Kwethluk, Alaska
Kwethluk, or Kuiggluk in Central Alaskan Yup'ik, is a city in Bethel Census Area in the U. S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 721, up from 713 in 2000. Kwethluk is located at 60°48′8″N 161°25′7″W, it lies at the confluence of the Kwethluk rivers in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The changing channel gives the village its name: Kwethluk is derived from the Yupik kuik, meaning "river", plus -rrluk, meaning "bad, unnatural". According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.7 square miles, of which, 10.0 square miles of it is land and 1.7 square miles of it is water. Kwethluk first appeared on the 1880 U. S. Census as the unincorporated Eskimo village of Kuljkhlugamute, it did not appear again until 1940 as the village of "Quithlook." The spelling was changed in 1950 to Kwethluk and the village formally incorporated as a city in 1975. As of the census of 2000, there were 713 people, 153 households, 132 families residing in the city; the population density was 71.4 people per square mile.
There were 199 housing units at an average density of 19.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 4.77% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 92.85% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.96% from two or more races. There were 153 households out of which 62.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 20.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 13.1% were non-families. 10.5% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.66 and the average family size was 5.08. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 47.7% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 12.5% from 45 to 64, 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $25,417, the median income for a family was $27,500.
Males had a median income of $24,063 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,503. About 29.2% of families and 29.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 35.9% of those age 65 or over. It is served by the K-12 Ket'acik & Aapalluk Memorial School, operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District; as of 2018 it has 15 teachers. Alaska Float fishing Expeditions
Eek, Alaska
Eek is a city in Bethel Census Area, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 296. Eek is derived from an Eskimo word meaning "two eyes", it has been noted on lists of unusual place names. Eek is located at 60°13′7″N 162°1′33″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0-square-mile, of which 0.9-square-mile is land and 0.1-square-mile is water. Eek is serviced by due southwest of the village. A second airport east of the village is the current site of a cellular transmission tower, but the runway remains in marginally usable condition and is used by private aircraft. A town dock provides access to the Eek River, which feeds into the Kuskokwim providing access to most surrounding villages by boat. During winter months many residents utilize travel by snow machine and trails are laid out between the villages in the area. Trails from Eek run to Quinhagak to the south, Tuntutuliak to the west and the Bethel area to the north. Lower Kuskokwim School District operates a bilingual PreK-12 school.
As of 2018 it has 120 students. Eek Village was located on the Apokak River and moved to its present location in the late 1920s, after flooding and erosion caused the people to relocate. In 1900 Census, the village had 118 residents. By 1910, the number of residents declined to 68. Eek appeared on the 1920 U. S. Census as an unincorporated village. In the 1930 Census, the village was enumerated in the Alaska Territory Fourth Judicial District, Bethel District, 0015. With 100 Residents in 18 households, it was formally incorporated in 1970. As of the census of 2000, there were 280 people, 76 households, 57 families residing in the city; the population density was 307.2 people per square mile. There were 83 housing units at an average density of 91.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 3.21% White, 95.71% Alaska Native/Yupik, 1.07% from two or more races. 0.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 76 households out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 25.0% were non-families.
25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.68 and the average family size was 4.54. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 41.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 14.3% from 45 to 64, 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $17,500, the median income for a family was $27,500; the per capita income for the city was $8,957. About 32.7% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 or over. A development has occurred. Community access points, in conjunction with the USDA Telecommunications Grant to provider UUI, are in place in 11 villages across the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta
Chefornak, Alaska
Chefornak is a city in Bethel Census Area, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 418, up from 394 in 2000. Chefornak is located at 60°9′33″N 164°16′10″W on the south bank of the Kinia River 16 miles upriver from its mouth in Etolin Strait, an arm of the Bering Sea, it is within the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.4 square miles, of which 5.7 square miles is land and 0.66 square miles, or 10.56%, is water. Located in a region where the arctic tundra meets and interacts with the Bering Sea, as well as being in a region impacted by past volcanism, Chefornak has many interesting local landmarks. An extinct volcano, Tern Mountain, is visible in the distance to the south. Large, igneous rocks are a common sight in the village and the surrounding tundra; the Kinia River and its many tributaries are important to the people of the village, because of water travel to hunting and fishing areas, as well as because of difficulties presented by flooding and erosion.
