1.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
2.
Navy
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A navy or maritime force is a fleet of waterborne military vessels and its associated naval aviation, both sea-based and land-based. It is the branch of an armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare, namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations. The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a countrys shores, the strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In most nations, the naval, as opposed to navy, is interpreted as encompassing all maritime military forces, e. g. navy, marine / marine corps. First attested in English in the early 14th century, the navy came via Old French navie, fleet of ships, from the Latin navigium, a vessel. The word naval came from Latin navalis, pertaining to ship, cf. Greek ναῦς, ship, ναύτης, seaman, the earliest attested form of the word is in the Mycenaean Greek compound word
3.
Naval warfare
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Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other major body of water such as a large lake or wide river. Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years, even in the interior of large landmasses, transportation before the advent of extensive railroads was largely dependent upon rivers, canals, and other navigable waterways. Prior to 1750, materials largely moved by barge or sea vessels. Thus armies, with their exorbitant needs for food, ammunition, the oceanic influences throughout pre-recorded history, and classical works such as The Odyssey underscore the past influences. The Persian Empire – united and strong – could not prevail against the might of the Athenian fleet combined with that of city states in several attempts to conquer the Greek city states. Phoenicias and Egypts power, Carthages and even Romes largely depended upon control of the seas, so too did the Venetian Republic dominate Italys city states, thwart the Ottoman Empire, and dominate commerce on the Silk Road and the Mediterranean in general for centuries. For three centuries, the Northmen raided and pillaged and went where they willed, far into central Russia and the Ukraine, many sea battles through history also provide a reliable source of shipwrecks for underwater archaeology. A major example is the exploration of the wrecks of various warships in the Pacific Ocean, the first dateable recorded sea battle occurred about 1210 BC, Suppiluliuma II, king of the Hittites, defeated a fleet from Cyprus, and burned their ships at sea. In the Battle of the Delta, the Ancient Egyptians defeated the Sea Peoples in a sea battle circa 1175 BC, no written mention of strategy or tactics seems to have survived. Josephus Flavius reports a battle between Tyre and the king of Assyria who was aided by the other cities in Phoenicia. The battle took place off the shores of Tyre, although the Tyrian fleet was much smaller in size, the Tyrians defeated their enemies. The Greeks of Homer just used their ships as transport for land armies and it seems unlikely that all this was the product of a single mind or even of a generation, most likely the period of evolution and experimentation was simply not recorded by history. After some initial battles while subjugating the Greeks of the Ionian coast, the Persians determined to invade Greece proper. The first Persian campaign, in 492 BC, was aborted because the fleet was lost in a storm, attacks by the Greek armies repulsed these. The third Persian campaign in 480 BC, under Xerxes I of Persia, but the defeat on land at Thermopylae forced a Greek withdrawal, and Athens evacuated its population to nearby Salamis Island. The ensuing Battle of Salamis was one of the engagements of history. Themistocles trapped the Persians in a too narrow for them to bring their greater numbers to bear. Aeschylus wrote a play about the defeat, The Persians, which was performed in a Greek theatre competition a few years after the battle and it is the oldest known surviving play
4.
Turkish Armed Forces
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The Turkish Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. They consist of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, in wartime, they are subordinate to the Army and Navy. The President of Turkey is the overall head. The current Chief of the General staff is General Hulusi Akar, the Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, he acts as the Commander in Chief on behalf of the President of Turkey, furthermore, the General Staff coordinates the military relations of the TAF with NATO member states and other friendly nations. The modern history of the army began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalist ideology, the official state ideology, especially of the secular aspects of Kemalism. After becoming a member of NATO on 18 February 1952, Turkey initiated a comprehensive program for its armed forces. The Turkish Army sent troops to fight in Korea, where they played pivotal roles at some points, towards the end of the 1980s, a second restructuring process was initiated. The Turkish Armed Forces participate in European Union battlegroups under the control of the European Council, the TAF also contributes operational staff to the Eurocorps multinational army corps initiative of the EU and NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces collectively rank as the second largest standing military force in NATO, Armed Forces, with an estimated strength in 2015 of 639,551 military, civilian and paramilitary personnel. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy. After the end of World War I, many Ottoman military personnel escaped from Rumelia to Anatolia in order to part in the national movement. Turkey won the War of Independence in 1922, Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II. In the initial stage of World War II, Turkey signed a treaty of assistance with Great Britain. But after the fall of France, the Turkish government tried to maintain a distance with both the Allies and the Axis. After the German-Soviet War broke out, the Turkish government sent a delegation of observers under Lieutenant General Ali Fuat Erden to the German Eastern Front. Turkey participated in the Korean War as a state of the United Nations and sent the Turkish Brigade to South Korea. On 18 February 1952, Turkey became a member of NATO, the Korean government donated a war memorial for the Turkish soldiers who fought and died in Korea
5.
Ankara
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Ankara, formerly known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the center and 5,150,072 in its province. Ankara was Atatürks headquarters from 1920 and has been the capital of the Republic since its founding in 1923, the government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city, located at the center of Turkeys road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat, the area is also known for its pears, honey, and muscat grapes. Ankara is an old city with various Hittite, Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine. The historical center of town is a hill rising 150 m over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel, as with many ancient cities, Ankara has gone by several names over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, although remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the period, the city was known as Ánkyra in Greek and Ancyra in Latin. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city known in many European languages as Angora. The form Angora is preserved in the names of breeds of different kinds of animals. The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c, 2000–1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was far older. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC, Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, by that time the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara. Other centers were Pessinos, todays Balhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, the city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers, an aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries
6.
Blue
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Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers, in painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green, Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor. The clear sky and the sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes, distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times and it is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals, beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia, in 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, in the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations. Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Blues also vary in shade or tint, darker shades of blue contain black or grey, darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue, while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process, the modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao. In heraldry, the azure is used for blue
7.
White
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White is an achromatic color, a color without hue. An incoming light to the eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white. White is one of the most common colors in nature, the color of sunlight, snow, milk, chalk, limestone, in many cultures white represents or signifies purity, innocence, and light, and is the symbolic opposite of black, or darkness. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity, the widows of kings dressed in white rather than black as the color of mourning. It was also used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity, simplicity. White is an important color for almost all world religions, the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam, and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims, in Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning, the white color on television screens and computer monitors is created with the RGB color model by mixing red, green and blue light at equal intensities. The word white continues Old English hwīt, ultimately from a Common Germanic *χwītaz also reflected in OHG wîz, ON hvítr, the root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *kwid-, surviving also in Sanskrit śveta to be white or bright and Slavonic světŭ light. The Icelandic word for white, hvítur, is derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr. Common Germanic also had the word *blankaz, borrowed into Late Latin as *blancus, the antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have a variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white, Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk, they sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red, in ancient Egypt, white was connected with the goddess Isis. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, in Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mothers milk. In Greek mythology, the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea, in the Talmud, milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose
8.
Gold (color)
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Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of yellow-orange color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold. The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the metallic gold. The use of gold as a term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color metallic gold. The first recorded use of golden as a name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold. Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone, in heraldry, the French word or is used. In model building, the gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, at right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials reflective brightness varying with the surfaces angle to the light source. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold was used for rendering gold in paintings, Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. Old gold is a yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely accepted color old gold is on the rather than the lighter side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a name in English was in the early 19th century. The Delta Sigma Pi fraternity, founded in November 7,1907, official colors are designated royal purple, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternitys colors are garnet and old gold. Old gold is one of two colors of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State Universitys intercollegiate sports teams. Old Gold and black are the colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold, the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold, Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow on the RGB color wheel
9.
President of Turkey
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The President of the Republic of Turkey is the head of state of the Republic of Turkey. The Presidency is largely a ceremonial office but has important functions. The articles from 101 to 106 of the Constitution establish all the requirements, election, duties, the office of the President of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on October 29,1923. The President of Turkey is often referred to as the Cumhurbaşkanı. The current office-holder is the 12th President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan since August 28,2014, in order to become the President of Turkey, the candidate must have completed higher education, and be at least forty years of age. The president-elect has to sever his relations, if any, with his political party, candidates must be declared to the bureau of the parliament within the first 10 days of this period, and elections must be completed within the remaining 20 days. Formerly, the President was elected by the members of the Turkish Parliament, according to an amendment that was drafted in 2007, the future Presidents shall be elected by the citizens through a public vote. The candidates must be over forty years old and must have completed their higher education and they can either be members of the Turkish Parliament, or common Turkish citizens who fulfill these requirements and who are eligible to become members of parliament. The President is selected for a term of office of five years, the term of office of the incumbent president continues until the President-elect takes office. The president performs also the duties of selection and appointment, and other duties conferred by the constitution, thus the prime minister and the concerned ministers are accountable for these decrees. The decisions and orders signed by the president on his own initiatives may not be appealed against to any judicial authority, including the Constitutional Court
10.
