1.
Tubular Bells
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Tubular Bells is the first album by English musician Mike Oldfield, recorded when he was 19 and released in 1973 when he was 20. It was the first album released by Virgin Records and a cornerstone of the companys success. Vivian Stanshall provided the voice of the Master of Ceremonies who reads off the list of instruments at the end of the first movement. The opening piano solo was used briefly in the soundtrack to the William Friedkin film The Exorcist, the following year the piece was orchestrated by David Bedford for The Orchestral Tubular Bells version. It had three sequels in the 1990s, Tubular Bells II, Tubular Bells III and The Millennium Bell, finally, the album was re-recorded as Tubular Bells 2003 at its 30th anniversary in 2003. A newly mixed and mastered re-issue of the album appeared in 2009 on Mercury Records. For the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Oldfield rearranged segments from Tubular Bells for a segment about the National Health Service and this rendition appears on the soundtrack album, Isles of Wonder, and is included on the official BBC DVD release. The 19-year old Mike Oldfield played the majority of the instruments on the album as a series of overdubs, Oldfield was influenced by the pioneering recording techniques used by the Beatles in the late 1960s, classical music, and the minimalist work of Terry Riley. By blocking off the head of the tape machine, he could overdub using it. Oldfield approached several record labels with the demos, but was rejected on commercial grounds and he then played the demos to engineers at The Manor Studio, who along with manager Richard Branson, decided to record it. The two parts of Tubular Bells were recorded between autumn 1972 and spring 1973, Part One was recorded in just one week at the Manor, in between sessions by John Cale and the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. Part two was recorded intermittently during down-time at the Manor over several months, the album was recorded on an Ampex 2-inch 16-track tape recorder with Dolby stereo, which was The Manors main recording equipment at the time. The only electric guitar to be used on the album was a 1966 blonde Fender Telecaster which used to belong to Marc Bolan, Oldfield had added an extra Bill Lawrence pick-up and has since sold the guitar for £6500 and donated the money to the SANE charity. This guitar had been put up for auction a number of times by Bonhams in 2007,2008 and 2009 with estimates of £25, 000–35,000, £10, 000–15,000 and £8, 000–12,000 respectively. According to Phil Newell, the guitar used on the album was one of his Fender Telecaster Basses. All the guitars were recorded via direct injection into the mixing desk, the set of tubular bells that were used on the album had been left by an instrument hire company after John Cales sessions at the Manor, at the request of Oldfield. At 7,41 on Part 1, Oldfield can be heard counting.2.3 into the section of music. The Master of Ceremonies, introducing the instruments for the finale of Part One, was recorded at the end of the session, Vivian Stanshall had arrived at the Manor ready to start recording, and was asked by Oldfield to perform the narration
2.
The Chimes
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It is the second in his series of Christmas books, five short books with strong social and moral messages that he published during the 1840s. In addition to A Christmas Carol and The Cricket on the Hearth, the Christmas books include The Battle of Life and The Haunted Man, the book was written in late 1844, during Dickens year-long visit to Italy. Two days later Forster received a letter from Dickens which read simply, We have heard THE CHIMES at midnight, Master Shallow. Forster describes Dickens intentions in writing The Chimes as striking a blow for the poor. They had always been his clients, they had never forgotten in any of his books. He had come to have as little faith for the putting down of any serious evil, the latter had stirred his indignation to its depths just before he came to Italy, and his increased opportunities of solitary reflection since had strengthened and extended it. When he came therefore to think of his new story for Christmas time, Dickens returned to London for a week in December 1844 and gave readings of the finished book to friends prior to publication, to judge its impact. The artist Daniel Maclise, who had contributed two illustrations to The Chimes and attended two of these events, portrayed the reading of 3 December 1844 in a well-known sketch, the chimes are old bells in the church on whose steps Trotty Veck plies his trade. The book is divided into four parts named quarters, after the quarter chimes of a striking clock and his daughter Meg and her long-time fiancé Richard arrive and announce their decision to marry next day. Trotty carries a note for Cute to Sir Joseph Bowley MP, Bowley is ostentatiously settling his debts to ensure a clean start to the new year, and berates Trotty because he owes a few shillings to his local shop which he cannot pay off. Returning home, convinced that he and his fellow poor are naturally ungrateful and have no place in society, Trotty encounters Will Fern, a poor countryman and he takes the pair home with him and he and Meg share their meagre food and poor lodging with the visitors. Meg tries to hide her distress, but it seems she has been dissuaded from marrying Richard by her encounter with Cute, in the night, the bells seem to call Trotty. He is told that he fell from the tower during his climb and is now dead, there follows a series of visions which he is forced to watch, helpless to interfere with the troubled lives of Meg, Richard, Will and Lilian over the subsequent years. Richard descends into alcoholism, Meg eventually marries him in an effort to save him, will is driven in and out of prison by petty laws and restrictions, Lilian turns to prostitution. In the end, destitute, Meg is driven to contemplate drowning herself and her child, thus committing the mortal sins of murder and suicide. The chimes intention is to teach Trotty that, far from being naturally wicked, mankind is formed to strive for nobler things, and will fall only when crushed and repressed beyond bearing. At the end of the book, Trotty finds himself awakening at home as if from a dream as the ring in the New Year of the day Trotty originally climbed the tower. Meg and Richard have chosen to wed, and all of her friends have spontaneously chosen to provide a wedding feast, the author explicitly invites the reader to decide if this awakening is a dream-within-a-dream. The reader must choose between the harsh consequences of the behavior of the classes in Trottys vision, or the happiness of the wedding
3.
Yamaha
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It is one of the constituents of Nikkei 225 and is the worlds largest piano manufacturing company. Yamaha was established in 1887 as a piano and reed organ manufacturer by Torakusu Yamaha as Nippon Gakki Company, Limited in Hamamatsu, the companys origins as a musical instrument manufacturer are still reflected today in the groups logo—a trio of interlocking tuning forks. The YA-1, of which 125 were built in the first year of production, was named in honour of the founder and it was a 125cc, single cylinder, two-stroke, street bike patterned after the German DKW RT125. In 1955, the success of the YA-1 resulted in the founding of Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd, in 1989, Yamaha shipped the worlds first CD recorder. Yamaha purchased Sequential Circuits in 1988 and it bought a majority stake of competitor Korg in 1987, which was bought out by Korg in 1993. In the late 1990s, Yamaha released a series a portable battery operated keyboards under the PSS, in 2002, Yamaha closed down its archery product business that was started in 1959. Six archers in five different Olympic Games won gold medals using their products and it acquired German audio software manufacturers Steinberg in January 2005, from Pinnacle Systems. K. Ltd, the UK piano sales & manufacturing arm was unaffected, on December 20,2007, Yamaha made an agreement with the Austrian Bank BAWAG P. S. K. Group BAWAG to purchase all the shares of Bösendorfer, intended to place in early 2008. Yamaha intends to continue manufacturing at the Bösendorfer facilities in Austria, the acquisition of Bösendorfer was announced after the NAMM Show in Los Angeles, on January 28,2008. As of February 1,2008, Bösendorfer Klavierfabrik GmbH operates as a subsidiary of Yamaha Corp, Yamaha Corporation is also widely known for their music teaching programme that began in the 1950s. Yamaha electronic have proven to be successful, popular, and respected products, for example, the Yamaha YPG-625 was given the award Keyboard of the Year and Product of the Year in 2007 from The Music and Sound Retailer magazine. Other noteworthy Yamaha electronics include the SHS-10 Keytar, a keytar which offered MIDI output features normally found on much more expensive keyboards. Other companies in the Yamaha group include, Bösendorfer Klavierfabrik GmbH, Vienna, Yamaha Motor Company Yamaha Fine Technologies Co. Ltd. Yamaha Golf Cart Company Yamaha Livingtec Corporation Yamaha Metanix Corporation Yamaha Music Communications Co. Ltd, Yamaha Pro Audio Kandō is a Japanese word used by Yamaha to describe their corporate mission. Kandō in translation describes the sensation of profound excitement and gratification derived from experiencing supreme quality, some reasonable English synonyms are emotionally touching or emotionally moving. The Yamaha Music Foundation is an established in 1966 by the authority of the Japanese Ministry of Education for the purpose of promoting music education. It continued a program of music classes begun by Yamaha Corporation in 1954, Yamaha expanded into many diverse businesses and product groups
4.
Percussion instrument
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A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
5.
Musical instrument classification
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Throughout history, various methods of musical instrument classification have been used. The most commonly used system divides instruments into string instruments, woodwind instruments, brass instruments and percussion instruments, the oldest known scheme of classifying instruments is Chinese and dates from the 3rd millennium BC. It grouped instruments according to the materials they are made of. However, the Chou-Li, an anonymous treatise compiled from sources in about the 2nd century BC, had the following order, metal, stone, clay, leather, silk, wood, gourd. The same order was presented in the Tso Chuan, attributed to Tso Chiu-Ming, more usually, instruments are classified according to how the sound is initially produced. The modern system divides instruments into wind, strings and percussion, the scheme was later expanded by Martin Agricola, who distinguished plucked string instruments, such as guitars, from bowed string instruments, such as violins. Classical musicians today do not always maintain this division, but distinguish between wind instruments with a reed and those where the air is set in motion directly by the lips, many instruments do not fit very neatly into this scheme. The serpent, for example, ought to be classified as a brass instrument, however, it looks more like a woodwind instrument, and is closer to one in many ways, having finger-holes to control pitch, rather than valves. Keyboard instruments do not fit easily into this scheme, for example, the piano has strings, but they are struck by hammers, so it is not clear whether it should be classified as a string instrument or a percussion instrument. Ottoman encyclopedist Hadji Khalifa also recognized the three classes in his Kashf al-Zunun an Asami al-Kutub wa al-Funun, a treatise on the origin. The division pervades Tboli thought about cosmology, social characters of men and women, victor-Charles Mahillon later adopted a system very similar to this. This scheme was taken up by Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs who published an extensive new scheme for classication in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. Their scheme is used today, and is most often known as the Hornbostel-Sachs system. Electrophones, such as the guitar or electric bass, which produce sound through electricity and is required to be plugged in to an amplifier. Later Sachs added a category, electrophones, such as theremins. Modern synthesizers and electronic instruments fall in this category, within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticised and revised over the years, in 1932, comparative musicologist André Schaeffner developed a new classification scheme that was exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments. The Kpelle of West Africa also use this system and they distinguish the struck, including both beaten and plucked, and the blown
6.
