1.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
3.
Tufts University
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Tufts University is a private research university incorporated in the municipality of Medford, Massachusetts, United States. Tufts College was founded in 1852 by Christian Universalists who worked for years to open a nonsectarian institution of higher learning, Charles Tufts donated the land for the campus on Walnut Hill, the highest point in Medford, saying that he wanted to set a light on the hill. The name was changed to Tufts University in 1954, although the name remains the Trustees of Tufts College. For more than a century, Tufts was a small New England liberal arts college, the university is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate degree programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in the Boston metropolitan area and the French Alps. The university emphasizes active citizenship and public service in all of its disciplines and is known for its internationalism, among its schools is the United States oldest graduate school of international relations, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. The School of the Museum of Fine Arts offers art programs affiliated with a major museum, the university maintains a campus in Downtown Boston which houses the medical, dental, and nutrition schools, affiliated with several medical centers in the area. Some of its programs have affiliations with the institutions of Harvard University. Tufts is a member of and athletically competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference. Tufts accepted 14% of undergraduate applicants to the Class of 2020 from a pool of 20,223 and it is consistently ranked by U. S. News & World Report and Forbes as one of the top schools in the United States. In the 1840s, the Universalist Church wanted to open a college in New England and his 20-acre donation is still at the heart of Tufts now 150 acre campus, straddling Somerville and Medford. During his tenure, Ballou spent a year travelling and studying in the United Kingdom, the methods of instruction which he initiated were based on the tutorials that were conducted in the University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh. Now more than 160 years old, Tufts is the third oldest college in the Boston area and that building now bears Ballous name. The campus opened in August 1854, President Ballou died in 1861 and was succeeded by Alonzo Ames Miner. Though not a graduate, his presidency was marked by several advances. These include the establishment of schools for Tufts which include Goddard Seminary, Westbrook Seminary. During the Civil War the college supported the Union cause. The mansion of Major George L. Stearns which stood on part of the campus was a station on the Underground Railroad, in addition to having the largest classes spring up,63 graduates served in the Union army. The first course of a program leading to a degree in civil engineering was established in 1865
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Tufts Medical Center
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Tufts Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a downtown Boston hospital occupying space between Chinatown and the Boston Theater District. Tufts Medical Center is subdivided into a full-service adult hospital and the Floating Hospital for Children, the CEO of Tufts Medical Center is Michael Wagner, MD, FACP. Tufts Medical Center is based in Boston, MA but also has locations in areas including Quincy, Chelmsford, Framingham. The hospital also has partnerships with Lawrence General Hospital and Lowell General Hospital, Tufts Medical Centers origins date back to 1796 when the Boston Dispensary was established as the first permanent medical facility in New England, and one of the first in the United States. In 1894, the Boston Floating Hospital was established by a Congregational minister, at the time, many believed in the cleansing and therapeutic qualities of sea air to improve health, and Tobey had heard of a hospital ship for children in New York. For the next 33 years, two ships were home to the hospital for children in Boston Harbor. In 1931, after the second Floating Hospital for Children ship was destroyed in a fire, New England Medical Center was established in 1930 as a union of the Boston Dispensary, the Boston Floating Hospital for Children, and the Trustees of Tufts College. In 1968 it was renamed Tufts-New England Medical Center to reflect the relationship between the hospital and the university. The affiliation agreement they adopted still stands, the childrens hospital still reflects its legacy in its name, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center. The name was shortened to Tufts Medical Center on March 4,2008. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science, seventeen of the 18 Tufts University School of Medicine physician faculty chairs reside at Tufts Medical Center. Former Tufts Medical Center President and CEO Ellen Zane said the benefit of our new name is that it is shorter and easier to say. The tag line for the advertising of the new name was Weve done a little surgery on our name. Tufts Universitys President, Anthony P. Monaco, M. D. Ph. D. and TUSM Dean Harris M. Berman, M. D. serve on the Medical Centers Board, Tufts MC has a history of achievement in scientific research and clinical advances. Tufts ranks among the top 5 percent of the institutions that receive federal research funds. Tufts Medical Center and its institutions are responsible for numerous medical innovations, including, In 1899. Around 1919, Dr. Alfred Bosworth invented a synthetic milk product for infants, known, in 1927, Dr. William Hinton perfected the diagnostic test for syphilis, which is still used today. In 1952, the first preparation of human growth hormone was developed, in 1958, the suppression of the bodys immune system to avoid the rejection of transplanted tissue was demonstrated and the term Immunosuppression was coined. In 1963, the Family Participation Unit was established, allowing parents to stay in the hospital overnight with their children, in 1981, the worlds first pediatric trauma center was established
6.
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)
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St. Elizabeths Medical Center is a large medical facility and teaching hospital in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is part of Steward Health Care System, the second largest health care system in New England which was founded in 2012, sEMCs Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology is of particular note as its history predates many other areas of medicine in which the hospital is involved. Generations of people in the Boston area were born at St. Elizabeths Hospital or more recently, former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital in 1942. St. Elizabeths Medical Center of Boston Steward Health Care
7.
Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
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The Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, formerly known as Lahey Clinic, is a physician-led nonprofit teaching hospital of Tufts University School of Medicine based in Burlington, Massachusetts. The hospital was founded in Boston in 1923 by surgeon Frank H. Lahey, U. S. News & World Report has cited it several times on its list of Americas Best Hospitals in the category of urology. Lahey Clinic was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1923 by world-renowned combat surgeon Dr. Frank H. Lahey and it grew rapidly during its first three decades of operation, often outpacing its physical capacity in Bostons Kenmore Square. During this time, Lahey Clinic patients occupied the majority of beds at neighboring Boston hospitals including the New England Deaconess Hospital, laheys Commonwealth Avenue facilities grew increasingly overcrowded. Faced with an expanding patient base, discussions for a new facility were drafted in partnership with New England Baptist Hospital, a partnership with New England Deaconess was also considered. However disagreement between administrators led Lahey officials to seek other options outside of downtown Boston, a transition to its current facility in Burlington, Massachusetts was completed in November 1980 under the leadership of then CEO, Dr. Robert E Wise. In 1994, Lahey opened a facility in Peabody, Massachusetts. In January 2017, the Boston Globe reported of a letter of intent for a merger between Lahey and Beth Israel Deaconess with this partnership creating the largest hospital merger in more than 20 years. The combined system would be counteraction to Partners HealthCare, Massachusetts largest network of hospitals, faculty hold professorships at Tufts University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Boston University School of Medicine. In addition, Lahey hosts extensive fellowship training in Cardiology & Interventional Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Interventional Pulmonology, Bariatric, Hand Surgery, Sleep Medicine, and Stroke. U. S. Government clinical trials ongoing at Lahey Clinic National Library of Medicine—History of Lahey Clinic department of department of neurosurgery Official website
8.
Maine Medical Center
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Maine Medical Center is a 637 licensed-bed teaching hospital located at 22 Bramhall Street in Portland, Maine, United States with a staff of over 6,000 people. The facility has obtained the rating of Level I Trauma Center, MMC is structured as a non-profit, private corporation governed by volunteer trustees. Maine Medical Center is the largest tertiary hospital in Northern New England, serving all of Maine and parts of Vermont. As a part of its mission, MMC is also a leader in research, through its Maine Medical Center Research Institute, ongoing clinical trials. The present-day complex of more than one million square feet was completed in 1984, in August 2007, it opened a new Ambulatory Surgical Center in Scarborough, Maine, named Scarborough Surgical Center. Maine Medical Center also has the Brighton Medical Center Campus, which is the location of Brighton First Care, in 2010, Maine Medical Centers 18,000 square foot, $6 million Hannaford Center for Safety, Innovation and Simulation opened at the Brighton campus. In 2014 Maine Medical Center began construction on a $40 million,40,000 square foot surgical expansion on top of the existing Bean building. Expected to open in 2015, it will feature 5 operating rooms and 20 perioperative care beds, Maine Medical Center is owned by MaineHealth, the states largest healthcare organization. MaineHealth formed in the late 1990s from MMC, with its first board of serving from 1999 to 2000. MaineHealth owns and operates a series of mental, long-term, primary care, emergency, and home healthcare facilities in southern, central, other MaineHealth companies include Southern Maine Medical Center, St. Andrews Healthcare, Miles Health Care, Spring Harbor Hospital and HomeHealth-VNSM. The original Childrens Hospital opened in 1908, later merging with the Maine Eye and Ear Infirmary, in 1998, the facility sought formal accreditation for its children’s services as the Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital at Maine Medical Center. The inpatient unit of BBCH is approximately 26,000 square feet with 109 beds including a 45-bed Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and a seven-bed continuing care nursery. This program allows students from Maine, or those interested in practicing there, to complete the third, MMC also hosts a number of third year clerkships for students from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine. Shilloh Pepin Maine Medical Center official website A photograph of the original building, then named Maine General Hospital
9.
Thomson Reuters
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Thomson Reuters Corporation is a multinational mass media and information firm with operational headquarters at 3 Times Square in Manhattan, New York City. The firm was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where its legal domicile offices are located at 333 Bay Street in Downtown Toronto, Thomson Reuters shares maintain a dual listing on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange. Thomson Reuters was ranked as Canadas leading corporate brand in the 2010 Interbrand Best Canadian Brands ranking, Thomson Reuters operates in more than 100 countries, and has more than 60,000 employees around the world. The chief executive of the company is James C. Smith, who was the executive for the professional division, and the chairman is David Thomson. The company was founded by Roy Thomson in 1934 in Ontario as the publisher of The Timmins Daily Press, in 1953, Thomson acquired the Scotsman newspaper and moved to Scotland the following year. He consolidated his position in Scotland in 1957 when he won the franchise for Scottish Television. In 1959, he bought the Kemsley Group, a purchase that eventually gave him control of the Sunday Times and he separately acquired the Times in 1967. He moved into the business in 1965, when he acquired Britannia Airways and into oil. The company at time was known as the International Thomson Organisation Ltd. In 1989, ITOL merged with Thomson Newspapers, forming The Thomson Corporation, in 1996, The Thomson Corporation acquired West Publishing, a purveyor of legal research and solutions including Westlaw. The Company was founded by Paul Julius Reuter in 1851 in London as a business transmitting stock market quotations, in 1865, Reuters in London was the first organization to report the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The company was involved in developing the use of radio in 1923 and it was acquired by the British National & Provincial Press in 1941 and first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984. The Thomson Corporation acquired Reuters Group PLC to form Thomson Reuters on April 17,2008, Thomson Reuters operated under a dual-listed company structure and had two parent companies, both of which were publicly listed — Thomson Reuters Corporation and Thomson Reuters PLC. In 2009, it unified its dual listed company structure and stopped its listing on the London Stock Exchange and it is now listed only as Thomson Reuters Corporation on the New York Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. On February 13,2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut 2,500 jobs to cut cost in its Legal, Financial and Risk division. On October 29,2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut another 3,000 jobs, mostly in its Legal, Financial, the Thomson-Reuters merger transaction was reviewed by the U. S. Department of Justice and by the European Commission. On February 19,2008, both the Department of Justice and the Commission cleared the transaction subject to minor divestments and these remedies were viewed as very minor given the scope of the transaction
10.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
11.