Nurettin Canikli
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Nurettin Canikli is a Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, in office since 24 May 2016. He formerly served as the Minister of Customs and Trade of Turkey from 2014 to 2015 and he is a Member of Parliament for Giresun of the ruling Justice and Development Party. After finishing the İmam Hatip school in Giresun, he studied Economics at Ankara University graduating with a Bachelorss degree, Canikli obtained a Masters degree in Finance from University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. He worked in positions in the Ministry of Finance. He was a columnist at the daily Yeni Şafak, Canikli became one of the co-founders of the Justice and Development Party. In the 2002 general election, he was elected Deputy of Giresun, in the 2007 and 2011 elections, he secured his seat in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. On August 29,2014, he was appointed Minister of Customs, Canikli is married and father of four children
11.
General Staff of the Republic of Turkey
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The General Staff of the Republic of Turkey presides over the Armed Forces of the Republic of Turkey, comprising the Army, Navy, Air Force and Special Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces, the current Chief of the General Staff is Hulusi Akar. According to the Constitution of Turkey, the Chief of the General Staff reports to the Prime Minister during peacetime, in times of war, the Chief of the General Staff assumes the authority of Commander in Chief on behalf of the Parliament, which is represented by the President. Furthermore, the General Staff coordinates the relations of the Turkish Armed Forces with its counterparts in the member states of NATO. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff to have held the posts of Commander of the First Army of Turkey, the hierarchy, representation and employment of the Turkish Armed Forces within the state organization is regulated by the constitution of Turkey. According to the constitution, the office of the Commander in Chief is represented in the entity of the Grand National Assembly. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President as the Commander of the Armed Forces, the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Grand National Assembly for national security and the preparation of the Turkish Armed Forces to defend the country. The Chief of the General Staff is responsible to the Prime Minister of Turkey and is charged with the overall command and he is also responsible for conducting the military operations effectively, and the operational readiness of the Armed Forces. The commanders of the three services directly to the Chief of the General Staff. The General Staff and the Ministry of National Defense work in coordination and cooperation to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Special Forces Command is not aligned to any command in TSK. Its forerunner was the Special Warfare Department, the Berets also work along with Underwater Defence Teams and Underwater Strike Teams
12.
General officer
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A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
13.
Hulusi Akar
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Hulusi Akar is a four-star Turkish Armed Forces general. He is currently serving as the 29th Chief of the General Staff, Akar is the highest-ranking military officer in the Turkish Armed Forces. After the President and the Ministry of National Defence, he has the highest command on all branches of the Turkish Armed Forces including the Land Forces, Air Force. Akar has experience as a commander in various NATO engagements including ISAF, Operation Deliberate Force during the Bosnian War. Akar was born in 1952 in Kayseri, Turkey and he graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1972 and the Turkish Infantry School in 1973. In 1975 he attended Queens University Belfast for postgraduate studies in International Diplomacy, Akar served as a company commander, section chief and branch chief at various units and headquarters including the Turkish General Staff. He also served as an instructor at the Army Command and Staff College and was posted abroad as a officer in the intelligence division in HQ AFSOUTH / Naples. From 1993 until 1994, he was the Military Assistant to the Land Forces Commander, later on, he continued this assignment for the Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces between the years of 1994-1997. He was subsequently posted as the Commander of the Turkish Brigade - Zenica/Bosnia from 1997 until 1998, after his promotion to lieutenant general, he was the commander of Land Forces Logistics and then the Commander of NRDC-T and the 3rd Corps between 2009 and 2011. On 2 August 2015, General Akar was appointed as the 29th Chief of the General Staff, Akar was taken hostage on 15 July 2016 during the Turkish Armed Forces 2016 attempted coup détat against the Turkish government, by those responsible for leading the attempted coup. According to The Economist, Akar was told by his aides to sign a declaration of martial law, when he refused, they tightened a belt around his neck, but he would not yield. He was held hostage at Akıncı Air Base in Ankara before pro-government forces retook control of the air base, the rescue was announced at 02,45 EEST on 16 July 2016 by Anadolu Agency, although CNN Türk placed the time of rescue attempt around 07,45 EEST. First Army commander General Ümit Dündar served as Acting Chief of General Staff during Akars capture, after his release he testified that one of his captors offered to put him on the phone with alleged coup figurehead Fethullah Gülen. Akar has led the Turkish military intervention in Syria since 2016, General Hulusi Akar is married to Şule Akar, with whom he has two children. List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff
14.
Admiral
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Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually abbreviated to Adm or ADM, in the Commonwealth and the U. S. a full admiral is equivalent to a full general in the army, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet. In NATO, admirals have a code of OF-9 as a four-star rank. The word admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo-French amiral, commander, from Medieval Latin admiralis and these themselves come from Arabic amīr, or amīr al-, commander of, as in amīr al-baḥr, commander of the sea. The term was in use for the Greco-Arab naval leaders of Norman Sicily, the Norman Roger II of Sicily, employed a Greek Christian known as George of Antioch, who previously had served as a naval commander for several North African Muslim rulers. Roger styled George in Abbasid fashion as Amir of Amirs, i. e. Commander of Commanders, the Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as one word, amiral, from their Aragon opponents. The French and Spanish gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese the word changed to almirante, the word admiral has today come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the worlds navies, equivalent to the army rank of general. However, this wasnt always the case, for example, in some European countries prior to the end of World War II, admiral was the third highest naval rank after general admiral and grand admiral. The rank of admiral has also been subdivided into various grades, the Royal Navy used colours to indicate seniority of its admirals until 1864, for example, Horatio Nelsons highest rank was vice admiral of the white. The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is flag officer, some navies have also used army-type titles for them, such as the Cromwellian general at sea. Admiral is a German Navy OF-9 four-star flag officer rank, equivalent to the German Army, see also Post-WWII rank is Bakurocho or Chief of Staff, Joint Staff 幕僚長 with limited function as an advisory staff to Minister of Defense, compared to Gensui during 1872–1873 and 1898–1945. Admiral of Castile was a post with a long and important history in Spain
15.
Vice admiral
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Vice admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to lieutenant general and air marshal. A vice admiral is typically senior to an admiral and junior to an admiral. The rank insignia for a vice admiral often involves three stars, but this is not always the case, in the navy of Iraq, vice admiral insignia involves one star. Vice admiral is the equivalent of air marshal in the Royal Australian Air Force, in the Royal Canadian Navy, the rank of vice-admiral is equivalent to lieutenant-general of the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force. A vice-admiral is an officer, the naval equivalent of a general officer. A vice-admiral is senior to a rear-admiral and major general, two rows of gold oak leaves are located on the black visor of the white service cap. Vice-admirals are addressed by rank and name, thereafter by subordinates as Sir or Maam, vice-admirals are normally entitled to a staff car, the car will normally bear a flag, dark blue with three gold maple leaves arranged one over two. A vice-admiral generally holds only the most senior command or administrative appointments, barring only Chief of Defence Staff, charles, Prince of Wales holds the honorary rank of vice admiral in the Royal Canadian Navy. The vice-amiral rank used to be an OF-8 rank in NATO charts, the rank of vice-amiral descadre equals a NATO OF-8 rank. In the ancien régime Navy, between 1669 and 1791, the office of Vice-Admiral of France was the highest rank, the supreme office of Admiral of France being purely ceremonial. Distinct offices were, 1669-1791 Vice-admiral of the West, 1778-1791 Vice-admiral of the Asian and American Seas. 1784-1788 Vice-admiral of the Indian Seas, vizeadmiral is an OF-8 three-star rank equivalent to the German Heer and Luftwaffe rank of Generalleutnant. In India, vice admiral is a three star admiral, in Italy, the equivalent to vice admiral is the ammiraglio di squadra or squadron admiral. In the Philippines, the vice admiral is the highest-ranking official of the Philippine Navy. He is recognized as the flag officer in-charge of the Navy, the rank vice-admiral in the Philippines, has the same ranking in the U. S Navy. In Vietnam, the equivalent to vice admiral is the phó đô đốc
16.
