1.
Twelve O'Clock High (TV series)
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12 OClock High is an American drama series set in World War II. This TV series was originally broadcast on ABC-TV for two-and-one-half TV seasons from September 18,1964, through January 13,1967, the series was a co-production of 20th Century Fox Television and QM Productions. The series follows the missions of the fictitious 918th Bombardment Group of the U. S. Army Air Forces, equipped with B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers, stationed at Archbury Field, England. In addition to characters, several other infrequently reappearing characters were introduced, including Captain Joseph Joe Gallagher. At the end of the first season, the executives decided a younger-looking lead actor was needed. In the first episode of the season, General Savage, played by Robert Lansing, was killed in action and replaced by Colonel Joe Gallagher. The decision proved unpopular and the ratings began to drop, the character Joe Gallaghers father was Lt. General Maxwell Gallagher, played by Barry Sullivan. Burke and Sullivan had previously worked together in the TV series Harbormaster, in an interview given by Lansing on The Mike Douglas Show in 1965, Lansing mentioned that had he known what a boost to his career 12 OClock High was, he never would have fired himself. Savage was killed off in a way so as not to require Lansings participation, according to TV Guide, ABC moved the show from a 10,00 pm Friday time slot to a 7,30 pm Monday time slot for the second season to capture a younger audience. It was hoped that TV viewers would identify more with a rather than an Army Air Corps general. Lansing, had he remained, would have received limited air time with Burkes addition, for the second season, most of the supporting cast from the first season was replaced, with the exception of Major Stovall, Doc Kaiser, and an occasional appearance by General Pritchard. Other actors who did reappear after the first season played other characters, edward Mulhare appeared twice – as different Luftwaffe officers. Bruce Dern appeared four times as three different characters, tom Skerritt appeared five times, each time in a different role. S. Air Force and the library of 20th Century Fox movies, the inclusion of combat footage was often obvious, as it was often quite degraded. Limited usable combat footage often resulted in the shot being reused in multiple episodes. For the third season, the TV series was filmed in color, some of the combat footage used for the third season seemed to be in black-and-white footage tinted blue. Film footage from the 1940s was also used for take-offs and landings since the one B-17 to which the show had access could only taxi, to simulate different aircraft, it was frequently repainted. In later episodes, Gallagher flew as mission control in a North American P-51 Mustang and this plot scheme was added to cut production costs
2.
Henry King (director)
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Henry King was an American film director. Before coming to film, King worked as an actor in various repertoire theatres and he directed for the first time in 1915, and grew to become one of the most commercially successful Hollywood directors of the 1920s and 30s. He was twice nominated for the Best Director Oscar, in 1944, he was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Director for his film The Song of Bernadette. He worked most often with Tyrone Power and Gregory Peck and for 20th Century Fox, henry King was one of the 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which awards excellence of cinematic achievements every year, and was the last surviving founder. He directed over 100 films in his career, in 1955, King was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. During World War II, King served as the deputy commander of the Civil Air Patrol coastal patrol base in Brownsville, TX, in his final years, he was the oldest licensed private pilot in the United States, having obtained his license in 1918
3.
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl Francis Zanuck was an American film producer and studio executive, he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. He earned three Academy Awards as producer for Best Picture during his tenure, but was responsible for many more, Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Frank Zanuck, who owned and operated a hotel in Wahoo. Zanuck was of part Swiss descent and was raised a Protestant, at age six, Zanuck and his mother moved to Los Angeles, where the better climate could improve her poor health. At age eight, he found his first movie job as an extra, in 1918, despite being sixteen, he deceived a recruiter, joined the United States Army, and served in France with the Nebraska National Guard. Upon returning to the US, he worked in many jobs while seeking work as a writer. He found work producing movie plots, and sold his first story in 1922 to William Russell and he moved into management in 1929, and became head of production in 1931. In 1933, Zanuck left Warners over a dispute with studio head Jack L. Warner. A few days later, he partnered with Joseph Schenck to form 20th Century Pictures, Inc. with financial help from Josephs brother Nicholas Schenck, mayer, President and Studio head of Loews, Inc and its subsidiary Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, along with William Goetz and Raymond Griffith. 20th Century released its material through United Artists, after a dispute with United Artists over stock ownership, Schenck and Zanuck negotiated and bought out the bankrupt Fox studios in 1935 to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation. Zanuck was Vice President of Production of this new studio and took an approach, closely involving himself in scripts. When the U. S. who was chauffeured by limousine to Long Island each morning from a luxury Manhattan hotel. Appalled by such privileged cosseting, Zanuck stormed down to Washington, D. C. and into the War Department, demanding a riskier assignment from Chief of Staff and he even persuaded Lord Mountbatten to allow him along on a secret coastal raid across the Channel to occupied France. The daring nighttime attack on a German radar site was a success, navy even before the U. S. entered the war, and he was horrified to discover himself drafted into Zanucks Africa unit. Cant I ever get away from you, I bet if I die and go to heaven, youll be waiting for me under a sign reading Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. Unlike Col. Warner, most colonels from the studio system—Col, Frank Capra, Col. Anatole Litvak, Col. Hal Roach—were actually doing their cinematic jobs, often, like Zanuck, under enemy fire. Nonetheless, when Col. Zanuck was named in this investigation in 1944, whatever the reason, despite having published his own first-person account of his wartime adventures he resigned. Zanuck returned to Twentieth Century-Fox in 1944 and he avoided the studio and instead read books at home, surrounded by his growing family, and caught up on all the films he had missed while overseas in his private screening room
4.
Beirne Lay Jr.
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Beirne Lay, Jr. was an American author, aviation writer, Hollywood screenwriter, and combat veteran of World War II with the U. S. Army Air Forces. He is best known for his collaboration with Sy Bartlett in authoring the novel Twelve OClock High and adapting it into a major film. Born September 1,1909, in Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, Lay attended St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, as an undergraduate he boxed and rowed. Lay enlisted in the United States Army in July 1932 and began training at Randolph Field. In June 1933 he earned his pilots wings and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Army Reserve at Kelly Field. He was assigned to the 20th Bombardment Squadron at Langley Field, Virginia, flying the Keystone B-6, in February and March 1934, he was part of the Army Air Corps unit delivering U. S. mail during the Air Mail scandal, flying the Chicago-to-Nashville route. The operation was unsuccessful, marred by several accidents in which the Air Corps took the brunt of public blame. In November 1935 he left active duty but remained a Reserve officer, Lay went to work for The Sportsman Pilot and became its Managing Editor. In 1936 he began writing a book about his experiences in pilot training titled I Wanted Wings. He was approached by Hollywood producer Arthur Hornblow, Jr. to sell the rights to Paramount Pictures. Lay agreed and worked three years on the project, but the product was largely the result of re-writes by a team of screenwriters brought into the project. During this time he met and married Philippa Ludwell Lee, frank A. Armstrong at Barksdale Field, Louisiana, where Armstrong commanded the 13th Bomb Squadron. Lay returned to duty at his own request just after the outbreak of World War II in 1939, as a flying instructor in Chino. The publication of I Wanted Wings brought Lay to the attention of the staff of Army Air Forces Col. Ira Eaker, chief of the Air Corps Information Division and himself a writer. After meeting Lt. Lay, Eaker arranged his transfer to Headquarters USAAC in Washington, there, promoted to captain, he worked primarily as a speechwriter for General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Corps. In January 1942 Eaker was made brigadier general and was deployed to England to create what would become the Eighth Air Force, Lay was made part of Eakers staff cadre, as Eighth Air Force Historian and Film Unit commander. In the first half of 1943, he commanded Hollywood director William Wyler while Wyler, Lay was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in August 1943 he was granted permission to obtain combat experience in preparation for possible command of a combat unit. The same material also became a chapter in Twelve OClock High, Lay was then returned to the United States, where he was assigned to a B-24 Liberator unit undergoing group training at Salt Lake City, Utah, the 490th Bombardment Group
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Gregory Peck
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Eldred Gregory Peck was an American actor who was one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s. Peck continued to major film roles until the late 1980s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor and he had also been nominated for an Oscar for the same category for The Keys of the Kingdom, The Yearling, Gentlemans Agreement and Twelve OClock High. Other notable films he appeared in include Spellbound, Roman Holiday, Moby Dick, The Guns of Navarone, Cape Fear, How the West Was Won, The Omen, President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among Greatest Male Stars of Classic Hollywood cinema and he was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1983. His father was of English and Irish heritage and his mother of English and she converted to her husbands religion, Roman Catholicism, when she married his father, and Peck was raised as a Catholic. Pecks parents divorced when he was five and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother, at the age of 10 he was sent to a Catholic military school, St. Johns Military Academy in Los Angeles. While he was a student there, his grandmother died, at 14, he moved back to San Diego to live with his father, attended San Diego High School, and after graduating enrolled for one year at San Diego State Teachers College. While there he joined the team, took his first theatre and public-speaking courses. Peck however had ambitions to be a doctor and the following year gained admission to the University of California, Berkeley, as an English major, standing 6 ft 3 in, he rowed on the university crew. Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay, at Berkeley, encouraged by the acting coach, who saw in him perfect material for university theatre, Peck became more and more interested in acting. He was recruited by Edwin Duerr, director of the universitys Little Theater, Peck would later say about Berkeley that, it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life. It woke me up and made me a human being, in 1997, Peck donated $25,000 to the Berkeley rowing crew in honor of his coach, the renowned Ky Ebright. He was often broke and sometimes slept in Central Park and he worked at the 1939 Worlds Fair and as a tour guide for NBCs television broadcasting. In 1940, Peck learned more of the craft, working in exchange for food, at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, appearing in five plays including Family Portrait. His stage career began in 1941 when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaws play The Doctors Dilemma, unfortunately, the play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams The Morning Star in 1942 and his second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley. Twentieth Century Fox claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university, ive been trying to straighten out that story for years
6.