Idiophone
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An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the instrument as a whole vibrating—without the use of strings or membranes. It is the first of the four divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification. The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments autophones, most percussion instruments that are not drums are idiophones. Hornbostel–Sachs divides idiophones into four main sub-categories, the first division is the struck idiophones. This includes most of the percussion instruments familiar in the West. They include all idiophones made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand or indirectly, various types of bells fall into both categories. The other three subdivisions are rarer, other classifications use six main sub-categories, Concussion idiophones are instruments that produce sound by being struck against one another. Percussion idiophones produce sound by being struck with a foreign object. Examples of non-vibrating objects are mallets, hammers, and sticks, scraper idiophones are instruments that are scraped with a stick or other foreign objects to give off a sound. Plucked idiophones produce sound by plucking a flexible tongue from within the instrument itself, lastly, friction idiophones are rubbed to increase vibration and sound intensity. Idiophones are made of materials that give off unique sounds, the majority of idiophones are made out of glass, metal, ceramics, and wood. Idiophones are considered part of the section in an orchestra. A number of idiophones that are struck, such as vibraphone bars and cymbals
7.
Range (music)
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In music, the range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, the equivalent is vocal range, the range of a musical part is the distance between its lowest and highest note. The terms sounding range, written range, designated range, duration range, a piccolo, for example, typically has a sounding range one octave higher than its written range. The designated range is the set of notes the player should or can achieve while playing, all instruments have a designated range, and all pitched instruments have a playing range. Timbre, dynamics, and duration ranges are interrelated and one may achieve registral range at the expense of timbre, the designated range is thus the range in which a player is expected to have comfortable control of all aspects. The duration range is the difference between the shortest and longest rhythm used, dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music. Although woodwind instruments and string instruments have no upper limit to their range. Brass instruments, on the hand, can play beyond their designated ranges. Notes lower than the brass instruments designated range are called pedal tones, the playing range of a brass instrument depends on both the technical limitations of the instrument and the skill of the player. Classical arrangements seldom make woodwind or brass instruments play beyond their designed range, string musicians play the bottom of their ranges very frequently, but the top of a string instruments range is rather fuzzy, and it is unusual for a string player to exceed the designated range. It is quite rare for wind musicians to play the extremes of their instruments, the most common exception is that in many 20th century works, pedal tones are called for in bass trombones. This chart uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C4, in the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that an organ can sound is C−1. However, if acoustic combination counts, the lowest note is C−2, *This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1. Also, the frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1
8.
Musical instrument
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A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
9.
Church bell
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A church bell in the Christian tradition is a bell which is rung in a church for a variety of church purposes, and can be heard outside the building. Traditionally they were used to call worshippers to the church for a communal service and they are also rung on special occasions such as a wedding, or a funeral service. In some religious traditions they are used within the liturgy of the service to signify to people that a particular part of the service has been reached. The ringing of bells, in the Christian tradition, is also believed to drive out demons. It is hung within a steeple or belltower of a church or religious building, such bells are either fixed in position or hung from a pivoted beam so they can swing to and fro. A rope hangs from a lever or wheel attached to the headstock, and when the bell ringer pulls on the rope the bell back and forth. Bells that are hung dead are normally sounded by hitting the bow with a hammer or occasionally by a rope which pulls the internal clapper against the bell. A church may have a bell, or a collection of bells which are tuned to a common scale. They may be stationary and chimed, rung randomly by swinging through a small arc, before modern communications, church bells were a common way to call the community together for all purposes, both sacred and secular. The injunction to pray the Lords prayer thrice daily was given in Didache 8,2 f, as such, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that the Early Church prayed the Lords Prayer thrice a day, supplanting the former Amidah predominant in the Hebrew tradition. The Christian tradition of the ringing of bells from a belltower is analogous to the Islamic tradition of the adhan from a minaret. Most Christian denominations ring church bells to call the faithful to worship, in the United Kingdom predominantly in the Anglican church, there is a strong tradition of change ringing on full-circle tower bells for about half an hour before a service. This originated from the early 17th century when bell ringers found that swinging a bell through a large arc gave more control over the time between successive strikes of the clapper. This culminated in ringing bells through a circle, which let ringers easily produce different striking sequences. In Christianity, the ringing of bells is traditionally believed to drive out demons. The ringing of a bell to announce a death is called a death knell. A more modern tradition where there are full-circle bells is to use half-muffles when sounding one bell as a tolled bell, or all the bells in change-ringing. This means a leather muffle is placed on the clapper of each bell so that there is a loud open strike followed by a muffled strike, which has a very sonorous and mournful effect
10.
Carillon
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A carillon is a musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or municipal building. The instrument consists of at least 23 cast bronze, cup-shaped bells, a traditional manual carillon is played by striking a keyboard – the stick-like keys of which are called batons – with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. Although unusual, real carillons have occasionally been fitted to theatre organs, such as the Christie organ installed at the Regal Cinema, Marble Arch, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. The carillon is the second heaviest of all extant musical instruments, the heaviest carillon in the world weighs over 100 tons, whereas the Wanamaker organ in Philadelphia weighs 287 tons. The word carillon is from the French quadrillon, meaning four bells, in German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while the percussion instrument called a glockenspiel by English speakers is often called a carillon in French. In medieval times, swinging bells were first used as a way of notifying people of imminent church services, however, the use of bells to play melodic musical compositions originated in the 16th century in the Low Countries. The first carillon was in Flanders, where a fool performed music on the bells of Oudenaarde Town Hall in 1510 by using a baton keyboard, major figures in the evolution of the modern carillon were Pieter and François Hemony working in the 17th century. They are credited as being the greatest carillon bell founders in the history of the Low Countries, since each separate note is produced by an individual bell, a carillons musical range is determined by the number of bells it has. Different names are assigned to instruments based on the number of bells they comprise, players of these instruments often use music arranged specifically for their limited range of notes. A concert carillon has a range of at least four octaves and this is sometimes referred to as the standard-sized carillon. The Riverside Carillon in New York City has the largest tuned bell in the world. Travelling or mobile carillons are not placed in a tower, some of them can even be played indoors—in a concert hall or church—like the mobile carillon of Frank Steijns. The World Carillon Federation defines a carillon as A musical instrument composed of tuned bronze bells which are played from a baton keyboard, only those carillons having at least 23 bells may be taken into consideration. The carillonneur or carillonist is the title of the musician who plays the carillon, the carillonneur/carillonist usually sits in a cabin beneath the bells and presses down, with a loosely closed fist, on a series of baton-like keys arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard. The batons are almost never played with the fingers as one does a piano, though this is sometimes used as a special carillon playing technique. The keys activate levers and wires that directly to the bells clappers, thus, as with a piano. In addition to the keys, the heavier bells are also played with a pedal keyboard. These notes can either be played with the hands or the feet, poorly tuned bells often give an out of tune impression and also can be out of tune with themselves
11.
Bell tower
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A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Church bell towers often incorporate clocks, and secular towers usually do, the Italian term campanile, deriving from the word campana meaning bell, is synonymous with bell tower, though in English usage Campanile tends to be used to refer to a free standing bell tower. A bell tower may also in some traditions be called a belfry, though this term may refer specifically to the substructure that houses the bells. The tallest free-standing bell tower in the world, approximately 110 m high, is the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, located at the University of Birmingham, bells are rung from a tower to enable them to be heard at a distance. Church bells can signify the time for worshippers to go to church for a communal service and they are also rung on special occasions such as a wedding, or a funeral service. In some religious traditions they are used within the liturgy of the service to signify to people that a particular part of the service has been reached. A bell tower may have a bell, or a collection of bells which are tuned to a common scale. They may be stationary and chimed, rung randomly by swinging through a small arc and they may house a carillon or chimes, in which the bells are sounded by hammers connected via cables to a keyboard. These can be found in churches and secular buildings in Europe and America including college. A variety of electronic devices exist to simulate the sound of bells, some churches have an exconjuratory in the bell tower, a space where ceremonies were conducted to ward off weather-related calamities, like storms and excessive rain. The main bell tower of the Cathedral of Murcia has four, in addition, most Christian denominations ring church bells to call the faithful to worship, signalling the start of a mass or service of worship. The Christian tradition of the ringing of bells from a belltower is analogous to Islamic tradition of the adhan from a minaret. In AD400, Paulinus of Nola introduced church bells into the Christian Church, by the 11th century, bells housed in belltowers became commonplace. Historic bell towers exist throughout Europe, the Irish round towers are thought to have functioned in part as bell towers. Famous medieval European examples include Bruges, Ypres, Ghent, perhaps the most famous European free-standing bell tower, however, is the so-called Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is the campanile of the Duomo di Pisa in Pisa, Italy. In 1999 thirty-two Belgian belfries were added to the UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites, in 2005 this list was extended with one Belgian and twenty-three Northern French belfries and is since known as Belfries of Belgium and France. In the Middle Ages, cities sometimes kept their important documents in belfries, not all are on a large scale, the bell tower of Katúň, in Slovakia, is typical of the many more modest structures that were once common in country areas. Archaic wooden bell towers survive adjoining churches in Lithuania and as well as in parts of Poland
12.