Boston Dispensary
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The Boston Dispensary or Boston Medical Dispensary provided for medical relief of the poor in Boston, Massachusetts, from the late 18th century through the mid-20th century. In the 1960s it merged with Tufts Medical Center and this institution is supported by subscriptions, the payment of 5 dollars annually, entitling tile subscriber to recommend two patients constantly to the care of the Dispensary. Fundraising events took place at the Federal Street Theatre in 1821, appleton, Daniel Slade, E. Whitley Blake, and Buckminster Brown. A newly constructed clinic replaced the old building on the Bennett Street site in 1883, in the 1960s, the Boston Dispensary merged with the Floating Hospital for Children and the Pratt Diagnostic Clinic/Tufts Medical Center Hospital. It also formed alliances with Tufts University School of Medicine which serves as the principal teaching affiliate for the Medical Center, Tufts Medical Center, successor to the Boston Medical Dispensary Boston Dispensary. A history of the Boston Dispensary, new building of the Boston Dispensary. An historical report of the Boston Dispensary for one hundred and one years, 1796-1897, Brookline, Mass, OCLC14805144 Abbie E. Dunks
12.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
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The United States Department of Veterans Affairs is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status. While veterans benefits have been provided since the Revolutionary War, the Veterans Administration itself was founded in 1930, with a total 2009 budget of about $87. In 2012, the budget for VA was $132 billion. VA2014 budget request for 2014 was $152.7 billion and this included $66.5 billion in discretionary resources and $86.1 billion in mandatory funding. The discretionary budget request represented an increase of $2.7 billion, or 4.3 percent and it is administered by the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The Continental Congress of 1776 encouraged enlistments during the American Revolutionary War by providing pensions for soldiers who were disabled, direct medical and hospital care given to veterans in the early days of the U. S. was provided by the individual states and communities. In 1811, the first domiciliary and medical facility for veterans was authorized by the federal government, in the 19th century, the nations veterans assistance program was expanded to include benefits and pensions not only for veterans, but also their widows and dependents. After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, many state veterans homes were established, since domiciliary care was available at all state veterans homes, incidental medical and hospital treatment was provided for all injuries and diseases, whether or not of service origin. Indigent and disabled veterans of the Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, Congress established a new system of veterans benefits when the United States entered World War I in 1917. Included were programs for disability compensation, insurance for servicepersons and veterans, the establishment of the Veterans Administration came in 1930 when Congress authorized the president to consolidate and coordinate Government activities affecting war veterans. The three component agencies became bureaus within the Veterans Administration, brigadier General Frank T. Hines, who directed the Veterans Bureau for seven years, was named as the first Administrator of Veterans Affairs, a job he held until 1945. The close of World War II resulted in not only a vast increase in the veteran population, in addition, during the late 1940s, the VA had to contend with aging World War I veterans. During that time, the clientele of the VA increased almost fivefold with an addition of nearly 15,000,000 World War II veterans and approximately 4,000,000 World War I veterans. Prior to World War II, in response to scandals at the Veterans Bureau, programs that cared for veterans were centralized in Washington and this centralization caused delays and bottlenecks as the agency tried to serve the World War II veterans. As a result, the VA went through a decentralization process, the World War II GI Bill was signed into law on June 22,1944, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The United States government began serious consolidated services to veterans in 1930, the GI Bill of Rights, which was passed in 1944, had more effect on the American way of life than any other legislation - with the possible exception of the Homestead Act. VA health care facilities provide a spectrum of medical, surgical. The responsibilities and benefits programs of the Veterans Administration grew enormously during the six decades
13.
Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital
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Brigham and Womens Faulkner Hospital is a 162-bed, non-profit community teaching hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1900, it is located in the neighborhood of Jamaica Plain across the street from the Arnold Arboretum and just 3.4 miles from Longwood Medical and it is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School. Faulkner Hospital joined with Brigham and Womens Hospital in 1998 to form a parent company, Brigham and Womens/Faulkner Hospitals. The resulting partnership offers Brigham and Womens Faulkner Hospital patients access to many of the physicians and services as Brigham. The Faulkner offers comprehensive medical, surgical and psychiatric care as well as emergency, outpatient. The hospitals largest inpatient services are internal medicine, cardiology, psychiatry, orthopedics, gastroenterology, effective October 1,2012, Faulkner Hospital was renamed to Brigham and Womens Faulkner Hospital. Lists of hospitals Brigham and Womens Faulkner Hospital Brigham and Womens Faulkner Hospital Careers Faulkner Hospital history book
14.