Hugh Marlowe
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Hugh Marlowe was an American film, television, stage and radio actor. Marlowe was born Hugh Herbert Hipple in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Marlowe was usually a secondary lead or supporting actor in the films he appeared in. Marlowe debuted in the theater in Pasadena, California, in the 1930s at the Pasadena Playhouse and he was first seen on the stage in New York City in Arrest That Woman. His Broadway appearances included Kiss the Boys Goodbye, The Land Is Bright, Lady in the Dark, Laura, in 1939-40, Marlowe was in two network radio programs. He was Jim Curtis in the soap opera Brenda Curtis, marlowes first film was Married Before Breakfast. His films included Meet Me in St. Louis, for a time he worked regularly for 20th Century Fox, appearing in Twelve OClock High, All About Eve, Night and the City, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Rawhide, and Howard Hawks Monkey Business. His later films include Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, Elmer Gantry, Birdman of Alcatraz, Marlowe plays a real person, the Reverend William Hyde, in the 1956 episode Dig or Die, Brother Hyde of the religion anthology series, Crossroads. Hyde was an itinerant prairie preacher who in the story line employs psychology to restore a womans faith and his co-stars in the episode are Alan Hale, Jr. In the unusually titled 1957 episode, Jhonakehunkga Called Jim, set in 1883, Marlowe plays the Reverend Jacob Stucki, the Indians, however, scorn the clergyman, who befriends a boy in an effort to prove his sincerity. Pat Hogan plays Jhonakehunkga, and Frank de Kova is cast as Black Hawk, Marlowe guest starred in the 1961 episode Mayberry on Record of CBSs The Andy Griffith Show. In 1962, he played the part of Sam Garner in the episode The Pitchwagon on CBSs Rawhide, Marlowe made six guest appearances on CBSs Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr. Among those roles, he was cast as District Attorney and Perrys client Brander Harris in The Case of the Fraudulent Foto, james Page in The Case of the Slandered Submarine. He also played murder victim Ernest Stone in The Case of the Nebulous Nephew, Marlowe was a regular on the NBC television daytime drama, Another World, the last of four actors to portray the Matthews family patriarch, Jim Matthews, from 1969 until he died. Marlowe was married three times, each time to an actress, between 1941 and 1946 he was married to Edith Atwater. Between 1946 and 1968 he was married to K. T. Stevens, from 1968 to his death he was married to Rosemary Tory, they had one son, Hugh Michael II. Marlowe died in 1982 from an attack at the age of 71
7.
Gary Merrill
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Merrill starred in All About Eve and married his co-star Bette Davis. Before entering films, Merrills deep cultured voice won him a role as Batman in the Superman radio series. His film career began promisingly, with roles in films like Twelve OClock High and All About Eve, but he moved beyond supporting roles in his many Westerns, war movies. His television career was extensive, if not consistent and he appeared from 1954-1956 as Jason Tyler on the NBC crime drama Justice, about lawyers of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In that series, he was cast opposite Dane Clark and then William Prince in the role of Richard Adams, in 1958, Merrill guest starred with June Lockhart in the roles of Joshua and Emily Newton in the episode Medicine Man of NBCs western series, Cimarron City. Merrill had recurring roles in Then Came Bronson with Michael Parks and Young Doctor Kildare, both of which lasted less than a season. In 1964, he starred as city editor Lou Sheldon, in the short-lived CBS drama about the fictitious New York Globe, The Reporter, in 1967, he starred in the Elvis Presley film, Clambake, with co-star James Gregory. Merrills first marriage, to Barbara Leeds in 1941, ended in divorce in Mexico July 28,1950 and that same day, he married Bette Davis, his co-star from All About Eve, and adopted her daughter Barbara from a previous marriage. He and Davis adopted two children, Margo and Michael, but they had a bitter divorce in 1960. Often politically active, he campaigned in 1958 to elect the Democrat, Edmund Sixtus Muskie, Merrill also took part in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 to promote Black voter registration. In response to U. S. President Lyndon B, johnsons Vietnam War policy, he unsuccessfully sought nomination to the Maine legislature as an anti-war, pro-environmentalist primary candidate. Aside from a role as narrator, Merrill had essentially retired from the entertainment business after 1980. Shortly before his death, he authored the autobiography Bette, Rita, Merrill survived his second ex-wife, Bette Davis, by only five months, dying of lung cancer in Falmouth, Maine on March 5,1990. He is buried there in the Pine Grove Cemetery and he was survived by a son, Michael, a daughter, Margot, a brother, Jerry, and two grandchildren. Merrills television work spanned from 1953-1980, most of his appearances were in guest-star roles in episodic and anthology series. The Outer Limits, Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Time Tunnel, Marcus Welby, medical Center, Kung Fu, Cannon and Movin On. Merrill also served as narrator of the 1972–73 syndicated TV series The American Adventure, Gary Merrill at the Internet Movie Database Gary Merrill at the Internet Broadway Database Gary Merrill at Find a Grave New York Times biography
8.
Millard Mitchell
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Millard Mitchell was an American character actor whose credits include roughly thirty feature films and two television appearances. Born in Havana, Cuba, he appeared as a bit player in eight films between 1931 and 1936, Mitchell returned to film work in 1942 after a six-year absence. Between 1942 and 1953, he was a supporting actor. For his performance in the film, My Six Convicts, Mitchell won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, Mitchell also appeared frequently on Broadway, often playing a fast-talking Broadway character. He played the role in The Great Campaign. Mitchell died at the age of fifty from lung cancer at St. Johns Hospital in Santa Monica, a Lesson in Love Role, Freshman Mr. and Mrs. Rufus J. F
9.
