1.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
2.
Bust (sculpture)
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A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a persons head and neck, and a variable portion of the chest and shoulders. The piece is supported by a plinth. These forms recreate the likeness of an individual and these may be of any medium used for sculpture, such as marble, bronze, terracotta or wood. A parallel term, aust, is a representation of the part of an animal or mythical creature. Sculptural portrait heads from classical antiquity are sometimes displayed as busts, however, these are often fragments from full-body statues, or were created to be inserted into an existing body, these portrait heads are not included in this article. Herma Portraiture Livius. org, Bust gallery of famous ancient Greeks Oxford definition Dictionary. com definition
3.
Christchurch Central City
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Christchurch Central City is the geographical centre and the heart of Christchurch, New Zealand. It suffered heavy damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was devastated in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, following this second earthquake, the Central City Red Zone was set up and, with a gradually shrinking area, remained inaccessible except to authorised contractors until June 2013. At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square, surrounding the Anglican cathedral, the area around this square and within the four avenues of Christchurch is considered the central business district of the city. The city centre is laid out in a pattern, interrupted only by the curvilinear alignment of the Avon River. Christchurch has four pairs of one-way streets, the grid pattern within the outermost one-way streets is very regular, as this is the area that was laid out in the original survey. The surrounding area, i. e. the belt between the outer one-way streets and the avenues, was developed later in a progressive fashion, like most of the city, the centre is relatively flat. The European settlement of Christchurch was undertaken by the Canterbury Association and that year, the Canterbury Association sent out Captain Joseph Thomas, accompanied by surveyors, to select and prepare a site for settlement. Back then, the Avon River was navigable as far as The Bricks just upstream of the Barbadoes Street bridge, the site is these days marked by a riverbank cairn. The site got its name when the Deans Brothers in the 1840s had shipped bricks for their Riccarton homestead up the Avon River, the first city built with this pattern was Philadelphia, later came Savannah and Adelaide. The fourth city using this pattern was Christchurch, as such Christchurch holds an important legacy and a strong platform for future development. Thomas plan for Christchurch was the rectangular grid of colonial settlement. Thomas did not allow Jollie to include crescents to provide variety, two diagonal streets also broke the regularity of the grid. At the very centre of the city was a Square intended as a centre for the city. The grid was laid out originally between Salisbury Street to the north and St Asaph Street to the south and between Barbadoes Street to the east and Rolleston Avenue/Park Terrace to the west. The streets of the grid were mostly projected out to the Town Belts. The names chosen for the streets of the city almost all commemorate the English colonial origins of the settlement. The names chosen later for the town belts commemorate important personalities of early Christchurch, if I agreed with him that it did, I put the name to one of the streets requiring baptism. This accounts for, what to anyone not knowing the circumstances, appears strange, viz, Sumner in fact died too late for the names there used to be again employed in Christchurch
4.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
5.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
6.
Christchurch Arts Centre
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The Christchurch Arts Centre was a hub for arts, crafts and entertainment in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located in the neo-gothic former University of Canterbury buildings, the 23 heritage buildings are covered by three separate listings by Heritage New Zealand, two of which are Category I. Following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the complex was closed for major repairs, more than half the site will be progressively re-opening through 2016. The Arts Centre comprises 23 heritage buildings, the Student Union building was registered on 26 November 1981 and is a Category II entry. With the change of the system, the buildings later became a Category I listing. The Registry Building in the north-east corner of the site was registered on 13 February 1997 and is a Category I listing, the buildings are also listed in the Christchurch City Plan as heritage items. In the previous plan, twenty buildings were listed as Group 1 or 2, before the earthquakes, the centre included speciality shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, galleries, theatres and cinemas. The Court Theatre is a theatre company founded in 1971 and was based at the Arts Centre from 1976 until 2010. Arts Centre of Christchurch Incorporated was created in 1974, when the University completed its move to the new Ilam campus, the Christchurch Arts Centre is governed by a trust board. In 2009 strong debate emerged over a proposal to use the Arts Centre car park located off Hereford Street for a School of Music for the University of Canterbury. Proponents valued the additional vibrancy that this would bring into the Cultural Precinct, opponents felt that the proposed building was out of scale with the existing Arts Centre and that the building design would detract from the heritage value. In the early hours of 4 September 2010, a earthquake caused extensive damage throughout the region. The arts centre buildings suffered damage, collapsing chimneys damaged the great hall, the observatory. Arts Centre director Ken Franklin commented that prior measures taken to reinforce the buildings may have prevented additional damage, the buildings had been insured for NZ$95m, and this was increased to NZ$120m in January 2011. The Arts Centre was very badly damaged in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, all historic buildings are inaccessible to the public and the entire complex was closed for the foreseeable future. Nobody died in the Arts Centre, there is a general commitment to rebuild and repair most buildings, with the possible exception of the Observatory Tower, which completely collapsed. It was initially estimated the cost to repair the Arts Centre would be NZ$100m and this was later revised to more than NZ$200m and estimated to take 15 years to accomplish. In July 2012, it was announced that André Lovatt had been secured as its new executive, tasking him with the restoration project
7.
