1.
Coldplay
–
Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996 by lead vocalist and keyboardist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland at University College London. After they formed under the name Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as bassist, will Champion joined as drummer and backing vocalist, completing the performing line-up. Creative Director Phil Harvey is often referred to as the fifth member by the band. The band renamed themselves Coldplay in 1998, before recording and releasing three EPs, Safety in 1998, Brothers & Sisters as a single in 1999, the Blue Room was their first release on a major label, after signing to Parlophone. They achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single Yellow in 2000 and this was followed by their debut album Parachutes released the same year, which was nominated for the Mercury Prize. The bands second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head, was released to acclaim and won multiple awards. Their next release, X&Y, the album worldwide in 2005, was met with mostly positive reviews upon its release. In May 2014, they released their album, Ghost Stories. In December 2015, the released their seventh album, A Head Full of Dreams. Coldplay have sold more than 80 million records worldwide, making one of the worlds best-selling music artists. In December 2009, Rolling Stone readers voted the group the fourth-best artist of the 2000s, Coldplay have been an active supporter of various social and political causes, such as Oxfams Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International. Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland first met during their week at University College London in September 1996. The pair spent the rest of the university year planning a band, Guy Berryman, a classmate of Martin and Buckland, later joined the group. By 1997, the group, who had renamed themselves Starfish, Martin also had recruited his longtime school friend Phil Harvey, who was studying classics at the University of Oxford, to be the bands manager. Coldplay have since accepted Harvey as the member of the group. The bands line-up was completed when Will Champion joined to take up percussion duties, Champion had grown up playing piano, guitar, bass, and tin whistle, he quickly learned the drums. The band finally settled on the name Coldplay which was suggested by Tim Crompton, by 1997, Martin had met Classics student Tim Rice-Oxley. During a weekend in the English village Virginia Water in Surrey they asked each other to play their own songs on the piano
Coldplay
–
Coldplay on stage following a 2009 performance during the Viva La Vida tour. From left to right:
Chris Martin,
Guy Berryman,
Jonny Buckland,
Will Champion
Coldplay
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Live performances during their 2002 tour were noted for their use of
strobe lighting.
Coldplay
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Coldplay performing in Barcelona during their
Twisted Logic Tour in 2005
Coldplay
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Performing live outside the
BBC Television Centre during their
Viva la Vida Tour in 2008
2.
A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour
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A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour was a global concert tour by Coldplay launched in support of the bands second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. Officially, the tour ran for almost nine months in 2003, in 2002, Coldplay also performed a series of concerts in Europe and North America to support the album. However, these shows were not advertised as being part of the album tour. The tour DVD Coldplay Live 2003 was shot at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, supporting acts for the tour included extended appearances by Idlewild and Ash in 2002 and Feeder, The Music, Eisley, and Ron Sexsmith in 2003. Overall, Coldplays concerts during this period showcased its progression as a bona fide live act, the band began playing more shows in arenas and amphitheatres, moving away from the club venues that dominated earlier tours. Shows also had more stage and lighting effects. For example, strobe lighting for the song Daylight featured the image of a sun superimposed over the stage. Taking a cue from U2s Elevation Tour and Nine Inch Nails Fragility Tour, other highlights included, Lead singer Chris Martin sang with Ron Sexsmith on the track, Gold in Them Hills during the headline set. An ambient, instrumental introduction before the start of Politik for every show and this can particularly be heard on the Live 2003 DVD. Note, Not the same as the Brian Eno introduction sometimes used before this intro, guitarist Jonny Buckland regularly played a harmonica solo on the track Dont Panic. He tossed the harmonica into the crowd after the solos completion, Buckland also performed an original electric guitar introduction for the track. The aforementioned back screens were unfurled mid-concert, usually during the beginning of One I Love, at some shows, Martin sang lyrics after inhaling from a helium balloon. Martin usually wore a Make Trade Fair T-shirt during 2002 shows to promote the Oxfam campaign, Make Trade Fair booths were present at venues, where concert-goers could sign petitions and learn about the campaigns objectives. An specially created, ambient introduction for Yellow, featuring a dark, Martin sings the lyrics, Your skin. During the introduction, which leads to the regular start of the song. The 2002 shows contained a rough 50/50 split in material from Parachutes, the official tour in 2003 focused on songs from the second album, as well as many unreleased tracks. For example, the future Live 2003 song Moses and Fix You B-side Pour Me were introduced during the tour, Coldplay also made a habit of covering other artists on the tour, often as outros to their own songs. Covers ranged from an excerpt of Avril Lavignes Sk8er Boi to the Louis Armstrong classic What a Wonderful World
A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour
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A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour
3.