Dean Jagger
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Dean Jeffries Jagger was an American film, stage and television actor who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Henry Kings Twelve OClock High. Born Dean Jeffries, or Dean Jeffries Jagger, in Columbus Grove or Lima, Ohio, while at Wabash, he was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and played football. He dropped out in his year, realizing he was not suited to an academic life. For a few semesters, he taught all eight grades in an elementary school, Jagger studied acting at Chicagos Lyceum Arts Conservatory. He joined a company as Spencer Tracys replacement. He performed in vaudeville, on the radio and on stage, through the 1930s and 1940s, he performed in a number of Broadway plays, including the original production of Tobacco Road. Jagger made his debut in The Woman from Hell with Mary Astor. He became a character actor and appeared in almost 100 films in a career that lasted until shortly before his death. Jagger made his breakthrough with his portrayal of Brigham Young in Brigham Young, according to George D. Pyper, a technical consultant on the film who had personally known Brigham Young, Jagger not only resembled Young, he also spoke like him and had many of his mannerisms. Thirty-two years later, in 1972 he was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Twelve OClock High. In the film, he played the retread World War I veteran, col. Harvey Stovall, who acts as an advisor to the commander, General Savage. He appeared in the biblical epic The Robe as the weaver Justus of Cana, Jagger also portrayed the father of Elvis Presleys character in 1958s King Creole. He was the manager for an evangelist played by Jean Simmons in the acclaimed 1960 drama Elmer Gantry. For the 1956 British science-fiction film X the Unknown, Jagger refused to work with director Joseph Losey because Losey was on the Hollywood blacklist, Losey was removed from the project after a few days of shooting and replaced with Leslie Norman. In 1971, Jagger appeared on The Partridge Family and he played a prospector named Charlie in the Christmas episode Dont Bring Your Guns to Town, Santa. He won a Daytime Emmy award for a guest appearance in the religious series This Is the Life and he played dozens of TV dramatic roles, including an episode of The Twilight Zone called Static. In an early episode of the television series Kung Fu, Jagger appeared as Caines grandfather, who wants little to do with him, Dean Jagger has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1523 Vine Street for his contribution to motion pictures. In later life, Dean Jagger suffered from disease and died in his sleep in Santa Monica
10.
Barbara McLean
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Barbara McLean was an American film editor with 62 film credits. She won the Academy Award for Film Editing for the film Wilson and she was nominated for the same award another six occasions, with All About Eve being among them. Her total of seven nominations for Best Editing Oscar was not surpassed until 2012 by Michael Kahn and she had a extensive collaboration with the director Henry King over twenty-nine films, including Twelve OClock High. Her impact was summarized by Adrian Dannatt in 1996, McLean was an editor who perhaps single-handedly established women as vital creative figures in an otherwise patriarchal industry. McLean was born in Palisades Park, New Jersey, she was the daughter of Charles Pollut, as a child she worked on release prints from the adjacent studio of E. K. Lincoln, who was an early producer of films. In 1924 she married J. Gordon McLean, who was a film projectionist and later, after marrying, the couple moved to Los Angeles, California. McLean found work as an assistant editor at First National Studio and she subsequently joined Twentieth Century Pictures, where initially, she assisted the editor Alan McNeil. In 1933 she received her first editing credit for Gallant Lady, in 1935, 20th Century Pictures merged with the Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox. Darryl F. Zanuck was the head of the merged studio, John Gallagher has written that Studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck was himself a brilliant editor and maintained the best editorial department in Hollywood. McLean retained this position until her retirement in 1969, the pressures of production turn-over during the hey-day of the studio system often meant that the director could not be around to supervise since they were on to their next production. In 1940, a Los Angeles Times story noted that Barbara McLean and she was also instrumental in the careers of such other film editors as Hugh S. Fowler, William H. Reynolds, and Robert Simpson. McLean began her association with the director Henry King on the films The Country Doctor and Lloyds of London. McLean received three nominations for editing films directed by King, for Alexanders Ragtime Band, The Song of Bernadette. The 1944 film was something of a tour de force. Wilson, which rarely is seen anymore, was the film for which McLean won an Academy Award for Film Editing. While the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, nearly half of the sixty-two films crediting McLean as editor were directed by Henry King. The other films she edited at 20th Century Fox involved many different directors and she was nominated for an Academy Award for editing The Rains Came, which was the only time she worked with director Clarence Brown. She edited one of John Fords films, Tobacco Road, and one of George Cukors, in 1950-1951, McLean edited three of Joseph L. Mankiewiczs films, including All About Eve, for which she received her final Academy Award nomination
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20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
12.
War film
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War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been associated with the 20th century. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them, themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are categorized by their milieu, such as the Korean War. The stories told may be fiction, historical drama, or biographical, critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film. Subgenres, not necessarily distinct, include anti-war, comedy, animated, propaganda, the war film genre is not necessarily tightly defined, the American Film Institute, for example, speaks of films to grapple with the Great War without attempting to classify these. However, some directors and critics have offered at least tentative definitions, the director Sam Fuller defined the genre by saying that a war film’s objective, no matter how personal or emotional, is to make a viewer feel war. However, Neale notes, films set in the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars of the 19th century were called war films in the time before the First World War, the film scholar Kathryn Kane points out some similarities between the war film genre and the Western. Both genres use opposing concepts like war and peace, civilization, james Clarke notes the similarity between a Western like Sam Peckinpahs The Wild Bunch and war-movie escapades like The Dirty Dozen. They take place in the combat zones of World War II, against the established enemies, on the ground. They contain many repeated events, such as mail call, all presented visually with appropriate uniforms, equipment and she argues that the combat film is not a subgenre but the only genuine kind of war film. This in turn pushes combat scenes to the ends of war films. Not all critics agree, either, that war films must be about 20th century wars, the costliest war in U. S. history in terms of American life, this war has been the subject of, or the backdrop to, numerous films, documentaries and mini-series. One of the earliest films using the Civil War as its subject was D. W. Griffiths 1910 silent picture, The Fugitive. Some films such as Gettysburg focused on a battle during the war, or even on a single incident, like the French short film. Others like the 1993 miniseries North and South spanned the entire breadth of the war, some films deal with the human aspects of the war, such as The Red Badge of Courage, or Shenandoah, on the tragedy that the war inflicted on the civilian population. Ken Burnss The Civil War is the most watched documentary in the history of PBS, the first war films come from the Spanish–American War of 1898. Short actualities – documentary film-clips – included Burial of the Maine Victims, Blanket-Tossing of a New Recruit and these non-combat films were accompanied by reenactments of fighting, such as of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in action against the Spanish, staged in the United States
13.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
14.