Bill Sutton (artist)
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William Alexander Bill Sutton CBE was a portraitist and landscape artist born and based in Christchurch, New Zealand. A graduate of the Canterbury College School of Art he returned there to teach for more than 30 years and he was tutored by many well-known Canterbury artists, including Colin Lovell-Smith, Evelyn Page and Archibald Nicoll and gained his Diploma of Fine Arts in 1937. In 1947 He travelled to London where he studied for a time at the Anglo-French centre in St John’s Wood, on returning to New Zealand in 1949 he took up a teaching position at Canterbury University College School of Art and was appointed senior lecturer in 1959. Sutton continued to teach at the school until his retirement in 1979, Sutton continued to paint until 1993. His paintings are typically signed / credited as WA Sutton, much of his work shows the influence of New Zealand regionalism as with fellow Cantabrian Rita Angus. In 1963, Sutton built a house in Templar Street in the Christchurch suburb of Richmond, until his retirement in 1992, he painted most of his works there. The house was bought by a curator of the Robert McDougall Art Gallery. In March 2009, Bill Sutton was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre
8.
Elsie Locke
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Elsie Violet Locke was a New Zealand writer, historian, and leading activist in the feminism and peace movements. Litt. in 1987. Locke was the youngest of six children, born Elsie Violet Farrelly in Hamilton and she was the daughter of William John Allerton Farrelly and Ellen Electa Farrelly. Both of Lockes parents were born in New Zealand, and while only educated to primary level, williams intelligence was recognised early at school, and he strongly encouraged education for his children, himself being unable to continue his education past Standard Six. Elsie grew up in Waiuku, a town south of Auckland. As a young girl, she witnessed the injuries of World War I veterans first hand —. when visiting Warkworth I was taken to see a man whose face had been shot away. Though she left Waiuku at an age, she retained strong ties to the town into her old age. Unusually for a Pākehā of her generation, she developed a relationship with the local iwi in Waiuku, Ngāti Te Ata. While few working class children, particularly girls, went to school when Locke was young, she continued on to Waiuku District High School. Locke was the member of her family to complete high school. Locke wanted to be a writer, rather than a teacher or nurse and she won a scholarship to study at the University of Auckland, where she became known as Little Farrelly. She started in 1930, at the beginning of the Depression and she became involved in printing the early literary magazine, Phoenix, and though she did not write for the magazine, her flat was a central base for all those involved. In 1932 during her time at the university, Locke had an experience that would become an influence on her future political ideology and activism, according to her daughter. Locke gained an increasing interest in socialism during her studies, and attended meetings of Friends of the Soviet Union, in 1932 she organised a Working Womens Convention, and the following year she graduated university with a BA, and joined the Communist Party. In 1935 Locke married her first husband, Frederick Engels Freeman, a fellow Communist Party member, in 1937 Elsie divorced Fred — considered a shameful disgrace at the time, and in 1938 her first son, Don, was born. She had sole custody of Don, at a time when being a mother was particularly difficult. In November 1941 she married her husband, John Gibson Locke. Jack, a meat-worker who had immigrated to New Zealand from England at 19, was a member of the Communist Party. Jack was soon posted in Christchurch by the Communist Party, and in 1944 they moved into 392 Oxford Terrace, Elsie loved the country, and hated cities — she later said that she did not want move to Christchurch but did so for Jack
9.
