1.
History of video games
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The history of video games goes as far back as the early 1950s, when academic computer scientists began designing simple games and simulations as part of their research. Since the 1980s, video gaming has become a form of entertainment. One of the games was Spacewar. Which was developed by computer scientists, early arcade video games developed from 1972 to 1978. During the 1970s, the first generation of consoles emerged, including the popular game Pong. The 1970s was also the era of computer games. The golden age of video games was from 1978 to 1982. During the 1980s, gaming computers, early online gaming and handheld LCD games emerged, from 1976 to 1992, the second generation of video consoles emerged. The third generation of consoles, which were 8-bit units, emerged from 1983 to 1995, the fourth generation of consoles, which were 16-bit models, emerged from 1987 to 1999. The 1990s saw the resurgence and decline of arcades, the transition to 3D video games, improved handheld games, the fifth generation of consoles, which were 32 and 64-bit units, was from 1993 to 2006. During this era, mobile phone gaming emerged, during the 2000s, the sixth generation of consoles emerged. During this period, online gaming and mobile games became important, the seventh generation of consoles was from 2005 to 2012. In 2013, the generation of consoles emerged, including Nintendos Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, Microsofts Xbox One. PC gaming has been holding a market share in Asia. The term video game has evolved over the decades from a technical definition to a general concept defining a new class of interactive entertainment. Technically, for a product to be a game, there must be a video signal transmitted to a cathode ray tube that creates a rasterized image on a screen. From a technical standpoint, these would more properly be called games or computer games. Today, however, the video game has completely shed its purely technical definition
2.
Wargaming
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A wargame is a strategy game that deals with military operations of various types, real or fictional. Wargaming is the dedicated to the play of such games. When used professionally by the military to study warfare, war game may refer to a theoretical study or a full-scale military exercise. Hobby wargamers have traditionally used wargame, while the military has generally used war game, business wargames exist as well, but in general, they are only role-playing games based on market situations. Wargames are generally categorized as historical, hypothetical, fantasy, or science fiction, Historical games by far form the largest group. These games are based upon events and attempt to represent a reasonable approximation of the actual forces, terrain. Hypothetical games are games grounded in fact but concern battles or conflicts that did not actually happen. Fantasy and science fiction wargames either draw their inspiration from works of fiction or provide their own imaginary setting, highly stylized conflict games such as chess are not generally considered wargames, although they are recognized as being related. Games involving conflict in other arenas than the battlefield, such as business, the modern wargaming hobby has its origins at the beginning of the 19th century, with von Reiswitzs Kriegsspiel rules. Later, H. G. Wells book Little Wars ushered in the age of miniatures games in two or more players simulated a battle as a pastime. During the 1950s the first large-scale, mass-produced board games depicting military conflicts were published and these games were at the height of their popularity during the 1970s, and became quite complex and technical in that time. Like all games, wargames exist in a range of different complexities, some are fundamentally simple—often called beer-and-pretzel games—whereas others attempt to simulate a high level of historical realism. These latter games typically require extensive rulebooks that encompass a variety of actions. These games often require a study of the rules before they can be played. Wargames also feature a range of scales, from games that simulate individual soldiers, Wargames are generally a representational art form. Usually, this is of a fairly concrete historical subject, the Cold War provided fuel for many games that attempted to show what a non-nuclear World War III would be like, moving from a re-creation to a predictive model in the process. Risk could be considered a wargame, it uses a map of the Earth and is unabashedly about sending out armies to conquer the world. However, it has no readily-discernible timeframe, and combat is extremely abstract, leading many to not consider it as an actual wargame, the highest percentage of war-themed games that are not wargames come from the video game industry
3.