Naval aviation
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Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, whether from warships that embark aircraft, or land bases. In contrast, maritime aviation is the operation of aircraft in a maritime role, an exception to this is the United States Coast Guard, which is considered part of U. S. naval aviation. S. Naval aviation, whether based afloat or ashore, Naval aviation is typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an aircraft carrier. Carrier-based aircraft must be enough to withstand demanding carrier operations. Early experiments on the use of kites for naval reconnaissance took place in 1903 at Woolwich Common for the Admiralty, in 1908 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith approved the formation of an Aerial Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence to investigate the potential for naval aviation. This resulted in the construction of Mayfly in 1909, the first air component of the navy to become operational, and the genesis of modern naval aviation. Two hundred applications were received, and four were accepted, Lieutenant C R Samson, Lieutenant A M Longmore, Lieutenant A Gregory and Captain E L Gerrard, RMLI. The French also established an aviation capability in 1910 with the establishment of the Service Aeronautique. U. S. naval aviation began with pioneer aviator Glenn Curtiss who contracted with the Navy to demonstrate that airplanes could take off from, one of his pilots, Eugene Ely, took off from the USS Birmingham anchored off the Virginia coast in November 1910. Two months later Ely landed aboard another cruiser, USS Pennsylvania, in San Francisco Bay, however, the platforms erected on those vessels were temporary measures. The U. S. Navy and Glenn Curtiss experienced two firsts during January 1911, $25,000 was appropriated for the Bureau of Navigation to purchase three airplanes and in the spring of 1911 four additional officers were trained as pilots by the Wright brothers and Curtiss. A camp with a landing field was established on the Severn River at Greenbury Point, near Annapolis. Mustin successfully tested the concept of the launch in August 1912. The first permanent naval air station was established at Pensacola, Florida, in January 1912, the British battleship HMS Africa took part in aircraft experiments at Sheerness. Africa then transferred her flight equipment to her sister ship Hibernia, in May 1912, with Commander Samson again flying the S.38, the first ever instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was underway occurred. Hibernia steamed at 10.5 knots at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay, Hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship London. The first aircraft participation in naval manoeuvres took place in 1913 with the cruiser Hermes converted into a seaplane carrier, in 1914, naval aviation was split again, and became the Royal Naval Air Service. However, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the Royal Navy, other early operators of seaplanes were Germany, within its Marine-Fliegerabteiling naval aviation units within the Kaiserliche Marine, and Russia
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Roundel
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A roundel is a circular disc used as a symbol. Other symbols also often use round shapes, in heraldry, a roundel is a circular charge. Roundels are among the oldest charges used in coats of arms, roundels in British heraldry have different names depending on their tincture. One special example of a roundel is the fountain, depicted as a roundel barry wavy argent and azure. The French Air Service originated the use of roundels on military aircraft during the First World War, the chosen design was the French national cockade, whose colours are the blue-white-red of the Flag of France. After the First World War, many air forces adopted roundel insignia. Military aircraft insignia, such as that of the Philippine Air Force, among flags which display a roundel are the flag of Bangladesh and the flag of Japan. Flags for British overseas dependencies are often a British Blue Ensign defaced with a white roundel displaying the arms or badge of the dependency, the same pattern is used for some of the states of Australia. The roundel, especially used by the Royal Air Force, has been associated with pop art of the 1960s. It became part of the pop consciousness when British rock group The Who wore RAF roundels as part of their stage apparel at the start of their career, subsequently it came to symbolise Mods and the Mod revival. Some of Paul Wellers material involves the use of a roundel in psychedelic colours, ben Harpers album Fight For Your Mind uses roundels from several air forces as graphics in the liner notes. In the British television series Doctor Who, the decorations on the interior walls of the TARDIS control room are known as roundels. Some corporations and organizations use of roundels in their branding. Flags, Through the Ages and Around the World, the pocket guide to Military Aircraft and the Worlds Air Forces
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Pennant (commissioning)
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The commissioning pennant is a pennant flown from the masthead of a warship. The history of flying a commissioning pennant dates back to the days of chivalry with their trail pendants being flown from the mastheads of ships they commanded, today, the commissioning pennants are hoisted on the day of commissioning and not struck until they are decommissioned. Some navies have a custom of flying a paying off or decommissioning pennant and it is said that the custom of wearing a pennant at the masthead of men-of-war stems from Tromp’s broom and Blake’s whip. In the 1650s the Dutch Admiral Tromp lashed a broom to his masthead as a sign that he had swept the British off the seas, in reply the British Admiral Blake hoisted a whip to the masthead to signify that he would whip the Dutchman into subjection. However, records show that pennants were in use well before this period as the mark of a warship, in the days of chivalry, knights and their squires carried pennons and pennoncells on their lances, just as men-of-war fly pennants from their masts. Pennants have been carried by men-of-war from the earliest times, prior to 1653 at the yard-arm, today the pennant is hoisted on the day a warship or establishment commissions and is never struck until the day of decommissioning. It is, however, displaced by Royal Standards and the personal or distinguishing flags or pennants of commodores, in Navy ships the pennant is flown at the masthead, for which reason it is also commonly referred to as a masthead pennant. The commissioning pennant reflects the fact that the ship is a ship of war and it is generally taken to signify the commissioned status of the warship, although it is the captain of the ship who holds the commission, and not the ship. In the Royal Navy the commissioning pennant is flown continuously in every ship, the masthead pennant is a cross of St George in the hoist and a white fly. Modern commissioning pennants are significantly shorter than in previous centuries - typically 1m in length and only 10 cm at the hoist, tapering to a squared-off point. A boat carrying a captain of one of Her Majestys ships will on ceremonial occasions fly a commissioning pennant from the bows of the boat as a symbol of his authority. In the Hellenic Navy, the commissioning pennant blue coloured, has shape of isosceles triangle elongated, the flag has typically base to length 1 to 20. The cross has arms width 1/5 base length and each arm length 3/5 of base length, the pennant flown on the top of mainmast. The commissioning pennant of the United States Navy is blue at the hoist, bearing seven white stars, ships of the United States Navy fly the commissioning pennant from the moment of commissioning until the decommissioning ceremony. The ensign, jack and commission pennant are hoisted directly after the out of the commissioning order. The USN uses the pennant as the symbol of the commanding officer and this is in contrast to the modern practice of using pennants of not more than one or one-and-a-half metres for convenience. Formerly a ship paid off each time she returned home after a commission overseas and this custom is maintained in the United States Navy, where the paying-off pennant is known as the homeward-bound pennant. Nevertheless, present usage in the Royal Navy has degenerated to using paying-off pennants only as part of a decommissioning ceremony
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Turkish Naval Forces
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The Turkish Naval Forces, or Turkish Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. Since July 1949, the service has been known as the Turkish Naval Forces. In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported personnel strength of 48,600. As of early 2015, the navy operates a variety of ships and 51 maritime aircraft. The battleship Turgut Reis and the cruisers Hamidiye and Mecidiye were substantially limited, however, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused the Preveze and Aydın Reis to remain in harbour until the end of 1919. During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies. Instead, they were placed under the command of the Turkish liberation forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went to Anatolia for participating in the Turkish War of Independence. All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships. As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively, the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara made an agreement with the Soviet Union to procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces. Aydın Reis left from Samsun and Preveze left from Trabzon for Novorossiysk in order to transport weapons, other supplies, on January 1,1921, the Samsun Naval Command was formed. In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of the Naval Aid Organization, out of service,2 battleships,2 cruisers,4 destroyers,6 torpedo boats,1 gunboat. Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships, thus, the cruiser Hamidiye, which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled. During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiser TCG Yavuz as the centerpiece of the fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new 26, 000-metric-ton floating dock from the German company Flender, as Yavuz could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas. The French company Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, in this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base. The overhaul works of TCG Yavuz proceeded over three years, they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out, with this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of the Turkish General Staff in terms of administration and logistics. On 2 November 1930, the Naval War College commenced training, during World War II, the naval schools were temporarily relocated from Istanbul to Mersin for security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city. In 1933, with the approval of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, in the same year, the first new ship built at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard, the tanker TCG Gölcük, was laid down, and launched the following year
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Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