Bell
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A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong strike tone. The strike may be made by an internal clapper or uvula, Bells are usually cast from bell metal for its resonant properties, but can also be made from other hard materials, this depends on the function. Many public or institutional buildings house bells, most commonly as clock bells to sound the hours and quarters, historically, bells have been associated with religious rituals, and are still used to call communities together for religious services. Later, bells were made to important events or people and have been associated with the concepts of peace. The study of bells is called campanology and it is popularly but not certainly related to the former sense of to bell which gave rise to bellow. The earliest archaeological evidence of dates from the 3rd millennium BC. Clapper-bells made of pottery have found in several archaeological sites. The pottery bells later developed into metal bells, in West Asia, the first bells appear in 1000 BC. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the Taosi site, early bells not only have an important role in generating metal sound, but arguably played a prominent cultural role. See also Klang Bell of the British Museum collection, in the western world, the common form of bell is a church bell or town bell, which is hung within a tower or bell cote. Such bells are fixed in position or mounted on a beam so they can swing to. Bells that are hung dead are normally sounded by hitting the bow with a hammer or occasionally by pulling an internal clapper against the bell. Where a bell is swung it can either be swung over an arc by a rope. As the bell swings higher the sound is projected rather than downwards. Bells hung for full circle ringing are swung through just over a circle from mouth uppermost. A stay engages a mechanism to allow the bell to rest just past its balance point, the rope is attached to one side of a wheel so that a different amount of rope is wound on and off as it swings to and fro. Swinging bells are sounded by an internal clapper, the clapper may have a longer period of swing than the bell
13.
Rawhide (textile)
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Rawhide is a hide or animal skin that has not been exposed to tanning. It is similar to parchment, much lighter in color than leather made by traditional vegetable tanning, the skin from buffalo, deer, elk or cattle from which most rawhide originates is prepared by removing all fur, meat and fat. The hide is then stretched over a frame before being dried. The resulting material is hard and translucent and it can be shaped by rewetting and forming before being allowed to thoroughly re-dry. It can be rendered more pliable by working, i. e. bending repeatedly in multiple directions, often by rubbing it over a post and it may also be oiled or greased for a degree of waterproofing. It is often used for such as whips, drumheads or lampshades. It is thought to be more durable than leather, especially in items suffering abrasion during use and it can also be used as a backing on a wooden bow. Such a backing prevents the bow from breaking by taking a share of the tension stress, bows made from weaker woods such as birch or cherry benefit more from a rawhide backing. Rawhide is more susceptible to water than leather, and it quickly softens, rawhide laces often sold for boots or baseball gloves are made of normal tanned leather rather than actual rawhide. Rawhide is not pliable when dry and would be unsuitable for that use, traditional gauchos boots are made with horse feet rawhide. Gauchos skin the animal and put the freshly skinned hides on their feet like socks, like ancient Roman cothurnus, the rudimentary boots have no toe box and do not cover the toes completely. As a chew toy for dogs, it is effective when used for training dogs. Wet rawhide has been used by earlier cultures as a means of torture or execution
14.
Sustain pedal
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A sustain pedal or sustaining pedal is the most commonly used pedal in a modern piano. It is typically the rightmost of two or three pedals, when pressed, the sustain pedal sustains all the damped strings on the piano by moving all the dampers away from the strings and allowing them to vibrate freely. All notes played will continue to sound until the vibration naturally ceases and this lets the pianist sustain notes which would otherwise be out of reach, for instance in accompanying chords - and accomplish legato passages which would have no possible fingering otherwise. Raising the sustain pedal also causes all the strings to vibrate sympathetically with whichever notes are being played, a device similar to the sustain pedal in effect was invented by the piano pioneer Gottfried Silbermann, it was operated by the players hands rather than a pedal. A later eminent early builder, Johann Andreas Stein, may have been the first to allow the player to lift the dampers while still playing, until the onset of the Romantic era in music, the sustain pedal was considered a special effect, used only in particular circumstances. Only with the Romantics did a fairly constant use of the come to be regarded as an essential element of piano sound. Appropriate use of the pedal is often left to the musicians discretion, the most common symbol for this is a horizontal line below the grand staff, which lifts up and down with the pedal. An alternative notation is the use of indicating where the pedal should be depressed. Occasionally there is a direction at the start of a movement instructing that the sustain pedal be applied continuously throughout. This may be marked with senza sordini, or similar wording, in General MIDI, the sustain pedal information is controlled by Control Change number 64. The sostenuto pedal is a device that sustains only notes which are depressed at the time the pedal is depressed. It is the middle of three pedals, but in some upright pianos the middle pedal instead lowers a veil of felt between the hammers and the strings for quiet practising. For mechanical pianos it is possible to press down the sustain pedal only partially such that the dampers just touch the strings very slightly and this technique for the advanced pianist is called half pedaling and allows a fine variation of the sound. It can be observed that with half pedaling the damping is more effective for the higher tones, an example for a musical piece that is played with half pedaling by some pianists is Beethovens Moonlight Sonata. Most recent digital pianos also support this effect, electronic keyboards often include a sustain pedal, a simple foot-operated switch which controls the electronic or digital synthesis so as to produce a sustain effect. Several recent models use more sophisticated pedals that have a variable resistance, vibraphones have sustain pedals that allow the metal bars to ring. Some tubular bells have a sustain pedal, the Cimbalom has a sustain pedal which allows its strings to ring or abruptly mutes them. Soft pedal Expression pedal Sostenuto Mute
15.
Mark tree
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A mark tree is a percussion instrument used primarily for musical colour. It consists of many small chimes – typically cylinders of metal approximately 6 mm in diameter – of varying lengths mounted hanging from a bar. The chimes are played by sweeping a finger or stick through the length of the hanging chimes and they are mounted in pitch order to produce rising or falling glissandos. Unlike tubular bells, another form of chime, the chimes on a tree do not produce a definite pitch. The mark tree is named after its inventor, studio percussionist Mark Stevens and he devised the instrument in 1967. When he could not come up with a name, percussionist Emil Richards dubbed the instrument the mark tree, the bell tree is a set of graduated cup-shaped bells mounted vertically along a center post. Chime Chime bar Glockenspiel Tubular bell Wind chime Kalani, all about Hand Percussion, Everything You Need to Know to Start Playing Now
16.
James Swearingen
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James Swearingen is an American composer and arranger. The music he writes is part of a genre played in American high school band classes as Concert Literature. He is a recipient of several ASCAP awards and he is currently one of several resident composers at Capital University and is also a staff arranger for the Ohio State University Marching Band. Prior to his appointment at Capital in 1987, he spent eighteen years teaching music in the public schools of central Ohio. His first teaching assignment was in Sunbury, Ohio and he then spent fourteen years as Director of Instrumental Music at Grove City High School, teaching marching, concert and jazz bands. Swearingen is also a guest conductor, adjudicator and educational clinician and he has travelled throughout the United States, Japan, Australia, Europe, Canada and The Republic of China. With over 450 published works, he has written band compositions and arrangements in a variety of musical forms, many of his pieces, including 81 commissioned works, have been chosen for contest and festival lists. He is a recipient of several ASCAP awards for published compositions and in 1992 was selected as an Accomplished Graduate of the Fine, most recently, he received the 2002 Community Music Educator Award given annually by the Columbus Symphony Orchestra. In March 2000, he was invited to join the American Bandmasters Association, several of Swearingens band compositions have been recorded by The Washington Winds and are available on compact discs from Walking Frog Records. His recordings include In All Its Glory, Exaltation, Panther in the Sky, Celebration For Winds And Percussion, The Light Of Dawn, L. Barnhouse Co. official website Seagate Overture on Youtube. com James Swearingen Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
17.
Mike Oldfield
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Michael Gordon Mike Oldfield is an English musician and composer. His work blends progressive rock with world, folk, classical, electronic, ambient and his biggest commercial success is the 1973 album Tubular Bells – which launched Virgin Records and became a hit in America after its opening was used as the theme for the film The Exorcist. He also recorded the 1983 hit single Moonlight Shadow and a rendition of the Christmas piece In Dulci Jubilo, Oldfield has released more than 20 albums with the most recent being a sequel to his 1975 album Ommadawn titled Return to Ommadawn. It was released on 20 January 2017, Mike Oldfields parents were Raymond Oldfield, a general practitioner, and Maureen Liston, an Irish nurse. His older sister Sally and older brother Terry are also musicians and have appeared on several of Mikes albums. He also had a brother, David, who had Down syndrome. Oldfield was born in the Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire, and attended St. Josephs Convent School, Highlands Junior School, St. Edwards preparatory school, the family lived in Western Elms Avenue, Reading. When he was 13, he moved with his parents to Harold Wood in Essex and attended Hornchurch Grammar School, having taught himself to play the guitar, Oldfields career began in his early teenage years, playing acoustic guitar in local folk clubs. At this time, he had written two 15-minute instrumental pieces in which he would go through all sorts of moods, precursors to his landmark 1970s compositions. In his early teens, Oldfield was involved in a group playing The Shadows-style music. In 1967, Oldfield and his sister Sally formed the folk duo The Sallyangie and, an album, Children of the Sun, was issued in 1968. After The Sallyangie disbanded, Mike formed another duo called Barefoot with his brother, in 1970, Oldfield joined The Whole World – former Soft Machine vocalist Kevin Ayerss backing group – playing bass and occasionally lead guitar. He and Ayers shared a flat for a time at the end of the Seven Sisters Road in London. Oldfield is featured on two Ayers albums, Whatevershebringswesing and Shooting at the Moon, Oldfield was also the reserve guitarist for the musical Hair and played with Alex Harvey. Having recorded sections of this version of Tubular Bells as demo pieces. Branson already had business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfields demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, during this week, he completed Part One of Tubular Bells, Part Two was compiled over a number of months. Tubular Bells is Oldfields most famous work, the instrumental composition was recorded in 1972 and released on 25 May 1973 as the inaugural album of Richard Branson and Simon Drapers label Virgin Records
18.
