Turners
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Turners are members of German-American gymnastic clubs called Turnvereine. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially Francis Lieber, were the leading sp
Gymnastics room in Turner Hall, Milwaukee, c. 1900
3,000 Turners performed at the Federal Gymnastics Festival in Milwaukee, 1893.
Group portrait of the St. Louis, Missouri Turnverein in 1860
Postage stamp commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the American Turners
Sokol movement
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The Sokol movement is an all-age gymnastics organization founded in Prague in the Czech lands of Austria-Hungary in 1862 by Miroslav Tyrš and Jindřich Fügner. It was based upon the principle of "a str
Turners
…not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric "national gymnastic" organizations in Europe (such as the Czech Sokol), who participated in various national movements for independence. The Turner movement in Germany was generally liberal in nature, and many Turners…
Members of the Sokol club in sports costumes, c. 1900. Photographed by Šechtl and Voseček
Members of the Sokol club in costume, 1880s. photographed by Šechtl and Voseček
Live statue of poetry for Sokol festival, 1911. Photographed by Šechtl and Voseček
Prague slet, 1920. Photographed by Šechtl and Voseček