1.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
2.
Bust (sculpture)
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A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a persons head and neck, and a variable portion of the chest and shoulders. The piece is supported by a plinth. These forms recreate the likeness of an individual and these may be of any medium used for sculpture, such as marble, bronze, terracotta or wood. A parallel term, aust, is a representation of the part of an animal or mythical creature. Sculptural portrait heads from classical antiquity are sometimes displayed as busts, however, these are often fragments from full-body statues, or were created to be inserted into an existing body, these portrait heads are not included in this article. Herma Portraiture Livius. org, Bust gallery of famous ancient Greeks Oxford definition Dictionary. com definition
3.
Christchurch Central City
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Christchurch Central City is the geographical centre and the heart of Christchurch, New Zealand. It suffered heavy damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was devastated in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, following this second earthquake, the Central City Red Zone was set up and, with a gradually shrinking area, remained inaccessible except to authorised contractors until June 2013. At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square, surrounding the Anglican cathedral, the area around this square and within the four avenues of Christchurch is considered the central business district of the city. The city centre is laid out in a pattern, interrupted only by the curvilinear alignment of the Avon River. Christchurch has four pairs of one-way streets, the grid pattern within the outermost one-way streets is very regular, as this is the area that was laid out in the original survey. The surrounding area, i. e. the belt between the outer one-way streets and the avenues, was developed later in a progressive fashion, like most of the city, the centre is relatively flat. The European settlement of Christchurch was undertaken by the Canterbury Association and that year, the Canterbury Association sent out Captain Joseph Thomas, accompanied by surveyors, to select and prepare a site for settlement. Back then, the Avon River was navigable as far as The Bricks just upstream of the Barbadoes Street bridge, the site is these days marked by a riverbank cairn. The site got its name when the Deans Brothers in the 1840s had shipped bricks for their Riccarton homestead up the Avon River, the first city built with this pattern was Philadelphia, later came Savannah and Adelaide. The fourth city using this pattern was Christchurch, as such Christchurch holds an important legacy and a strong platform for future development. Thomas plan for Christchurch was the rectangular grid of colonial settlement. Thomas did not allow Jollie to include crescents to provide variety, two diagonal streets also broke the regularity of the grid. At the very centre of the city was a Square intended as a centre for the city. The grid was laid out originally between Salisbury Street to the north and St Asaph Street to the south and between Barbadoes Street to the east and Rolleston Avenue/Park Terrace to the west. The streets of the grid were mostly projected out to the Town Belts. The names chosen for the streets of the city almost all commemorate the English colonial origins of the settlement. The names chosen later for the town belts commemorate important personalities of early Christchurch, if I agreed with him that it did, I put the name to one of the streets requiring baptism. This accounts for, what to anyone not knowing the circumstances, appears strange, viz, Sumner in fact died too late for the names there used to be again employed in Christchurch
4.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
5.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
6.
Christchurch Arts Centre
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The Christchurch Arts Centre was a hub for arts, crafts and entertainment in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located in the neo-gothic former University of Canterbury buildings, the 23 heritage buildings are covered by three separate listings by Heritage New Zealand, two of which are Category I. Following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the complex was closed for major repairs, more than half the site will be progressively re-opening through 2016. The Arts Centre comprises 23 heritage buildings, the Student Union building was registered on 26 November 1981 and is a Category II entry. With the change of the system, the buildings later became a Category I listing. The Registry Building in the north-east corner of the site was registered on 13 February 1997 and is a Category I listing, the buildings are also listed in the Christchurch City Plan as heritage items. In the previous plan, twenty buildings were listed as Group 1 or 2, before the earthquakes, the centre included speciality shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, galleries, theatres and cinemas. The Court Theatre is a theatre company founded in 1971 and was based at the Arts Centre from 1976 until 2010. Arts Centre of Christchurch Incorporated was created in 1974, when the University completed its move to the new Ilam campus, the Christchurch Arts Centre is governed by a trust board. In 2009 strong debate emerged over a proposal to use the Arts Centre car park located off Hereford Street for a School of Music for the University of Canterbury. Proponents valued the additional vibrancy that this would bring into the Cultural Precinct, opponents felt that the proposed building was out of scale with the existing Arts Centre and that the building design would detract from the heritage value. In the early hours of 4 September 2010, a earthquake caused extensive damage throughout the region. The arts centre buildings suffered damage, collapsing chimneys damaged the great hall, the observatory. Arts Centre director Ken Franklin commented that prior measures taken to reinforce the buildings may have prevented additional damage, the buildings had been insured for NZ$95m, and this was increased to NZ$120m in January 2011. The Arts Centre was very badly damaged in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, all historic buildings are inaccessible to the public and the entire complex was closed for the foreseeable future. Nobody died in the Arts Centre, there is a general commitment to rebuild and repair most buildings, with the possible exception of the Observatory Tower, which completely collapsed. It was initially estimated the cost to repair the Arts Centre would be NZ$100m and this was later revised to more than NZ$200m and estimated to take 15 years to accomplish. In July 2012, it was announced that André Lovatt had been secured as its new executive, tasking him with the restoration project
7.
Bill Sutton (artist)
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William Alexander Bill Sutton CBE was a portraitist and landscape artist born and based in Christchurch, New Zealand. A graduate of the Canterbury College School of Art he returned there to teach for more than 30 years and he was tutored by many well-known Canterbury artists, including Colin Lovell-Smith, Evelyn Page and Archibald Nicoll and gained his Diploma of Fine Arts in 1937. In 1947 He travelled to London where he studied for a time at the Anglo-French centre in St John’s Wood, on returning to New Zealand in 1949 he took up a teaching position at Canterbury University College School of Art and was appointed senior lecturer in 1959. Sutton continued to teach at the school until his retirement in 1979, Sutton continued to paint until 1993. His paintings are typically signed / credited as WA Sutton, much of his work shows the influence of New Zealand regionalism as with fellow Cantabrian Rita Angus. In 1963, Sutton built a house in Templar Street in the Christchurch suburb of Richmond, until his retirement in 1992, he painted most of his works there. The house was bought by a curator of the Robert McDougall Art Gallery. In March 2009, Bill Sutton was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre
8.