Viva la Vida Tour
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The Viva la Vida Tour was the fourth concert tour by British band Coldplay. The tour was in support their fourth studio album Viva la Vida or Death, the tour was a massive commercial and critical success visiting Europe, Asia, the Americas and Australasia. The tour further established the band as one the concert industrys biggest draws, the stage setup consisted of a stripped-down main stage and two catwalks, Coldplay also performed amongst audience members at the back of venues in a special acoustic set. Instead of a giant video screen on-stage, the band opted for six hanging giant lightbulbs that displayed images, lead singer Chris Martin dubbed the fixtures as magic balls, while drummer Will Champion added that they release confetti butterflies. During the tour the The Blue Danube, by Johann Strauss II, was played on all concerts, as an intro, Coldplay were accompanied by Oxfam and David Gibbin during the tour. Volunteers were stationed at each venue to tell concertgoers how to reduce poverty, on 23 July 2008 Coldplay performed their second in two shows at the United Center arena in Chicago. In each of the two shows, the shot the music video for Lost. by performing the song twice. On 19 September 2008, Chris Martin was accompanied by A-ha pianist Magne Furuholmen in the encore at the Oslo Spektrum, Oslo, to play a cover of the A-Ha song Hunting High and Low. The intro of the concert would begin in space before turning to show the Earth and zooming to aerial views of the continent, country, city, the idea was to make each show being a spectacle in its own, rather than just part of the tour. The cosmic theme is repeated across a number of the visuals like Speed of Sound and this takes the gig-goers on a journey through a solar system where the stars coalesce to form an eye shape that goes supernova and engulfs the screen in flames. However, other sections of the show were completely different, there were 34 supporting acts for the tour. They are, Legend Notes Citations Coldplay Viva La Vida Tour
Viva la Vida Tour
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Official logo for the tour
Viva la Vida Tour
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Coldplay performing at the
Air Canada Centre,
Toronto,
Canada
4.
Concert tour
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A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
Concert tour
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A
classical music concert in the
Rod Laver Arena,
Melbourne,
Australia, 2005
Concert tour
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Concert, by Italian
baroque artist
Bernardo Strozzi
Concert tour
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Concert of Joler Gan Band, Bangabndhu International Conference Centre (BICC)
Concert tour
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A
Girl Scout passing out printed programs at a Municipal Band concert in
Eau Claire, Wisconsin
5.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
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One of the first popular alternative rock bands,
R.E.M. relied on
college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
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Kim Gordon and
Thurston Moore of
Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
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Robert Smith of
The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative,
gothic rock, and
college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
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Kurt Cobain (foreground) and
Krist Novoselic with
Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
6.
Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends
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Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, often referred to as simply Viva la Vida, is the fourth studio album by the British alternative rock band Coldplay, released on 12 June 2008 on Parlophone. The album was named after a Spanish phrase that translates in English as Live the life, lyrically, the album contains references to love, life, death, and war. Recording sessions for the album took place during June 2007 to April 2008 and featured production by Jon Hopkins, Rik Simpson, Markus Dravs, the album was their first to be produced by Eno. The band forced themselves to explore experimental styles, as Eno required every song on the album to sound different, the band wanted to make the album shorter than 42 minutes. Despite this, the album is longer than the length they intended, development of the album delayed the release date several times. The album cover of Viva la Vida is the painting Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix, Viva la Vida was both a critical and commercial success. Five songs were released in promotion of the album, Violet Hill and Viva la Vida in May 2008, Lovers in Japan and Lost. in November 2008, Viva la Vida became the bands first song to reach number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It won Best Rock Album at the 2009 Grammy Awards and was nominated for Album of the Year. It was the best selling album of 2008, by 2011, the album had sold more than 10 million copies. Viva la Vida was re-released on 25 November 2008 in an edition containing the original album. The new baby, and the fact that Coldplay had no touring or recording schedule at the time, had fans wondering if the new album would not be released until 2010. Dispelling such reports, Ambrosia Healy, spokesperson to Capitol Records, however, Healy clarified that Coldplay was indeed enjoying a much-deserved break, and there was no timetable for the follow-up to the bands third studio album, X&Y. Work on the began in November 2006, only being interrupted by the Latin America Tour in March 2007. Ambient musician and English record producer Brian Eno produced the album, Coldplay moved to The Bakery, after finishing up their Latin American Tour, building a studio there. The songs written during their time at the studio are lyrically much more abstract, much more visual than before, additionally, Martin wanted to make a vocal transition from his trademark falsetto to a lower register. The bands drummer Will Champion said in an interview for MTV, One of the things we tried to focus on with this record is changing vocal identities. Coldplay sparked an interest at Hispanic influences after having recorded in churches and in Spanish-speaking countries such as in Mexico in North America and Spain in Europe, such as Barcelona. However, it was stressed that the influence was not in any specific sound, on their website, the band also described taking acoustic guitars and basic recording equipment to churches and experimenting with particular sounds
Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends
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Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends
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Coldplay used French revolutionary costumes during their
Viva La Vida Tour as a reference to the album's revolutionary themes
Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Some of the paintings produced during the creation of the album's artwork were later used on the
Viva la Vida Tour screens.
Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Viva la Vida takes its artwork from
Eugène Delacroix 's 1830 painting
Liberty Leading the People.
7.
Wachovia Center
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The Wells Fargo Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the arena of the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League. The arena lies at the southwest corner of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex, which includes Lincoln Financial Field, Citizens Bank Park and it is owned by Comcast Spectacor, which also owns the Flyers, and is operated by its arena-management subsidiary, Global Spectrum. Since 2010, naming rights have been held by financial services company Wells Fargo, Wells Fargo center has hosted two political conventions, hosting the 2000 Republican National Convention and 2016 Democratic National Convention. In addition, the arena is a venue for concerts. Before its construction, the arena was tentatively called Spectrum II. However, the contract has gone through multiple hands due to bank mergers, first by First Union Bank in 1998, Wachovia in 2003. Installation of the new Wells Fargo Center branding began on July 27,2010, with the removal of the Wachovia Center signage, work was completed in September 2010. The 76ers then signed a sponsorship agreement with Firstrust Bank as their official banking sponsor. The Wells Fargo Center officially seats 20,318 for NBA and NCAA basketball and 19,541 for NHL hockey, with additional standing-room admissions available in luxury and club-box suites, the total paid capacity increases. The Wells Fargo Center has 126 luxury suites,1,880 club-box seats, in addition, the offices, studios, and production facilities of NBC Sports affiliate Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia are all located in the facility. On August 1,2006, Comcast Spectacor announced it would install a new scoreboard to replace the original one made by Daktronics. The new scoreboard, manufactured by ANC Sports, is similar to other scoreboards in new NBA & NHL arenas, an additional linear LED display lining the entire arena was also installed between the suite and mezzanine levels. The PA announcer at the Wells Fargo Center for Flyers games is Lou Nolan, who moved with the team from the Spectrum, matt Cord is the PA announcer for 76ers games. Jim Bachman is the PA announcer for Villanova basketball games, kevin Casey handled PA duties for the Philadelphia Wings during their tenure. The arena has a seating capacity of 21,000 seated. On August 13,1996, a concert by Ray Charles was the first event at the Wells Fargo Center. Each spectator was given a commemorative key acknowledging they helped open the arena, the inaugural concert, on September 2,1996, featured Oasis, with The Manic Street Preachers and The Screaming Trees, before an estimated crowd of 12,000
Wachovia Center
Wachovia Center
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Wells Fargo Center
Wachovia Center
–
The Wells Fargo Center as the Wachovia Center
Wachovia Center
–
Wells Fargo Center prior to a
76ers game on the old floor design.
8.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
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From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
9.
