1.
Weybridge
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Weybridge /ˈweɪbrɪdʒ/ is a town by the River Wey in the Elmbridge district of Surrey. It is bounded to the north by the River Thames at the mouth of the Wey and it is an outlying suburban town within the Greater London Urban Area, situated 7 miles northeast of Woking and 16 miles southwest of central London. Real estate prices are well above the average, as of 2008. Within the post town, rather than Weybridges other boundaries is Oatlands or Oatlands Village, Weybridge lay within the Elmbridge hundred. Its domesday assets were,6 hides, 1½ ploughs,32 acres of meadow and it rendered £4 per year to it feudal system overlords. It was much smaller than todays post town, and about one quarter of the size of neighbouring Walton. The earliest monuments on the wall of St Jamess C of E Church are 15th century plaques. When it was demolished in 1650, bricks from its walls helped to line the then new Wey Navigation canal, in 1571 commissioners were appointed to report on the condition of the bridge across the Wey. It was accordingly ordered that a new bridge – a horse-bridge like the last – should be built, wood being used for its construction, the expense was to be borne by the queen, as the land on either side belonged to her. St. Georges Hill was the site of the Diggers Commune in the 1640s, the Duchess is buried in St. Jamess Churchyard. In the 19th century Oatlands broke away from the parish of Walton on Thames to become a village in its own right, influenced by the secondary manor of Weybridge, the forerunner of Oatlands Palace, the post town adopted Oatlands as its only village in the 19th century. The entomologist, Horace Donisthorpe, visited Weybridge Heath to investigate the ant colony, Weybridge grew into a commuter town with the advent of the fast train link into London Waterloo and a lot of new houses have been built around the Oatlands Park and Broadwater Lake area. Weybridge railway station was opened by the London and Southampton Railway in 1838, after the station was opened, development of what was until then only a village began and gradually Weybridge became a town. Large houses were built on St Georges Hill from 1911 by local builder and developer Walter George Tarrant of Byfleet, in Weybridge Heath, many rare species of insects, rare birds and insectivorous plant have been recorded. The heath was allowed to become overgrown in recent years. Weybridge is the British headquarters of Alliance Boots, CHEP UK, Sony Corporation, Procter & Gamble, JTI, Abbey Business Centres also have a presence in the town. Eurotax Glass, owners and publishers of Glasss Guide, pricing bible to the motor industry, in addition, retailing also forms part of the local economy, and a range of retailers are represented in the town centre. In H. G. Wells classic novel The War of the Worlds, the title of chapter 12 of the book is, What I saw of the destruction of Weybridge and Shepperton
2.
Wadebridge
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Wadebridge is a civil parish and town in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town straddles the River Camel 5 miles upstream from Padstow, the permanent population is 6,222, increasing to 7,900 at the 2011 census. There are two wards in the town. The bridge was important during the English Civil War. Since then, it has been widened twice and refurbished in 1991, Wadebridge was served by a railway station between 1834 and 1967, part of the line now forms the Camel Trail, a recreational route for walkers, cyclists and horse riders. The town used to be a traffic bottleneck on the A39 road until it was bypassed in 1991. The town has a school where several notable sports-people were educated. The Royal Cornwall Show is an agricultural show held at the nearby Royal Cornwall Showground every June. The initial settlement of Wade came about due to a ford in the River Camel, the early crossing had a chapel on each side of the river, Kings chapel on the north side and St Michaels on the south side. People would pray for a crossing at one of the chapels before wading across at low tide. In 1312 a licence was granted for a market at Wade, Wade was now known as Wadebridge. The bridge was a position in the English Civil War as in 1646 Oliver Cromwell came with 500 Dragoons and 1,000 horsemen to take the bridge. When the bridge was first completed tolls were charged for its maintenance, in 1853 it was widened from 3 to 5 metres. A second widening took place in 1952 and then in 1963 it was again widened taking it to 12 metres, in 1994 the bridge underwent a refurbishment to change the stone in the pavement and to create a cycle track. The line was intended to carry sand from the Camel Estuary to inland farms for use as fertiliser and it was opened on 30 September 1834 with the locomotive Camel pulling a train load of 400 passengers. When the company ordered its second locomotive it came with a name plate already affixed and it had been named the Elephant as the makers had failed to realise that the first engine had been named after the river and not an animal. The last passenger train left Wadebridge railway station in 1967 following railway cutbacks, the railway has been transformed into the Camel Trail, and the Bodmin and Wenford Railway heritage railway runs on part of the route. Timber was also imported from the Baltic, while stone from inland was sent to destination throughout England and this commodity, brought up from Padstow in barges, had previously been taken as far as Michaelstow and Blisland
3.