Eighth Air Force
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The Eighth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Global Strike Command. It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, the command serves as Air Forces Strategic – Global Strike, one of the air components of United States Strategic Command. The Eighth Air Force includes the heart of Americas heavy bomber force, the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, the B-1 Lancer supersonic bomber, and it was the largest of the deployed combat Army Air Forces in numbers of personnel, aircraft, and equipment. Elements of 8 AF engaged in operations during the Korean War, Vietnam War. Eighth Air Force is one of two active duty numbered air forces in Air Force Global Strike Command, Eighth Air Force, with headquarters at Barksdale AFB, in the Bossier City – Shreveport, Louisiana, metro area, supports U. S. Joint Forces Command, and is designated as U. S. Strategic Commands Task Force 204, providing on-alert, the mission of The Mighty Eighth is to safeguard Americas interests through strategic deterrence and global combat power. Eighth Air Force controls long-range nuclear-capable bomber assets throughout the United States and its flexible, conventional and nuclear deterrence mission provides the capability to deploy forces and engage enemy threats from home station or forward positioned, anywhere, any time. The 8th Air Force motto is Peace Through Strength and this air power includes the heart of Americas heavy bomber force, the B-2 Spirit and the B-52 Stratofortress. The B-2 force consists of 20 bombers assigned to the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, for additional history and lineage, see United States Air Forces in Europe The history of Eighth Air Force begins on 2 January 1942 with its activation at Savannah Air Base, Georgia. In quick order, on 5 January, Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force at Bolling Field, Washington, on 8 January the order activating the U. S. Air Forces in the British Isles was announced. On 12 May, the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force, on 15 June, Spaatz arrived in England to establish the Headquarters of Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park,15 miles WSW of London. Eighth Air Force was the command and control organization over its operational components, VIII Bomber Command Strategic bombardment using heavy, VIII Fighter Command Provide fighter escort of heavy bombers VIII Air Support Command Provide reconnaissance, troop transport, and tactical bombardment using twin-engine medium bombers. VIII Air Service Command Service and logistical support, VIII Bomber Command was activated at Langley Field, Virginia, It was reassigned to Savannah Air Base, Georgia on 10 February 1942. The first combat group of VIII Bomber Command to arrive in the United Kingdom was the ground echelon of the 97th Bombardment Group, during World War II, the offensive air forces of the United States Army Air Forces came to be classified as strategic or tactical. In Europe, Eighth Air Force was the first USAAF strategic air force, Eighth Air Force carried out strategic daytime strategic bombing operations in Western Europe from airfields in eastern England. On 4 January 1944, the B-24s and B-17s based in England flew their last mission as a part of VIII Bomber Command. On 22 February 1944, a reorganization of American airpower took place in Europe. VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force, with VIII Fighter and this is from where the present-day Eighth Air Forces history, lineage and honors derive
15.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
16.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
17.
Schweinfurt
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Schweinfurt is a city in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria in Germany on the right bank of the navigable Main River, which is spanned by several bridges here,27 km northeast of Würzburg. The city was first documented in the year 790, although as early as 740 a settlement called Villa Suinfurde was mentioned, in the 10th century Schweinfurt was the seat of a margraviate. After the defeat of count Henry of Schweinfurt in 1002/1003, in the feud against King Henry II of Germany, in the first half of the 13th century Schweinfurt expanded to become a proper city with city wall, towers and city gates. At that time the Nikolaus hospital was founded, a mint was established, around 1250 Schweinfurt was totally destroyed during a feud between the Count of Henneberg and the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg. In the following years it was reconstructed, a document from 1282 signed by Rudolf I of Habsburg states that Schweinfurt was a free city within the Holy Roman Empire. At least since then the coat of arms of Schweinfurt has been a white eagle. In 1309 the city was given to the Count of Henneberg, some years later there was the first uprising of Schweinfurts citizens against the town council, followed by a second in 1513–1514. This time the issuing of a constitution was allowed, the city joined Martin Luthers Reformation in 1542. Schweinfurt was again destroyed in the course of the Second Margrave War, the years up to 1615 were spent by the citizens for its reconstruction. Schweinfurt joined the Protestant Union in 1609, in the Thirty Years War it was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, who erected fortifications, the remains of which are still extant. The latest addition to the Lutheran churches in Schweinfurt arrived during the last years of the Soviet Union, in 1777, Johann Martin Schmidt began to produce white lead. Schweinfurt suffered from heavy casualties during the Napoleonic Wars of 1796–1801, Schweinfurt remained a free imperial city until 1802, when it passed to the Electorate of Bavaria. Assigned to the duke of Würzburg in 1810, it was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria four years later. The first railway junction was opened in 1852, in the following years Schweinfurt became a world leading centre for the production of ball bearings. This was to lead to consequences for the city during World War II. Schweinfurt was bombed 22 times during Operation Pointblank by a total of 2285 aircraft, the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission caused an immediate 34% loss of production and all plants but the largest were devastated by fire. Efforts to disperse the surviving machinery began immediately and the Luftwaffe deployed large numbers of interceptors along the corridor to Schweinfurt, bombing also included the Second Raid on Schweinfurt on 14 October 1943 and Big Week in February 1944. The decentralized industry was able to output to 85% of its pre-bombing level
18.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
19.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
20.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
21.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
22.
U.S. Army Air Forces
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Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff. S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel, the peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By V-E Day, the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas, in its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service and this contrast between theory and fact is. fundamental to an understanding of the AAF. Gen. Billy Mitchell that led to his later court-martial, a strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. Since 1920, control of units had resided with commanders of the corps areas. Both were created in 1933 when a conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup détat. Activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a force of three wings deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts but was small in comparison to European air forces. Corps area commanders continued to control over airfields and administration of personnel. The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to request a study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend Hawaii. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with an organization of 54 groups. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a simpler system, Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war
23.
Toby Jug
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A Toby Jug - also sometimes known as a Fillpot - is a pottery jug in the form of a seated person, or the head of a recognizable person. Typically the seated figure is a heavy-set, jovial man holding a mug of beer in one hand and a pipe of tobacco in the other and wearing 18th-century attire, a long coat and a tricorn hat. The tricorn hat forms a pouring spout, often with a lid. Jugs depicting just the head and shoulders of a figure are also referred to as Toby Jugs, the original Toby Jug, with a brown salt glaze, was developed and popularised by Staffordshire potters in the 1760s. It is thought to be a development of similar Delft jugs that were produced in the Netherlands, similar designs were produced by other potteries, first in Staffordshire, then around England, and eventually in other countries. The Jug in the form of a Head, Self-portrait by Paul Gauguin is an example from a painter. There are competing theories for the origin of the name Toby Jug, one is that it was named after the intoxicated, jovial character of Sir Toby Belch in Shakespeares play, Twelfth Night. The Toby Jug plays a role in the film. The American Toby Jug Museum is located on Chicago Avenue in Evanston, Illinois, media related to Toby jugs at Wikimedia Commons Jug
24.
Adjutant
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Adjutant is a military rank or appointment. An adjutant general is commander of an armys administrative services, Adjutant comes from the Latin adjutans, present participle of the verb adjuvare, to help, the Romans actually used adiutor for the noun. In various uniformed hierarchies, the term is used for number of functions, a regimental adjutant, garrison adjutant etc. is a staff officer, who assists the commanding officer of a regiment, battalion or garrison in the details of regimental, garrison or similar duty. In United States Army squadrons, the adjutant is often the officer-in-charge of the administrative platoon, in the British Army, an Adjutant is usually a senior captain. Until the 1970s the adjutant was also the operations officer. In the British Army adjutants are given field rank and as such are senior by appointment to all other captains, unlike the RAO, the adjutant is a member of the corps or regiment of which their unit is a part. The adjutants job is not solely a backroom one, since he usually accompanies the colonel - Captain David Wood, normally, in a British Infantry battalion, the adjutant controls the battle whilst the CO commands it. As such, the adjutant is usually a man of significant influence within his battalion, in the Foot Guards, the adjutant of the unit in charge of Trooping the Colour is one of three officers on horseback. In many Commonwealth armies, the adjutant performs much the role as in the British Army. There is no RAO position within the Australian Army, where an adjutant performs the role with the assistance of a Chief Clerk. In the US Army, historically the adjutant was generally a member of the branch or regiment of the parent unit. The adjutant general at the battalion-level is generally a captain or senior first lieutenant and, in conjunction with the S-1 section. There is a call announcing the adjutant that is still used in military ceremonies today. In the USMC, the adjutant serves as the administrator for their unit. Per the USMC MOS handbook, Adjutants coordinate administrative matters for Marine Corps staff sections and they ensure that every Marine in their command has administrative resources both for day-to-day tasks and long-term career progression. Adjutants supervise the execution of administrative policies and they receive and route correspondence, preparing responses to any special correspondence. They also manage their units legal matters and monitor fitness reports, in some armies, adjutant is a rank similar to a commonwealth staff sergeant or warrant officer. In the Belgian Army and Luxembourg Army, the ranks are Adjudant, Adjudant-Chef, in Dutch, they are collectively known as Keuronderofficier
25.