Air Canada Centre
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The Air Canada Centre is a multi-purpose indoor sporting arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League, the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, the area was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League during their brief existence. The arena is known as the ACC or the Hangar. In 2008, the ACC was the fifth busiest arena in the world, the Air Canada Centre is connected to Union Station and the underground pedestrian PATH system, providing access to public transportation. There are also 13,000 parking spaces, the Air Canada Centre has, from its initial design to completion, revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then. The Air Canada Centre also hosts events, such as concerts, political conventions. Construction of the Air Canada Centre was started by the Toronto Raptors, under its ownership group headed by Canadian businessman John Bitove. Groundbreaking took place in March 1997, MLSE subsequently ordered major modifications to the original design, which was basketball-specific, to make the arena become more suitable for hockey. Originally planned to cost $217 million, MLSE increased the budget to $265 million after taking control, the Raptors were twice fined a million dollars by the NBA for missing deadlines to begin construction of their new arena. Due to financial difficulties, the ownership was returned to Canada Post in 1993. The Toronto Raptors purchased the building from Canada Post the next year, the original building is protected under the Ontario Heritage Act. A 15-storey tower on Bay Street stands at 55 metres and provides connections in the atrium to Union Station, Bay Street, the Air Canada Centre is connected to the underground PATH network. Air Canada purchased naming rights to the arena for $30 million over 20 years since opening, in 2003, MLSE completed a $5 million upgrade of the arena, including a new LED signage system. During the summer of 2015, a $10 million upgrade of the arena was carried out, the old scoreboard was later installed at Ricoh Coliseum. Maple Leaf Square is jointly owned by MLSE, Cadillac Fairview, the two-year, $48 million renovation of the ACC added a new atrium that includes a High-Definition broadcast studio for Leafs TV, NBA TV Canada and GolTV Canada. The outside wall of the features a 30-by-50-foot video screen overlooking the plaza. During NHL and NBA playoff runs, the square attracts thousands of Leafs and Raptors fans, respectively, a section of the square is designated Ford Fan Zone at Maple Leaf Square, with naming rights given to the Ford Motor Company of Canada. During Raptors playoff runs, the square has acquired the nickname Jurassic Park, the first Maple Leafs home game took place on February 20,1999, versus the Montreal Canadiens, won by the Leafs 3–2 on an overtime goal by Steve Thomas
Air Canada Centre
Air Canada Centre
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Air Canada Centre
Air Canada Centre
–
Chronology sign.
Air Canada Centre
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A Raptors game with the previous logo and colours, as well as the old scoreboard, later relocated to
Ricoh Coliseum
10.
Strobe light
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A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope, the word originated from the Greek strobos, meaning act of whirling. A typical commercial strobe light has an energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules. Larger strobe lights can be used in “continuous” mode, producing extremely intense illumination, the light source is commonly a xenon flash lamp, or flashtube, which has a complex spectrum and a color temperature of approximately 5,600 kelvins. To obtain colored light, colored gels may be used, strobe lights usually use flashtubes with energy supplied from a capacitor, an energy storage device much like a battery, but capable of charging and releasing energy much faster. Recently, some lights have been found to use rectified mains electricity. In a capacitor-based strobe light, the capacitor is charged up to around 300 V, once the capacitor has been charged, a small amount of power is diverted into a trigger transformer, a small transformer with a high turns ratio. This generates the weak but high voltage required to ionize the xenon gas in a flash tube. An arc is created inside the tube, which acts as a bridge for the much bigger pulse to flow down later, arcs present almost a direct short circuit, allowing the capacitors to quickly release their energy into the arc. This rapidly heats the gas, creating an extremely bright plasma discharge. A strobe without a storage device simply discharges mains voltages across the tube once its fired. This type of strobe requires no charging time and allows for much quicker flash rates, such strobes require a form of current limiting, because as mentioned above, an arc acts as a kind of short circuit. Individual strobe flashes typically only last around 200 microseconds, but can be sustained for greater or lesser periods of time depending on the intended use. Since this stop is only apparent, a point on the rotating body will either appear to move backward or forward, or not move. If the flash occurs equal to the period of rotation the marked point will appear to not move. Any non integer flash setting will make the mark appear to move forward or backward, strobe lighting has also been used to see the movements of the vocal cords in slow motion during speech, a procedure known as video-stroboscopy. A common use of a flash is to optimize a car engines efficiency at a certain rotational period by directing the strobe-light towards a mark on the flywheel on the engines main axle. The strobe-light tool for such ignition timing is called a timing light, other applications are in alarm systems, emergency vehicle lighting, theatrical lighting, and as high-visibility running lights
Strobe light
–
Strobe light
11.