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The Underwater Offence, or SAT, is the special operation unit of the Turkish Navy, based in the Foça Naval Base near İzmir, on the Aegean coast of Turkey and Istanbul. The missions of the Su Altı Taarruz include the acquisition of intelligence, special reconnaissance, direct action, counter-terrorism and visit, board, search. They are trained and organized in a way to the U. S. Navy Seals who have close training relationships with them. In 1974 S. A. T. group command became bound to the Turkish Navys General Command and they have conducted the beach reconnaissance mission prior to the amphibious landing of the Turkish Armed Forces at Pentamili beach near Kyrnia. Commandos are as follows, - Counter Narcotics Operation, Oppose boarding, M/V Lucky-S detained at international waters before ships crew able to sink her and brought to Turkey for legal action. - MV Avrasya hijack, On 16 January 1996, Avrasaya was hijacked at Trabzon, Turkey by six Turkish citizens descended from the Caucasus, there were 45 crew and 120 passengers on board at the time. Commandos prepared and deployed on scene for a rescue mission. - Kardak Crisis, Undetected infiltration to the island protected by Hellenic Navy. Commandos had shocked the Greek political and military ranks and later forced Greece to step down, - Kartepe hijack, A small ferry named Kartepe hijacked by a Kurdish militant carrying IED with 24 crew and passengers. After the fail of negotiations S. A. T, commandos stormed the ferry and killed the lone hijacker, secured the IED and rescued all the 24 hostages unhurt. Their main tasks are, Surveillance on enemy structures, facilities, covert sabotage against naval units and/or enemy structures. Reconnaissance on behind-the-beaches being considered for amphibious landing operations, direct action during first wave of landing missions. The training period of the Turkish Naval Special Forces, which lasts 50 weeks, is shorter than that of the OKK and it starts off with an 8-week-long Indoctrination period, followed by two consecutive training phases which Airborne Training, Adv
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Underwater Defence Group Command
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The Underwater Defence, or SAS, is one of two special operations units of the Turkish Navy, based in the Foça Naval Base near İzmir, on the Aegean coast of Turkey. The first S. A. S. and S. A. T. units were established in 1963 in the city of Iskenderun, following a joint training program with the US Navy SEALs from San Diego. In 1974 the S. A. S. and S. A. T. group commands became bound to the Turkish Navys General Command, and participated in the Turkish military invasion of Cyprus later that year. Their main tasks are, Deactivation or disposal of explosive material, Deactivation or disposal of explosive material, mines and/or unidentified ordnance under the water off the target coasts or ports. That includes clearing of the beaches of mines, explosives, booby traps and tank traps. Deactivation or disposal of explosives and mines that might be present on the course of the friendly troops and/or VIP military personnel, consultancy in defending the strategic facilities against stealth assaults by enemy commandos. SAS units do not perform assault, counter-terrorism, recon or CQC missions, a real-time duty executed by the SAS has been the clearing of the Girne Beach, Cyprus, prior to the amphibious assault of the Turkish Armed Forces to the island in 1974
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Ranks of the Turkish Navy
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The ranks of the Turkish Navy are in fact quite similar to those in any other NATO country. Here is a list of all ranks in the Turkish Navy, ordered from lowest to highest, OF3, OF2, & OR2 translate to Head of 1000, Head of 100, Deniz Asteğmeni is a commissioned reserve officer chosen from university graduates. They serve 12 months while carrying out their military service. Upon serving for 8 months, all Deniz Asteğmeni s are promoted to Deniz Teğmeni s, in wartime where reserve officers are not discharged, they will promote up to Albay s during their service. The rank is indicated by a stripe of gold lace with a curl on the shoulder boards. Deniz Teğmeni is the first rank after graduation from the Turkish Naval Academy, Deniz Teğmenis wear a stripe of gold lace with the curl, both on their shoulders and sleeves. Deniz Üsteğmeni wears a stripe with a curl with a narrow stripe below, Deniz Yüzbaşısı, wears two stripes the top one with the curl. Deniz Binbaşısı is the officers rank. Deniz Binbaşısı s wear three stripes, the top one with the curl, Deniz Binbaşısı s also have a row of embroidered leaves on the brim of their cap as do the next two ranks. Deniz Yarbayı wears three normal and one narrow stripe, the top one with the curl is normal width, followed by the narrow stripe, then two more of normal width. Deniz Albayı is the last rank before admiral, Deniz Albay s wear four stripes. Note, Commodores in the Turkish navy are not given special ranks or insignia, in the Turkish navy a commodore is not a rank but a position. Commodores almost always have the rank of Captain, but can fly their special pennants, Tuğamiral is the lowest admirals rank. Tuğamiral s wear a broad,1. 75-inch-wide stripe of lace and their shoulderboards are covered in gold lace, and have a silver garland with swords crossed in the middle and a silver five pointed star above that. All admirals also wear two rows of leaves on their caps, tümamiral wears the same shoulderboards as Tuğamiral s, but with two silver stars. On their sleeves they wear the stripe and two normal stripes. Koramiral, There are usually six Koramiral s in the whole navy, Koramiral s wear three silver stars on the usual shoulder boards. On their sleeves, they wear a stripe with the curl, a narrow stripe, another stripe
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Turkish Land Forces
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The Turkish Land Forces, or Turkish Army, is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. Official claims state that the army was founded by Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire in 209 BC, but the modern history of the army began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant events since the foundation of the Army include combat in the Korean War and in the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkeys senior ranking officer. Alongside the other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics, which has now been regulated to an extent with the reform of the National Security Council, the current commander of the Turkish Land Forces is General Salih Zeki Çolak. A more recent estimate put the figure at 391,000, factors contributing to this are further destabilization of Syria and Iraq due to ISIS and the Russian intervention in Syria, as-well as the re-emergence of a PKK insurgency in Turkeys south east. On 28 June 1963, the Turkish Army celebrated the 600th anniversary of its foundation, back then, the accepted theory was that the Turkish Armed Forces had been founded in 1363, when the Pençik corps had been formed. In 1968, Yılmaz Öztuna proposed this theory to Cemal Tural, in 1973, when the Turkish Army celebrated the 610th anniversary of its foundation, Nihal Atsız published his claim again. After the 1980 Turkish coup détat, the Turkish Army formally adopted the date 209 BC as its year of foundation, the modern Turkish Army has its foundations in nine remnant Ottoman Army corps after the Armistice of Mudros at the end of World War I. On November 8,1920, the GNA decided to establish an army instead of irregular troops. On August 26,1922, the Army of the Grand National Assembly launched the general offensive known as the Great Offensive against the Greek forces around Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhip. Nurettin Pashas 1st Army and Yakup Şevki Pashas 2nd Army encircled the main body of Major General Nikolaos Trikoupiss group, fahrettin Pashas V Cavalry Corps entered Smyrna on September 9,1922. Şükrü Naili Pashas III Corps entered Constantinople peacefully on October 6,1923, subsequently to the founding of the Republic of Turkey, the Army of the GNA was reorganized into three army inspectorates. In 1935, Turkey purchased 60 T-26 mod.1933 light tanks from the USSR, the Armoured Brigade of the Turkish Army consisted of the 102nd and the 103rd Companies armed with the T-26 mod.1933 tanks in the end of 1937. The reserve group of the brigade had 21 T-26 tanks also, in the beginning of 1940, the Turkish Army had the Armoured Brigade in Istanbul, which belonged to the 1st Army, and the 1st Tank Battalion, which belonged to the 3rd Army. Turkish T-26 tanks were out of service in 1942. During World War II, Turkey mobilized more than a million personnel, the Turkish Army order of battle in 1941 shows a number of formations. The command of the Turkish Army was formed on July 1,1949, the brigade also fought at Gimnyangjang-ni, Operation Ripper, or the Fourth Battle of Seoul, and Vegas
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Turkish Air Force
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The Turkish Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Armed Forces initiated a $160 billion modernization program, $45 billion is earmarked to go to the overhaul of the Turkish Air Force. As part of program, Ankara aims to commission new combat aircraft. The history of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911, the Ottoman flight squadrons participated in the Balkan Wars and World War I. The fleet size reached its apex in December 1916, when the Ottoman aviation had 90 active combat aircraft, the General Inspectorate of Air Forces trying to reconstruct itself on July 29,1918 had no personnel, but only remained as a title on paper. During the Turkish War of Independence, Turkish pilots joined the Konya Air Station, a few damaged aircraft belonging to the GNA were repaired, and afterwards used in combat. On 1 February 1921, the Branch of Air Forces was renamed as the General Directorate of Air Forces at Eskişehir and on 5 July 1922 reorganized as the Inspectorate of Air Forces at Konya. After the proclamation of independence and sovereignty with the Treaty of Lausanne, originally consisting of 3 normal and 1 naval aviation units, and an air school, the number of units was increased to 10 normal and 3 naval aviation units. Starting in 1924, personnel were sent abroad for flight education, in 1925 the Air School was reestablished in Eskişehir and its first students graduated in that same year. The Inspectorate of Air Forces was reorganized as Underdecretariat of the Ministry of Defense in 1928, some personnel were sent to United Kingdom and France for training, others were sent to the United States and Italy in 1930. On July 1,1932, air regiments were considered to be a combat arm. The Turkish aviators began to wear uniforms from 1933. Sabiha Gökçen became the first female pilot in military history in 1937. Another key event in 1937 was the establishment of the Air War College, by 1940, Turkish air brigades had more than 500 combat aircraft in its inventory, becoming the largest air force in the Balkans and the Middle East. The growing inventory of air brigades required another structural change, which was made in 1940, the Air Undersecretariat under the Ministry of National Defense for logistical affairs and the General Staff for educational affairs were united to form the Air Force Command in 1944. Thus, the Air Force became a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The first Commander of the Turkish Air Force was General Zeki Doğan, Turkey did not enter World War II on the side of the Allies until February 1945. Within a year, Turkeys borders were surrounded by German forces in the northwest and west, the large cities in western Turkey were darkened at nights, and anti-aircraft guns and searchlights were deployed for defence against possible enemy planes
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Gendarmerie General Command
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The Gendarmerie is essentially a governmental armed security and law enforcement force of military nature. It also operates the Askeri İnzibat provost service, policing the armed forces, the Commander of the Gendarmerie reports to the Minister of the Interior. The Gendarmerie has its roots in the Ottoman Empire military law enforcement organization Subaşı, a similar, earlier force was called Şurta during the medieval Seljuq Empire. Therefore, taking the June 14 of June 14,1869, on which Asâkir-i Zaptiye Nizâmnâmesi was adopted, after 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, Ottoman prime minister Mehmed Said Pasha decided to bring some officers from Britain and France to establish a modern law enforcement organization. After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Gendarmerie achieved great successes, in 1909, the Gendarmerie was affiliated with the Ministry of War, and its name was changed to the Gendarmerie General Command. The Gendarmerie organization achieved its current legal status after Law No.1706 entered into force on June 10,1930, in 1939, the Gendarmerie organization was restructured, having three groups, Fixed Gendarmerie Units, Mobile Gendarmerie Units, and Gendarmerie Training Units and Schools. In 1957, Gendarmerie Border Units were transformed into brigades, in 1961, Gendarmerie Regional Commands were established. In 1968, the first Gendarmerie Aviation Unit was established in Diyarbakır under the name of Light Helicopter Company Command, in 1974, Gendarmerie Commando Units and Gendarmerie Aviation Units took part in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Law No.2692 which entered force in 1982 assigned the duty of protecting the coasts. Law No.2803 on the Organization, Duties and Responsibilities of the Gendarmerie entered into force in 1983, Crime Scene Examination Teams, Explosive Material Disposal Units, Fingerprints and Palm Prints Branches and Crime Scene Examination Units were also established. Since 1984, Gendarmerie units have been the most important element of the conflict against Kurdish separatists, list of General Commanders of the Gendarmerie of Turkey Constabulary Gendarmerie Military equipment of Turkey General Command of Gendarmerie Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı
