conventional, low-floor 2018–2019 Muni route 6 trolleybus at Market and 5th Street, September 2018.JPG Delivery under way since February 2018

Retired fleet[edit]

The trolleybus system's original fleet, owned and operated by the Market Street Railway when only MSRy was operating trolleybuses in San Francisco, were built by the J. G. Brill Company. MSRy merged with Muni in 1944, and in the years since then the trolleybus fleet has also included vehicles built by the St. Louis Car Company, Marmon-Herrington, Twin Coach, and Flyer Industries.[51]

Several trolleybuses have been preserved after serving in San Francisco:

  • No. 506 (originally built by St. Louis Car Company in 1941 for R-Howard service)[10]
  • Nos. 530 and 536 (Marmon-Herrington TC40, at Orange Empire Railway Museum (OERM))[52]
  • No. 614 (Twin Coach 44TTW, at OERM)[52]
  • No. 776 (Marmon-Herrington TC48)[53]
  • No. 5300 (Flyer E800)[10]

None of the retired ETI 15TrSF articulated trolleybuses have been saved for the historical fleet.[54]

Infrastructure[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "History of Trolley Buses in San Francisco". San Francisco Municipal Railway. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  2. ^ Webb, Mary (ed.) (2013). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2013–2014, pp. "[23]" and "[24]" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-3080-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Callwell, Robert (September 1999). "Transit in San Francisco: A Selected Chronology, 1850-1995" (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Railway.
  4. ^ "Trackless Trolley Line Urged in S. F." Oakland Tribune. 19 April 1934. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Bus Trolleys May Run in S. F." Oakland Tribune. 5 August 1934. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  6. ^ "Trackless Trolleys to Operate in S. F." Oakland Tribune. 30 August 1934. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  7. ^ Rice, Walter; Echeverria, Emiliano. "San Francisco's pioneer electric railway: San Francisco & San Mateo Railway Company". SF Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  8. ^ "33 Ashbury/18th". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  9. ^ "Ye Editor Astray". San Bernardino Sun. 29 March 1936. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d "'R' You Ready? Muni's First Trolley Bus Line Runs Again Sept. 24-25". Market Street Railway. September 1, 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Positively (Twenty-)Fourth Street". Market Street Railway. November 13, 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  12. ^ "14 Mission". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  13. ^ Hartlaub, Peter (March 12, 2018). "As wires crossed in 1949, Muni championed electric bus future". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  14. ^ Perles, Anthony (1981). The People's Railway: The History of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Interurban Press. p. 176. ISBN 0916374424.
  15. ^ Wildermuth, John (May 19, 2014). "Muni trolley wire 'visual pollution' electrifies debate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  16. ^ a b Perles, Anthony (1984). Tours of Discovery: A San Francisco Muni Album. Interurban Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-916374-60-2.
  17. ^ Box, Roland (May–June 1989). "San Francisco Looks Ahead". Trolleybus Magazine No. 165, pp. 50–56. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
  18. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 261 (May–June 2005), p. 72.
  19. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 313 (January–February 2014), p. 27.
  20. ^ "General Information About Transit". San Francisco MTA. 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  21. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 259 (January–February 2005), p. 23.
  22. ^ a b Lewis, Gregory (February 16, 1996). "Muni's trolleys a constant problem". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g 2010 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. April 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  24. ^ a b "Trolleybus city: San Francisco (USA)". Trolleymotion. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  25. ^ SFMTA. "16th Street Project Spring 2018 Update". Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  26. ^ "Van Ness Avenue Bus Rapid Transit". San Francisco County Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  27. ^ Finnie, Chuck (November 25, 1998). "Ominous pattern of trolley accidents". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  28. ^ James, Robert F. (1993). "San Francisco Municipal Railway Articulated Trolley Coach Procurement". Journal of Commercial Vehicles. SAE International. 102: 647–660.
  29. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 193 (January–February 1994). National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
  30. ^ McCormick, Erin (March 7, 1996). "Muni's big trolleys drive accident rate way up". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  31. ^ Hendricks, Tyche (February 11, 2001). "Muni Trolley Bus Catches Fire Downtown". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  32. ^ a b "Trolley Coach Reliability". Presentation to the Policy and Governance Committee Monthly Operations Scorecard (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. February 10, 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  33. ^ "Rubber Tire Reliability – Trolley Coach". Presentation to the Policy and Governance Committee Monthly Operations Scorecard (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. July 13, 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  34. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 309 (May–June 2013), p. 82.
  35. ^ SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  36. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 320 (March–April 2015), pp. 62–63.
  37. ^ a b c Epstein, Edward (May 24, 2001). "Muni's diesel buses in hot water again / Engine cooling fans sideline 100 units". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  38. ^ Epstein, Edward (January 23, 2001). "On New Buses, Muni Rides Become a Glide / Slick trolleys join an aging fleet". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  39. ^ a b Finnie, Chuck (June 1, 1999). "Muni trolley firm in crisis". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  40. ^ "About Trolley Buses". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007.
  41. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 293 (September–October 2010), p. 116. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
  42. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (December 16, 2015). "Service restored after Muni trolley bus fires spur inspections". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  43. ^ "Metro to partner with New Flyer on next generation of electric trolley buses" (Press release). King County Metro. June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013.
  44. ^ a b c Trolleybus Magazine No. 322 (July–August 2015), p. 126.
  45. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 325 (January–February 2016), p. 31.
  46. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 329 (September–October 2016), p. 159.
  47. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (February 29, 2016). "Muni's brand new buses struggle with SF's hills, test results show". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  48. ^ a b "San Francisco MTA to add 185 40-foot trolley buses". Metro Magazine. June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  49. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 335 (September–October 2017), p. 197. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452
  50. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (April 18, 2017). "Muni's worst clunker buses to be replaced for big price tag: $244M". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  51. ^ McKane, John; and Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco, p. 89. Glendale, CA (US): Interurban Press. ISBN 978-0-916374-49-5.
  52. ^ a b "Complete Roster". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  53. ^ "No. 776". Market Street Railway. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  54. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (February 26, 2017). "Where Muni buses go to die". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 29 January 2019.

Books[edit]

  • Perles, Anthony; with John McKane; Tom Matoff; Peter Straus (1981). The People's Railway: The History of the Municipal Railway in San Francisco. Glendale: Interurban Press. ISBN 0-916374-42-4.

External links[edit]

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