Tubular Bells II
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Tubular Bells II is the 15th album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1992. The album – the first for his new label, Warner Bros. following an acrimonious departure from Virgin after twenty years – was a sequel to Oldfields 1973 Tubular Bells. Another sequel, Tubular Bells III, followed in 1998, the album charted at number 1 in the UK as did its precursor. It is Oldfields third number one album and, as of 2015, for Tubular Bells II Oldfield enlisted the help of Tom Newman, who had helped produce the original, as well as established producer Trevor Horn. Early Stages which is a version of what would become Sentinel was included as a B-side to the single version of Sentinel. Early Stages has a darker mood and is from the pre-Trevor Horn development of the album. Tubular Bells II partly follows musical structures of the original Tubular Bells, themes of the original Bells are taken and then completely re-composed and played with mostly new instruments. The result is an album that has same kind of variation but is still new musically. Unlike Tubular Bells there is a theme, first appearing at the end of Sentinel that reappears throughout the album. Also unlike the original ending coda, The Sailors Hornpipe, Moonshine is a composition by Oldfield. In 1998 another sequel followed, Tubular Bells III, and in 2003 Oldfield recorded a new version of the original Tubular Bells, the Master of Ceremonies at the premiere concert in Edinburgh was John Gordon Sinclair. On alternative mixes of The Bell released as single B-sides, Billy Connolly, on two alternative language B-sides of The Bell, MC Otto and MC Carlos Finally played the Master of Ceremonies in German and Spanish respectively. Some of the titles for the album were taken from Arthur C. Clarkes short stories, including The Sentinel and Sunjammer, other track titles could just be references to science-fiction or space in general, such as Dark Star and Weightless. Dark Star is also the title of a film by John Carpenter which was released in the same year as the original Tubular Bells,1973. Oldfield has occasionally called some of the tracks on the album by different names in interviews, the title Russian was also later given to the equivalent piece on the re-recorded version of the original Tubular Bells, Tubular Bells 2003. Tubular Bells II again uses the bent metallic tube as the focus of the album artwork, the bell is a golden colour on a dark blue background as opposed to Tubular Bells grey/silver bell on top of a sea/skyscape. Both the photos for Tubular Bells and Tubular Bells II were produced by Trevor Key, critical reception to the album was mixed, although the album reached number 1 in the album charts in a number of countries
19.
Tubular Bells III
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Tubular Bells III is the 18th album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1998 by Warner Bros. A sequel to Oldfields 1973 Tubular Bells and his 1992 Tubular Bells II albums, Oldfield created the album while living in Ibiza, and has said the inspiration for some of its electronic elements came from the styles of music played at the islands bars and clubs. For example, The Source of Secrets references the Introduction section of the original album, an early version of Man in the Rain was written shortly after 1983s Moonlight Shadow, and is similar in style to the song. An early version of The Source of Secrets appears on the compilation Mike Oldfield XXV, the live version of the complete album from the premiere concert is available on the double DVD Tubular Bells II/Tubular Bells III. The Live Then & Now 1999 tour was in promotion of album and his following album. On 27 July 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony Mike Oldfield performed renditions of Tubular Bells, Far Above the Clouds and this track was later released on the Isles of Wonder album and as a limited edition blue/pink vinyl single. The album artwork is Oldfields trademark bent tubular bell shape in silver, based upon the original 1973 Tubular Bells album cover, the artwork itself does not contain any text and typically a sticker with Oldfields name and the album title are placed on the outer packaging. Tubular Bells III is the least successful of the three main Tubular Bells albums, only attaining No.4 on the UK chart, unlike its two chart topping predecessors. The very distinct similarity of Man in the Rain to the hit Moonlight Shadow was sometimes interpreted by listeners as Oldfield trying to retread old ground, the tracks The Source of Secrets, Jewel in the Crown, and Secrets feature Amar as a vocalist. Oldfield can be heard on Outcast, the Inner Child features Luar Na Lubre vocalist Rosa Cedrón and Man in the Rain was sung by Cara Dillon, credited as Cara from Polar Star, with additional vocals by Heather Burnett. Far Above the Clouds features Clodagh Simonds performing the vocals while the childs vocals are performed by Francesca Robertson. Some of the instruments appear on the album are a Roland D-550, JD-990, JV1080, Clavia Nord Lead. The Roland VG8 Guitar synthesiser is used on such as Man in the Rain. Oldfield also used sampled drums from his Crises and Ommadawn album on certain tracks, Man in the Rain features sampled drums from Moonlight Shadow, Outcast features sampled drums from Shadow on the Wall and Far Above the Clouds features sampled drums from the end of Ommadawn part 1. Far Above the Clouds also features a guitar rhythm from the Finale section of Tubular Bells, though in this instance it is fairly low in the mix. Tubular Bells III, along with Tubular Bells II and The Songs of Distant Earth, was reissued on 180g vinyl on 27 April 2015 and this follows the recent releases of Tubular Bells, Hergest Ridge, QE2, Five Miles Out and Crises on the same format. Mike Oldfield Discography – Tubular Bells III at Tubular. net
20.
Hergest Ridge (album)
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Hergest Ridge is the second record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1974 on Virgin Records. The album was reissued with bonus material and new artwork in June 2010, during 1973, Oldfield was uncomfortable with the public attention that he had received from the success of Tubular Bells, and retreated to the English countryside to work on his follow-up. The result was Hergest Ridge, named for the hill near Kington, Hergest Ridge entered the UK album charts at number one, only to be displaced by its predecessor, Tubular Bells. Oldfield is thus one of only a few artists to have defeated themselves in this manner, textures are extended further using various organ timbres and the use of voice as an instrument. According to producer Tom Newman, parts of the album were recorded at Chipping Norton. The album is mentioned by name, I aint got no time for music, e. g. Hergest Ridge. Hergest Ridge was remixed in SQ system 4-channel quadraphonic sound by Oldfield in 1976 for the 4-LP set, following the creation of the remix, Oldfield stated that he wished for all future releases of the album to be derived from this new version. All CD releases have a stereo mix derived from the Boxed mix, as do most of the pressings of LP. The original 1974 vinyl mix is now available on the 2010 reissue of the album, in 1976 an orchestral version of Hergest Ridge was arranged and conducted by David Bedford, who had previously undertaken the same tasks on The Orchestral Tubular Bells. Parts of its performances were used in the NASA and Tony Palmer documentary The Space Movie, as of 2014 it has not been officially released. Hergest Ridge on the England–Wales border is a holiday destination for Oldfields fans. The cover photograph features scenery from Hergest Ridge, and was taken by Trevor Key, Mike Oldfield himself can indeed be heard pronouncing it in the song On Horseback, which concludes Part Two of Ommadawn. Although the album was written at The Beacon, it was recorded at Richard Bransons The Manor. All music composed by Mike Oldfield and this came as part of a deal in which Oldfields Virgin albums were transferred to Universals label. Bonus features for the release include a 2010 remix of the album, there is a single disc edition as well as a Deluxe Edition. Bonus tracks include In Dulci Jubilo and Spanish Tune, a 180 gram vinyl version was released as part of the Back to Black range. The reissue features radically different artwork, which features a model glider and aerial photography based on Google Earth, according to the new liner notes, Oldfield was never entirely happy with the original album artwork and took this opportunity to commission a new cover. There is also a limited box set of the album, comprising a deluxe edition, an LP
21.
Ommadawn
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Ommadawn is the third record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1975 on Virgin Records. It peaked at No.4 on the UK Albums Chart, the album was reissued by Mercury Records in June 2010 with additional content. A sequel album, titled Return to Ommadawn, was released on 20 January 2017, as with Hergest Ridge and Tubular Bells, Ommadawn is another two-movement work. Each of the two movements of Ommadawn utilise their own subjects without sharing them between the two movements, Oldfield sought out the ancient Celtic influence on English music and composed for traditional instruments such as uilleann pipes on the original LP version. A set of Northumbrian smallpipes were also recorded, and credited to Herbie, on the album Oldfield played two electric guitars, a red Gibson SG Junior and a blonde Fender Telecaster. Oldfield appears to have been using two bass guitars at the time, a Fender Precision and a Gibson EB-3. An acoustic bass guitar built by Tony Zemaitis and a Ramirez classical guitar appear on the album, the piano on the album is likely to be a Bösendorfer. A Fender lap steel guitar is also thought to appear on On Horseback, many of Oldfields instruments from this period are shown in a photograph which was included in the Boxed 4-LP box set. The album was recorded at Oldfields home at The Beacon, Hergest Ridge and was the album to be recorded there. The whole of the first side had to be recorded twice as the recording was irreparably damaged as the tape shed its oxide layer. The cover photograph was taken by David Bailey, an SQ system quadraphonic remix version of Ommadawn was released on Boxed a year later. Oldfields 1990 album Amarok was conceived as a sequel to Ommadawn, an actual sequel album to Ommadawn, titled Return to Ommadawn, was released in 2017. The topic of Ommadawn is covered in the episode of the Tony Palmer documentary series All You Need is Love. It includes Oldfield and Richard Branson discussing the album along with footage from the time. Excerpts from Ommadawn appeared in the 1979 NASA film, The Space Movie, a small portion of Ommadawn Part One was used as the theme music for the BBCs Jackanory on occasions when John Grant narrated his Littlenose stories. In June 2010 the album was reissued by Mercury Records, the release included a version of the work. In his autobiography, Changeling, Oldfield states that he just wanted sounds not sensible lyrics and he asked Clodagh Simonds, one of the musicians with whom he was working, to write down the first words that came into her head. This resulted in the following in English, Daddys in bed, The cats drinking milk, Im an idiot, the lyrics sung at the end of Ommadawn are, Oldfield states that Simonds had telephoned a relative or friend to translate into Irish for the song
22.