Doctor of Medicine
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The Doctor of Medicine is a terminal medical degree for practitioners of medicine. The meaning of the varies between different countries. In countries that follow the United States system, the M. D. denotes a first professional degree awarded upon initial graduation from medical school. In those countries, the title of the equivalent first professional degree is Bachelor of Medicine, in 1703, the University of Glasgows first medical graduate, Samuel Benion, was issued with the academic degree of Doctor of Medicine. North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the ancient universities of Scotland, the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York was the first American university to grant the MD degree instead of the MB. Early medical schools in North America that granted the Doctor of Medicine degrees were Columbia, Penn, Harvard, Maryland and these first few North American medical schools that were established were founded by physicians and surgeons who had been trained in England and Scotland. A feminine form, Doctress of Medicine or Medicinae Doctrix, has also used by the New England Female Medical College in Boston in the 1860s. The MD degree is earned in four years. Following the awarding of the MD, physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year and those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Depending upon the chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the MD. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine or DO degree allows similar practice in the United States and Canada to the M. D. degree and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine are fully licensed physicians. The M. D. degree is awarded only by the 137 Medical Schools in the United States, similarly, M. D. s must attend M. D. rated residency and fellowship programs while D. O. s can attend either type of program. The American M. D. degree is recognized by most countries in the world. While the D. O. degree is getting more widely accepted in countries as fully licensed physicians. In Canada, the MD is the medical degree required to practice medicine. McGill University Faculty of Medicine is the medical school in Canada that continues to award the MD. MDCM is from the Latin Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum meaning doctor of medicine, upon graduation, students enter into a residency phase of training. Combined medical and research training is offered through programs granting MD-PhD, the National Institutes of Health through its Medical Scientist Training Program funds MD-PhD training programs at many universities
15.
Masters of public health
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The MPH degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. Master of Public Health programs are available throughout the world in Programs in Public Health, Medical Schools, Schools of Public Health, in some countries the MPH program is only available for physician graduates. In those countries, individuals without a degree may enter a Master of Science in Public Health or Master of Medical Science in Public Health programs. The DrPH degree is for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional career in public health and for leaders. They face the challenge of understanding and adapting scientific knowledge in order to achieve health gain. This degree leads to a career in administration, teaching, or practice. The usual requirement for entry into this program is a degree in Public Health. The DrPH program develops in its candidates all competencies included in MPH programs, with increased emphasis on high skills in problem-solving. In the United States, any person with an undergraduate degree may pursue an MPH or MSPH. Based on the accreditation of the Council on Education for Public Health, in fact, most hospital systems have MPH public health staff to study disease trends and help to combat hospital-acquired infections and immediately determine epidemiologic trends. CPH is the public health board certification available in the world for public health professionals. Continuing Education for CPH, After a candidate passes this examination, the Council is sponsored by the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research. In the United Kingdom, the MPH or MSc in Public Health is usually a one-year full-time program, taught modules typically account for two thirds of the MPH and a project one third. Students may be medical or non-medical graduates, degrees vary in their content, but most cover similar areas of public health. Because of the key role played by public health practitioners in the NHS a UK MPH also often includes Health economics, specialist accreditation is through participation in a four-year program analogous to specialist training for doctors. Specialist trainees must pass an examination, demonstrably achieve certain skills, however specialist training in public health is also open to non-doctors. Relevant work experience in health or development sector will be an advantage, MPH degree in India is such so as to Cover all disciplines Of public health, but some institutes offer specialization such as Social epidemiology, Health Policy, Economics & Finance
16.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
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Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
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Tufts University School of Engineering
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The School of Engineering is one of the eight schools and colleges that comprise Tufts University. The school offers undergraduate and professional degrees in fields of engineering. Along with the School of Arts and Sciences and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, currently, the Engineering School enrolls approximately 800 full-time undergraduates and 550 graduate students. The school employs 100 full-time and part-time faculty members, the school has an acceptance rate of 11. 7%. Engineering instruction began at Tufts College in academic year 1865 -1866, students in this program received the degree of civil engineer. In 1890, the Department of Electrical Engineering was created, with the advent of the four-year program the degrees granted were bachelor of civil or electrical engineering. Tufts College added the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering in 1894 and 1898, in 1898, the trustees voted to formally establish an undergraduate College of Engineering. The College of Engineering added graduate study to its beginning in 1961. It added Ph. D. programs in engineering in 1963, electrical engineering in 1964, engineering design in 1981. In 1999, the College of Engineering became the School of Engineering, as part of the same reorganization the Faculty of Arts and Science became the Faculty of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering. The School of Engineering is under the supervision of a dean, appointed by the president, the dean oversees undergraduate and graduate education and research in six academic departments and the Gordon Institute. The School of Engineering and the School of Arts and Sciences form the Faculty of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering, historically, the Arts and Sciences and Engineering were part of the same administrative division, sharing a common leadership and budget. The two schools continue to share many functions including undergraduate admissions, student affairs, library. There are also bachelor of science programs in engineering psychology, engineering science, Graduate degree programs include Master of Science, Master of Engineering, and Doctor of Philosophy, as well as the master of science in engineering management through the Gordon Institute. The School of Engineering is home to six departments which offer the following degrees, Official website