Board game
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A board game is a tabletop game that involves counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or board, according to a set of rules. Some games are based on strategy, but many contain an element of chance. Games usually have a goal that a player aims to achieve, early board games represented a battle between two armies, and most modern board games are still based on defeating opposing players in terms of counters, winning position, or accrual of points. There are many varieties of board games and their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, like checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, like Cluedo. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England frowned on game playing and viewed dice as instruments of the devil. In Thoughts on Lotteries Thomas Jefferson wrote, Almost all these pursuits of chance produce something useful to society, but there are some which produce nothing, and endanger the well-being of the individuals engaged in them or of others depending on them. Such are games with cards, dice, billiards, etc. and suppress the pursuit altogether, there are some other games of chance, useful on certain occasions, and injurious only when carried beyond their useful bounds. Such are insurances, lotteries, raffles, etc and these they do not suppress, but take their regulation under their own discretion. As the US shifted from agrarian to urban living in the century, greater leisure time. The American home, once the center of production, became the locus of entertainment, enlightenment. Children were encouraged to board games that developed literacy skills. The earliest board games published in the United States were based upon Christian morality, the Mansion of Happiness, for example, sent players along a path of virtues and vices that led to the Mansion of Happiness. The missionaries are cast in white as the symbol of innocence, temperance, and hope while the pope and pagan are cast in black, the color of gloom of error, and. grief at the daily loss of empire. Commercially produced board games in the century were monochrome prints laboriously hand-colored by teams of low-paid young factory women. Advances in paper making and printmaking during the period enabled the production of relatively inexpensive board games. The most significant advance was the development of chromolithography, an achievement that made bold. Games cost as little as US$.25 for a small boxed card game to $3.00 for more elaborate games, American Protestants believed a virtuous life led to success, but the belief was challenged mid-century when Americans embraced materialism and capitalism. The accumulation of material goods was viewed as a divine blessing, in 1860, The Checkered Game of Life rewarded players for mundane activities such as attending college, marrying, and getting rich
4.
Chess
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Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals, each player begins the game with 16 pieces, one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen, the objective is to checkmate the opponents king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a players pieces are used to attack and capture the opponents pieces, in addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may result in a draw in several ways. Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th century, chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi and shogi. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century, the first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886. Since 1948, the World Championship has been controlled by FIDE, the international governing body. There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship, online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players. There are also many variants, with different rules, different pieces. FIDE awards titles to skilled players, the highest of which is grandmaster, many national chess organizations also have a title system. However, these are not recognised by FIDE, the term master may refer to a formal title or may be used more loosely for any skilled player. Until recently, chess was a sport of the International Olympic Committee. Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games, since the 1990s, computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory, particularly in the endgame. The computer IBM Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997, the rise of strong computer programs that can be run on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments. The official rules of chess are maintained by FIDE, chesss international governing body, along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the FIDE Handbook, Laws of Chess section. Chess is played on a board of eight rows and eight columns. The colors of the 64 squares alternate and are referred to as light, the chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player
5.
Go (game)
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Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in ancient China more than 2,500 years ago and it was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholar caste in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan. The modern game of Go as we know it was formalized in Japan in the 15th century CE, despite its relatively simple rules, Go is very complex, even more so than chess, and possesses more possibilities than the total number of atoms in the visible universe. Compared to chess, Go has both a board with more scope for play and longer games, and, on average. The playing pieces are called stones, one player uses the white stones and the other, black. The players take turns placing the stones on the vacant intersections of a board with a 19×19 grid of lines, beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. However, boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard by the time the game had reached Korea in the 5th century CE, the objective of Go—as the translation of its name implies—is to fully surround a larger total area of the board than the opponent. Once placed on the board, stones may not be moved, capture happens when a stone or group of stones is surrounded by opposing stones on all orthogonally-adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move, when a game concludes, the territory is counted along with captured stones and komi to determine the winner. Games may also be terminated by resignation, as of mid-2008, there were well over 40 million Go players worldwide, the overwhelming majority of them living in East Asia. As of December 2015, the International Go Federation has a total of 75 member countries, Go is an adversarial game with the objective of surrounding a larger total area of the board with ones stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players position stones on the board to map out formations, contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formation stones. A basic principle of Go is that a group of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board, a liberty is an open point bordering the group. An enclosed liberty is called an eye, and a group of stones with two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally alive, such groups cannot be captured, even if surrounded. A group with one eye or no eyes is dead and cannot resist eventual capture, the general strategy is to expand ones territory, attack the opponents weak groups, and always stay mindful of the life status of ones own groups. The liberties of groups are countable, situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponents stones, capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go
6.