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Coast Guard Command (Turkey)
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The Coast Guard Command is the coast guard service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. During peacetime, the Turkish Coast Guard is under the command of the Ministry of the Interior, however, during emergency and wartime it falls under the command of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Coast Guard is organized into four commands, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea. Turkish Coast Guard is also the main Search and Rescue Coordination Authority in Turkish SAR Zone, with a personnel strength of about 5,500, the coast guard is responsible for maintaining the security of the coast and territorial waters. The Coast guard is responsible of search and rescue operations. The missions, Coast Guard Command was charged with by Act,2692 are, To protect and provide the security of our coasts and territorial waters, To provide the safety of life and property at sea. To take necessary measures for untethered mines, explosives and suspicious material identified in the sea and on the coast, to prevent all kinds of smuggling carried out by way of sea. To prevent the actions of the vessels and sea craft in violation of the laws on radio hygiene, passport, to inspect the fishing of aquatic products, To conduct inspections in order to prevent the marine pollution. To prevent the smuggling on antiquities by conducting inspections on diving activities, to perform search and rescue missions within the search and rescue area of Turkey, in conformity with the International Search and Rescue Convention and National Search and Rescue Regulations. To inspect the yacht tourism, To participate in the operations conducted for the security of homeland under the command of the Naval Forces, surface patrols are carried out by 52 patrol vessels and smaller craft. The most effective of these are 14 search-and-rescue vessels of Turkish design, smaller 150 ton and 70 ton patrol boats of German design were nearing obsolescence in the mid 1990s. An ambitious construction plan foresaw a strengthening of the service with eight new vessels of 350 -400 tons and 48 ships of 180 -300 tons. OF-3 and OF-2 translate to Head of 1000 and Head of 100 respectively, Official Turkish Coast Guard Website Official Turkish Coast Guard Website
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Military history of the Republic of Turkey
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This military history of Turkey is only the history of the armed forces established under the Republic of Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence. The Turkish revolutionaries rejected the Treaty of Sèvres, which had left the Ottoman government in control of less of Anatolia than modern Turkey controls. It was ill-equipped with primarily World War I era weapons, the rifles used were a mixture including Mausers, Mannlichers, Lee–Enfields, Martinis, Lebels and others. As late as February 1940, the British Foreign Office noted, the Turkish Air Force had 131 first line aircraft in 1937, of which only half were relatively modern. Turkey hoped to increase the size of its fleet to 300 by 1938, although Turkey had 300 trained pilots, they would be only rated moderate with little ability to fly in bad weather in a Western European Air Force. At the beginning of World War II the Turkish Air Force consisted of some 370 aircraft of all types,450 pilots and 8,000 men, during the war Turkey sent pilots to Great Britain for training purposes. 14 are known to have died in Great Britain, one of them was shot down by a German plane during a training flight in British air space, the rest died in accidents. The daughter of former Air Forces Commander Emin Alpkaya, who had sent to Britain for training during the war. He wrote that they have told me that I am ready to go to Berlin, I have returned from the bombardment at 6 in the morning. There were some allegations that Turkish pilots, who had been in Britain to get training during World War II, however officials of the Turkish General Staff asserted that their pilots were never assigned in active aerial warfare and bombing flights. Alpkaya may have been referring to a ride along in a plane manned by a crew, in which he took on the role of observer. The Turkish Navy was the weakest of the services and it consisted of the outdated battle cruiser Yavuz,4 destroyers, 5-6 submarines,2 light cruisers,3 mine-sweepers,2 gunboats,3 motor torpedo boats,4 minelayers and a surveying vessel. The personnel strength was approximately 800 officers and 4,000 men, the Navy lacked all modern appliances for defending coasts and harbours, and the ships were defenceless against air attacks. During the Anglo-Turkish Treaty negotiations in September 1939 a military credit agreement amounting to £25 million was agreed upon, yet, the letter stated, the material resources of the nation were unable to provide for the provisioning and transport of this large number of effectives. World War II broke out in the first year of the İsmet İnönü presidency, the Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara, while Winston Churchill secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near Adana on January 30,1943. Inönü later met with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4–6,1943. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt, Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky
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Allied Joint Force Command Naples
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Allied Joint Force Command Naples is a NATO military command based in Lago Patria, in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy—the base was formerly located in the Bagnoli quarter of Naples. It was activated on 15 March 2004, after what was effectively a redesignation of its command, Allied Forces Southern Europe. AFSOUTH in NATO Military Command Structure terms was a Major Subordinate Command, Commander JFC Naples reports to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Casteau, Belgium. While Admiral Robert B. Carney of the U. S. Navy was appointed as Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe on 19 June 1951, AFSOUTH headquarters was established at Nisida island, Naples. The initial command arrangements for AFSOUTH consisted of the three land, sea, and air headquarters preferred by Eisenhower. Allied Land Forces Southern Europe, Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe, Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in early 1952. Under this command, with its headquarters in Izmir assisted by the subordinate Thessaloniki Advanced Command Post, were to be most of the Greek, the first AIRSOUTH commander became U. S. Major General David M. Schlatter, USAF. On 14 October 1953, the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force was also established in Izmir, easton, USAF, and responsible to Allied Air Forces Southern Europe for the air defence of Greece and Turkey. Three national air Commands were assigned to it, the Turkish 1st and 3rd Tactical Air Forces, in terms of actual forces this meant two Greek wings and four Turkish fighter-bomber groups of F-84 aircraft, plus some B-26A Mosquitoes. Later in 1953, the various naval forces within Allied Forces Mediterranean were organised into six Sub-Principal Subordinate Commands. In time of war, CINCAFMED would be responsible for securing the Sea lines of communications throughout the Mediterranean Sea, some of AFSOUTHs first exercises took place in 1952. Exercise Grand Slam was a naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea between 25 February to 16 March 1952. Operation Longstep was a naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea held during November 1952. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft, and it featured an amphibious assault along the western coast of Turkey. S. Naval forces In 1957, Operation Deep Water simulated the defence of the Dardanelles from a Soviet attack, the exercise included an 8,000 strong amphibious landing. Allied Forces Mediterranean was disbanded on 5 June 1967, and all forces in the south, AFSOUTH continued to conduct exercises in the 1960s and 1970s, among which was exercise Dawn Patrol, a five-nation naval and air exercise conducted throughout the Mediterranean in 1974. The U. S. contribution to the exercise was based on the USS America carrier battle group, during the 1960s Exercise Deep Furrow appears to have been held annually. Deep Furrow, will be conducted from 20–29 September 1973 in the region of Allied Command Europe
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EU Battlegroup
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An EU Battlegroup is a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union. Often based on contributions from a coalition of states, each of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a battalion-sized force reinforced with combat support elements. The groups rotate actively, so that two are ready for deployment at all times, the forces are under the direct control of the Council of the European Union. The Battlegroups reached full capacity on 1 January 2007, although. They are based on existing ad hoc missions that the European Union has undertaken and have been described by some as a new standing army for Europe, the troops and equipment are drawn from the EU member states under a lead nation. In 2004, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan welcomed the plans and emphasised the value, Battlegroups as a combined arms military unit, based around an infantry battalion or armoured regiment, are not a new concept. However, the ideas for specific EU Battlegroups began at the European Council summit on 10–11 December 1999 in Helsinki. The Council produced the Headline Goal 2003 and specified the need for a response capability that members should provide in small forces at high readiness. This was again described as essential in the Headline Goal 2010 and its success provided a template for the future rapid response deployments allowing the idea to be considered more practically. It called specifically for Battlegroup sized forces of around 1500 land forces, personnel, on 10 February 2004, France, Germany and the United Kingdom released a paper outlining the Battlegroup concept. The document proposed a number of based on Artemis that would be autonomous, consisting of about 1500 personnel. These would be principally in response to UN requests at short notice and they would concentrate on bridging operations, preparing the group before a larger force relieved them, for example UN or regional peacekeepers under UN mandate. The plan was approved by all groups in 2004 and in November that year the first thirteen Battlegroups were pledged with associated niche capabilities, the groups are intended to be deployed on the ground within 5–10 days of approval from the Council. It must be sustainable for at least 30 days, which could be extended to 120 days, the Battlegroups are designed to deal with those tasks faced by the Common Security and Defence Policy, namely the Petersberg tasks. Planners claim the Battlegroups have enough range to deal with all tasks, although such tasks ought to be limited in size. Such missions may include conflict prevention, evacuation, aid deliverance or initial stabilisation, in general these would fall into three categories, brief support of existing troops, rapid deployment preparing the ground for larger forces or small-scale rapid response missions. A Battlegroup is considered to be the smallest self-sufficient military unit that can be deployed and sustained in a theatre of operation, EU Battlegroups are composed of approximately 1500 troops, plus command and support services. There is no fixed structure, a group would include a headquarters company
30.