Red tape
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Red tape is an idiom that refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision-making. It is usually applied to governments, corporations, and other large organizations, one definition is the collection or sequence of forms and procedures required to gain bureaucratic approval for something, especially when oppressively complex and time-consuming. Another definition is the practice of hair splitting or foot dragging. Red tape can also include filing and certification requirements, reporting, investigation, inspection and enforcement practices, and procedures. A photo of the petitions from Cardinal Wolsey and others, now stored in the Vatican archives, can be seen on page 160 of Saints and Sinners, A History of The Popes, by Eamon Duffy. The documents can be viewed rolled and stacked in their condition, each one sealed and bound with the obligatory red tape. The Spanish name for red tape balduque was derived from the Spanish translation of the city of s-Hertogenbosch French name Bois-le-Duc and this is, for example, the case for the Spanish Council of State, the supreme consultative council of the Spanish Government. In contrast, the lower Spanish courts use ordinary twine to bundle documents as their cases are not supposed to be heard at higher levels, the Spanish Government plansto phase out the use of paper and abandon the practice of using twine. The tradition continued through to the 17th and 18th century, to this day, most defense barristers briefs, and those from private clients, are tied in a pink-coloured ribbon known as pink tape or legal tape. Even in modern times, Spanish bureaucracy is notorious for unusually extreme levels of red tape, as of 2013, the World Bank ranked Spain 136 out of 185 countries for ease of starting a business, which took on average 10 procedures and 28 days. Similar issues persist throughout Latin America, the cutting of red tape - meaning a reduction of bureaucratic obstacles to action. Business representatives often claim red tape is a barrier to business, in Canada, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business has done extensive research into the impact of red tape on small businesses. The European Commission has a competition that offers an award for the Best Idea for Red Tape Reduction, the competition is aimed at identifying innovative suggestions for reducing unnecessary bureaucracy stemming from European law. In 2008, the European Commission held a conference entitled Cutting Red Tape for Europe, the goal of the conference was reducing red tape and overbearing bureaucracy, in order to help business people and entrepreneurs improve competitiveness. OECD Cutting red tape, national strategies for administrative simplification OECD Editions, Paris. C
26.
Distinguished Unit Citation
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The unit with the most Presidential Unit Citations is the USS Parche with 9 citations. The Army citation was established by Executive Order 9075 on 26 February 1942, superseded by Executive Order 9396 on Dec.2,1943, as with other Army unit citations, the PUC is in a larger frame than other ribbons, and is worn above the right pocket. All members of the unit may wear the decoration, whether or not they participated in the acts for which the unit was cited. Only those assigned to the unit at the time of the action cited may wear the decoration as a permanent award, for both the Army and Air Force, the emblem is a solid blue ribbon enclosed in a gold frame. The Air Force PUC was adopted from the Army Distinguished Unit Citation after the Air Force became a military branch in 1947. By Executive Order 10694, dated Jan,10,1957 the Air Force redesignated the Distinguished Unit Citation as the Presidential Unit Citation. The Air Force PUC is the color and design as the Army PUC but slightly smaller. The Citation is carried on the units colors in the form of a blue streamer,4 ft long and 2.75 in wide. For the Army, only on rare occasions will a larger than battalion qualify for award of this decoration. The Navy citation was established by Executive Order 9050 on 6 February 1942, the Navy version has blue, yellow, and red horizontal stripes, and is the only Navy ribbon having horizontal stripes. These are only worn by persons who meet the criteria at the time it is awarded to the unit, unlike the Army, those who later join the unit do not wear it on a temporary basis. The current decoration is known as the Department of Homeland Security Presidential Unit Citation. A Coast Guard version of the award was awarded to all U. S. Coast Guard and Coast Guard Auxiliary personnel responding to Hurricane Katrina by President George W. Bush for rescue, the United States Public Health Service Presidential Citation was established in 2015. The design was finalized by the Army Institute of Heraldry on 17 August 2015, two units of the Free French Forces were awarded Presidential Unit Citations during World War II. On April 22,1986, the 1st Fighter Group Força Aérea Brasileira was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions in the Po Valley region of Italy in World War II. The Brazilians, operating in Italy in support of Allied forces, destroyed in one day over 45 vehicles, strafed pontoon bridges on the River Po, eleven missions of 44 sorties were flown destroying nine motor transports and damaging 17. One Belgian-Luxembourgian battalion of the Belgian United Nations Command was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation once for actions during the Battle of the Imjin River, the Colombia Battalion received the citation while attached to the American 21st Infantry Regiment in 1951. One Dutch unit, the Netherlands Detachment United Nations, part of the Regiment Van Heutsz, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation twice for actions during the Korean War, the first citation was awarded after the battle near Wonju and Hoengson in February 1951
27.
Medal of Honor
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The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U. S. Congress. There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for the Navy, personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version. U. S. awards including the Medal of Honor do not have titles and while there is no official abbreviation. The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States armed forces, because the medal is presented in the name of Congress, it is often referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor. However, the name is Medal of Honor, which began with the U. S. Armys version. Within United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor, in 1990, Congress designated March 25 annually as National Medal of Honor Day. The capture saved the fort of West Point from the British Army, although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U. S. 539 Certificates were approved for this period and this medal was later replaced by the Army Distinguished Service Medal which was established on January 2,1918. Those Army members who held the Distinguished Service Medal in place of the Certificate of Merit could apply for the Army Distinguished Service Cross effective March 5,1934. There were no awards or medals at the beginning of the Civil War except for the Certificate of Merit which was awarded for the Mexican-American War. Scott however, was strictly against medals being awarded which was the European tradition, after Scott retired in October 1861, the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, adopted the idea of a decoration to recognize and honor distinguished naval service. Senator James W. Secretary Wells directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new military decoration, on May 15,1862, the United States Navy Department ordered 175 medals with the words Personal Valor on the back from the U. S. Mint in Philadelphia. Senator Henry Wilson, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, the resolution was approved by Congress and signed into law on July 12,1862. During the war, Townsend would have some medals delivered to recipients with a letter requesting acknowledgement of the Medal of Honor. By mid-November the War Department contracted with Philadelphia silversmith William Wilson and Son, the Army version had The Congress to written on the back of the medal. Both versions were made of copper and coated with bronze, which gave them a reddish tint,1863, Congress made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration. On March 3, Medals of Honor were authorized for officers of the Army, the Secretary of War first presented the Medal of Honor to six Union Army volunteers on March 25,1863 in his office. 1890, On April 23, the Medal of Honor Legion is established in Washington,1896, The ribbon of the Army version Medal of Honor was redesigned with all stripes being vertical
28.