Charles Luney
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Charles Seymour Chas Luney CNZM QSO, was a New Zealand builder and company director. He is notable for the important buildings that his company constructed in Christchurch. His professional career spanned 80 years and his father was a carpenter who had immigrated from Canada. The family struggled financially and Luney attended several schools, including one in Canada for one year. He attended Christchurch Boys High School for two years and was apprenticed as a joiner. Two events in his early life shaped Luney and he was unjustly partly held responsible for the death of his younger brother, and it made him determined to care for his family. Missing Scout camp because his father could not afford the ten shillings made him value money and he saved carefully and persistently all his life and he hated unnecessary wastage. Luney met his wife to be in 1923 at the Christchurch Show and he employed her as office secretary and office manager and one of his intentions with that was to keep other men away from her. They married in 1930 and had four daughters, Luney founded his own firm, C S Luney Ltd, in 1926 with £300 he saved up himself. The company has never had a facility, which possibly prevented it from going bankrupt during the Great Depression in the 1930s. In the early years the companys projects were mainly garages for the number of car owners in Christchurch. In 1930 the firm completed its first major project, the Radiant Hall, which had been financed by Thomas Edmonds, the firm continued to grow and went on to build a number of prominent Christchurch buildings, many designed by Warren and Mahoney. Luney was still supervising construction work in his 90s, miles Warren said of him that he was a pressure-wave of energy and he called him one of the great characters of Christchurch. His favourite project was the Christchurch Town Hall, which was built between 1969 and 1972, for the construction of the Westpac Centre in Addington, he used every piece of scaffolding available in the South Island, according to his biographer John Coley. Luney died on 18 November 2006, aged 101 and his wife, who had died before him in 2001, had said of him that he was he too busy to grow old. He was survived by their four daughters, twelve grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren, during his lifetime Luney was chosen to be included in the Twelve Local Heroes sculpture on Worcester Boulevard in front of the Christchurch Arts Centre. Charles Luney - Master Builder The Film, completed and includes interviews with C. S. Luney in 2003, the Earthquakes delayed production but the film has been released. The film selected for the UKs Sheffield Doc/Fest Videotheque www. sheffdocfest. com Website, www. smfilms. com C. S. Luney Images, http, //www. frequencyadvertising
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Angus Tait
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Sir Angus Tait KNZM OBE was a New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman. Tait had a fascination for electronics and during and after high school at Waitaki Boys High School. He served with the Royal New Zealand Air Force and also the Royal Air Force instructing as a lieutenant on radar in Britain. After the war, he designed and built mobile radio equipment and he had persisted in keeping his manufacturing base in New Zealand, with 95 per cent of production exported to 160 countries. He was awarded the IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition in 1998 and he was knighted in 1999, one of the Bright Future initiatives of the National Government. Presently, Taits company employs in excess of 850 people, in March 2009, Tait was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre. He died in 2007, at the age of 88, Tait Radio Communications Company press release regarding Sir Angus Taits death
11.
Robertson Stewart
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Sir Robertson Huntly Bob Stewart CBE was a New Zealand industrialist and exporter. He is credited with starting to manufacture plastic goods in the country, Stewart was born in Christchurch in 1913. His father, Robertson McGregor Stewart, was an accountant and his mother was Ivy Emily Stewart. His parents separated when he was six, and Stewart and his younger brother Max remained with their mother and they lived in Sydenham and then Linwood. He attended Linwood North Primary School, Christchurch West High School, and one term at Christchurch Boys High School until age 13 and he went to Bottle Lake Hospital in Burwood for treatment and recovered, but did not go back to school. He trained to become an electrical engineer through attending school for five years. His first employer in 1929 was Harry Urlwin, who instilled in him the sense of never to be frightened of anything or anyone, in 1935, Urlwin sent him to England for the purpose of learning about plastics. He imported a moulding machine to New Zealand and was the first to manufacture the material in the country and he started to work for Plastic & Die Casting Ltd in 1947, a company founded ten years earlier. By 1957, he had raised money to buy the company. The company was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange in 1971 and at its height and it exported to 50 countries across three continents. He established factories in countries, including one in Malaysia in 1974. His favourite saying was, Stewart retired in the mid-1990s, handing over PDL to his son, the 60% family shareholding in PDL was sold in 2001 to the French company Schneider Electric for NZ$97 million. Stewart was appointed a Companion of the Order of the British Empire in the 1970 New Year Honours and a Knight Bachelor in the 1979 New Year Honours, for services to manufacturing and he was a Christchurch City Councillor from 1969 to 1972. In 1995, he was inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame, due to his lack of formal education, the recognition that he was most proud of was his honorary doctorate of engineering from the University of Canterbury. His business relationship with Malaysia saw him become an Honorary Malaysian Consul, the King of Malaysia appinted him a Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia for his business and cultural links. In the 1960s, Stewart offered funding for the erection of a fountain on a public reserve on the corner of Colombo, High. Initially, he put up £5,000, but this was increased to NZ$14,000. The fountain, with four stainless steel walls that had water flowing down it, was built in the early 1970s and was his first philanthropic contribution to Christchurch, in 1987, it was decided that the fountain needed to be redesigned, which was done in 1988
12.