Eurocorps
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The European Corps, also abbreviated Eurocorps, is an intergovernmental military corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The corps had its headquarters established in May 1992, activated in October 1993, the nucleus of the force is the Franco-German Brigade established in 1987. Five countries participate in the corps as member nations, additionally, four states are associated, and have thus pledged to contribute personnel to the staff. Poland was accepted as a member in 2010 and this was expected to become effective from 1 January 2016, but was delayed to January 2017. However, a change in government with the 2015 Polish election led to the application for membership being withdrawn in favour of remaining an associate member. On 25 February 2003, Austria and Finland signed a treaty which allowed them to staff to the headquarters of the corps. Finland remained an associated nation of the corps until 2005, romania became an associated nation in April 2016. In addition, the Netherlands and United Kingdom have sent liaison officers to the headquarters of the corps and it is deployed on the authority of the Common Committee representing the member nations, the Chief of Defense, and the Political Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This committee considers requests for support from organizations such as the UN, NATO. The Corps can also be deployed at the request of the framework nations, the headquarters of the corps is based in Strasbourg near the Franco-German border, the seat of several European institutions. Staff of approximately 350 providing support to the command group, the staff includes also officers from Poland, Greece, Italy and Turkey. Multi-national Command Support Brigade is co-located in Strasbourg and this brigade is separate and subordinate to the Corps headquarters and provides additional support when the Corps is deployed. The brigade is formed from units provided by the nations on a basis but has a permanent headquarters of 80 personnel. Headquarters Support Battalion, based in Strasbourg, providing protection, transport, food and this battalion consists of approximately 500 soldiers but can be significantly reinforced in case of commitments. German and French were the languages at the corps until August 2002. English is now the working language, the Franco-German Brigade, with 5000 troops, is the only military formation permanently under the operational command of corps. The brigade is stationed in Müllheim, Donaueschingen, Immendingen, Sigmaringen, Meßstetten, Stetten am kalten Markt, Villingen-Schwenningen in Germany, additional affiliated formations could be placed under command of the corps headquarters for specific operations, for example in support of EU or NATO rapid-response missions. These do not come under the permanent command of corps but rather can be provided to the corps for specific operations, luxembourg Contribution A reconnaissance company based in Diekirch, composed of two reconnaissance platoons, an anti-tank platoon and a logistics support element
31.
European Gendarmerie Force
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The European Gendarmerie Force was launched by an agreement in 2006 between five member states of the European Union, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Romania joined in 2009, Poland in 2011 and its purpose is the creation of a European intervention force with militarised police functions and specialisation in crisis management. Its status is enshrined in the Treaty of Velsen of 18 October 2007, the headquarters is located in Vicenza, Italy. The French Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie first proposed the force in September 2003, Alliot-Marie and the Italian Defense Minister Antonio Martino presented the idea at the Meeting of European Union Defense Ministers in October 2003. The implementation agreement was signed by defence ministers of the five participating countries on 17 September 2004 in Noordwijk. On 23 January 2006, the EGF was officially inaugurated during a ceremony in the Gen. Chinotto barracks in Vicenza. The first CPX was held at the National Gendarmerie Training Center in Saint Astier, after Romanias accession to the European Union, the Romanian Gendarmerie sought permanent observer status with the European Gendarmerie Force, as a first step towards full membership. On March 3,2009, the Romanian Gendarmerie became a member of the European Gendarmerie Force. The Polish Military Gendarmerie was originally a force and, on 10 October 2006. In December 2011, Poland applied for membership in EGF. Since December 2009, the EGF has taken part in the NATO International Security Assistance Force training operation of the Afghan National Police in the War in Afghanistan. They are training them in ANCOP training centers but are also accompanying, advising and helping them during their missions in P-OMLT, in early 2010, the EGF was deployed to Haiti to help with post-relief security efforts. The EGF is based in Vicenza, in northeastern Italy, and has a core of 800 to 900 members ready to deploy within 30 days. Lithuanian Viešojo saugumo tarnyba Turkish Gendarmerie Germany does not take part, in 2004, Peter Struck, Minister of Defense at the time, clarified that the legal foundation for militarised police forces is different from the expectations underlying the EGF. The paramilitary Bereitschaftspolizei units of the Länder states have no standing patrol order like the German Federal Police, Germany did not sign the Treaty of Velsen on the EGF or any subsequent accord. Instead, there is an integration of police forces based on the Prüm Treaty. In 2008 the Prüm Treaty was naturalised as EU law, allowing access to police forces regulated under EU law. The European Police Forces Training of 2009 was run in Vicenza and the EUPFT2010 on anti-riot tactics was run in Lehnin in Germany
32.
European Maritime Force
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The European Maritime Force is a non-standing, military force with the current participation of France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The force may carry out naval, air and amphibious operations, in June 1992, the Petersberg tasks were set out, defining which potential missions that could be assumed by the Western European Union in the new post-Cold War situation. Consequently, the identification of forces needed to carry out such missions was required, the following September a ministerial meeting between the governments of Spain, Portugal, France and Italy resolved their willingness to create an international maritime force. This led to the signing of the document of the European Maritime Force in Lisbon on 15 May 1995. The force came into existence on 2 October 1995, with the appointment of the Spanish Admiral Acedo Manteola as its first commander, a number of operations and exercises were undertaken in the following years. The first was Operation Coherent Behaviour in eastern Mediterranean in 2002, during this Operation, EMF was in close cooperation with NATO in the frame of Operation Active Endeavor. This was the first autonomous operation in the history of the force, upon the completion of this first participation in RWO, another challenge was taken up by EMF and the force activated to take part in a new RWO. The participation of EMF in an Operation like this, demonstrated the EMF Nations cohesion and determination, EUROMARFOR participated also in Operation UNIFIL between 2008 and 2009, under the aegis of UN. During this activation, the EMF at sea Commander acted as CTF448, once again EMF demonstrated its flexibility and its capacity of acting under the aegis of a different Organization. In fact it was a milestone not only for EMF. The latest activation of EMF, in order to participate in the EU’s Operation Atalanta in Indian Ocean and this activation lasted for 20 months and ended in August 2013. In December 2013, the force reactivated for participating in the same Operation once again, from its foundation, EMF, has been activated for a total period of 62 months for participation in RWO. The High Level Inter-Ministerial Committee is at the top level of EMF organization, the body is composed by Chiefs of Defence, Political Head Directorates of Defence and Foreign Affairs Ministries and credited representatives of participating nations. The CIMIN ensures the politico-military direction of the participating countries establishes the conditions for the employment of the force, CIMIN meetings are convoked when necessary, at the request of any of the member states. The Politico-Military Working Group is the body of CIMIN. The POLMIL WG is composed by the representatives from the CHODs and it takes care of all the activities related to the development and external relations of the Force and ensures the implementation of the CIMIN decisions. The POLMIL WG also appoints a Staff of the EMF countries to act as CIMIN Secretariat, for the conduct of its daily activities, under the POLMIL WG, is the EUROMARFOR Sub working group. The EMF is composed by Director who is an Officer of the nationality as the CEMF and four representatives
33.