Panorama
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A panorama is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film, seismic images or a three-dimensional model. The word was coined in the 18th century by the English painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh. The motion-picture term panning is derived from panorama, a panoramic view is also purposed for multi-media, cross-scale applications to an outline overview along and across repositories. This so-called cognitive panorama is a view over, and a combination of. The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in murals, as early as 20 A. D. in those found in Pompeii, cartographic experiments during the Enlightenment era preceded European panorama painting and contributed to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction. In the mid-19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a popular way to represent landscapes, topographic views. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360 degree panorama, the panorama was a 360-degree visual medium patented under the title Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures by the artist Robert Barker in 1787. The earliest that the word appeared in print was on June 11,1791 in the British newspaper The Morning Chronicle. The inaugural exhibition, a View of Edinburgh, was first shown in that city in 1788, by 1793, Barker had built The Panorama rotunda at the center of Londons entertainment district in Leicester Square, where it remained until closed in 1863. Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape, the Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne, Switzerland was created by Edouard Castres in 1881. The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a circumference of 112 meters, in the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference, also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the Racławice Panorama located in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 15 x 120 metres. In addition to historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times, prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles. Panoramic photography soon came to painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a wide image. Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images and this generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format, digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching
Panorama
–
Panorama of the inner courtyard of the
Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia
Panorama
–
A panorama of London by
Robert Barker, 1792
Panorama
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360 degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch
Panorama
–
Panoramic view of the antennas of the
Atacama Large Millimeter Array under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.
12.
Talk (Coldplay song)
–
Talk is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay. Built around a motif from Kraftwerks 1981 song Computer Love, it was written by all members of the band and appeared on their third album, in the United States, the song entered at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100 and elsewhere in the world its success varied. It peaked at one in the Netherlands Dutch Top 40. The song received positive reviews, with critics noting the musics sound, both the song and its Thin White Duke remix were nominated for the 2007 Grammy Awards, the latter of which won in the category of Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical. Coldplay had difficulties with the sessions for months, as to the sound of the track. They were skeptical in deciding to add Talk to the track listing of X&Y. During the recording sessions, which had seen the band scrap huge amounts of material, the song, however, made it to the track list, after it was properly mixed. When asked about the development of the song by NME. com, vocalist Chris Martin said, From that version, we went and did a whole other version of it. What happened with the song Talk is that it was all going great and then someone said That should be the first single and we all just freaked out, we’ve just mixed it and it sounds great. I think we’ve had such pain getting to that place, I’m not sure anyone quite knows what to do with it anymore, when we heard it mixed properly, it sounded mega. The band recorded three versions of the single, the one recorded on X&Y was based on an early cut of the song. A newer version of the track – with a different set of lyrics – was leaked onto the internet in early 2005, the track was originally intended to be a B-side for the song Speed of Sound, before becoming the last addition to X&Ys track listing. The track begins with a dark, desolate synthesizer beat, with guitar riffs being heard in the background. This slow introduction sets the course for the songs hypnotic pace, as previously noted, the song features the main hook from Kraftwerks Computer Love, replicated by Jonny Bucklands electric guitar riffs through out much of the track. Buckland also uses the hook as a note for more abrasive riffs during the bridge near the end of the song. A string section can be heard during the choruses and before the start of the bridge, guy Berryman also plays uptempo bass lines to compliment the tracks pace, featuring slower, more abrasive riffs during the songs verses and bridge. In the fourth line of the verse, Martin sings with a trace of irony. In the third line of the verse, Martin alludes to fear
Talk (Coldplay song)
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Chris Martin singing "Talk" during the band's 2005
Twisted Logic Tour
Talk (Coldplay song)
–
"Talk"
Talk (Coldplay song)
–
Coldplay performing "Talk" during their 2005
Twisted Logic Tour
13.
Clocks (song)
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Clocks is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was written and composed, as a collaboration between all the members of the band, for their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head, built around a piano riff, the song features cryptic lyrics concerning themes of contrast and urgency. Several remixes of the track exist and its riff has been widely sampled, Clocks debuted to critical and commercial success, with critics mainly commenting on the songs piano melody. It was released in the United Kingdom as the single from A Rush of Blood to the Head. It was released in the United States as the second single, it reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100. It won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Clocks was written and composed during the late stages of production of Coldplays second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. A riff popped into Chris Martins mind late one night in Liverpool when he came into the studio, according to Martin, Clocks was inspired by the English rock band Muse. Martin presented the riff to the bands guitarist, Jonny Buckland and it was like a chemical reaction process. Before writing and composing Clocks, the band had already written 10 songs for the album, however, because A Rush Of Blood To The Head was nearing completion, they thought it was too late to include the new song on it. Hence, they recorded a demo and saved it with other unfinished tracks, labeling it Songs for #3, by June 2002, Coldplay were ready to present the new album to their record label Parlophone. However, Martin felt it was rubbish, they were so far from being satisfied with the album that both the band and Parlophone delayed the release. After a headlining tour, Coldplay went on working Songs for #3, phil Harvey, the bands manager and a friend of Martin, heard it and pressed him to rework Clocks immediately. Harvey pointed out that, with its lyrics speak of urgency. Thus persuaded by Harvey, Martin then further developed Clocks, while band members supplemented his work with their ideas based on the main piano track, adding bass. Coldplay recorded the song very quickly because the schedule of A Rush of Blood to the Head had already been delayed, Clocks has a repeating piano melody, and features a minimalist soundscape of synthesizers, drums & bass guitar. Martin applied an ostinato, with emphasis that imitates a three against two polyrhythm, as well as a scale on the piano chord progression, which switches from major to minor chords. Clocks also includes a string arrangement in selected sections of the song. The themes of the lyrics include contrast, contradictions and urgency, according to Jon Wiederhon of MTV News, Martin seems to address the helplessness of being in a dysfunctional relationship he doesnt necessarily want to escape
Clocks (song)
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"Clocks"
Clocks (song)
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Coldplay performing "Clocks" on the
Twisted Logic Tour
14.