Don Beaven
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Sir Donald Ward Beaven KNZM CBE was a New Zealand medical researcher in the area of diabetes treatment and prevention. He commenced full-time teaching and research at the Christchurch School of Medicine in 1960, the Beaven Lecture Theatre in the School bears his name. He accepted re-designation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in August 2009 after the restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government. In March 2009, Beaven was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, an advocate of the Mediterranean diet, Beaven helped establish the South Island wine industry, planting vineyards and olive groves around Christchurch and Banks Peninsula. Beaven died fighting a fire in his bach at Little Akaloa on Banks Peninsula. A memorial service for Beaven held in the Christchurch Town Hall on 19 December 2009 was attended by nearly 1000 people, Don Beaven Travelling Fellowship, Canterbury Medical Research Foundation Don Beaven publications on PubMed Profile, Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury
13.
Margaret Mahy
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Margaret Mahy, ONZ was a New Zealand author of childrens and young adult books. Many of her story plots have strong supernatural elements but her writing concentrates on the themes of human relationships and she wrote more than 100 picture books,40 novels and 20 collections of short stories. At her death she was one of thirty writers to win the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Medal for her contribution to childrens literature. Mahy won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the years best childrens book by a British subject and she was also a highly commended runner up for Memory. Among her childrens books, A Lion in the Meadow and The Seven Chinese Brothers and her novels have been translated into German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Italian, Japanese, Catalan and Afrikaans. In addition, some stories have been translated into Russian, Chinese, Mahy was born in 1936, the eldest of five children. She was raised in her birthplace of Whakatane and her father, Frances George Mahy, was a bridge builder and often told his children adventure stories which later influenced Mahys writing. She was regarded as a learner, and particularly hated mathematics. Her first published story was Harry is Bad, written at age seven and she showed it to her class to let them know that they could write stories at any age. She went to the high school, where she was acknowledged as a talented swimmer. Mahy completed her B. A. at Auckland University College and Canterbury University College, in 1956 she trained at the New Zealand Library School, Wellington as a librarian. She worked as a librarian in Petone, the School Library Service in Christchurch, during this time many of her stories were published in the New Zealand Department of Education School Journal and her first book saw her become known internationally. A Lion in the Meadow was a School Journal story from 1965 and it was published in 1969 by J. M. Dent in the U. K. and Franklin Watts in the U. S. as a large-format picture book illustrated by Jenny Williams. There were three others in that same year, Mahy wrote several fantasy novels, including The Haunting and The Changeover. Mahy became a writer in 1980. She went on to win numerous awards and honours for her contributions to New Zealand. One was an honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Canterbury, in 1985 she established the Margaret Mahy Fees Scholarship at the University of Canterbury. For her contributions to childrens literature she was made a member of the Order of New Zealand, in March 2009 she was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes and a bronze bust of her was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre
14.