Rail transport modelling scales
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Rail transport modelling uses a variety of scales to ensure scale models look correct when placed next to each other. Model railway scales are standardized worldwide by many organizations and hobbyist groups, some of the scales are recognized globally, while others are less widespread and, in many cases, virtually unknown outside their circle of origin. In a similar manner, a model railway may have several track gauges in one scale. Globally, the two dominating standard organizations are NMRA in North America and MOROP in Europe with their NEM standard, the first model railways were not built to any particular scale and were more like toys than miniature representations of the full size prototype. Eventually, the authenticity of models grew and benefits of standardization became more obvious, the most significant and the most basic area of standardization was the model track gauge. At first, certain gauges became de facto standards in hobbyist, while the first unofficial standard gauges made interchangeability possible, the rolling stock were still only a rough approximation of the full scale prototype. Eventually the unofficial or manufacturer specific scale standards became more established and were adopted by various model railway standardization bodies such as NMRA and MOROP. However, despite of existing scale and gauge standards they were often poorly implemented in design. The conformity to scale standards grew strongly in the 1950s and 1960s when many new model railway manufacturers were born. Reliability of operations requires that certain parts be made oversize, for instance, a Z scale wheel flange as defined in the NEM standard should be about 9% of the scale nominal standard gauge, whereas the same standard gives only 5% for 45 mm standard gauge I scale. These alternative standards are called finescale standards and it is possible to use different scales of models together effectively, especially to create a false sense of depth. Scales close to each other are also hard to tell apart with the naked eye, an onlooker seeing a 1,43 model car next to a 1,48 scale model train might not notice anything wrong, for example. Some common examples of mixing scales are, a technique using N scale model trains in the background with H0 scale in the foreground. Mixing 1,43 scale,1,48 scale and 1,50 scale die-cast models with 0 scale model trains, using Matchbox cars with H0 scale and S scale. Mixing 00 scale British model trains with H0 scale models
4.
Weighing scale
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Weighing scales are devices to measure weight or calculate mass. Scales and balances are used in commerce, as many products are sold. Very accurate balances, called analytical balances, are used in fields such as chemistry. Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring weight, the earliest design for such a device dates to 1770 and credits Richard Salter, an early scale-maker. Postal workers could work quickly with spring scales than balance scales because they could be read instantaneously. By the 1940s various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make more accurate. A spring scale measures weight by reporting the distance that a spring deflects under a load and this contrasts to a balance, which compares the torque on the arm due to a sample weight to the torque on the arm due to a standard reference weight using a horizontal lever. Spring scales measure force, which is the force of constraint acting on an object. They are usually calibrated so that measured force translates to mass at earths gravity, the object to be weighed can be simply hung from the spring or set on a pivot and bearing platform. In a spring scale, the spring either stretches or compresses, by Hookes law, every spring has a proportionality constant that relates how hard it is pulled to how far it stretches. Rack and pinion mechanisms are used to convert the linear spring motion to a dial reading. With proper manufacturing and setup, however, spring scales can be rated as legal for commerce, to remove the temperature error, a commerce-legal spring scale must either have temperature-compensated springs or be used at a fairly constant temperature. To eliminate the effect of gravity variations, a spring scale must be calibrated where it is used. It is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use force to sense weight. The test force is applied to a piston or diaphragm and transmitted through hydraulic lines to an indicator based on a Bourdon tube or electronic sensor. A digital bathroom scale is a type of electronic weighing machine, the digital bathroom scale is a smart scale which has many functions like smartphone integration, cloud storage, fitness tracking, etc. In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a beam supporting the weight is measured using a strain gauge. The capacity of such devices is only limited by the resistance of the beam to deflection and these scales are used in the modern bakery, grocery, delicatessen, seafood, meat, produce and other perishable goods departments
5.
Railroad car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units. The term car is used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the manner, though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, railcar is a term for a railway vehicle, in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another, alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front. If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the direction, or be grouped, with twin rows facing each other. In some vehicles intended for services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, if the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided into small compartments. These usually contain six seats, although sometimes in second class they contain eight, modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened, or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided, other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is converted to one of these for an event. Observation cars were built for the rear of many trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. Sleeping cars outfitted with small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, in the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone. Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars, an example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner. A trainset is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created ad hoc out of cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled on shed, trains are then built of one or more of these sets coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train
6.