Inspector general
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An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. The plural of the term is inspectors general, the chief of police of Bangladesh is known as the inspector general of police. He is from the Bangladesh Civil Service police cadre, the current inspector general of police is A K M Shahidul Hoque, and his predecessor was Hassan Mahmud Khondokar. There is another temporary post of general of police, known as Pulish Shômônnoyôk or police coordinator. Before 1867 the position of Inspector General of Canada existed as the responsible for finances. After 1867 the position was assumed as the Minister of Finance, alexander Galt served at the last Inspector General from 1858 to 1867 and the first Minister of Finance in 1867. Colombias inspector general is a unique post with broad powers to investigate government malfeasance, the inspection générale des Finances is particularly prestigious as a job appointment after studies at the École Nationale dAdministration. In recent decades, many of its members have occupied various positions in lieu of their traditional mission of inspection. The corps has come under increased criticism for this, during World War II, Colonel General Heinz Guderian was appointed inspector general of armoured troops on 1 March 1943, reporting directly to Adolf Hitler. Head of the Command Staff of the Armed Forces, his position is equivalent to that of the American chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the German federal police, the police officer is called inspector of the federal police as well. For all state police services there also exists an inspector. All of the sixteen German state police departements has an inspector, the state police presidents are normally not police officers, they are administration officials. The competence for police services in Germany is assigned to the states of Germany. The federal police is a coordinating police département with only a few competences, e. g. in border control or airport, in the scope of responsibility of the state police departments the federal police can only act with permission or request of the local state police. During the British rule in India, in 1861, the British Government introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861, the act created a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the Inspector General, in modern India, the inspector general of police or joint commissioner of police is a two-star rank officer and one of the most senior officers in the state police forces. All inspectors general and joint commissioners in state police forces are Indian Police Service officers and they are in some states the commissioner of police for the city, that is they head a police force for a particular city
29.
Robert Arthur (actor)
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Robert Arthur was an American motion picture actor who appeared in dozens of films in the 1940s and 1950s. Born Robert Paul Arthaud, Arthur appeared in the 1949 war film Twelve OClock High as the comic relief–providing Sgt, mcIllhenny, in the 1951 Billy Wilder film Ace in the Hole, and in the 1950s television program The Lone Ranger. Arthur was known for playing youthful teenage or young adult roles, in his later years, Arthur became an activist for gay rights on behalf of senior citizens, and was involved with the Log Cabin Republicans. Robert Arthur died in Aberdeen, Washington, on October 1,2008, from heart failure, aged 83
30.
Paul Stewart (actor)
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Paul Stewart was an American character actor, director and producer who worked in theatre, radio, films and television. He frequently portrayed cynical and sinister characters throughout his lengthy career, one of the Mercury Theatre players who made their film debut in Welless landmark film Citizen Kane, Stewart portrayed Kanes butler and valet, Raymond. He appeared in 50 films, and performed in or directed some 5,000 radio, Paul Stewart was born in Manhattan March 13,1908, as Paul Sternberg. His parents were Maurice D. Sternberg, a salesman and credit agent for a textile manufacturer, Sternberg, both were born in Minneapolis. Stewart attended public school and completed two years at Columbia University, studying law and he had received first place in the Belasco Theatre Tournament in 1925 and decided on an acting career. Stewart began his career in New York as teenager. He made his Broadway debut in 1930, in Subway Express and he next appeared in the 1931 play, Two Seconds, adapted as a film the next year. In 1932, after two additional Broadway credits, Stewart moved to Cincinnati and went to work at radio station WLW. It was there in 1928 that radio pioneer Fred Smith had created the program Newscasting, for 13 months Stewart worked in all aspects of radio production at WLW — acting, announcing, directing, producing, writing and creating sound effects. When he returned to New York he was on The March of Time, in 1934 Stewart introduced Orson Welles to director Knowles Entrikin, who gave Welles his first job on radio, on The American School of the Air. Id been turning up for auditions and never landing a job until I met Paul Stewart, hes a lovely man, for years he was one of the main pillars of our Mercury broadcasts. He cant be too much credit. In March 1935 Stewart saw Welless stage performance in Archibald MacLeishs verse play Panic, Welles was auditioned and hired to join the repertory company that presented The March of Time. It was like a company, whose members were the aristocrats of this relatively new profession of radio acting. The March of Time was one of radios most popular shows, Stewart was a founder of the American Federation of Radio Artists in August 1937, and one of its inaugural officers. He carried card number 39 in the union and was a frequent delegate at the national convention and he was also a board member of the Screen Actors Guild, and a member of the Directors Guild of America and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Stewart played various roles throughout Welless memorable tenure as Lamont Cranston in The Shadow, in 1938 Welles expanded the range of the Mercury Theatre from Broadway to network radio with his CBS series, The Mercury Theatre on the Air, and Stewart became his associate producer. Welles later said that Stewart deserved the largest share of the credit for the quality of The War of the Worlds, in 1939 Stewart was married to actress and singer Peg LaCentra, a vocalist with Artie Shaws first orchestra who worked in radio, films and television
31.
Kenneth Tobey
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Kenneth Tobey was an American stage, television and film actor. Born in Oakland, California, Tobey was headed for a law career when he first dabbled in acting at the University of California Little Theater. Throughout the 1940s, Tobey acted on Broadway and in stock, he made his debut in a 1943 short. He made his Hollywood film debut in a Hopalong Cassidy western and he was a sentry guard who was dressed down by General Savage in Twelve O Clock High. A brief comedy bit in I Was a Male War Bride caught the attention of director Howard Hawks, who promised to use Tobey in something more substantial. That role led to other science fiction film roles in the 1950s, usually cast in the role of a man, particularly The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms. He played the sheriff in The Vampire, Tobey appeared in the episode Counterfeit Plates of the 1952-1953 CBS series Biff Baker, U. S. A. an espionage drama starring Alan Hale, Jr. He was cast too in the 1954-1955 CBS legal drama, The Public Defender and he guest starred in three episodes of NBCs western anthology television series, Frontier. His Frontier roles were Wade Trippe in In Nebraska and as Gabe Sharp in Out from Texas, in 1955, he also portrayed legendary frontiersman Jim Bowie on ABCs Davy Crockett, a Walt Disney Production starring Fess Parker in the title role. After Bowies death at the Battle of the Alamo, Tobey played a character, Jocko. Thereafter, he appeared in the religion anthology series, Crossroads in the role of Mr. Alston in the 1957 episode Call for Help. He appeared with John Bromfield in the syndicated Sheriff of Cochise, in the series Tobey and Hill did not themselves fly the helicopters, but stunt men handled that task. The Whirlybirds was a hit in the U. S. and abroad. It remained in syndication worldwide for many years, in 1958, Tobey appeared as John Wallach in the episode $50 for a Dead Man in Jeff Richardss NBC western series, Jefferson Drum. In 1960, he guest starred in the episode West of Boston of another NBC western series, Overland Trail starring William Bendix and he also appeared in the ABC western series, The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. Tobey made three guest appearances on Perry Mason, twice in 1960 and once in 1962, as Deputy D. A. Jack Alvin, Tobey would guest star on The Thing from Another Worlds co-star James Arness long running western series Gunsmoke. He was cast as the buffalo hunter Ben Spadden in the 1960 episode The Worm. Between 1960-1962, Tobey made three guest appearances on Perry Mason as Deputy D. A. Jack Alvin
32.