Allied Land Command
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Allied Land Command is the standing headquarters for NATO land forces which may be assigned as necessary. The Commander LANDCOM is the land warfare advisor to the Alliance. When directed by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, it provides the core of the responsible for the conduct of land operations. The command is based at Şirinyer, İzmir in Turkey, NATO has had a headquarters at Izmir for decades. Initially the organization there was Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe, responsible to Allied Forces Southern Europe at Naples. Under this command, with its headquarters in Izmir assisted by the subordinate Thessaloniki Advanced Command Post, were to be most of the Greek and Turkish armies in case of war. LANDSOUTHEAST was commanded by a United States Army lieutenant general, Lieutenant General Willard G. Wyman Lieutenant General Paul W. Kendall Lieutenant General George Windle Read, Jr. Lieutenant General Paul D. Harkins In 1966 the first major change occurred when French military personnel were withdrawn from LANDSOUTHEAST, on 30 December 1977, SHAPE and Turkish military authorities announced another change in the command structure of LANDSOUTHEAST, to be effective 1 July 1978. The command billet was to be filled by a Turkish Army four star general with a U. S. Major General as his deputy. General Sam S. Walker took command in 1977, and On 30 June 1978, General Walker handed over the command to General tr, Vecihi Akın, General Akın held command until 30 August 1979. Construction of a new facility in Sirinyer, Izmir was completed in March 1994. In July 1994, two German Army officers were assigned to the command for the first time, the headquarters garrison at Sirinyer was named General Vecihi Akin Garrison in March 1996, after the first Turkish LANDSOUTHEAST Commander. Turkish Land Forces General Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu commanded LANDSOUTHEAST from c. 1993-1996, after the end of the Cold War, for a period the NATO command in Izmir became Joint Command Southeast. Between 11 August 2004 and 1 June 2013 the headquarters of NATOs Allied Air Component Command in the south and it is responsible for providing a deployable land command for a joint operation. LANDCOM will also carry out the planning, conduct and direction of land operations. What this means is that if a single corps land operation is underway, if multiple corps are being directed, LANDCOM will direct them for either JFC Brunssum or Naples. On October 23,2014, Lt. Gen. Nicholson has assumed command of NATOs Allied Land Command and he succeeds Lt. Gen. Frederick Ben Hodges. Romania is leading the process of creating Multinational Division South-East, which will be established in Bucharest, Romania, the division in Bucharest will be subordinate to the NATO Force Integration Unit also to be established there
34.
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
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Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe is the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations Allied Command Operations. Since 1967 it has been located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons, from 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of Allied Command Europe, ACE. Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations, SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to Europe for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATOs command in Lisbon, historically part of the Atlantic command, was reassigned to ACO, an integrated military structure for NATO was first established after the Korean War raised questions over the strength of Europes defences against a Soviet attack. The first choice for commander in Europe was American General of the Army Dwight D, on December 19,1950, the North Atlantic Council announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first SACEUR. British Field Marshal Sir Bernard L, montgomery moved over from the predecessor Western Union Defence Organization to become the first Deputy SACEUR, who would serve until 1958. In establishing the command, the first NATO planners drew extensively on WUDO plans, General Eisenhower arrived in Paris on January 1,1951, and quickly set to work with a small group of planners to devise a structure for the new European command. The Planning Group worked in the Hotel Astoria in central Paris while construction of a permanent facility began at Rocquencourt, just west of the city, devising command arrangements in the Central Region, which contained the bulk of NATO’s forces, proved to be much more complicated. Drawing upon his World War II experience, General Eisenhower decided to retain overall control himself, instead there would be three separate C-in-Cs. In December 1950 it was announced that the forces initially to come under General Eisenhowers command were to be the U. S, on April 2,1951, General Eisenhower signed the activation order for Allied Command Europe and its headquarters at SHAPE. Headquarters, Allied Forces Central Europe was activated in Fontainebleau, France in 1953, on the same day, ACEs subordinate headquarters in Northern and Central Europe were activated, with the Southern Region following in June. By 1954 ACEs forces consisted of Allied Forces Northern Europe, at Oslo, Allied Forces Central Europe, Allied Forces Southern Europe, hodes, United States Army Allied Forces Southern Europe – Admiral R. P. M. Two 1952 central region exercises involved air-ground combined forces, equinox was a major air-ground exercise involving French-American tactical air units and a French airborne infantry unit under the command of Général dArmée Alphonse Juin, French Army. They maneuvered east of the Rhine River in the British Zone under the command of Lt. General Sir Richard Nelson Gale. Finally, Rosebud involved ground maneuvers by the U. S, seventh Army in the American Zone of Occupation of Allied-occupied Germany. The initial plans saw the defence of Western Europe from a Soviet invasion resting heavily on nuclear weapons, the conventional forces would attempt to hold this line while the allied strategic air forces defeated the Soviets and their allies by destroying their economy and infrastructure. What this strategy meant for the battle in the central region was described for publicity purposes in January 1954 by then-Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Alfred Gruenther as. An air-ground shield which, although still not strong enough, would force an enemy to concentrate prior to attack, in doing so, the concentrating force would be extremely vulnerable to losses from atomic weapon attacks
35.
Standing NATO Maritime Group 2
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Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation standing maritime Immediate Reaction Force. Prior to 1 January 2005 it was known as Standing Naval Force Mediterranean, usually the Force is employed in the Mediterranean area but, as required, will be available anywhere NATO requires it to deploy. SNMG2 carries out a programme of operational training and conducts port visits to know and get known in many ports in and out of the Mediterranean. These include ports in nations that are part of the Partnership for Peace, Mediterranean Dialogue, composition of the Force varies as naval units are provided by NATO contributing nations on a rotational basis while Command of the Force rotates among them. Nations normally contributing to the group include Canada, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, other NATO nations have also occasionally contributed. The composition of SNMG2 varies depending on the current contributions of nations, Command of the force rotates in one year intervals among participating countries. The commander of SNMG2 reports to the Commander of Allied Component Command Maritime Naples, NATO has two Standing Maritime Groups and two Standing Maritime Mine Countermeasure Groups. The Groups provide the Alliance with a continuous maritime capability for NATO Response Force operations, non-NRF operations and other activities in peacetime and periods of crisis and conflict. The primary role of these Forces, as standing elements of their respective NRF, is the integration and participation in the NRF. The Force was temporarily relieved by STANAVFORLANT in this operation on 9–26 September, to conduct the change of command, complete ship turnovers and conduct Force work-ups. From 22 November 1992 to 15 June 1993 the force participated in Operation Maritime Guard which was the NATO contribution towards the enforcement of the UN embargoes on the Former Yugoslavia, the operation was conducted in coordination with the WEU Operation Sharp Fence. On 15 June 1993 these two operations were merged in the combined NATO/WEU Operation Sharp Guard, part of the Force visited the port of Haifa, from 16–22 November 1993. STANAVFORMED continued to conduct embargo enforcement operations until 18 June 1996, since then, STANAVFORMED remained ready to resume Sharp Guard operations at short notice, should UN sanctions be re-established, until all embargoes were terminated on 1 October 1996. From 22 November 1992 – when enforcement operations began – to 18 June 1996, NATO, of these, over 7,000 were boarded and inspected or diverted to a port for inspection. After the UN authorized enforcement actions in April 1993 no ship was able to break the maritime embargoes, STANAVFORMED deployed to the Adriatic Sea on 14 October 1998 as part of NATOs preparations for possible operations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Among these measures, STANAVFORMED was ordered to deploy to the Adriatic Sea to increase Alliance presence in the area, with termination of the air operation Allied Force, on 20 June 1999, STANAVFORMED returned to its normal peacetime duties, whilst remaining ready to support continuing NATOs operations. Since then STANAVFORMED and later SNMG2 participated in and supported Operation Active Endeavour whenever required, SNMG2 is a component of the NATO Response Force. Operationally, SNMG2 reports to the Maritime Component Command Naples, which is one of the three Component Commands of Joint Force Command Naples, Standing Naval Force Mediterranean was activated on 30 April 1992, in Naples, Italy
36.
Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2
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Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2 is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation standing mine countermeasures Immediate Reaction Force. From 3 September 2001 to 1 January 2005 it was known as the Mine Countermeasures Force South, from its activation on 27 May 1999 to September 2001, it was Standing Mine Countermeasures Force in the Mediterranean. SNMCMG2 normally comprises eight mine hunters or mine sweepers and a ship from Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom. SNMCMG2 operates as an integral unit whether participating in exercises or conducting real world operational missions and it is employed primarily in the Mediterranean area but, as required, will be available anywhere NATO requires it to deploy. Command of the force rotates among contributing nations, SNMCMG2 is a component of the NATO Response Force. Operationally, SNMCMG2 reports to the Allied Maritime Command, which is one of the three Component Commands of Allied Command Operations, the combined force comprised 11 Mine hunter/sweepers and a support ship. The operation, named Allied Harvest, began on 9 June 1999, search activities began three days later and lasted 73 days. In total,93 pieces of ordnance were located and cleared in the nine areas which encompass 1,041 square nautical miles, Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1 Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 SNMCMG2 official web page
37.