Vehicle
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A vehicle is a mobile machine that transports people or cargo. Typical vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles, railed vehicles, Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground, wheeled, tracked, railed or skied. ISO 3833-1977 is the standard, also used in legislation, for road vehicles types, terms. Boats were used between 4000 BC-3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean, there is evidence of camel pulled wheeled vehicles about 3000–4000 BC. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, in 200 CE, Ma Jun built a south-pointing chariot, a vehicle with an early form of guidance system. Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages, the earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau dating from around 1350. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, the line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in 1769. In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box and bearings, however and it was introduced by Drais to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817. 1903 Wright brothers flew the first controlled, powered aircraft 1907 First helicopters Gyroplane no.1, there are over 1 billion bicycles in use worldwide. In 2002 there were an estimated 590 million cars and 205 million motorcycles in service in the world, at least 500 million Chinese Flying Pigeon bicycles have been made, more than an other single model of vehicle. The most-produced model of vehicle is the Honda Super Cub motorcycle. The most-produced car model is the Toyota Corolla, with at least 35 million made by 2010, by far, most vehicles use wheels which employ the principle of rolling to enable displacement with very little rolling friction. It is essential that a vehicle have a source of energy to drive it, energy can be extracted from the surrounding environment, as in the case of a sailboat, a solar-powered car or a streetcar. Energy can also be stored, in any form, provided it can be converted on demand, the most common type of energy source is fuel. Batteries also facilitate the use of motors, which have their own advantages. On the other hand, batteries have low densities, short service life, poor performance at extreme temperatures. Like fuel, batteries store energy and can cause burns
7.
National Institute of Standards and Technology
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The National Institute of Standards and Technology is a measurement standards laboratory, and a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission is to promote innovation and industrial competitiveness, in 1821, John Quincy Adams had declared Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessities of life to every individual of human society. From 1830 until 1901, the role of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, president Theodore Roosevelt appointed Samuel W. Stratton as the first director. The budget for the first year of operation was $40,000, a laboratory site was constructed in Washington, DC, and instruments were acquired from the national physical laboratories of Europe. In addition to weights and measures, the Bureau developed instruments for electrical units, in 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first National Conference on Weights and Measures. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, antifreeze, during World War I, the Bureau worked on multiple problems related to war production, even operating its own facility to produce optical glass when European supplies were cut off. Between the wars, Harry Diamond of the Bureau developed a blind approach radio aircraft landing system, in 1948, financed by the Air Force, the Bureau began design and construction of SEAC, the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer. The computer went into operation in May 1950 using a combination of vacuum tubes, about the same time the Standards Western Automatic Computer, was built at the Los Angeles office of the NBS and used for research there. A mobile version, DYSEAC, was built for the Signal Corps in 1954, due to a changing mission, the National Bureau of Standards became the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1988. Following 9/11, NIST conducted the investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings. NIST had a budget for fiscal year 2007 of about $843.3 million. NISTs 2009 budget was $992 million, and it also received $610 million as part of the American Recovery, NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates complement the staff, in addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around the country. NIST publishes the Handbook 44 that provides the Specifications, tolerances, the Congress of 1866 made use of the metric system in commerce a legally protected activity through the passage of Metric Act of 1866. NIST is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and operates a facility in Boulder, nISTs activities are organized into laboratory programs and extramural programs. Effective October 1,2010, NIST was realigned by reducing the number of NIST laboratory units from ten to six, nISTs Boulder laboratories are best known for NIST‑F1, which houses an atomic clock. NIST‑F1 serves as the source of the official time. NIST also operates a neutron science user facility, the NIST Center for Neutron Research, the NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of neutron scattering instruments, which they use in many research fields
8.
Altare
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Altare is a comune in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 45 km west of Genoa and about 11 km northwest of Savona. As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 2,160, Altare borders the following municipalities, Cairo Montenotte, Carcare, Mallare, Quiliano, and Savona. Altare is just west of the Colle di Cadibona, which at 459 m divides the Ligurian Alps from the Ligurian Apennines. Also called the pass at Cadibona or the pass at Altare it is accessed from the coast by the Via Nazionale Piemonte, coming up from Savona and crossing into Piemonte in the north Italian plain. The population of this community, recorded for modern times by ISTAT, has remained perennially at about 1100 families living in as many dwellings. Its size is limited to a degree by the mountainous environment. Altare includes a population recognizing a distinct identity and calling itself the Università dAltare, or the Monsu, as opposed to the paesani, although currently Christian, it descends from a Sephardic Jewish community of glassmakers who found refuge in the mountains several hundred years ago. They maintained themselves as a ghetto, often self-governing, until the 19th century, at that time they were more completely assimilated, except for their traditional self-distinction. The Museum of Glass in Villa Rosa at Altare preserves many pieces of glass produced during this tradition
9.