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Brandeis University
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Brandeis University /ˈbrændaɪs/ is an American private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts,9 miles west of Boston. Founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community, the university is named after Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish Justice of the U. S Supreme Court. In 2015, it had an enrollment of 5,532 students on its suburban campus spanning over 235 acres. The institution offers more than 43 majors and 46 minors, the university has a strong liberal arts focus and a quarter of its students come from outside the United States. Brandeis was tied for 34th among national universities in the United States in the U. S. News & World Report rankings, Forbes listed Brandeis as 36th nationally for research and 37th for entrepreneurship. Times ranks it 185th globally while USA Today ranks it among the top 10 in the country for economics, the university is also home to the Heller School, ranked as one of the top 10 policy schools in the United States. Middlesex University was a school located in Waltham, Massachusetts. The founder, Dr. John Hall Smith, died in 1944, Smiths will stipulated that the school should go to any group willing to use it to establish a non-sectarian university. Within two years, Middlesex University was on the brink of financial collapse, ruggles Smith, was desperate for a way to save something of Middlesex University. He learned of a New York committee headed by Dr. Israel Goldstein that was seeking a campus to establish a Jewish-sponsored secular university. Goldstein agreed to accept Smiths offer, proceeding to recruit George Alpert, Alpert had worked his way through Boston University School of Law and co-founded the firm of Alpert and Alpert. Alperts firm had an association with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was influential in Bostons Jewish community and his Judaism tended to be social rather than spiritual. He was involved in assisting children displaced from Germany, Alpert was to be chairman of Brandeis from 1946 to 1954, and a trustee from 1946 until his death. By February 5,1946, Goldstein had recruited Albert Einstein, Einstein believed the university would attract the best young people in all fields, satisfying a real need. In March 1946, Goldstein said the foundation had raised ten-million dollars that it would use to open the school by the following year, the foundation purchased Middlesex Universitys land and buildings for two-million dollars. The charter of this operation was transferred to the Foundation along with the campus, the founding organization was announced in August and named The Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc. The new school would be a Jewish-sponsored secular university open to students and faculty of all races and religions
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Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
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The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University is the oldest school in the United States dedicated solely to graduate studies in international affairs. Fletcher is regarded as one of the worlds foremost graduate schools of international relations, the Fletcher School was founded in 1933 with the bequest of Austin Barclay Fletcher, who left over $3 million to Tufts University upon his death in 1923. A third of these funds were dedicated to a school of law, Fletcher did not have in mind a school of the usual kind, which prepares men for admission to the bar and for the active practice of law. The school opened in 1933 as a project between Harvard University and Tufts University. The Fletcher School is now administrated exclusively by Tufts University, Fletcher students can register for graduate classes at Harvard, and conversely, Harvard cross registers at Fletcher. In addition, the Fletcher School has strong relationships, including joint degree programs, with other universities around the metro Boston area. The two-year Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy is the Fletcher School’s flagship international affairs degree, the Fletcher School and Johns Hopkins Universitys Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies are the only non-law schools in the US that compete in the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, Section reference The school’s dean is Admiral James Stavridis, U. S. Navy, former Supreme Allied Commander at NATO and former head of the U. S. Admiral Stavridis received a MALD degree and a Ph. D. from The Fletcher School in 1983 and 1984 and he became the 12th dean of the school on July 1,2013. On its campus in Medford, Massachusetts, The Fletcher School offers multi-disciplinary instruction in international affairs through several masters degree programs, the school also offers an executive masters degree for mid-career professionals through its Global Master of Arts Program. The year-long program combines three 2-week residencies with rigorous academic instruction covering topics such as negotiation, trade, economics and politics from a global perspective, all faculty members hold terminal degrees in their respective fields. In 2013, the faculty to student ratio in Medford is 1,8.6, the Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy was established in memory of the journalist and former head of the United States Information Agency. The center is home to Edward R. Murrow’s personal library and papers, including more than 2,000 documents, a number of awards, and certificates. The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies organizes public lectures, conferences and roundtables to create an understanding of the region. The center hosts an annual lecture series that has twice hosted former U. S. President Bill Clinton as its speaker. The Hitachi Center for Technology and International Affairs focuses on the management of innovation and technological change, the center sponsors a lecture series and conducts research and teaching on topics related to technology, economic integration and their role in international relations. The Institute for Business in the Global Context conducts research and organizes conferences on contemporary issues in international business. The institute offers a Master of International Business degree and conducts research through its Council on Emerging Market Enterprises
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Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