Chefornak first appeared on the 1950 U. S. Census as an unincorporated village, it formally incorporated in 1974. As of the census of 2000, there were 394 people, 75 households, 63 families residing in the city; the population density was 68.8 people per square mile. There were 82 housing units at an average density of 14.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93.40% Alaska Native, 2.03% White, 4.57% from two or more races. There were 75 households out of which 60.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 16.0% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.25 and the average family size was 5.98. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 45.2% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older.
The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,556, the median income for a family was $36,042. Males had a median income of $15,000 versus $20,833 for females; the per capita income for the city was $8,474. About 21.3% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Yup'ik dancing is popular in the village; the high school has an Yup'ik Dance Team which visits other villages for feasts and festivals. The village hosts a dance festival in the Spring, the large Camai-i festival in Bethel attracts many from Chefornak and the surrounding villages to display their dances and to see the dances of other regions. Many of the villagers live a subsistence lifestyle, which means that they continue to carry out the traditional hunter-gatherer activities of their ancestors.
One of the foods that they rely on is fish such as halibut and herring, which are dried and eaten like jerky. Berries such as salmonberries, black berries, blueberries are gathered and used to prepare akutaq. Other native foods that are gathered include mousefood, Labrador tea, greens such as sourdock. Beside houses, there are only a handful of buildings in the village: Chefarnrmute, Inc. the village corporation Avugiak's Store The post office The town hall/bingo hall The school The Old School St. Catherine of Siena Catholic Church The power plant The Chaputnguak School & Amaqigciq School is operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District. "Chaputnguak," an old name for Chefornak, is a Yup'ik word referring to an object or thing obstructing a pathway. "Chaputnguak," an old name for Chefornak, is a Yup'ik word referring to an object or thing obstructing a pathway, while the latter is named after the first inhabitant of Chefornak, Alexie Amaqigciq. He was the Yup ` ik elder. Chaputnguak School is the primary school and Amaqigciq School is the secondary school.
Transportation into the village of Chefornak occurs by small aircraft, although in the winter the village can be reached by snow machine as well. Goods and mail are brought into the village by plane, during the summer months are brought up the Kinia River by barge. Chefornak's airport has been moved further from the village due to concerns with its proximity to the school; the new airstrip is now in operation. Within the village, transportation options include four-wheel, snow machine, on foot. Chaputnguak School Alaska Community Database
Atmautluak, Alaska
Atmautluak is a census-designated place in Bethel Census Area, United States. The population was 277 at the 2010 census, down from 294 in 2000; the area has been traditionally been inhabited by Yup'ik Eskimo. The community was founded in the 1960s to take advantage of high ground above flooding. Atmautluak was incorporated in 1976, but dissolved the incorporation in 1996 in order to return to traditional native government. Atmautluak is located at 60°51′35″N 162°16′39″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 square miles, of which, 0.6 square miles of it is land and 2.7 square miles of it is water. The village is located by the Pitmiktakik River. Atmautluak first appeared on the 1980 U. S. Census as an incorporated city, it incorporated 4 years earlier in 1976. It was made a census-designated place; as of the census of 2000, there were 294 people, 60 households, 54 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 462.0 people per square mile. There were 64 housing units at an average density of 100.6/sq mi.
The racial makeup of the CDP was 4.08% White, 94.56% Native American, 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population. There were 60 households out of which 58.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.0% were non-families. 8.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.7% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.90 and the average family size was 5.22. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 33.3% under the age of 18, 18.4% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,917, the median income for a family was $39,583. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $8,750 for females.