PoxNora
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PoxNora, Battlefield of the Immortals is a multiplayer online game that combines a collectible card game with a turn-based strategy game in a fantasy setting. PoxNora was originally launched via Java Web Start through a browser and can be played on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, the game is free to play with Sample Battlegroups, and players can purchase additional game pieces, called runes, and build their own strategies. The game currently includes more than 1600 runes, the game was originally designed and developed by Octopi Media Design Lab, which as of January 16,2009 became owned by and operated by Sony Online Entertainment. This division of SOE was formerly referred to as SOETucson, on April 1,2011, SOE closed down the Tucson studio along with its Seattle and Denver studios, laying off over 200 employees in the process. Some members of the PoxNora team were moved to the San Diego HQ to continue development, players build decks, called Battle-groups, on PoxNoras website. A Battlegroup consists of thirty runes in any combination of spells, relics, equipment, the game is launched via Java Web Start and players enter one of four game lobbies where they can chat or enter games. A fifth game lobby is reserved solely for trading discussion, Games consist of two players, though matches against AI bots are possible now with the release of single-player campaigns, first introduced in the Path to Conquest Expansion. Each players Battlegroup is shuffled and players reveal two runes per turn, the game is played on one of 8 different square, tiled maps with various obstacles, fonts, and a Shrine representing each player. The first to destroy their opponents Shrine wins, players accumulate Nora each turn and can use it to cast spells, deploy champions, place relics, or use equipment. When a champion rune is played, it appears on the map and can be moved around. Champion movement is limited by their Action Points, which regenerate at the start of the players turn. Champions gain Champion Points as they participate in battles, players can spend CP to improve or add to their champions abilities. Tokens can be used to increase the CP of a champion by 25,50,100, or 200, tokens are obtained through purchasing traditional booster packs or separate token packs. Tokens can be traded with other players for alternative tokens or runes, the game can be played free. Originally, to be able to upgrade runes, or to trade for other runes, it was necessary to purchase runes. A player reward system with gold that can be earned in-game now allows access to all aspects of the game with no cash transactions, though some runes are unavailable for gold, every booster pack has a set number of rarity slots. Players trade runes to obtain better runes or to make a better deck, there are several rune shops in the Trader forum that can give players a good idea of what their runes are worth. Two versus two was added to PoxNora
7.
Tower defense
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This typically means building a variety of different structures that serve to automatically block, impede, attack or destroy enemies. Tower defense is seen as a subgenre of strategy video games, due to its real-time origins. Strategic choice and positioning of elements is an essential strategy of the genre. The tower defense genre can trace its lineage back to the age of arcade video games in the 1980s. The object of the arcade game Space Invaders released in 1978 was to defend the territory against waves of incoming enemies. The 1980 game Missile Command changed that by introducing a strategy element, in the game, players could obstruct incoming missiles, and there were multiple attack paths in each attack wave. Missile Command was also the first of its kind to use of a pointing device. The innovation was ahead of its time and anticipated the genres later boom, additionally, in Missile Command, the sole target of the attackers is the base, not a specific player character. For these reasons, some regard it as the first true game in the genre, while later arcade games like Defender and Choplifter lacked the strategy element of Missile Command, they began a trend of games that shifted the primary objective to defending non-player items. In these games, defending non-players from waves of attackers is key to progressing, ataris 1982 title Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back was one of the first tie-ins to popularize the base defense style. The concept of waves of attacking the base in single file proved a formula that was subsequently copied by many games as the shift from arcade to PC gaming began. Players were now able to choose different methods of obstructing attackers progress. By the mid 1980s, the elements began to further evolve. Rampart, released in 1990 is generally considered to have established the tower defense. Rampart introduced player placed defenses that automatically attack incoming enemies, in addition, it has distinct phases of build, defend and repair. These are now staple gameplay elements of games in the genre. It was also one of the first multiplayer video games of its kind, while Rampart was popular, similar games were rarely seen until the widespread adoption of the computer mouse on the PC. The DOS title Ambush at Sorinor was an exception from this era
8.
Draughts
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Draughts or checkers is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. The name derives from the verb to draw or to move, there are many other variants played on an 8×8, and Canadian checkers is played on a 12×12 board. The 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved in 2007 by the team of Canadian computer scientist Jonathan Schaeffer, from the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play. Draughts is played by two opponents, on sides of the gameboard. One player has the pieces, the other has the light pieces. A player may not move an opponents piece, a move consists of moving a piece diagonally to an adjacent unoccupied square. If the adjacent square contains a piece, and the square immediately beyond it is vacant. Only the dark squares of the board are used. A piece may move only diagonally into an unoccupied square, capturing is mandatory in most official rules, although some rule variations make capturing optional when presented. In almost all variants, the player without pieces remaining, or who cannot move due to being blocked, uncrowned pieces move one step diagonally forward, and capture an opponents piece by moving two consecutive steps in the same line, jumping over the piece on the first step. Multiple opposing pieces may be captured in a single turn provided this is done by successive jumps made by a single piece, in English draughts men can capture only forward, but in international draughts and Russian draughts they may also capture backwards. As with non-king men, a king may make successive jumps in a single turn provided that each jump captures an opponent man or king. In international draughts, kings move any distance along unblocked diagonals, flying kings are not used in English draughts, in which a kings only advantage over a man is the ability to move and capture backwards as well as forwards. Once a game has been gridlocked, where back and forth moves between same locations on the board avoid jumps, the player with the majority of free space wins the games. In most non-English languages, draughts is called dame, dames, damas, the pieces are usually called men, stones, peón or a similar term, men promoted to kings are called dames or ladies. In these languages, the queen in chess or in games is usually called by the same term as the kings in draughts. A case in point includes the Greek terminology, in which draughts is called ντάμα, the World Championship in English draughts began in 1840. The winners in mens have been from the United Kingdom, United States, Barbados, the womens championship in English draughts started in 1993
9.