Incantations (album)
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Incantations is the fourth record album by Mike Oldfield, released in late 1978 on Virgin Records. Originally released as an album, it is Oldfields second longest album after Light + Shade. Despite the length, much of the album can be described as being compositionally minimalist, the album as a whole is unusual in that it makes extensive use of the circle of fifths as an accompaniment to many of the musical ideas. A byproduct of this structure is that most of the album is not in any one key. Incantations was recorded at Througham, Mike Oldfields home after he completed Ommadawn, when 80-minute CDs became the norm and quality control was increased, the full cut of Part Three was restored. All modern pressings have the version of the piece. The lyrics in Part One simply repeat the names of the goddesses Diana, Luna, the lyrics in Part Two are taken from the beginnings of chapter XXII and XII of Longfellows The Song of Hiawatha. The lyrics in Part Four are Ben Jonsons Ode to Cynthia from Cynthias Revels, the cover was once again done by Trevor Key. The beach in the photograph is Cala Pregonda, in Menorca. The current CD sleeve has a different typeface than the original LP artwork, early copies of the album came with a poster showing a subtly different photograph from the one used on the cover. The cover photograph used may have been altered by Key, there have been some theories about why this may have been done, although the claim that Oldfield was not actually on the beach is easily contradicted by other photographs from the shoot. It is assumed that Key simply cut and pasted the image of Oldfield onto a different background for artistic reasons. The 2011 reissue of the album was new artwork, showing a new photograph of the same rock formation. In 2011 the reissue charted at number 70 in the UK, standard and Deluxe versions were available, as well as some signed vinyl copies from MikeOldfieldOfficial. com. The standard edition contained a mix of the album, as well as Guilty. Unlike the first three re-issues in the campaign, there was no mix of the album on the DVD. Oldfield explained during an interview for BBC Radio 6 Music that this was because the original tapes for the album had either badly deteriorated or been lost. Though Oldfield has also noted that some tapes containing out-takes were found, the 2011 reissue of the album was given new artwork
23.
Crises (Mike Oldfield album)
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Crises is the eighth record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1983 on Virgin Records. Oldfields well known hits Moonlight Shadow and Shadow on the Wall appear on the album, the title track of the album is a twenty-minute-long piece, featuring a small amount of vocals, sung by Oldfield. The beginning and end of the track are driven by a synthesised lead passage, the album also features the massive hit Moonlight Shadow, sung by Maggie Reilly, who also sang and co-wrote Foreign Affair. In High Places has lyrics by Mike Oldfield and Jon Anderson, Shadow on the Wall has vocals by Roger Chapman. The album includes Taurus 3, a short fast-paced guitar piece unlike the two long multi-themed Taurus tracks featured on QE2 and Five Miles Out respectively. Oldfield toured the album between May and July 1983 throughout Europe, the album was recorded between November 1982 and April 1983 using an Ampex ATR124 tape recorder, a Neve 8108 with Necam console, and Westlake Monitors, in Denham, England. Oldfield used a Gibson SG Junior for overdriven guitar sounds and a Fender Stratocaster for clean sounds, tama Drums were Simon Phillips brand of choice for drums on the album, Phillips also did some production work. Oldfield makes extensive use of Oberheim and Fairlight keyboards, asked how he recruited Chapman and Anderson in an interview, Oldfield answered we just hang out in the same bar. The Moonlight Shadow single from this album includes the rare track Rite of Man, the North American version of the album has a different running order and includes the single Mistake. In 2000 along with Oldfields other Virgin Records albums it was reissued in HDCD format, in 2013 Oldfield revealed that he used Avid Pro Tools on an Apple Mac to remix the album in 5.1 surround sound. The albums cover art was by Terry Ilott, Oldfield makes reference to the artwork with the line, the watcher and the tower, waiting hour, by hour. In the interview mentioned before, Oldfield stated that Im the man in the corner, and it spent 19 weeks on Norways album chart, peaking at No.1 for two weeks, and is Oldfields best selling album there. The album also topped the charts in Germany and Sweden and it is available as a single CD, a 2CD Deluxe Edition, a vinyl LP and a 5 disc boxed set. The boxed set includes a 32-page hardback book. There will also be a 500 copy limited edition available on transparent green vinyl. The re-issue is also available as digital download in 16 and 24 bit 44.1 kHz FLAC/ALAC, the super-deluxe edition contains the tracks of discs one through three, the LP contains the tracks of the single CD. This reissue reached #30 in Germanys Media Control Charts in September 2013, dance act Groove Coverage took their cover of Moonlight Shadow to number 3 in the German charts. A2009 cover version of Foreign Affair by Belgian dance band Sylver spent 8 weeks in the top 10 of the Belgian single charts, American rapper Kanye West samples Oldfields song In High Places
24.
Islands (Mike Oldfield album)
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Islands is the 11th album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1987 by Virgin. Guest singers on the album are Bonnie Tyler, Kevin Ayers, Anita Hegerland, a different track list and cover was used for the American edition. Islands was also released as a full-length VHS video album, for each track a video was made and released, often mixing state of the art computer-generated images with real life images. This was released as part of The Wind Chimes, singers on the album are Bonnie Tyler, Kevin Ayers, Anita Hegerland and Jim Price. The UK front cover artwork was of an island. The American cover is different, it displays two cube shapes. The photography on the back of the US version was by Jerry Uelsmann, the album peaked at number 9 on Norways album chart and at number 29 in the UK Album Chart. The major single in Europe was the track, Islands. In the United States, Magic Touch was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Album Rock charts in early 1988, all tracks composed by Mike Oldfield. Flying Start was released as the single from Islands on 1 February 1988. It features Kevin Ayers on vocals who had collaborated with Oldfield in his band, Oldfield used a Danelectro Coral sitar on this song, an instrument that does not feature on many of Oldfields releases. The music video features computer generated elements. Prior to this, Oldfield had usually extended his songs for their 12-inch versions by incorporating an extra verse and/or instrumental section within the body of the track. The 12-inch version has appeared on the 2006 compilation album. A different version of the produced by Colin Fairley was also released on Kevin Ayers own album Falling Up in February 1988. 7-inch Flying Start –3,37 The Wind Chimes –3,5812 inch Flying Start –4,50 The Wind Chimes –3,58 Mike Oldfield Discography – Islands at Tubular. net Islands lyrics at Tubular. net
25.
Amarok (Mike Oldfield album)
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Amarok is Mike Oldfields 13th album, and was released in 1990. Oldfield originally conceived it as an angry, protest album, showcasing his musical technique and it is presented as a single sixty-minute track of continuous, uninterrupted but constantly changing music. Oldfields relationship with Virgin Records had become increasingly fraught, as a result of ongoing arguments about his contract terms, royalties and advances he decided to create an album designed to both please his fans, and annoy executives at Virgin. Amarok was designed as a piece, which made it more difficult for Virgin to produce a section for radio-friendly airplay or single release. Given its length of one hour, it was also extremely unlikely the album could ever be played on popular radio. Oldfield has never performed the live in its entirety, though he has played excerpts, excerpts have also appeared on artist best-of collections. The secret message was a sequence of Morse code found 48 minutes into the piece, spelling out FUCK OFF RB in reference to Virgins Richard Branson, Amarok, along with Heavens Open can be seen as an emphatic and dismissive farewell to the record company. In a parody of the spoof listening instructions on the sleeve of Tubular Bells, if you suffer from this condition, consult your Doctor immediately. In the end, Oldfield did not release his sequel to Tubular Bells until he joined Warner, in Australia the album was released in a double pack with Tubular Bells. Oldfields previous works featured the artist playing a variety of instruments. This continued with Amarok, including a number of such as shoes, spoons, a Hoover vacuum cleaner. Though tubular bells are used on the album, they are listed as long thin metallic hanging tubes in the liner notes, the work has many influences from African music, mainly through the use of both vocal and percussion elements. Many fans do claim that Amarok is to be considered Ommadawn II, Oldfield himself has said as much, Its not Tubular Bells II, if anything, its Ommadawn II. Many of the people that were involved in the creation of Ommadawn, Jabula, Clodagh Simonds, Bridget St John. In addition, William Murray, who co-wrote the song On Horseback for Ommadawn, photographed the Amarok cover photo, Murray used David Baileys Ommadawn cover photograph as an inspiration and Tom Newman created the brass lettering that accompanies the photograph on the album cover. Oldfield has said that Amarok was an experiment to see if he could create an album without the aid of computers. He said that he wanted to more on the musicianship, playing all of the instruments himself. However, slightly contrarily, he has discussed the role that Amiga computers had in the albums creation
26.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
27.
The Dark Side of the Moon
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The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records. It thematically explores conflict, greed, the passage of time, and mental illness, developed during live performances, an early version was premiered several months before recording began, new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road in London. The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time, including multitrack recording, analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks, and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyds road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout. Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctively notable sonic aspects, the album was an immediate commercial and critical success, it topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988. With an estimated 45 million copies sold, it is Pink Floyds most commercially successful album and it has been remastered and re-released twice, and covered in its entirety by several other acts. It produced two singles, Money and Us and Them, and is the bands most popular album among fans and critics, following Meddle in 1971, Pink Floyd assembled for an upcoming tour of Britain, Japan and the United States in December of that year. Rehearsing in Broadhurst Gardens in London, there was the prospect of a new album. In a band meeting at drummer Nick Masons home in Camden, the band had explored a similar idea with 1969s The Man and The Journey. In an interview for Rolling Stone, guitarist David Gilmour said, I think we all thought –, There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific. Generally, all four members agreed that Waters album concept unified by a theme was a good idea. The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones and they also purchased extra equipment, which included new speakers, a PA system, a 28-track mixing desk with four quadraphonic outputs, and a custom-built lighting rig. However, after discovering that that title had already used by another band, Medicine Head. The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton, on 20 January 1972, michael Wale of The Times described the piece as. It was so understanding and musically questioning. Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote The ambition of the Floyds artistic intention is now vast. Melody Maker was, however, less enthusiastic, Musically, there were great ideas. However, the tour was praised by the public. The bands lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make improvements to the scale
28.