Elsie Locke
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Elsie Violet Locke was a New Zealand writer, historian, and leading activist in the feminism and peace movements. Litt. in 1987. Locke was the youngest of six children, born Elsie Violet Farrelly in Hamilton and she was the daughter of William John Allerton Farrelly and Ellen Electa Farrelly. Both of Lockes parents were born in New Zealand, and while only educated to primary level, williams intelligence was recognised early at school, and he strongly encouraged education for his children, himself being unable to continue his education past Standard Six. Elsie grew up in Waiuku, a town south of Auckland. As a young girl, she witnessed the injuries of World War I veterans first hand —. when visiting Warkworth I was taken to see a man whose face had been shot away. Though she left Waiuku at an age, she retained strong ties to the town into her old age. Unusually for a Pākehā of her generation, she developed a relationship with the local iwi in Waiuku, Ngāti Te Ata. While few working class children, particularly girls, went to school when Locke was young, she continued on to Waiuku District High School. Locke was the member of her family to complete high school. Locke wanted to be a writer, rather than a teacher or nurse and she won a scholarship to study at the University of Auckland, where she became known as Little Farrelly. She started in 1930, at the beginning of the Depression and she became involved in printing the early literary magazine, Phoenix, and though she did not write for the magazine, her flat was a central base for all those involved. In 1932 during her time at the university, Locke had an experience that would become an influence on her future political ideology and activism, according to her daughter. Locke gained an increasing interest in socialism during her studies, and attended meetings of Friends of the Soviet Union, in 1932 she organised a Working Womens Convention, and the following year she graduated university with a BA, and joined the Communist Party. In 1935 Locke married her first husband, Frederick Engels Freeman, a fellow Communist Party member, in 1937 Elsie divorced Fred — considered a shameful disgrace at the time, and in 1938 her first son, Don, was born. She had sole custody of Don, at a time when being a mother was particularly difficult. In November 1941 she married her husband, John Gibson Locke. Jack, a meat-worker who had immigrated to New Zealand from England at 19, was a member of the Communist Party. Jack was soon posted in Christchurch by the Communist Party, and in 1944 they moved into 392 Oxford Terrace, Elsie loved the country, and hated cities — she later said that she did not want move to Christchurch but did so for Jack
9.
Charles Luney
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Charles Seymour Chas Luney CNZM QSO, was a New Zealand builder and company director. He is notable for the important buildings that his company constructed in Christchurch. His professional career spanned 80 years and his father was a carpenter who had immigrated from Canada. The family struggled financially and Luney attended several schools, including one in Canada for one year. He attended Christchurch Boys High School for two years and was apprenticed as a joiner. Two events in his early life shaped Luney and he was unjustly partly held responsible for the death of his younger brother, and it made him determined to care for his family. Missing Scout camp because his father could not afford the ten shillings made him value money and he saved carefully and persistently all his life and he hated unnecessary wastage. Luney met his wife to be in 1923 at the Christchurch Show and he employed her as office secretary and office manager and one of his intentions with that was to keep other men away from her. They married in 1930 and had four daughters, Luney founded his own firm, C S Luney Ltd, in 1926 with £300 he saved up himself. The company has never had a facility, which possibly prevented it from going bankrupt during the Great Depression in the 1930s. In the early years the companys projects were mainly garages for the number of car owners in Christchurch. In 1930 the firm completed its first major project, the Radiant Hall, which had been financed by Thomas Edmonds, the firm continued to grow and went on to build a number of prominent Christchurch buildings, many designed by Warren and Mahoney. Luney was still supervising construction work in his 90s, miles Warren said of him that he was a pressure-wave of energy and he called him one of the great characters of Christchurch. His favourite project was the Christchurch Town Hall, which was built between 1969 and 1972, for the construction of the Westpac Centre in Addington, he used every piece of scaffolding available in the South Island, according to his biographer John Coley. Luney died on 18 November 2006, aged 101 and his wife, who had died before him in 2001, had said of him that he was he too busy to grow old. He was survived by their four daughters, twelve grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren, during his lifetime Luney was chosen to be included in the Twelve Local Heroes sculpture on Worcester Boulevard in front of the Christchurch Arts Centre. Charles Luney - Master Builder The Film, completed and includes interviews with C. S. Luney in 2003, the Earthquakes delayed production but the film has been released. The film selected for the UKs Sheffield Doc/Fest Videotheque www. sheffdocfest. com Website, www. smfilms. com C. S. Luney Images, http, //www. frequencyadvertising
10.
Angus Tait
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Sir Angus Tait KNZM OBE was a New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman. Tait had a fascination for electronics and during and after high school at Waitaki Boys High School. He served with the Royal New Zealand Air Force and also the Royal Air Force instructing as a lieutenant on radar in Britain. After the war, he designed and built mobile radio equipment and he had persisted in keeping his manufacturing base in New Zealand, with 95 per cent of production exported to 160 countries. He was awarded the IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition in 1998 and he was knighted in 1999, one of the Bright Future initiatives of the National Government. Presently, Taits company employs in excess of 850 people, in March 2009, Tait was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes, and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre. He died in 2007, at the age of 88, Tait Radio Communications Company press release regarding Sir Angus Taits death
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