Final Fantasy
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Final Fantasy is a science fiction and fantasy media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi, and developed and owned by Square Enix. The franchise centers on a series of fantasy and science fantasy role-playing video games, the eponymous first game in the series, published in 1987, was conceived by Sakaguchi as his last-ditch effort in the game industry, the title was a success and spawned sequels. The franchise has branched out into other media, including CGI films, anime, manga. Although most Final Fantasy installments are stand-alone stories with different settings and main characters, recurring elements include plot themes, character names, and game mechanics. Plots center on a group of heroes battling a great evil while exploring the internal struggles. Character names are derived from the history, languages, pop culture. The series is known for its innovation, visuals, and music, such as the inclusion of full motion videos, photo-realistic character models. Final Fantasy has been a force in the video game industry. It has also introduced many features now common in role-playing video games and has credited with helping to popularize console-based RPGs in markets outside Japan. The first installment of the premiered in Japan on December 18,1987. Subsequent titles are numbered and given a story unrelated to previous games, consequently, many Final Fantasy games have been localized for markets in North America, Europe, and Australia on numerous video game consoles, personal computers, and mobile phones. Future installments will appear on seventh and eighth generation consoles, as of November 2016, the series includes the main installments from Final Fantasy to Final Fantasy XV, as well as direct sequels and spin-offs, both released and confirmed as being in development. Most of the titles have been remade or re-released on multiple platforms. Three Final Fantasy installments were released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Final Fantasy was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1990. It introduced many concepts to the console RPG genre, and has since been remade on several platforms, Final Fantasy II, released in 1988 in Japan, has been bundled with Final Fantasy in several re-releases. The last of the NES installments, Final Fantasy III, was released in Japan in 1990, however, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System also featured three installments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms. Final Fantasy IV was released in 1991, in North America and it introduced the Active Time Battle system. Final Fantasy V, released in 1992 in Japan, was the first game in the series to spawn a sequel, Final Fantasy VI was released in Japan in 1994, but it was titled Final Fantasy III in North America
10.
Strategy video game
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Strategy video games are a video game genre that focuses on skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory. It emphasizes strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges, many games also offer economic challenges and exploration. They are generally categorized into four sub-types, depending on whether the game is turn-based or real-time, Strategy video games are a genre of video game that emphasize skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory. Specifically, a player must plan a series of actions against one or more opponents, victory is achieved through superior planning, and the element of chance takes a smaller role. In most strategy games, the player is given a godlike view of the game world. Thus, most strategy games involve elements of warfare to varying degrees, in addition to combat, these games often challenge the players ability to explore, or manage an economy. Even though there are action games that involve strategic thinking. A strategy game is larger in scope, and their main emphasis is on the players ability to outthink their opponent. Strategy games rarely involve a challenge, and tend to annoy strategically minded players when they do. Compared to other such as action or adventure games where one player takes on many enemies. Each side generally has access to resources and actions, with the strengths. Although strategy games involve strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges, a strategy game calls for planning around a conflict between players, whereas puzzle games call for planning in isolation. Strategy games are distinct from construction and management simulations, which include economic challenges without any fighting. These games may incorporate some amount of conflict, but are different from strategy games because they do not emphasize the need for direct action upon an opponent, Conflict in strategy games takes place between groups or singular combatants, usually called units. Games vary in how many types of units a player can use, units vary in their movement and speed, as well as the amount of health or damage they can withstand. Units may also have different levels of strength or range. Although units are used for combat, they may also be used for other purposes such as transport. Units that cannot move such as fixed turrets are still treated as units