Quadraphonic sound
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Quadraphonic audio was the earliest consumer product in surround sound and thousands of quadraphonic recordings were made during the 1970s. It was a failure due to many technical problems and format incompatibilities. Quadraphonic audio formats were more expensive to produce than standard two-channel stereo, playback required additional speakers and specially designed decoders and amplifiers. Also, there were inexpensive derived solutions that provided back ambience channels. Quadraphonic systems based on tape were introduced, based on new equipment capable of playing four discrete channels. A full, four-channel system will reproduce the Left Front, Left Back, Right Front, discrete reproduction is the only true Quadraphonic system. This is defined as a 4–4–4 system, uD-4 / UMX / BMX CD-4 / Quadradisc Quad-8 / Quadraphonic 8-Track Q4 / Quadraphonic Reel to Reel With Matrix formats, the four channels are converted down to two channels. These are then passed through a transmission medium before being decoded back to four channels. To transmit 4 individual audio signals in a manner, there must be four simultaneous linear equations to reproduce the original 4 audio signals at the output. The term compatible indicates that, A single-channel system will reproduce all four audio signals in its one speaker, a two-channel system will reproduce the Left Front & Left Back audio signals in the Left speaker and the Right Front & Right Back signals in the Right Speaker. The original systems were basic and suffered from low front L/R separation, the poor decode performance was the main reason for their disappearance once the improved matrix systems arrived based on the work by Peter Scheiber. His basic formula utilized 90-degree phase-shift circuitry to enable enhanced 4-2-4 matrix systems to be developed and this 4,2,4 process could not be accomplished without some information loss. That is to say, the four channels produced at the stage were not truly identical to those with which the process had begun. Matrix H SQ / Stereo Quadraphonic QS / RM DY / Dynaquad EV / Stereo-4 Derived formats were inexpensive electronic solutions that provided back ambiance channels from regular stereo records, there was not a deliberate placement of individual instruments on the back channels. All available 4 tracks were used in one direction on the tape, RCA Records followed, in April 1970, with its announcement of a 4 channel version of the 8-track tape, named Quad-8 or Quadraphonic 8-Track Tape. These eventually appeared in Sept.1970, there were automobile players as well as home versions. The format was almost identical in appearance to stereo 8-tracks, except for a small sensing notch in the left corner of the cartridge. This signaled a quadraphonic 8-track player to combine the odd tracks as channels for Program 1
29.
Nick Mason
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Nicholas Berkeley Nick Mason is an English musician and composer, best known as the drummer of progressive rock group Pink Floyd. Mason was the only Pink Floyd member to be featured on one of their albums. It is estimated that as of 2010, the group have sold over 250 million records worldwide, despite solely writing only a few Pink Floyd songs, Mason has co-written some of Pink Floyds most popular compositions such as Echoes and Time. He competes in racing events, such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. On 26 November 2012, Mason received an Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Westminster at the ceremony of the School of Architecture. He later studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic, where he teamed up with Roger Waters, Bob Klose and Rick Wright in 1964 to form Pink Floyds predecessor, Mason has been the drummer on every Pink Floyd album. The only Pink Floyd songs whose composition is credited solely to Mason are The Grand Viziers Garden Party Parts 1–3, the one-off song by the band titled Nicks Boogie was named after him. He does, however, sing lead vocals on two unreleased but heavily bootlegged tracks, Scream Thy Last Scream, penned by original leader Syd Barrett, in live performances of the song Sheep, he did the spoken section. Despite legal conflicts over ownership of the name Pink Floyd, which began when Waters left the group in 1986 and lasted seven years, Waters. On 12 May 2007, Mason joined Waters again on stage at Earls Court to play The Dark Side of the Moon. Again, on 12 May 2011, Mason was featured, along with David Gilmour, on the encore Outside the Wall at a concert by Waters, Gilmour also performed on Comfortably Numb that night. In July 2005, Mason, Gilmour, Wright, and Waters played together on stage for the first time in 24 years, a four-song set was played at the Live 8 concert in London. Mason also joined Gilmour and Wright for the encore during Gilmours show at the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 31 May 2006 and he also stated in 2006 that Pink Floyd have not officially disbanded yet. However, on the Profiles album Mason released with Rick Fenn in 1985 and he can be seen playing a vibraphone in the promo video for Lie for a Lie, but it is unknown if he actually played on the recording. Mason has also said that he took some failed piano and violin lessons as a child before taking up drums, Mason has occasionally worked with other musicians, notably as a drummer and producer for Steve Hillage, Robert Wyatt, The Damned and Gong. He also drummed for Michael Mantler, Masons book, Inside Out, A Personal History of Pink Floyd, was published in the UK in October 2004. It is also available, abridged, as a 3-CD audio book, an updated edition was published, in paperback, in 2011. He performed in the ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games on 12 August 2012
30.
5.1 surround sound
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5.1 surround sound is the common name for six channel surround sound audio systems. 5.1 is the most commonly used layout in home cinema and it uses five full bandwidth channels and one low-frequency effects channel. Dolby Digital, Dolby Pro Logic II, DTS, SDDS,5.1 is also the standard surround sound audio component of digital broadcast and music. All 5.1 systems use the same channels and configuration, having a front left and right. A prototype for five-channel surround sound, then dubbed quintaphonic sound, was used in the 1975 film Tommy,5.1 dates back to 1976 when Dolby Labs modified the track usage of the six analogue magnetic soundtracks on Todd-AO70 mm film prints. The Dolby application of optical matrix encoding in 1976 did not use split surrounds, dolbys first use of split surrounds was with 70mm film, which received wide release in 1979 with Apocalypse Now. When digital sound was applied to 35 mm release prints, starting with Batman Returns in 1992, the ability to provide 5.1 sound had been one of the key reasons for using 70 mm for prestige screenings. The provision of 5.1 digital sound on 35 mm significantly reduced the use of the very expensive 70 mm format. Digital sound and the 5.1 format were introduced in 1990, by KODAK and Optical Radiation Corporation, with releases of Days of Thunder and The Doors using the CDS format. 5.1 digital surround in the forms of Dolby Digital AC3 and DTS, started appearing on several mid 90s Laserdisc releases, with among the earliest being Clear and Present Danger and Jurassic Park. Many DVD releases have Dolby Digital tracks up to 5.1 channels, in addition, some DVDs have DTS tracks with most being 5.1 channel mixes. Blu-ray and Digital cinema both have eight-channel capability which can be used to provide either 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound,7.1 is an extension of 5.1 that uses four surround zones, two at the sides and two at the back. A system of digital 5.1 surround sound hsd also been used in 1987 at the Parisian cabaret the Moulin Rouge, created by French engineer Dominique Bertrand. To achieve such a system in 1985 a dedicated mixing console had to be designed in cooperation with Solid State Logic, based on their 5000 series, respectively, A left, B right, C centre, D left rear, E right rear, F bass. The same engineer had already developed a similar 3.1 system in 1973, the order of channels in a 5.1 file is different across file formats. The order in WAV files is Front Left, Front Right, Center, LFE, Surround Left, regarding music, the main goal of 5.1 surround sound is a proper localization and equability of all acoustic sources for a centered positioned audience. Therefore, ideally five matched speakers should be used, for play-back of 5. 5° for movies ±30° for music, surround ±110°7.1 surround sound Ambisonics Timeline of audio formats 5.1 surroud sound demo files
31.
Super Audio CD
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Super Audio CD is a read-only optical disc for audio storage, introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics, and intended to be the successor to their Compact Disc format, having made little impact in the consumer audio market, by 2007, SACD was deemed to be a failure by the press. A small market for SACD has remained, serving the audiophile community, the Super Audio CD format was introduced in 1999. Royal Philips and Crest Digital partnered in May 2002 to develop and install the first SACD hybrid disc production line in the USA, SACD did not achieve the same level of growth that Compact discs enjoyed in the 1980s, and was not accepted by the mainstream market. By October 2009, record companies had published more than 6,000 SACD releases, jazz and popular music albums, mainly remastered previous releases, were the next two most numerous genres represented. Many popular artists have released some or all of their catalog on SACD. Pink Floyds album The Dark Side of the Moon sold over 800,000 copies by June 2004 in its SACD Surround Sound edition, the Whos rock opera Tommy, and Roxy Musics Avalon, were released on SACD to take advantage of the formats multi-channel capability. All three albums were remixed in 5.1 surround, and released as hybrid SACDs with a mix on the standard CD layer. Some popular artists have released new recordings on SACD, sales figures for Stings Sacred Love album reached number one on SACD sales charts in four European countries in June 2004. Between 2007 and 2008, Genesis re-released all of their studio albums across three box sets, each album in these sets contains the original album on SACD in both stereo and 5.1 mixes. The US & Canada versions do not use SACD but CD instead, by August 2009443 labels had released one or more SACDs. Instead of depending on major label support, some orchestras and artists have released SACDs on their own, many of the SACD discs that were released from 2000-2005 are now out of print and are available only on the used market. By 2009, the record companies were no longer regularly releasing discs in the format. SACD is a disc of identical physical dimensions as a compact disc. There are three types of disc, Hybrid, Hybrid SACDs are encoded with a 4.7 GB DSD layer, single-layer, A DVD-5 encoded with one 4.7 GB DSD layer. Dual-layer, A DVD-9 encoded with two DSD layers, totaling 8.5 GB, and no PCM layer, dual-layer SACDs can store nearly twice as much data as a single-layer SACD. Unlike hybrid discs, both single- and dual-layer SACDs are incompatible with conventional CD players and cannot be played on them, a stereo SACD recording has an uncompressed rate of 5.6 Mbit/s, four times the rate for Red Book CD stereo audio. Other technical parameters are as follows, Commercial releases commonly included both surround sound and stereo mixes on the SACD layer, some reissues however, retained the mixes of earlier multi-channel formats
32.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
33.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
34.