Frank A. Armstrong
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Frank Alton Armstrong Jr. was a lieutenant general of the United States Air Force. As a brigadier general in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, he was the inspiration for the character in the novel and subsequent film. After the war, he held a variety of leadership positions prior to. Promoted to major general in 1950, he advanced to lieutenant general in 1956, Armstrong commanded two B-17 Flying Fortress groups and a wing each of B-17 and B-29 Superfortresses in combat operations against both Germany and Japan. He personally led the first USAAF strategic bombing attack from England in August 1942, and he also led the first attack by the USAAF against a target in Germany. Armstrong was born in Hamilton, North Carolina and he played minor league professional baseball from 1925 to 1928, after he graduated from Wake Forest College with a law degree in 1923 and a bachelor of science degree in 1925. He enlisted as a cadet in the Army Air Corps on February 24,1928. He received his wings and reserve officers commission on February 28,1929 and his first assignment was to the 2nd Bombardment Group at Langley Field, Virginia, where he married Vernelle Lloyd Hudson on March 15,1929. His son, Frank Alton Armstrong III, was born March 7,1930, Armstrong was made a flight instructor at March Field, Riverside, California, in 1930, and at Randolph Field, San Antonio, Texas, in 1931. In March 1934, he was one of a group of Army pilots placed under the command of Captain Ira Eaker, on October 1,1934, he was promoted to 1st lieutenant. Armstrong was assigned in December 1934 as a pilot at Albrook Field. In 1937, Armstrong earned the Distinguished Flying Cross in peacetime by skillfully landing an airplane whose engine had exploded. He was promoted to the rank of captain on March 15,1936, returned to his permanent pay grade on June 16. In March 1937, Armstrong transferred to the 13th Attack Squadron, Barksdale Field, Louisiana, part of the 3rd Attack Group, flying Northrop A-17 attack planes. He became its commander on May 7,1939, and continued in command of the squadron on July 1,1939, Armstrong commanded the 13th BS until October 5,1940. Between September 6,1939, and October 2,1940, he relinquished command to attend the second short course at the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field. Armstrong was the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, A-3 at Army Air Forces headquarters in Washington, as a trouble-shooter for Eaker, on July 31,1942, Armstrong relieved Colonel Cornelius W. He then led it in combat on six of its first 10 missions from August 17 to September 2,1942
33.
306th Flying Training Group
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The 306th Flying Training Group is a unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to Air Education and Training Command. The group is stationed at the United States Air Force Academy near Colorado Springs, the 306 FTG is the airmanship training unit of the USAFA. The group replaced the 34th Operations Group in 2004, the designation 306th was deliberately selected by the historian of AETC to connect the training mission of the current group with its relationship to the book and movie Twelve OClock High. During World War II, the group, as the 306th Bombardment Group, was the first operational bombardment group in the VIII Bomber Command. It was stationed at RAF Thurleigh, England from 6 September 1942 until 25 December 1945, the longest tenure at one station for any one Eighth Air Force group. Staff Sergeant Maynard H. Smith of the 423d Bomb Squadron was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions helped save the lives of six of his wounded comrades on 1 May 1943. Armstrong, attacked Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943, Colonel Armstrongs experiences with the 97th and 306th groups became the basis of Sy Bartlett and Beirne Lay, Jr. s novel and film Twelve OClock High. The group was reactivated as a Strategic Air Command group during the Cold War at MacDill AFB, personnel moved to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah on 6 April 1942 and began flying training, where it trained for bombardment operations using 40 B-17E aircraft. Group left Wendover 1 August 1942 to begin movement to the United Kingdom, the Ground unit first moved to Richmond AAB, Virginia and remained a week before leaving for Fort Dix, New Jersey. On 13 August 1942, the Groups personnel sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 30 August 1942 and arrived 5 September 1942 at Greenock, the aircraft flew from Wendover to Westover Field, Massachusetts on 2 August 1942. The remainder of the Group departed for the United Kingdom on 1 September 1942 via Gander-Prestwick ferry route, the novel and film Twelve OClock High were based in large part on incidents occurring in the group in 1942 and 1943. Took part in the first penetration into Germany by heavy bombers of the Eighth Air Force on 27 January 1943 by attacking the U-boat yards at Wilhelmshaven, Sergeant Maynard Harrison Smith received the Medal of Honor for his actions on 1 May 1943. The 306th was the center of attention on 6 July 1944. As cameras rolled, King George VI, his wife Queen Elizabeth, the new replacement aircraft had been named Rose Of York in honor of the 18-year-old Princess, who ceremonially christened the bomber. On her 50th mission on 3 February 1945, Rose Of York was hit by flak over Berlin, the group participated in the Big Week intensive campaign against the German aircraft industry, 20–25 February 1944. Often supported ground forces and attacked targets in addition to its strategic operations. Hit airfields and marshaling yards in France, Belgium, and Germany in preparation for Normandy, on D-Day,6 June 1944, the unit raided railroad bridges and coastal guns in support of the assault. Assisted ground forces during the Saint-Lô breakthrough in July, then participated in the portion of Operation Market Garden
34.
Cherokee
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The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. The Cherokee were one of the first, if not the first, article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizens of the United States. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has around 300,000 tribal members, in addition, numerous groups claiming Cherokee lineage, some of which are state-recognized, have members who are among those 819, 000-plus people claiming Cherokee ancestry on the US census. Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians have headquarters in Tahlequah, the UKB are mostly descendants of Old Settlers, Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817. They are related to the Cherokee who were relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, the Cherokee refer to themselves as Ani-Yunwiya, which means Principal People. Many theories—though none proven—abound about the origin of the name Cherokee and it may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word Cha-la-kee, which means people who live in the mountains, or Choctaw Chi-luk-ik-bi, meaning people who live in the cave country. The earliest Spanish rendering of the name Cherokee, from 1755, is Tchalaquei, Another theory is that Cherokee derives from a Lower Creek word, Cvlakke. The Iroquois in New York have historically called the Cherokee Oyata’geronoñ, Tsalagi is sometimes misused as a name for the people, Tsalagi is actually the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language. There are two theories of Cherokee origins. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years, researchers in the 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee peoples migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. They may have moved south into Muscogee Creek territory and settled at the sites of mounds built by the Mississippian culture, in the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly attributed several Mississippian culture sites to the Cherokee, including Moundville and Etowah Mounds. However, the Cherokee did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, pre-contact Cherokee are considered to be part of the later Pisgah Phase of Southern Appalachia, which lasted from circa 1000 to 1500. During the late Archaic and Woodland Period, Indians in the region began to cultivate plants such as elder, lambsquarters, pigweed, sunflowers. People created new art forms such as shell gorgets, adopted new technologies, during the Mississippian Culture-period, local women developed a new variety of maize called eastern flint corn. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops, the successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex chiefdoms with several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in ceremonies, especially the Green Corn Ceremony. Much of what is known about pre-18th-century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions, the earliest ones of the mid-16th-century encountered people of the Mississippian culture, the ancestors to later tribes in the Southeast such as the Muscogee and Catawba
35.
97th Air Mobility Wing
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The 97th Air Mobility Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to Nineteenth Air Force of Air Education and Training Command. It is stationed at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, the wing is also the host unit at Altus. The training is done in an approach, Academic Phase, Simulator Phase. Active for over 60 years, the 97th Bombardment Wing was a component organization of Strategic Air Commands deterrent force during the Cold War, the wings 97th Operations Group, at that time the 97th Bombardment Group, earned two Distinguished Unit Citations during combat missions in World War II. Through the USAFs bestowed history program, the 97th wing is entitled to display these. The 97th was organized in 1947 during the test of the Wing Base Organization, composed of the 97th Bombardment Group and this organization gave the wing commander the authority to direct activities rather than merely request support from the base support group commander. This organization became permanent in 1948, the 97th Air Mobility Wing is commanded by Colonel Todd A. Hohn. Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant James M. Powell III, the 97th maintains approximately 500 mobility personnel ready to deploy all over the world in a moments notice in support of national interests. On April 23,2014, Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James announced Altus Air Force Base as the training unit for the Boeing KC-46 Pegasus aerial refueling aircraft. The 97th Air Mobility Wing is expected to receive the first aircraft sometime in 2016, for additional history and lineage, see 97th Operations Group On 1 December 1947, the 97th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy was established at Mile 26 Field. The new wing reported to Fifteenth Air Force, Strategic Air Command, operational squadrons of the 97th Bombardment Wing were the 340th, 341st and 342d Bomb Squadrons, which were assigned to the 97th Bombardment Group. The Air Force was conducting a service test of the base structure that elevated the wing headquarters to the highest echelon of command on the base. This gave the wing commander the authority to direct rather than merely request that his flying mission receive support. The wing consisted of a group, an airdrome group, a maintenance and supply group. The units March 1948 history stated, The mission of the 97th Bombardment Wing is to man, train, while in Alaska, the 97th flew Boeing B-29 Superfortress training missions over the Arctic Ocean, testing the aircraft and maintenance crews in the harsh climate. At the end of the Alaskan deployment the wing returned to Smoky Hill AFB, near Salina, Kansas, throughout its existence the 97th Bombardment Wing contributed to the deterrence of nuclear war with the former Soviet Union by being prepared to execute Emergency War Order assignments. The wings tankers participated in the Atlantic, Pacific, European, until the Soviet Unions demise in 1989 the crews of the 97th trained for war, unless other world events demanded their attention. While at Smoky Hill, the wing was attached to the 301st Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy, for further training, the 301st never moved, hence the 97th moved to Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, on 22 May 1948, only two short months later
36.