Diana Isaac
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Diana Isaac, Lady Isaac ONZM QSM was a New Zealand conservationist, businesswoman, philanthropist and arts patron who supported a wide range of projects within Canterbury. She was best known for co-founding and running Isaac Construction with her husband Sir Neil Isaac, Isaac was born in Devon in 1921 and raised in England. She joined the British Army during World War II and was on a bound for India when she met Neil Isaac from Timaru. They married at the Church of the Redemption in New Delhi in 1946 and she worked for the army in India for three years while in her 20s before settling in Christchurch with her husband in 1950, where they founded Isaac Construction that year. There was a period from 1956 to 1958 when a person married to a New Zealander could obtain a New Zealand passport. She officially became a New Zealand citizen in a ceremony held by the Mayor of Christchurch, Bob Parker. She was the aunt of Catherine Isaac and she was also the main driving force behind the creation of Peacock Springs, a wildlife sanctuary on the outskirts of Christchurch. In March 2009, Isaac was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes for her work in Christchurch, in 2010 she was one of three finalists for Senior New Zealander of the Year. She died at home on 23 November 2012, Catherine Isaac and Dame Malvina Major spoke at her funeral, which was held at the Church of St Michael and All Angels in the Christchurch Central City, with Bishop Victoria Matthews officiating
15.
Richard Hadlee
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Sir Richard John Hadlee MBE is a former New Zealand cricketer, regarded as one of the greatest fast bowlers and all-rounders in cricketing history. Hadlee was appointed MBE in 1980 and knighted in 1990 for services to cricket and he is a former chairman of the New Zealand board of selectors. In December 2002, he was chosen by Wisden as the second greatest Test bowler of all time, in March 2009, Hadlee was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre. On 3 April 2009, Sir Richard Hadlee was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, Sir Richard is the most prominent member of the Hadlee cricket playing family. After which, he became a selector, Richard is the son of Walter Hadlee, and the brother of Dayle and Barry Hadlee. His former wife Karen also played cricket for New Zealand.29. Hadlee is rated by experts as the greatest exponent of bowling with the new ball. He was the master of swing and was the original Sultan of Swing, born in Christchurch, Hadlee made his first class debut for Canterbury in 1971/72 and his test match debut in 1973 – on both occasions, his first delivery was dispatched to the boundary. In 1978, Hadlee helped New Zealand to a historic first win over England by taking 6 for 26 in Englands second innings, in 1979/80, New Zealand faced the West Indies in a home test series at a time when the West Indies were a formidable world cricket power. In the first test in Dunedin New Zealand achieved a shock 1-wicket win, in the second test of the series, Hadlee recorded his maiden test century, helping New Zealand draw the test and win the series 1–0. The result was the start of a 12-year unbeaten home record for New Zealand in test match series and he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1980 Queens Birthday Honours. A tour to England in 1983 saw New Zealand register their first ever test win on English soil, the match was remarkable for Hadlees match return of 0 for 89, a very unusual occurrence in a New Zealand victory during his career. England eventually won the 4 test series 3–1, however, Hadlee topped both batting and bowling averages for New Zealand in the series, and took his 200th test wicket in the final test at Nottingham. The match was notable for Hadlees superb all-round performance – he took 8 wickets in the match. 1985/86 was the beginning of a period in which Hadlee developed from a good fast bowler to a truly great one. A batting effort of 54 combined with 6 more wickets in Australias second innings, in the first test of the return series in New Zealand, Hadlee took his 300th test wicket by trapping Australian captain Allan Border LBW. The series was eventually won 1–0 by New Zealand by way of a victory in the third test at Eden Park, in 1986 Hadlee helped New Zealand to a 1–0 series win in England, their first over that country in England. Hadlees outstanding personal performance in the second test at Nottingham where he took 10 wickets, in this test Hadlee, often a controversial character, added to this side of his reputation when he felled England wicketkeeper and Nottinghampshire teammate Bruce French with a nasty bouncer
16.
Tipene O'Regan
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Sir Tipene ORegan is a New Zealand academic and company director. The son of Dr Rolland ORegan and Rena Ruiha, he is a director of a range of South Island Māori enterprises. He later led claim settlement negotiations leading to the 1998 settlement which made provision for customary rights in fisheries. ORegan is currently Associate Lecturer and Assistant Vice Chancellor at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand and he was awarded an Honorary D. Litt by the University of Canterbury in 1992. In March 2009, ORegan was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes of Christchurch, in 2012 ORegan hit the headlines after misplacing his tokotoko outside RadioNZ in Wellington. It was subsequently returned to Te Papa, the proposal had Department of Conservation approval but there was opposition because the tunnel would be in a National Park and UNESCO World heritage area. In the 1994 Queens Birthday Honours, ORegan was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to the Māori people and the community
17.