The Wall
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In 1982, the album was adapted into a feature film, Pink Floyd – The Wall. Bass guitarist and lyricist Roger Waters conceived The Wall as an opera during Pink Floyds 1977 In the Flesh Tour. The story, which explores themes of abandonment and personal isolation, follows Pink, a character whom Waters modeled after himself, the band, who were then struggling with various personal and financial difficulties, supported the idea. Recording lasted from December 1978 to November 1979, keyboardist Richard Wright was unceremoniously fired from the band by Waters during its production but remained as a salaried musician, performing with Pink Floyd during the subsequent tour. The performances, which were released as a live album. Some of the themes would be continued in the bands next album, The Final Cut. The album was one of the best selling of 1980 and by 1999 it had sold over 23 million RIAA-certified units making it the third-highest certified album in the United States, rolling Stone placed The Wall at number 87 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It is the last studio album released with the 11-year-spanning line-up of Waters, Wright, guitarist David Gilmour and he articulated his desire to isolate himself by constructing a wall across the stage between the performers and the audience. He later said, I loathed playing in stadiums, I kept saying to people on that tour, Im not really enjoying this. There is something wrong with this. While Gilmour and Wright were in France recording solo albums, and Nick Mason was busy producing Steve Hillages Green, to execute The Wall concept was to attempt to analyse the performers psychological separation from the audience, using a physical structure as a metaphorical and theatrical device. In July 1978 the band reconvened at Britannia Row Studios, where Waters presented two new ideas for concept albums, the first was a 90-minute demo with the working title Bricks in the Wall. The second, a project about a mans dreams across one night that dealt with marriage, sex, and the pros and cons of monogamy and family life versus promiscuity. The first option was chosen by the group for the new Pink Floyd project and the idea eventually became Waterss first solo effort. By September, the band was experiencing financial difficulties, financial planners Norton Warburg Group had invested £1. 3–3.3 million of the groups money in high-risk venture capital to reduce their tax liabilities. The strategy failed as many of the businesses NWG invested in lost money and we made Dark Side and it looked as if wed cracked it, recalled Waters. Then suddenly these bastards had stolen it all and it looked as if we might be faced with huge tax bills for the money that had been lost. Eighty-three per cent was a lot of money in those days, Pink Floyd terminated their relationship with NWG, demanding the return of uninvested funds
35.
Bob Geldof
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Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, KBE, is an Irish singer, songwriter, author, occasional actor, and political activist. He rose to prominence as the singer of the Irish rock band The Boomtown Rats in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The band had hits with his compositions Rat Trap and I Dont Like Mondays and he co-wrote Do They Know Its Christmas. One of the singles of all time, and starred in Pink Floyds 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall as Pink. Geldof is widely recognised for his activism, especially anti-poverty efforts concerning Africa, in 1984 he and Midge Ure founded the charity supergroup Band Aid to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia. They went on to organise the charity super-concert Live Aid the following year, a single father, Geldof has also been outspoken for the fathers rights movement. In 2005 he received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, Geldof was born and brought up in Dún Laoghaire, Ireland, a son of Robert and Evelyn Geldof. His paternal grandfather, Zenon Geldof, was a Belgian immigrant and his paternal grandmother, Amelia Falk, was an English Jew from London. When Geldof was six or seven, his mother, Evelyn,41, Bob Geldof attended Blackrock College, where he was bullied for being a poor rugby player and for his middle name, Zenon. After work as a slaughterman, a navvy and pea canner in Wisbech, he was hired as a music journalist in Vancouver. He briefly guest hosted the CBC childrens program Switchback, returning to Ireland in 1975, he became lead singer of the Boomtown Rats, a rock group closely linked with the punk movement. In 1978, The Boomtown Rats had their first No.1 single in the UK with Rat Trap, in 1979, they gained international attention with their second UK No. This was both successful and controversial, Geldof had written it in the aftermath of Brenda Ann Spencers attempted massacre at an elementary school in San Diego, California in 1979. In 1980, The Boomtown Rats released the album Mondo Bongo and its single Up All Night was a hit in the U. S. and its video was played frequently on MTV. Geldof became known as an interview subject. He responded to nuns in the audience who tried to shout him down by saying they had a life with no material worries in return for which they gave themselves body. The interview caused uproar, making it impossible for The Boomtown Rats to play in Ireland again, in January 2013, Geldof announced The Boomtown Rats would be reforming to play together for the first time since 1986 at that year’s Isle of Wight Festival in June. They have subsequently announced further tour dates and released a new CD Back to Boomtown, Geldof left the Boomtown Rats in 1986, to launch a solo career and publish his autobiography, Is That It. which was a UK best-seller
36.
Carl Palmer
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Carl Frederick Kendall Palmer is an English drummer and percussionist. He is credited as one of the most respected rock drummers to emerge from the 1960s, in addition, Palmer is a veteran of a number of famous English bands, including The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Atomic Rooster, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Asia. Palmer was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1989, Palmer began taking drum lessons as a young boy, travelling to Denman Street, Piccadilly. His first band, with others from the Midlands area, was known as the King Bees. They made their first record, I Must Be Mad, produced by Larry Page, in 1966, at this time, Palmer also did his first session work, playing on the song Love Light by the Chants, a group from Liverpool. Later in 1966, he was invited to join Chris Farlowe. Drachen Theaker was the drummer for the Crazy World of Arthur Brown, founded by Arthur Brown. Theaker abruptly left the band during a U. S. tour in 1969, Carl Palmer was quickly recruited as a replacement and became a permanent band member. There were several changes in the band, and their first album was released in early 1970. Meanwhile, Palmer received a call from Keith Emerson to audition for a new group, Palmer met up with two other young English musicians, Greg Lake, and Keith Emerson. Emerson had most recently been a member of the Nice, and Lake was in King Crimson, after auditioning several drummers, including Mitch Mitchell, they felt an immediate chemistry with Palmer, and by the summer of 1970 they had formed a band. In naming the new group, the trio chose their surname|last names alphabetically – Emerson, Lake & Palmer, the band has been the most successful of his career, and he remained with ELP until they first disbanded in 1980. They developed a sound that merged art rock, jazz, electronica, pop rock and classical music and found fans within their peers and the public alike. During that time Palmer released only one single as a solo artist but went on to develop a career, alongside ELP. During the latter part of 1981, Palmer played drums on the Mike Oldfield album Five Miles Out, other recordings that Palmer did with Oldfield, such as Ready Mix, remained unreleased until 2001. Emerson, Lake & Palmer subsequently reunited in the early 1990s and played the rock circuit. They also released two new studio albums, in 1998 the members of ELP had a rather acrimonious falling-out and Lake left the band. Following the deaths of Emerson in March 2016 and Lake in December 2016, Palmer is the surviving member of Emerson
37.
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
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Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock supergroup formed in London in 1970. The band consisted of keyboardist Keith Emerson, singer, bassist, and producer Greg Lake, after forming in early 1970, the band came to prominence following their performance at the Isle of Wight Festival in August 1970. In their first year, the signed with Atlantic Records and released Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Tarkus. The bands success continued with Pictures at an Exhibition, Trilogy, after a three-year break, Emerson, Lake & Palmer released Works Volume 1 and Works Volume 2 which began their decline in popularity. After Love Beach, the disbanded in 1979. The band reformed partially in the 1980s with Emerson, Lake & Powell featuring Cozy Powell in place of Palmer, Robert Berry then replaced Lake, forming 3. In 1991, the trio reformed and released two more albums, Black Moon and In the Hot Seat, and toured at various times between 1992 and 1998. Their final performance took place in 2010 at the High Voltage Festival in London to commemorate the bands 40th anniversary, both Emerson and Lake died in 2016, leaving Palmer as the only surviving member of the band. Keith Emerson and Greg Lake met in December 1969 when Emersons then band The Nice, Emerson was looking to form a new band, and Lake wished to leave King Crimson. During a soundcheck before one of the shows, Emerson described the first time he and Lake played together, Greg was moving a line and I played the piano in back. The pair had met twice before in England in 1969 when the Nice and King Crimson performed at the Jazz and Blues Pop Festival in Plumpton and Fairfield Halls in Croydon. When Emerson and Lake decided to form a new group, they initially approached drummer Mitch Mitchell who was at an end following the break-up of The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The two then hired a studio by Soho Square and began to audition new drummers and he soon received a call from Lakes management asking to reconsider, after several weeks of further sessions, Palmer agreed to join. He bought a copy of the score, and Lake and Palmer agreed to adapt it and their first live gig as Emerson, Lake & Palmer followed at Plymouth Guildhall on 23 August 1970, supported by local band Earth. They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by progressive rock band Yes. A small venue situated outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received. Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the Isle of Wight Festival which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of Pictures at an Exhibition, the band fired two cannons that Emerson had tested in a field near Heathrow Airport, Emerson believed that Ertegun agreed to take the band on because we could sell out 20, 000-seaters before we even had a record out
38.
Culture Club
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Culture Club are an English band that was formed in 1981. The band comprised Boy George, Roy Hay, Mikey Craig and they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Culture Club sold more than 50 million records worldwide, including 7 million records awards RIAA certificate in the United States, Boy Georges androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media. The group, supporters of the pop genre, made numerous forays into reggae. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide and it appeared on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the music channel MTV. Culture Clubs music combines Bnritish new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, in 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single, and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. Time is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames list of 500 songs that shaped rock, in 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow under the stage name Lieutenant Lush. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay. Realising they had an Irish gay man as the singer, a black Briton on bass, an Anglo-Saxon on guitar and keyboards. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, the band released two singles in May and June 1982, White Boy and Im Afraid of Me, though both failed to chart. In August the single Mystery Boy was released in Japan, in September of that year, the group released their third single, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No.1 in the UK in late 1982 and became a smash, peaking at No.1 in over a dozen countries. The bands 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. The bands debut album, Kissing to Be Clever was released in October 1982, Ill Tumble 4 Ya also became a Top Ten hit in the US and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album
39.
Time (Clock of the Heart)
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Following on the heels of the bands global #1, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, Time peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, selling over 500,000 copies in the UK. In the United States, the song matched the #2 peak of its predecessor on the Billboard Hot 100, what a Feeling by Irene Cara for 2 weeks. In Europe and United Kingdom, it was a stand-alone single, for this market, its first inclusion on a Culture Club album was on their 1987 compilation, called This Time, The First Four Years. In a retrospective review of the song, Allmusic journalist Stewart Mason wrote, Of all of Culture Clubs early hits, boy George drops the cryptic self-mythology long enough to deliver a tender, heartfelt lyric on lost love. The music video has released in two versions. The only difference was a scene where the group is watching TV, in one version, a Christmas tree is shown. In the other, the tree is removed and this was because of the date of release for certain markets. The Christmas version, was for European countries and the version was for the other markets. The US single was released with the B-side being a version of the song called Romance Beyond the Alphabet
40.