Personal computer
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A personal computer is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by a end-user, rather than by an expert or technician. In the 2010s, PCs are typically connected to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web, personal computers may be connected to a local area network, either by a cable or a wireless connection. In the 2010s, a PC may be, a multi-component desktop computer, designed for use in a location a laptop computer, designed for easy portability or a tablet computer. In the 2010s, PCs run using a system, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux. The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel, required hand-loading of a program to load programs from external storage. Before long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal, in the 2010s, users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free software and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run or ready-to-compile form. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the computer market, first with MS-DOS. Alternatives to Microsofts Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry and these include Apples OS X and free open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution. Advanced Micro Devices provides the alternative to Intels processors. PC is an initialism for personal computer, some PCs, including the OLPC XOs, are equipped with x86 or x64 processors but not designed to run Microsoft Windows. PC is used in contrast with Mac, an Apple Macintosh computer and this sense of the word is used in the Get a Mac advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, Im a PC campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since Apples transition to Intel processors starting 2005, all Macintosh computers are now PCs, the “brain” may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far, in the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers. Using the narrow definition of operated by one person, the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 and it did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and it came with a retail price of $47, 000—equivalent to about $414,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a programmable calculator described in advertisements as a desktop computer. It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, the Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov
10.
Truck scale software
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Truck Scale Software also known in the EU as Weighbridge Software is a class of software pertaining to the collection of transactional scale weighment data. Specifically for truck scales used to heavy trucks, light trucks. The basic concept of truck scale software is to provide the end user with a means of collecting and organizing weighment information, the truck scale industry is not a highly vertical niche market as one might expect. The basic concept of Truck Scale Software is to provide the end user with a means of collecting and organizing weighment information and this led to scale vendors needing to be able to provide data collection and management solutions in order to compete. Many of the larger scale vendors however, have started referring to certain Truck Scale Software packages or directly reselling them, sometimes, truck scale software is part of a much larger software. Many targeted ERPs for industries like quarry/mining/agriculture contain interface module for weighbridges, some truck scale manufacturers develop and sell their own software for weigh system interfacing and data collection. Within the consumer sector of the truck scale industry are several subcategories of end user, the consumers range from the single-scale users to multi-national corporations with hundreds or even thousands of scale sites, some of them totally unmanned running unmanned weighbridge software. In many cases each companies requirement is unique to the point where a package is almost out of the question. The market is highly service-oriented, with any final solution being somewhat custom tailored to the end users needs and it is not uncommon for a software package to have an obscure feature only because one particular customer had to have it and was willing to pay for it. SMSTURBO - Creative Information Systems Fast-Weigh Avery Weigh-Tronix Canadian Scale Company Limited Imagic Solution Mettler Toledo Imagic Solution Canadian Scale Company Limited WELMEC
11.
Scale test car
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A scale test car is a type of railroad car in maintenance of way service. Its purpose is to calibrate the weighing scales used to weigh loaded railroad cars, Scale test cars are of a precisely known weight so that the track scale can be calibrated against them. Cars are weighed for various purposes and these include, Cars are weighed to ensure they are within the axle load limits of the railroad. Cars are weighed to determine the amount of cargo loaded and this is used to bill the railroads customers for the carriage of bulk commodities, so it is essential that the track scales be accurate. Many scale test cars were small, old railroad cars carrying heavy metal weights as their superstructure, Scale test cars needed special handling so they would not suffer damage, which might alter their weight. They were reweighed periodically on accurate scales at the railroads shops, AAR, Engineering Division, AAR Scale Handbook USDA Grain Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration, Weighing Handbook Chap. 3, 27DEC2010 Association of American Railroads website USDAs Grain Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration Circa 1913 NIST scale test car, one of its large calibration masses can be seen being hoisted onto the scale test car
12.
Weigh lock
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A weigh lock is a specialized canal lock designed to determine the weight of barges in order to assess toll payments based upon the weight and value of the cargo carried. This requires that the weight of the barge be known. A barge to be weighed was brought into a supporting cradle connected by levers to a weighing mechanism, the water was then drained and the scale balance adjusted to determine the barge gross weight. Subtracting the tare weight would give the cargo weight and this method also requires that the unladen weight of the barge be known. Weigh bridge, a device for weighing trucks and railcars, erie Canal — The Weigh Lock