Miles Warren
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For Professor Miles Warren, a supporting character of Spider-Man, see Jackal. Sir Frederick Miles Warren, ONZ, KBE, FNZIA, is a New Zealand architect and he apprenticed under Cecil Wood before studying architecture at the University of Auckland, eventually working at the London County Council where he was exposed to British New Brutalism. He retired from Warren and Mahoney in 1994, but continues to consult as an architect and maintain his historic home, Warren was educated at Christs College. He commenced his training as an apprentice to Cecil Wood. Warren later moved to Auckland to complete his studies at the University of Auckland, warren’s first major building was the Dorset Street Flats that were derided as prison-like due to their small scale and exposed concrete. In between these larger projects, Warren & Mahoney designed a group of beautifully detailed houses, mostly in the language of contemporary Danish models. These houses were composed of crisp boxes of white-painted concrete block, with punched, recessed window openings, Warren & Mahoney won the New Zealand Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1959,1964,1969 &1973. In 1966 they won the American Institute of Architects’ Pan Pacific Citation, Miles Warren was awarded the NZIA Gold Medal as an individual in 2000. Warren and Peter Beaven are the only two Christchurch architects who have been awarded the New Zealand Institute of Architects gold medal, in 2001 he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Auckland, and in 2003 he received an Icon Award from the Arts Foundation of New Zealand. In March 2009, Warren was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, for his 80th birthday, his work was the basis of an exhibition at the Christchurch Art Gallery, which was also shown at the University of Aucklands Gus Fisher Gallery in 2010. In 2011 Warren was profiled on Artsville, a TVNZ arts documentary series, in addition to his passion for architecture Warren is also well known as a keen and talented gardener. The garden at 65 Cambridge Terrace was admired for its simplicity, in 1977, with Pauline and John Trengrove, Warren began work on the garden at Ohinetahi. This garden includes a rose garden, a walled red and green garden. Warren also designed a garden for the 2009 Ellerslie Flower Show. In 2012 Warren gifted his house and garden to the people of New Zealand via the Ohinetahi Charitable Trust
18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
19.
Christchurch City Libraries
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Christchurch City Libraries are operated by the Christchurch City Council and are a network of 19 libraries and a mobile book bus. The library was known as the Canterbury Public Library. Following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake a number of libraries have closed including the Christchurch Central Library. Two temporary central libraries have been set up and are located in Peterborough Street and Manchester Street, the library began as the Mechanics Institute in 1859, when 100 subscribers leased temporary premises in the then Town Hall. The collection consisted of a few hundred books.10.0 and this site was to remain the home of the library until 1982. Debt, dwindling subscribers and other problems forced the Institute to hand over the building to the Provincial Government in 1873, by this time the collection numbered some 5,000 volumes, and was placed by the Province under the control of the new Canterbury College. With the abolition of the provinces in 1876, the became the property of the College. Canterbury College controlled the library for over 70 years, despite continual financial problems the bookstock and service continued to develop during most of the time. Francis Stedman was the first official librarian, although he divided his time between the library and the College, where he was also registrar, by 1881 Stedman had increased the bookstock to 15,000 volumes. By 1898 when Alexander Cracroft Wilson was librarian the stock had increased to nearly 30,000, ten years later, under Howard Strong, the stock numbered over 40,000 volumes. This dramatic growth was due to the gift of James Gammack. This enabled the college to demolish the original wooden Mechanics Institute building in 1901, truly modern library service began under the librarianship of E. J. Bell. Bell classified the entire collection under the new Dewey Decimal system by 1914, in 1918, with the support of the Canterbury Progress League, a Technical Library was opened. Two years later a library service to country districts began. In 1924 a new wing of the library was opened including a separate children’s room, a new heating unit was installed that same year. The 1930s saw a decline in the service to the due to the Great Depression. If in 1940 some 1,500 people a day were using the library, Canterbury College was finding it increasingly difficult to maintain the library in any form. In 1936 the council agreed in principle to take over the library, control of the library was passed to the council by the Canterbury Public Library Act 1948, and ownership was formally transferred in late 1948
20.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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