The Flaming Lips
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The Flaming Lips are an American rock band formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 1983. In 2002, Q magazine named the Flaming Lips one of the 50 Bands to See Before You Die, the band is best known for its associations with 1960s and 1970s psychedelic subculture, with elements of this culture permeating the groups instrumentation, effects, and composition. Coynes lyrics, in particular, both reference and embody the fascination with the fiction and space opera genres of fiction that were popular during the golden age of psychedelic subculture. The group recorded albums and EPs on an indie label, Restless, in the 1980s. After signing to Warner Brothers, they scored a hit in 1993 with She Dont Use Jelly and they have had more hit singles in Europe than in the U. S. In February 2007, they were nominated for a 2007 BRIT Award in the Best International Act category, by 2007, the group garnered three Grammy Awards, including two for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. The Flaming Lips formed in Norman, Oklahoma in 1983 with Wayne Coyne on guitar, his brother Mark singing lead vocals, the band debuted at Oklahoma Citys Blue Note Lounge. After they went through a host of different drummers, Richard English joined the band in 1984 and that same year they recorded their only release with Mark Coyne singing lead vocals–The Flaming Lips. After his brothers departure, Wayne assumed the duties and the band released their first full-length album, Hear It Is. This line-up recorded two albums, 1987s Oh My Gawd. and 1989s Telepathic Surgery, the latter originally planned to be a 30-minute sound collage. Nathan Roberts replaced English and Jonathan Donahue joined in 1989, in a Priest Driven Ambulance, their first album with producer Dave Fridmann, was recorded at the State University of New York in Fredonia for $5 an hour on a $10,000 budget. The album was host to an expansion in the bands sound and their previous experiments in tape loops. During this period, Coyne made his transition to a higher, more strained vocal style akin to Neil Young, in 1991, the band started recording their major label debut Hit to Death in the Future Head. After the recording of this album Donahue left the band to concentrate on Mercury Rev and Roberts left the band as well and they were replaced by Ronald Jones and Steven Drozd respectively. In 1993, they released Transmissions from the Satellite Heart and this was the only studio album since In a Priest Driven Ambulance to date in which Dave Fridmann has not been involved. The success of this led to long stints of touring, opening for bands including the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Clouds Taste Metallic was released to much fanfare in late 1995. The strain of the year-long Clouds tour, added to the stress from the three years touring in support of Transmissions, was a factor in the departure of Ronald Jones in late 1996
41.
Do You Realize??
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Do You Realize. is a song by The Flaming Lips, released as the first single from their 2002 album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots. It is widely considered to be one of the groups most accessible and it reached #32 in the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma from 2009 to April 2013. The song was ranked #31 on Rolling Stones 100 Best Songs of the 2000s, in an interview with Mojo, Coyne revealed that during the recording of Yoshimi. Band member Steven Drozd was trying to kick a heroin addiction, when they took breaks from playing, Drozd would have a really tough time with his withdrawal. Listening to him cry, and with the death of his father in mind, wayne Coyne, commenting on Do You Realize. Said, Whenever I analyze the scientific realities of what it means to be living here on Earth – in this galaxy – spinning around the sun – flying through space – a terror shock seizes me, im reminded once again of how precarious our whole existence is. Up Above the Daily Hum CD1 Do You Realize, if I Go Mad/Funeral in My Head Syrtis Major CD2 Do You Realize. Up Above the Daily Hum Xanthe Terra DVD single Do You Realize, the Southern Oklahoma Trigger Contest Noodling Theme Syrtis Major and Xanthe Terra are instrumental pieces intended to be taken from the forthcoming Christmas on Mars soundtrack. In March 2009 Do You Realize, the Oklahoma Senate approved this choice unanimously. Democratic Governor Brad Henry subsequently announced that he would issue an order in lieu of the resolution rejected by the Oklahoma House. Hewlett-Packard featured the band alongside Penn and Teller in its 2002 commercial for its HP Media Center PC, in a review of the ad, music journalist Jim DeRogatis said, It was a commercial for the Flaming Lips, as much as it was for HPs computer. In 2004 VH1 featured the song in spot that promoted its network and that same year Mitsubishi used the song in a television ad for one of its cars, as did Land Rover in 2007 with voice over by Charles Shaughnessy. A cover version was used in the trailer of Transformers. The song was covered by The Reign of Kindo on their eponymous debut album and it was also covered in 2012 by Ball Park Music for Australian radio station Triple Js Like a Version. Father John Misty, American folk singer-songwriter and former member of rock bands Saxon Shore and Fleet Foxes. American Jewish rock band Blue Fringe covered the song on their 2007 album The Whole World Lit Up, in 2015, the song was covered by British singer/composer Ursine Vulpine. Song review from Allmusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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James Horner
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James Roy Horner was an American composer, conductor and orchestrator of film scores. He was known for the integration of choral and electronic elements in many of his film scores, and for his frequent use of motifs associated with Celtic music. His first major film score was for the 1979 film The Lady in Red, but did not establish himself as a mainstream composer until he worked on the 1982 film Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. Horner composed music for over 100 films, he won two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, and three Saturn Awards, and was nominated for three British Academy Film Awards. Horner was killed in a single-fatality crash of his Short Tucano turboprop aircraft at the age of 61, Horner was born in 1953 in Los Angeles, California, to Jewish immigrants. His father, Harry Horner, was born in Holíč, then a part of Austria-Hungary and he immigrated to the United States in 1935 and worked as a set designer and art director. His mother, Joan Ruth, was born into a prominent Canadian family, Horners brother Christopher is a writer and documentary filmmaker. James Horner started playing piano at the age of five and his early years were spent in London, where he attended the Royal College of Music. He returned to America, where he attended Verde Valley School in Sedona, Arizona, after he earned a masters degree, he started work on his doctorate at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he studied with Paul Chihara, among others. After several scoring assignments with the American Film Institute in the 1970s, he finished teaching a course in theory at UCLA. Horner was also a pilot, and owned several small airplanes. Horner began his career scoring films by working for B film director, Horners first composer credit was for Cormans Battle Beyond the Stars. From there, his works gained notice in Hollywood, which enabled him to take on larger projects, One of his first major film scores was for the 1979 film The Lady in Red. Horners major breakthrough came in 1982, when he had the chance to score the music to Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, Horner continued composing music for high-profile releases during the 1980s, including 48 Hrs. Krull, Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, Commando, Cocoon, Aliens, *batteries not included, Willow, Glory and he frequently collaborated with film director Ron Howard, a partnership that began with Cocoon in 1985. Aliens earned Horner his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score in 1987, somewhere Out There, which he co-composed and co-wrote with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil for An American Tail, was also nominated that year for Best Original Song. A Dinosaurs Story, The Pagemaster, and Casper, Jumanji, and Balto, Mighty Joe Young, Horners biggest financial and critical success would come with the score to the 1997 film Titanic. The album became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack in history, selling over 27 million copies worldwide, at the 70th Academy Awards, Horner won Oscars for Best Original Dramatic Score and Best Original Song for My Heart Will Go On
43.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
44.
Glory (1989 film)
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Glory is a 1989 American war film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes and Morgan Freeman. The regiment is known for its heroic actions at Fort Wagner. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three, including Denzel Washington for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Private Tripp. It won many awards, including from the British Academy, the Golden Globe Awards, the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, Political Film Society. The film was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions and it premiered in limited release in the U. S. on December 14,1989, and in wide release on February 16,1990, making $26,828,365 on an $18 million budget. The soundtrack, composed by James Horner and performed in part by Boys Choir of Harlem, was released on January 23,1990, the home video was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. On June 2,2009, a widescreen Blu-ray version, featuring the directors commentary, during the American Civil War, Captain Robert Gould Shaw is injured in the Battle of Antietam and sent home to Boston on medical leave. He visits his family there, where he meets the abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Shaw is offered a promotion to the rank of Colonel to command one of the first all-black regiments in the Union Army, the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. He accepts and asks his friend, 2nd Lieutenant Cabot Forbes, to serve as his second in command. Their first volunteer is another friend, Thomas Searles, a bookish free African American, other recruits soon follow, including battlefield gravedigger John Rawlins, timid freeman Jupiter Sharts, cantankerous slave escapee Silas Tripp, and a teenage drummer boy who is mute. Tripp instantly clashes with Searles and Rawlins is forced to keep the peace between them, the black soldiers undergo a severe training regimen under Irish Sergeant-Major Mulcahy. When Shaw confronts Mulcahy about his methods he comes to realize that Mulcahy is in training them fairly and is trying to prepare the men for the extreme challenges that they will face. When Tripp goes AWOL and is caught, Shaw orders him flogged in front of the troops, the scars from his beatings as a slave are exposed, giving pause to the abolitionist Shaw. While talking to Rawlins, Shaw discovers that Tripp had left to find shoes to replace his worn ones, Shaw learns that his men are being denied regular supplies and confronts the bases racist quartermaster on their behalf. He further supports them through a pay dispute, as the Federal government decided to pay black soldiers $10/month as opposed to the $13/month that white soldiers earn. Tripp encourages the men to go without pay in protest, and Shaw tears up his own pay stub in solidarity, earning the respect, in recognition for his leadership among the troops, Shaw promotes Rawlins. As black soldiers are forbidden from being commissioned as officers, Rawlins is invested with the rank of Sergeant-Major, once the 54th completes its training, they are transferred under the command of General Charles Garrison Harker. On the way to joining the war in South Carolina, the 54th is ordered, by Harkers second-in-command, Colonel James Montgomery, to sack a Georgia town, and then burn it
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