Yellow (Coldplay song)
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Yellow is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson for their debut album, the songs lyrics are a reference to the bands lead singer Chris Martins unrequited love. The song was recorded in March 2000, and released in June that same year as the single from Parachutes, following Shiver. Yellow reached number four in the UK Singles Chart, giving Coldplay their first top-five single in the United Kingdom, helped by heavy rotation and usage in promotions, the song thrust the band into popularity. Yellow has since covered by various recording artists worldwide. Yellow was written in a Rockfield studio in Wales called the Quadrangle, one night after finishing recording Shiver, the band took a break and went out of the studio. Outside, there were few lights on and the stars in the sky were visible and just amazing, according to the songs co-producer and he told the band to look at the stars, which they did. Lead singer Chris Martin was inspired by the sight and the main melody, consisting of a chord pattern. At first, Martin did not take it seriously as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice. Martin has said, The song had the stars and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice. The melody started off a lot slower, according to drummer Will Champion, not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martins idea worked out when he had developed the tempo of the verse. When guitarist Jonny Buckland started playing it and supplemented it with his ideas, they had created the riff, while composing the songs lyrics, Martin could not find the right words. He was thinking of a word, which he deemed a missing key word in the lyrics. He looked around the studio and saw Stephanie, a friend that happened to be present in the studio at that time, Martin later titled the song Yellow as a reference to Stephanies yellow glow. The lyrics progressed from there with the band collaborating, bassist Guy Berryman came up with the opening line Look at the stars. That night, having composed the song, the band recorded it. A much different origin of the song was told on The Howard Stern Show in November 2011, Martin applauded Stern saying I like you, Howard, so thats the first time Ive ever told anyone the truth behind Yellow. The band and Nelson produced the track, Nelson was acquainted with the bands music through the formers manager
Yellow (Coldplay song)
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"Yellow"
Yellow (Coldplay song)
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Coldplay performing "Yellow" in 2005.
Yellow (Coldplay song)
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The beach at
Studland Bay.
Yellow (Coldplay song)
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Coldplay performing "Yellow" in 2006 during the Twisted Logic tour with yellow balloons falling.
15.