Ira C. Eaker
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General Ira Clarence Eaker was a general of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Eaker, as second-in-command of the prospective Eighth Air Force, was sent to England to form and organize its bomber command. However while he struggled to build up airpower in England, the organization of the Army Air Forces kept evolving and he was named commander of the Eighth Air Force on December 1,1942. Eaker then took command of four Allied air forces based in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. He worked in the industry following his retirement from the military. Eaker was born in Field Creek, Texas, in 1896 and he attended Southeastern State Teachers College in Durant, Oklahoma, and then joined the United States Army in 1917. He was appointed a lieutenant of Infantry, Officers Reserve Corps. The 64th Infantry was assigned to the 14th Infantry Brigade on December 20,1917, on November 15,1917, Eaker received a commission in the Regular Army. He later received a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the University of Southern California in 1934, Eaker remained with the 64th Infantry until March 1918, when he was placed on detached service to receive flying instruction at Austin and Kelly Fields in Texas. Upon graduation the following October, he was rated a pilot and assigned to Rockwell Field, in June 1924, Eaker was named executive assistant in the Office of Air Service at Washington, D. C. He then became executive officer in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, in September 1926, he was named operations and line maintenance officer at Bolling Field, Washington, D. C. While on that duty, he participated as chief pilot on the flight of the Army plane, Question Mark, from 1 to January 7,1929. For this achievement the entire crew of five, including Eaker, in 1930, he made the first transcontinental flight entirely with instruments. In October 1934, Eaker was ordered to duty at March Field, Calif. where he commanded the 34th Pursuit Squadron and later the 17th Pursuit Squadron. In the summer of 1935, he was detached for duty with the Navy and participated aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, on maneuvers in Hawaii and Guam. During his time at Ft Leavenworth from June 3–7,1936, in November 1940, Eaker was given command of the 20th Pursuit Group at Hamilton Field, California. Promoted in 1941 to colonel while at Hamilton Field, promoted to brigadier general in January 1942, he was assigned to organize the VIII Bomber Command in England and to understudy the British system of bomber operations. Then, in December 1942, he assumed command of the Eighth Air Force, in a speech he gave to the English that won him favorable publicity, he said, “We won’t do much talking until we’ve done more fighting
37.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
38.
U.S. Army Air Service
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The Air Service, United States Army was the military aviation service of the United States between 1918 and 1926 and a forerunner of the United States Air Force. It was established as an independent but temporary branch of the U. S and its life was extended for another year in July 1919, during which time Congress passed the legislation necessary to make it a permanent establishment. The National Defense Act of 1920 assigned the Air Service the status of combatant arm of the line of the United States Army with a general in command. By the end of the war, the Air Service used 45 squadrons to cover 137 kilometers of front from Pont-à-Mousson to Sedan,71 pursuit pilots were credited with shooting down five or more German aircraft while in American service. Overall the Air Service destroyed 756 enemy aircraft and 76 balloons in combat,17 balloon companies also operated at the front, making 1,642 combat ascensions. 289 airplanes and 48 balloons were lost in battle, the Air Service was the first form of the air force to have an independent organizational structure and identity. Although officers concurrently held rank in various branches, after May 1918 their branch designation in official correspondence while on aviation assignment changed from ASSC to AS, after July 1,1920, its personnel became members of the Air Service branch, receiving new commissions. Airmen such as Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell supported the concept, the Armys senior leadership from World War I, the United States Navy, and the majority of the nations political leadership favored integration of all military aviation into the Army and Navy. Aided by a wave of pacifism following the war that drastically cut military budgets, opponents of an independent air force prevailed, the Air Service was renamed the Army Air Corps in 1926 as a compromise in the continuing struggle. The declaration of war against Germany on April 6,1917, putting the United States in World War I, came too quickly to solve emerging engineering and production problems. The reorganization of the Aviation Section had been inadequate in resolving problems in training, leaving the United States totally unprepared to fight an air war in Europe, the Aviation Section consisted of 131 officers,1087 enlisted men, and approximately 280 airplanes. The Board dispatched Major Raynal C, by the time the bill passed, the term Air Service was in widespread if unofficial usage to collectively describe all aspects of Army aviation. Even so, the Aircraft Board in practice had little control over procurement contracts, nor did the Equipment Division of the Signal Corps exercise such control. Though individual areas within the industry responded well, the industry as a whole failed. Efforts to mass produce European aircraft under license largely failed because the aircraft, at the same time the Aeronautical Division of the OCSO was renamed the Air Division with continued responsibility for training and operations but with no influence on acquisition or doctrine. In the end the process in aircraft procurement was badly fragmented. Borglum had exchanged letters with President Wilson, a friend, from which he assumed an appointment to investigate had been authorized. Both the U. S. Senate and the Department of Justice began investigations into possible fraudulent dealings, Kenly brought back from France to be its head, to separate supervision of aviation from the duties of the Chief Signal Officer
39.
William Howard Stovall
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Lieutenant William Howard Stovall began his military career as a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. He went on to become a businessman, as well as serving his country a second time in World War II. On the latter occasion, he served again with fellow aerial combat veterans from World War I, Frank ODriscoll Hunter. He also suffered the loss of his son in aerial battle. Upon return from the war, Stovall won awards for his agricultural expertise and he died in his sleep at home, aged 75. William Howard Stovall was born on his familys plantation in Stovall. He was the son of Civil War Confederate colonel William Howard Stovall and he graduated from Lawrenceville School in 1913, then attended Yale in 1916. He reported to the 13th Aero Squadron in July 1918, on 1 August, in company with Charles Biddle and two other American pilots, he shot down two German Albatros D. V fighters over Viéville-en-Haye. Then, from 15 September to 23 October 1918, he downed four of the new Fokker D. VII fighters and he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He returned to the plantation after the war, during World War II, he served once again, joining the U. S. Army Air Forces as a major on 12 December 1941. He had to bail out of his damaged plane after a 50 mile running combat and he was to low. He downed 2 of the 7 in combat, Colonel Stovall met the pilot who thought he had accidentally killed his son. Colonel Stovall proved otherwise when he developed gun camera film that showed the pilot had not fired long enough and that the deflection angle of his guns were not anywhere near his sons plane. From this war, Colonel Stovall brought home the Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, British Order of the British Empire, French Legion dHonneur and Croix de Guerre, once again, he returned to the family cotton plantation. His stewardship of the land earned him the Delta Council Achievement Award for 1967-1968 as the pre-eminent conservationist among local farmers and he also served as president of Cotton Council International. The Federal Land Bank granted him a 50th anniversary medal for his contributions to the cause of American agriculture just prior to his death and he died at home in his sleep on 11 May 1970. He was survived by his wife Eleanor, a daughter, and he was the inspiration for the Colonel Harvey Stovall character in the book and movie Twelve OClock High. While leading a patrol over a day bombing formation First Lieutenant Stovalls patrol became reduced through motor trouble to himself