The per capita income for the CDP was $8,501. About 31.6% of families and 30.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.4% of those sixty five or over. Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Joann A. Alexie Memorial School, it covers grades PreK-12. As of 2018 it has about 118 students. Atmautluak at the Community Database Online from the Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs Maps from the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development: 2000, 2010 Information
Aniak, Alaska
Aniak is a city in the Bethel Census Area in the U. S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 501, down from 572 in 2000. 61°34′44″N 159°33′1″W. Aniak is located on the south bank of the Kuskokwim River at the head of Aniak Slough, 59 miles southwest of Russian Mission in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, it lies 317 miles west of Anchorage. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles, of which, 6.5 square miles of it is land and 2.3 square miles of it is water. Climate is continental in winter. Temperatures range between -55 and 87. Average yearly precipitation is 19 inches, with snowfall of 60 inches. Aniak first appeared on the 1940 U. S. Census as an unincorporated village, it formally incorporated in 1972. As of the census of 2000, there were 572 people, 174 households, 133 families residing in the city; the population density was 87.8 people per square mile. There were 203 housing units at an average density of 31.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 25.00% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 68.36% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 5.77% from two or more races.
1.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 174 households out of which 51.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with 0 husbands present, 23.0% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.0% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.74. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 40.9% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,875, the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $37,708 versus $34,500 for females; the per capita income for the city was $16,550.
About 11.8% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over. Aniak was the Yup'ik name for the area around present-day Aniak; the word means "the place where it comes out". By the time Russian explorers began making contact with the native population along the mid Kuskokwim valley in the early 19th century, the native village of Aniak had been deserted, it was believed by 20th century prospectors that the early Russian traders discovered gold in a tributary to the Kuskokwim called "Yellow River" in 1832. Many think. A mercury deposit was discovered by Russian traders near the trading post called Kolmakov Redoubt 22 miles east of Aniak in 1838. Placer gold was found by Russian traders in New York Creek 30 miles east of Aniak in 1844; the Russians however did not engage in any significant mining activities and it wasn't until after the purchase of Alaska in 1867 that the American prospectors began investigating the potential for prospecting along the Kuskokwim river.
A handful of prospecting parties began venturing into the area, however they had to travel great distances to an area where trading posts were few and far between, so the activity was limited given the exposure of other late 19th century strikes in Alaska which were better served by existing infrastructure. The euphoria caused by the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897-98 would set the stage for a change however with thousands of prospectors across the territory poised to make a rush upon rumor of each potential new strike. One such rush was the Yellow River Stampede of 1900 in which many prospectors left Nome to venture into the Kuskokwim basin upon rumors that someone had found the Yellow River strike despite the fact that the location of that strike was unknown. Finding precious little gold and experiencing substantial hardship, many of these folks would return to Nome following the difficult winter of 1901, but some stayed behind to continue their search. A 1906 gold discovery at the head of the Innoko River, a tributary of the Yukon River, caused another gold rush in 1907 with many of the prospectors choosing to access the site via the Kuskokwim River instead and trading posts were established at the Takotna River which required riverboat service to travel the Kuskokwim river.
With riverboat service now available on the Kuskokwim River, prospecting activity picked up and some strikes were starting to occur in the Kuskokwim basin. Strikes were made at Crooked Creek, George River, New York Creek, Aniak River among others. Most strikes were short lived. However, the Kuskokwim River was now seeing an increase in river traffic. In 1910, a lone prospector named "Old Man" Keeler found placer gold in the Aniak River basin. In 1911, three prospectors, Harry Buhro, E. W. "Kid" Fisher, Fred Labelle, working the George River area decided to give the Aniak River basin area a try and discovered gold at Marvel and Dome creeks. These creeks feed into the Aniak River about 50 miles south of Aniak. Prospectors would reach this site by poling up the river in boats, however, a difficult journey due to the nature of the river; the trip would take 15 to 20 days from the Kuskokwim river. By 1913, a hydraulic plant had been installed at Marvel Cree
Toksook Bay, Alaska
Toksook Bay is a city and village on Nelson Island in Bethel Census Area, Alaska. The population was 590 at the 2010 census, up from 532 in 2000; as of 2016, the estimated population was 657. Toksook Bay was established in 1964 by residents of nearby Nightmute; the entire population are members of the Alaska Native Nunakauyarmiut, who rely on fishing and other subsistence activities. Toksook Bay first appeared on the 1970 U. S. Census as an unincorporated village, it formally incorporated in 1972. As of the census of 2000, there were 532 people, 106 households, 94 families residing in the city; the population density was 16.1 people per square mile. There were 110 housing units at an average density of 3.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 2.44% White, 94.36% Native American, 3.20% from two or more races. There were 106 households out of which 68.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.3% were non-families.