The Flaming Lips
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The Flaming Lips are an American rock band formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 1983. In 2002, Q magazine named the Flaming Lips one of the 50 Bands to See Before You Die, the band is best known for its associations with 1960s and 1970s psychedelic subculture, with elements of this culture permeating the groups instrumentation, effects, and composition. Coynes lyrics, in particular, both reference and embody the fascination with the fiction and space opera genres of fiction that were popular during the golden age of psychedelic subculture. The group recorded albums and EPs on an indie label, Restless, in the 1980s. After signing to Warner Brothers, they scored a hit in 1993 with She Dont Use Jelly and they have had more hit singles in Europe than in the U. S. In February 2007, they were nominated for a 2007 BRIT Award in the Best International Act category, by 2007, the group garnered three Grammy Awards, including two for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. The Flaming Lips formed in Norman, Oklahoma in 1983 with Wayne Coyne on guitar, his brother Mark singing lead vocals, the band debuted at Oklahoma Citys Blue Note Lounge. After they went through a host of different drummers, Richard English joined the band in 1984 and that same year they recorded their only release with Mark Coyne singing lead vocals–The Flaming Lips. After his brothers departure, Wayne assumed the duties and the band released their first full-length album, Hear It Is. This line-up recorded two albums, 1987s Oh My Gawd. and 1989s Telepathic Surgery, the latter originally planned to be a 30-minute sound collage. Nathan Roberts replaced English and Jonathan Donahue joined in 1989, in a Priest Driven Ambulance, their first album with producer Dave Fridmann, was recorded at the State University of New York in Fredonia for $5 an hour on a $10,000 budget. The album was host to an expansion in the bands sound and their previous experiments in tape loops. During this period, Coyne made his transition to a higher, more strained vocal style akin to Neil Young, in 1991, the band started recording their major label debut Hit to Death in the Future Head. After the recording of this album Donahue left the band to concentrate on Mercury Rev and Roberts left the band as well and they were replaced by Ronald Jones and Steven Drozd respectively. In 1993, they released Transmissions from the Satellite Heart and this was the only studio album since In a Priest Driven Ambulance to date in which Dave Fridmann has not been involved. The success of this led to long stints of touring, opening for bands including the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Clouds Taste Metallic was released to much fanfare in late 1995. The strain of the year-long Clouds tour, added to the stress from the three years touring in support of Transmissions, was a factor in the departure of Ronald Jones in late 1996
The Flaming Lips
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Flaming Lips in concert 16 March 2006
The Flaming Lips
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Wayne Coyne in concert in January 2004
The Flaming Lips
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The Flaming Lips at
Dfest in July 2007
The Flaming Lips
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The Flaming Lips performing at
Jodrell Bank Observatory
16.
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
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It was co-founded by Paul Tollett and Rick Van Santen in 1999, and is organized by Goldenvoice, a subsidiary of AEG Live as of 2001. The event features many genres of music, including rock, indie, hip hop, across the grounds, several stages continuously host live music. The main stages are the, Coachella Stage, Gobi Tent, Mojave Tent, Outdoor Theatre, and Sahara Tent, the festivals origins trace back to a 1993 concert that Pearl Jam performed at the Empire Polo Club while boycotting venues controlled by Ticketmaster. After no event was held in 2000, Coachella returned on an annual basis beginning in April 2001, in 2002, the festival reverted to a two-day format. Coachella was expanded to a day in 2007 and eventually a second weekend in 2012, it is currently held on consecutive three-day weekends in April. Organizers began permitting spectators to camp on the grounds in 2003, Coachella showcases popular and established musical artists, as well as emerging artists and reunited groups. Coachella is one of the largest, most famous, and most profitable music festivals in the United States, the 2016 festival sold 198,000 tickets and grossed $94.2 million. On November 5,1993, Pearl Jam performed for almost 25,000 fans at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, the site was selected because the band refused to play in Los Angeles as a result of a dispute with Ticketmaster. Around 1997, Goldenvoice was struggling to book concerts against larger companies, Tollett said, We were getting our ass kicked financially. We were losing a lot of bands, and we couldnt compete with the money. As a result, the idea of a festival was conceived. While attending the 1997 Glastonbury Festival, Tollett began to brainstorm ideas for a festival of his own with multiple venues. His intent was to book artists who were not necessarily chart successes, Maybe if you put a bunch of them together. Press coverage leading up to the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was dominated by Woodstock 1999, a festival in July 1999 that was marred by looting, arson, violence, and rapes. Goldenvoices insurance costs increased 40% as a result and they faced uncertainty regarding Coachellas tickets, organizers were already aiming to provide a high-comfort festival experience for Coachella but rededicated themselves to those efforts after Woodstock 1999. Advertisements boasted free water fountains, ample restrooms, and misting tents, on October 9–10,1999, the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was held. Headlining the event were Beck, the Chemical Brothers, Tool, Morrissey, originally, promoters had hoped to make the event three days and even considered the UK band Massive Attack as the third-day headliner. The organizers strived to recreate European music festivals with small crowds in a setting with plenty of turntables
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
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Daft Punk 's performance at Coachella 2006 is frequently cited as one of the most memorable in the festival's history.
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
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The sun sets over the Coachella Stage in 2011
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
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The Outdoor Theatre in 2012 during a performance by
The Weeknd
17.