EUFOR Althea
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European Union Force Althea is a military deployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement. It is the successor to NATOs SFOR and IFOR, the transition from SFOR to EUFOR was largely a change of name and commanders, 80% of the troops remained in place. It replaced SFOR on 2 December 2004, civilian implementation of the Dayton Agreement is enforced by the Office of High Representative. EUFOR has 2,503 troops from 27 countries, mostly from the countries of the European Union, there are however, additional troops from other countries such as Chile and Turkey. EUFORs commander is currently Major General Friedrich Schrötter, since March 2016, the EUFOR does have police duties against organised crime, which is believed to be linked to suspected war criminals. It worked with the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina provides political guidance on military issues with a local political dimension to the EUFOR. As of September 2012, the force of EUFOR are at 900 troops from 19 nations
38.
Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus
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The Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus, officially Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command is the Turkish garrison on Cyprus. In 1974 Turkish troops invaded Cyprus following a Greek Cypriot coup which wanted to force union with Greece, the invasion force, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers and 200 tanks, subsequently was reduced to a garrison of 17,000 troops. It outnumbers the Greek military contingent on the island, which is supplemented by the Greek Cypriot National Guard of 12,000 active and 75,000 reserves, air reinforcement of the Turkish troops can be effected, if necessary, within hours. Nevertheless, the dispute over Cyprus complicates Turkish participation in NATO. Turkey maintained the Cyprus Turkish Regiment in the part of the Republic of Cyprus. 14th Armoured Brigade - also in Asha with M48 Patton tanks, a Special Force Regiment An Artillery Regiment Naval units The corps reserve was at Kythrea to the northeast of Nicosia. Recently moreover there have been indications that the numbers of Turkish forces on the island may have increased” S994/6807.6.1994. par.28. Turkish forces in Cyprus are part of the Turkish Aegean Army which is headquartered at Izmir in Turkey, however, the commander of the Turkish troops reports directly to the Turkish General Staff in the capital, Ankara. The force is responsible for all security and is not directly involved in matters of northern Cyprus. Since 16 August 1974, the Turkish Army has retained control of the northern 37% of Cyprus. loc. gov/frd/cs/,2004 -2005 Defence Bible Cyprus,1974, by T. Cooper and N. Tselepidis, published October 28,2003 for ACIG. org
39.
International Security Assistance Force
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From 2006 to 2011, ISAF had become increasingly involved in more intensive combat operations in southern and eastern Afghanistan. Troop contributors included the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, other NATO member states, the intensity of the combat faced by contributing nations varied greatly, with the United States sustaining the most casualties overall. In early 2010, there were at least 700 military bases inside Afghanistan, about 400 of these were used by American‑led NATO forces and 300 by ANSF. ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014, with some troops remaining behind in a role as part of ISAFs successor organization. For almost two years, the ISAF mandate did not go beyond the boundaries of Kabul, according to General Norbert Van Heyst, such a deployment would require at least ten thousand additional soldiers. The responsibility for security throughout the whole of Afghanistan was to be given to the newly reconstituted Afghan National Army, however, on October 13,2003, the Security Council voted unanimously to expand the ISAF mission beyond Kabul with Resolution 1510. Shortly thereafter, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien said that Canadian soldiers would not deploy outside Kabul, on October 24,2003, the German Bundestag voted to send German troops to the region of Kunduz. Approximately 230 additional soldiers were deployed to that region, marking the first time that ISAF soldiers operated outside of Kabul. On July 31,2006, the NATO‑led International Security Assistance Force assumed command of the south of the country, ISAF Stage 3, and by October 5, also of the east of Afghanistan, ISAF Stage 4. ISAF was mandated by UN Security Council Resolutions 1386,1413,1444,1510,1563,1623,1659,1707,1776, the last of these extended the mandate of ISAF to March 23,2011. The mandates given by the different governments to their forces varied from country to country and this meant that ISAF suffered from a lack of united aims. The initial ISAF headquarters was based on 3rd UK Mechanised Division and this force arrived in December,2001. Until ISAF expanded beyond Kabul, the force consisted of a roughly division-level headquarters and one covering the capital. The brigade was composed of three groups, and was in charge of the tactical command of deployed troops. ISAF headquarters served as the control center of the mission. Eighteen countries were contributors to the force in February,2002, Turkey assumed command of ISAF in June,2002. During this period, the number of Turkish troops increased from about 100 to 1,300, in November,2002, ISAF consisted of 4,650 troops from over 20 countries. Around 1,200 German troops served in the force alongside 250 Dutch soldiers operating as part of a German-led battalion, Turkey relinquished command in February,2003, and assumed command for a second time in February,2005
40.
Kosovo Force
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The Kosovo Force is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation-led international peacekeeping force which was responsible for establishing a secure environment in Kosovo. KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999, two days after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, at the time, Kosovo was facing a grave humanitarian crisis, with military forces from the FRY and the KLA in daily engagement. According to NATO, Serb forces had committed ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians, nearly one million people had fled Kosovo as refugees. KFOR has gradually transferred responsibilities to the Kosovo Police and other local authorities, as of 23 May 2016, KFOR consisted of 4,600 troops. The Contact Group countries have said publicly that KFOR will remain in Kosovo to provide the security necessary to support the provisions of a settlement of Kosovos status. KFOR contingents were originally grouped into 4 regionally based multinational brigades, the brigades were responsible for a specific area of operations, but under a single chain of command under the authority of Commander KFOR. At its height, KFOR troops numbered 50,000 and came from 39 different NATO and non-NATO nations, the official KFOR website indicated that in 2008 a total 14,000 soldiers from 34 countries were participating in KFOR. The following is a list of the number of troops which have participated in the KFOR mission. According to Amnesty International, most women trafficked into Kosovo from abroad are from Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, since the KFOR entered Kosovo in June 1999,168 NATO soldiers have been killed, mostly in accidents. On 19 October 2004, it was confirmed that 115 NATO soldiers had killed during the operation. After that 50 more NATO soldiers were confirmed to have died, eight UNMIK police officers have been killed in Kosovo since 1999, in addition to the KFOR fatalities. The fatalities by country are,3 American,1 Indian,1 Jordanian,1 Nigerian,1 Ghanaian and 1 Ukrainian police officer, in July 2011, following the Kosovo Polices attempts to seize two border outposts and consequent clashes that followed, KFOR troops intervened. In 2013, KFOR was involved in an operation of the last restaurant bears in Kosovo. The bears are now kept at the Bear Sanctuary Prishtina, KFOR Placemap KFOR official site K-For, The task ahead First deaths in K-For operation Memorial honors soldiers sacrifices June 2002,68 soldiers have died since KFOR entered Kosovo. Nato force feeds Kosovo sex trade Radio KFOR
41.
UNAMA
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UNAMA was established on 28 March 2002 by United Nations Security Council Resolution mop1401. Its original mandate was to support the Bonn Agreement, reviewed annually, this mandate has been altered over time to reflect the needs of the country and was extended for another year on 15 March 2016, by Resolution 2274. The Security Council welcomed the completion at the end of 2014 of the Transition Process, the United Nations have been involved in the region since 1946 when Afghanistan joined the General Assembly. The UNDP has been carrying out aid and development work from the 1950s, in addition UNAMA has regional and provincial offices across Afghanistan and liaison offices in Islamabad and Teheran. The regional offices are in Kabul, Herat, Bamyan, Gardez, Kandahar, Jalalabad, Kunduz, around 80% of UNAMA’s staff are Afghan nationals, who work in various positions and levels within the political mission. UNAMA is headed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Afghanistan, Tadamichi Yamamoto, the head of UNAMA is responsible for all UN activities in the country. There are also two deputy Special Representatives who oversee the main pillars of the mission – developmental issues and political matters, included under these pillars are departments specializing in issues such as human rights and governance. The developmental pillar of UNAMA focuses on relief efforts, delivery aid to where it is needed most, and this pillar is headed by Mark Bowden, the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Relief, Recovery and Reconstruction. The Political Affairs part of UNAMA is currently headed by Pernille Dahler Kardel, in 2004 democratic presidential elections were held, with Karzai winning 55. 4% of the vote and in 2005 parliamentary elections were held across the country. Presidential elections were again in August,2009, and voter turnout then was about 33%. The next parliamentary elections were held in September,2010, more than 2,600 candidates, including more than 400 women, ran for office. The next presidential Provincial Council elections were held on 5 April 2014, Abdullah Abdullah and Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai
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