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School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts
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The School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts is one of the schools that comprise Tufts University, located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degrees dedicated to the visual arts and it is affiliated with the Museum of Fine Arts. SMFA is also a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, the school does not have a foundations program, but it does require all new students to take a freshman seminar. One of the attributes of SMFA is that students are required to participate in a Review Board which is a review of all of the art work that a student has done during the semester. Review Boards are led by two faculty members, one of whom is the choice, and two fellow students. There are many opportunities for students to exhibit their artwork at both the building and the Mission Hill building. Opportunities to exhibit works include the annual Museum School Art Sale, the Schools main campus is adjacent to and just to the west of the Museum of Fine Arts. Most classroom space is located there, as well as the Cafe des Arts, the library, the Schools store, from 1876 to 1909, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, was housed in the basement of the original Museum building in Copley Square. When the Museum moved to Huntington Avenue in 1909, the School moved into a separate, the permanent building, designed by Guy Lowell, was completed in 1927. The 45, 000-square-foot red brick building provided improved classroom, studio, in 1945 the Museum School and Tufts College collaborated to develop their first joint degree teacher training granting program. The creation of additional programs between the two institutions followed soon after, gunds expansion included the central atrium, known as the Katherine Lane Weems Atrium, that connects the two buildings. In December 2015 it was announced that the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston would become a part of Tufts University, Boston Expressionism Boston School School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Tufts University Northeastern University
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Crane Theological School
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The Crane Theological School was a Universalist seminary at Tufts University founded in 1869 as the Tufts College Divinity School and closed in 1968. It was one of three Universalist seminaries founded in America during the nineteenth century, during its history, it granted 281 Bachelor of Divinity degrees,152 bachelor of sacred theology degrees, and two masters of religious education for a total of 435 degrees. Founded as Tufts College Divinity School, it became Crane Theological School in 1906 upon Albert Cranes gift of $100,000 in 1906 in honor of his father, Thomas. In 1925, the school became officially the Tufts College School of Religion - Crane Theological School, after extensive discussions, by the 1960s, the name had shortened again to Crane Theological School. The Crane Chapel remains part of the Tufts campus as the Crane Room, the school was one of the Associated Schools of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1903-1962 and 1965-1968. The school was never officially denominationally controlled, nor was it accredited by the American Association of Theological Schools, Universalist layman and major Tufts supporter Silvanus Packard founded the school with a bequest in 1869. The divinity school was housed on the second floor of Ballou Hall. With the construction of West Hall in 1872, divinity students were offered accommodation there, in 1891, students saw the building of separate quarters for the school with the construction of Miner and Paige halls. Miner Hall provided classroom and office space for the school while Paige Hall served as a dormitory and chapel. Miner Hall was constructed in 1891 to serve as headquarters for the School of Theology and was named for Alonzo A. Miner, second president of Tufts College and the major donor to the project. Paige Hall was built in 1892 to serve as a dormitory for Theological School Students and bears the name of Lucius R. Paige, Universalist minister, in 1902, the school began to offer a combined 5-year A. B. /S. T. B. In 1929, architects George, Lloyd and Ruffing designed Crane chapel as an addition to Paige Hall along with the two-level Fischer arcade connecting it to Miner Hall. Designed as an adaptation of a chapel in Oxford, England, by 1945, the school had almost no endowment and faculty. The next year included a drive by Tufts, although it ignored the school itself. The school then launched into its own fundraising program, although this was unsuccessful, in 1953, when Dean Ratcliff died unexpectedly, Eugene Ashton, a Congregational minister and assistant chaplain of Tufts, was appointed to replace him until a successor could be found. Shortly before his successors appointment in 1954, Ashton released a report on the school arguing that it was not in a healthy state. He observed that of 151 men enrolled between 1947 and 1952,80 were non-graduates, of the 33 women who attended during the period,14 were non-graduates. The American Unitarian Association Board of Trustees in 1959 appointed a commission to study education in anticipation of merger with the Universalists
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Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
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Tufts University School of Dental Medicine is a private, American dental school located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, and is connected to Tufts Medical Center. It is one of the 8 graduate schools that comprise Tufts University, founded in 1868 as Boston Dental College by Dr. Isaac J. Wetherbee, the university is the second oldest dental school in the city, and one of the oldest in the country. As of 2013, Tufts is the second largest dental school in the United States, Tufts Dental Medicine is renowned as one of the most prestigious dental schools in the United States, and as a center for academic and clinical excellence. The student body is selected for their academic abilities, personal character. As with many medical and dental schools, acceptance to Tufts Dental Medicine is highly competitive, Tufts Dental Medicine, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine at Boston University comprise the three schools of medicine in the Boston metropolitan area. TUSDM educates both pre-doctoral and post-doctoral students, the majority of students pursue a Doctor of Dental Medicine degree. In addition to the DMD degree, TUSDM offers combined DMD/MS, in 2011, Dr. Huw F. Thomas, formerly Dean of the University of Alabama School of Dentistry was named the 16th Dean of TUSDM. Gies Award for Outstanding Achievement by an Academic Dental Institution, founded on June 3,1868 as Boston Dental College by Dr. Isaac J. Wetherbee, a graduate of the first organized dental university in the United States, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. The college was incorporated into