10.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 0.9% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.02 and the average family size was 5.45. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 44.0% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 14.1% from 45 to 64, 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $30,208, the median income for a family was $32,188. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $36,250 for females; the per capita income for the city was $8,761. About 26.9% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.4% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over. Lower Kuskokwim School District operates Nelson Island School, K-12. Brad Reynolds SJ and Don Doll SJ: Eskimo Hunters of the Bering Sea, National Geographic, Vol. 165.
No. 6, June 1984, pp. 814 – 834
ZIP Code
A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service in a system it introduced in 1963. The term ZIP is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan; the basic format consists of five digits. An extended ZIP+4 code was introduced in 1983 which includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four additional digits that reference a more specific location; the term ZIP Code was registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, but its registration has since expired; the early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers. The United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example: The "16" was the number of the postal zone in the specific city. By the early 1960s, a more organized system was needed, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide on July 1, 1963; the USPOD issued its Publication 59: Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code on October 1, 1963, with the list of two-letter state abbreviations which are written with both letters capitalized.
An earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. According to Publication 59, the two-letter standard was "based on a maximum 23-position line, because this has been found to be the most universally acceptable line capacity basis for major addressing systems", which would be exceeded by a long city name combined with a multi-letter state abbreviation, such as "Sacramento, Calif." along with the ZIP Code. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with the exception of Nebraska, changed from NB to NE in 1969 at the request of the Canadian postal administration, to avoid confusion with the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Robert Moon is considered the father of the ZIP Code; the post office only credits Moon with the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or "sec center." An SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The fourth and fifth digits, which give a more precise locale within the SCF, were proposed by Henry Bentley Hahn Sr.
The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes. The mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, most of their employees work the night shift. Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. In the case of large cities, the last two digits coincide with the older postal zone number thus: In 1967, these became mandatory for second- and third-class bulk mailers, the system was soon adopted generally; the United States Post Office used a cartoon character, which it called Mr. ZIP, to promote the use of the ZIP Code, he was depicted with a legend such as "USE ZIP CODE" in the selvage of panes of postage stamps or on the covers of booklet panes of stamps. In 1971 Elmira Star-Gazette reporter Dick Baumbach found out the White House was not using a ZIP Code on its envelopes.
Herb Klein, special assistant to President Nixon, responded by saying the next printing of envelopes would include the ZIP Code. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4 called "plus-four codes", "add-on codes", or "add-ons". A ZIP+4 Code uses the basic five-digit code plus four additional digits to identify a geographic segment within the five-digit delivery area, such as a city block, a group of apartments, an individual high-volume receiver of mail, a post office box, or any other unit that could use an extra identifier to aid in efficient mail sorting and delivery. However, initial attempts to promote universal use of the new format met with public resistance and today the plus-four code is not required. In general, mail is read by a multiline optical character reader that instantly determines the correct ZIP+4 Code from the address—along with the more specific delivery point—and sprays an Intelligent Mail barcode on the face of the mail piece that corresponds to 11 digits—nine for the ZIP+4 Code and two for the delivery point.
For Post Office Boxes, the general rule is. The add-on code is one of the following: the last four digits of the box number, zero plus the last three digits of the box number, or, if the box number consists of fewer than four digits, enough zeros are attached to the front of the box number to produce a four-digit number. However, there is no uniform rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box; the ZIP Code is translated into an Intelligent Mail barcode, printed on the mailpiece to make it easier for automated machines to sort. A barcode can be printed by the sender, it is better to let the post office put one on. In general, the post office uses OCR technology, though in some cases a human might have to read and enter the address. Customers who send bulk mail can get a discount on postage if they have printed the barcode themselves and have presorted the mai
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