Tufts College in 1899 and was located at 416 Huntington Avenue in Boston, by 1929, Tufts Medical and Dental College began an affiliation with the Boston Floating Hospital for Infants and Children, as well as the Boston Dispensary. The union was partially caused by the fire, and subsequent destruction of the USS Boston Floating Hospital, in 1948, Tufts Medical and Dental College sold the Huntington Avenue buildings to Northeastern University, and relocated closer to NEMC at 136 Harrison Avenue. In 1954, Tufts Dental College became the Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, the school would remain at the Harrison Avenue location until 1971, when it was moved to its current location,1 Kneeland Street. The building was only 10 floors in height, but was designed with expansion in mind. In 2009, the building was expanded by 5 floors, vertically and this was seen by the architectural world as unprecedented, the design and execution has won several architectural awards. In 2013, the University announced plans to refurbish the third and fourth clinical floors, for the 2010-2011 application cycle,4,475 applications were received for the 184 seats available in the Class of 2015. The DAT Academic Average was 20, tied for 11th nationally, the average enrolled student had a cumulative GPA of 3.64, and a science GPA of 3.54. There are roughly 184 students per class, making it the second largest dental school in the United States, the Class of 2015 had an average age of 24, ranging from 21-38. The class was composed of students from 29 states, the School has over 7,000 alumni composed of individuals from all fifty states and thirty-nine countries
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Tufts Jumbos
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The Tufts Jumbos are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs of Tufts University, in Medford, Massachusetts. The Jumbos compete in the NCAA Division III National Collegiate Athletic Association, Tufts does not offer athletic scholarships. Mens and womens squash and coed and womens sailing are the only Division I sports at the school, Tufts was ranked amongst the top 10 universities in the nation according to the 2008 NCSA Collegiate Power Rankings. The NCSA calculates the rankings for each college/university at the NCAA Division I, sports Academy Directors Cup ranking, the NCAA student-athlete graduation rate of each college/university and the U. S. News & World Report rankings. The Jumbos compete in the men and women sports, The Tufts football program is one of the oldest in the country. The 1, 000th game in history was played during the 2006 season. Historians point to a Tufts versus Harvard game in 1875 as the first game of football between using American football rules. The team plays at the Ellis Oval, located on the southwest corner of the campus, in sailing, the Jumbos particularly stand out, competing in the New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association. The sailing team won the Leonard M. Fowle Trophy eight times, along with the 2001 Dinghy National Championship, several world and olympic champions have been a part of the Tufts Sailing Team, among them, Tomas Hornos, world champion in 2007. Mens Squash maintains a top 20 Division I national ranking, Tufts University won its first NCAA-sanctioned national team championship when the mens lacrosse team defeated Salisbury in the 2010 Division III mens lacrosse final. Since then, Tufts has captured NCAA Division III National Championships in womens hockey, womens softball, mens lacrosse again. Tufts teams also reached the 2008 championship game in womens field hockey and the 2011 championship game in mens lacrosse
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New England Small College Athletic Conference
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The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eleven schools as a group. Many of the schools draw parallels to the caliber of schools in the Ivy League. The term NESCAC has connotations of excellence and selectivity in admissions. All eleven colleges place in the top 15% of the 2016 U. S. News & World Report, the conference originated with an agreement among Amherst, Bowdoin, Wesleyan and Williams in 1955. In 1971, Bates, Colby, Hamilton, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, and Union College joined on, Union withdrew in 1977 and was replaced by Connecticut College in 1982. The members are grouped within the NCAA Division III athletic conference, members of the conference have some of the largest financial endowment of any liberal arts colleges in the world, with Williams Colleges the highest at $2.3 billion. Undergraduate enrollment at the ranges from about 1,792 to 5,200. As of 2016, Williams College has an endowment of $2.3 billion, additionally, each college receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state governments. Williams began its football season in 1881 and its rivalry with Amherst College is one of the longest at any level of college football. Colby began its now most notable hockey rivalry, with Bowdoin in 1922, in 1899, Amherst, Wesleyan and Williams schools first began to compete together as the Triangular League. Since then they have continued to each other in most sports on a regular basis. The conference originated with an agreement among Amherst, Bowdoin, Wesleyan, in 1971, Bates, Colby, Hamilton, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, and Union College joined on and the NESCAC was officially formed. Union withdrew in 1977, and was replaced by Connecticut College in 1982, the schools share a similar philosophy for intercollegiate athletics. The Conference was created out of a concern for the direction of intercollegiate athletic programs, due to the prestigious reputations of its member schools, the NESCAC is able to attract many of the most athletically and intellectually gifted student-athletes in the country. Members stress that intercollegiate athletic programs should operate in harmony with the mission of each institution. Schools are committed to maintaining common boundaries to keep athletics strong yet in proportion to their overall academic mission, Presidents of each NESCAC institution control intercollegiate athletic policy. Conference tenets are usually more restrictive than those of the NCAA Division III regarding season length, number of contests, many of the schools in the New England Small College Athletic Conference participate in inter-school rivalries. Bates and Bowdoin have competed against each other athletically since the 1870s and subsequently one of the ten oldest NCAA Division III football rivalries
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Tufts Jumbos football
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The Tufts Jumbos represent Tufts University of Medford, Massachusetts in the sport of college football. The team has played since the 1874–75 season, the Jumbos compete at the NCAA Division III level and have been members of the New England Small College Athletic Conference since the conferences formation in 1971. The football team plays its game at Ellis Oval on the Tufts campus in Medford. Jay Civetti has been the head coach since 2011. One Tufts player, William Grinnell, has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame
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The Cannon (Tufts University)
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The Cannon is a replica of a cannon from the USS Constitution on the campus of Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, located in between Goddard Chapel and Ballou Hall. It serves as a billboard for campus activities and groups, and has utilized as the basis for social and political campus movements. The cannon is a replica of a 24-pound cannon from the USS Constitution and it was donated to the City of Medford Historical Society by the National Park Service in return for a community effort to raise money to restore the famous warship. It was not immediately replaced due to strong sentiments on campus against the Vietnam War, eventually, after the end of the war in 1977, students lobbied for its return. This request was granted, as the cannon was return to its location on campus. The university was scheduled to grant an honorary degree upon first lady Imelda Marcos, although many students resented the painting of the cannon, considering it an act of vandalism, the activity cemented itself as an ongoing student tradition. Since these protests, students have been painting the cannon almost nightly, because of this, the cannon was sandblasted in 1985 and 1996 to remove the numerous coats of paint it had accumulated. The cannon is a replica of a 24-pounder long gun, an approximately 8 foot long barrel mounted on wooden wheels and it is frequently covered in many layers of paint, so none of the original colors of the cannon are discernible. Due to the amount of paint, it is no longer mobile and it can often be found with varying graffiti, including words and designs, advertisements, messages and other announcements. On occasion, when offensive paintings or obscenities are added, the cannon has been painted by Tufts administration, the act of painting the cannon has evolved into a ritual for Tufts students. It involves a set of rules that must be followed in order to preserve the tradition. The cannon is typically painted only after midnight, due to the competitiveness surrounding its painting, students camp out to prevent other students from painting over their work. The cannon has been used to personal messages, such as birthday wishes. The cannon has been painted to commemorate/protest many national events, such as the September 11th Attacks and the Black Lives Matter movement, and to influence Tufts administration
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College Avenue (MBTA station)
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College Avenue is a planned light rail station on the MBTA Green Line D Branch, to be located at College Avenue next to Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. It will be the terminus of the D Branch and is the final station on the second phase of the Green Line Extension. College Avenue will consist of one platform, which will serve the D Branchs two tracks. Previous commuter rail stations on what is now the Lowell Line were located nearby from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century, the Boston and Lowell Railroad opened their namesake line in 1835, though local stops were not added immediately. By 1889, College Hill station was located on the side of the tracks just west of College Avenue. By 1900, College Hill was replaced with Tufts College station, located on the side of the tracks. Along with the local stops in Somerville and Medford, Tufts College station was abandoned around 1950 due to competition from streetcars. In November 1976, the MBTA opened Tufts University station near the Tufts College station site and it was abandoned in October 1979 due to poor ridership
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Eaton Hall (Tufts University)
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The Tufts University school mascot is Jumbo the elephant, in honor of a major donation from circus owner P. T. Barnum in 1882. The alleged ashes of Jumbo currently reside in a peanut butter jar in the directors office. A large plaster-statue elephant, Jumbo II, now sits on the academic quad, the Tufts mascot is the only school mascot listed in Websters dictionary. The school colors of Tufts University are brown and blue, the shade of brown is generally a chocolate brown, and the blue is variously described as between light and middle blue, or dusty sky blue. Though this color combination was chosen by the student body in 1876, the colors were not made officially the colors of Tufts University until 1960, the Tufts Community Union funds a number of undergraduate student groups, and some 150 are recognized by the university. In The Princeton Reviews 2010–2011 Best 363 Colleges, Tufts was ranked #14 for the happiest students and Tufts study abroad program was ranked #3 in the country, the Princeton Review has since 2005 listed Tufts in its Best Campus Food category, ranking it as high as second. Additionally, The Advocate ranks Tufts as one of the top 20 gay-friendly campuses, in 2009, the school banned sexual activity in dorm rooms when a roommate is present. The university may have been the first in the nation to be explicit about this type of conduct, the Naked Quad Run was originated by residents of West Hall and was originally known as the West Hall Naked Quad Run. Though the exact date of its origin remains unknown, in the late 70s the run was revived by residents of Carmichael Hall but faded from the campus until it was again revived and popularized by West Hall residents in the early 1990s. Dorm residents, such as Quad Man, would warm up the crowd below by stripping on the fire escape to loud music blasting from the upper floor windows. The Naked Quad Run takes place just before fall finals, in December, most students run naked, but some wear costumes such as capes or shrink wrap. On March 14,2011, President Larry Bacow announced that the Tufts Quad Run had been banned for the year due to concerns about alcohol consumption. A re-emergence of the event had come to light in the spring of 2016 during finals week, initially held in 1980, a concert known as Spring Fling takes place in the spring semester immediately before final exams on the Presidents Lawn. B. King, Denny Dent, Brand Nubian, Buffalo Tom 1996, George Clinton,1997, A Tribe Called Quest, Barenaked Ladies, G. I. The night before Spring Fling, the Tuftonias Day fireworks take place on the Rez Quad, in 2014 the band Not So Gentlemen, after winning second place at Battle of the Bands, played at Tuftonias Day and gave away a few vintage t-shirts made by their moms. The Tufts Mountaineering Club pumpkins the campus each year before Halloween, placing pumpkins in prominent and increasingly absurd locations such as atop buildings, the ritual is over 75 years old. The Greek-letter organizations continued to thrive, and are to be present on campus to this day, there are currently 10 fraternities,6 sororities, and one co-ed group. About 24% of the student body is involved in the Greek system, the most notable exception to this is the Tufts Daily which is entirely independent of the Senate and is published through advertising revenue