The Scientist (song)
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The Scientist is the second single from the British rock band Coldplays second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. The song was written collaboratively by all the members for the album. It is built around a piano ballad, with its lyrics telling the story about a desire to love. The song was released in the United Kingdom as the single from A Rush of Blood to the Head. It was released in the United States as the single and reached number 18 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Critics were highly positive towards The Scientist and praised the piano ballad. Several remixes of the track exist, and its riff has been widely sampled, the singles music video won three MTV Music Video Awards, for the videos use of reverse narrative. The song was featured on the bands 2003 live album Live 2003 and has been a permanent fixture in the bands live set lists since 2002. Lead singer Chris Martin wrote The Scientist after listening to George Harrisons All Things Must Pass. In an interview with Rolling Stone Magazine, Martin revealed that working on the bands second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. One night, during a stay in Liverpool, Martin found an old piano that was out of tune and he wanted to work on Harrisons song, Isnt It a Pity, but he could not manage to do so. When the song came to Martin, he asked that the recorder be turned on and he concluded by saying that he came across this chord sequence and noted that the chord was lovely. Martin recorded the vocals and piano takes in a studio in Liverpool, when asked about the development of the song, during a track-by-track reveal, Martin said, Thats just about girls. Its weird that whatever else is on your mind, whether its the downfall of global economics or terrible environmental troubles, the thing that always gets you most is when you fancy someone. The liner notes from A Rush of Blood to the Head, on the hand, states that The Scientist is Dan. with Dan referring to Dan Keeling. The song is a ballad, the song also contains a piano riff. Chris Martin opens the song and is joined by the rest of the band after the first chorus, the song begins with a four-chord piano melody, with Martin singing. The track also includes an arrangement, with slow tempo drums
The Scientist (song)
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"The Scientist"
The Scientist (song)
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Chris Martin playing "The Scientist" on his piano during the band's 2005
Twisted Logic Tour
18.
Charles Eames
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Among their most well-known designs is the Eames Lounge Chair. They also worked in the fields of industrial and graphic design, fine art, Charles Ormond Eames, Jr, was an American designer, architect and film maker. Along with his wife Ray Kaiser Eames he is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and he briefly studied architecture at Washington University in St. Louis on an architecture scholarship. After two years of study, he left the university, many sources claim that he was dismissed for his advocacy of Frank Lloyd Wright and his interest in modern architects. The university reportedly dropped him because of his too modern views, other sources, less frequently cited, note that while a student, Charles Eames also was employed as an architect at the firm of Trueblood and Graf. The demands on his time from this employment and from his classes led to sleep-deprivation, while at Washington University, he met his first wife, Catherine Woermann, whom he married in 1929. A year later, they had a daughter, Lucia Jenkins, in 1930, Charles began his own architectural practice in St. Louis with partner Charles Gray. They were later joined by a partner, Walter Pauley. Charles Eames was greatly influenced by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, in order to apply for the Architecture and Urban Planning Program, Eames defined an area of focus—the St. Louis waterfront. Together with Eero Saarinen he designed prize-winning furniture for New Yorks Museum of Modern Art Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition, in 1941, Charles and Catherine divorced, and he married his Cranbrook colleague Bernice Kaiser, who was born in Sacramento, California. He then moved with her to Los Angeles, California, where they worked and lived until their deaths. In the late 1940s, as part of the Arts & Architecture magazines Case Study program, Charles Eames died of a heart attack on August 21,1978 while on a consulting trip in his native Saint Louis, and was buried in the Calvary Cemetery there. He now has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame, in 1970 and 1971, Charles Eames gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University. He related the progression of design and its process where the leaf is transformed into something fantastically ornate. Ray-Bernice Alexandra Kaiser Eames was an American artist, designer, along with her husband Charles Eames she is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and the photographic arts. She was born in Sacramento, California to Alexander and Edna Burr Kaiser and she spent her early childhood years with her parents in their apartment, and then moved to a bungalow outside of the town. Her parents taught her the quality of enjoyment which later led to inventions in furniture design and her parents also instilled the value of enjoyment of nature. She was a founder of the American Abstract Artists group in 1936, one of her paintings is in the permanent collection of The Whitney Museum of American Art
Charles Eames
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Charles and Ray leaving Los Angeles with the Films for the 1959
American National Exhibition in Moscow
Charles Eames
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Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) circa 1956
Charles Eames
–
Eames House entry (
Case Study House #8)
Charles Eames
–
House Of Cards, German edition
19.
Ray Eames
–
Among their most well-known designs is the Eames Lounge Chair. They also worked in the fields of industrial and graphic design, fine art, Charles Ormond Eames, Jr, was an American designer, architect and film maker. Along with his wife Ray Kaiser Eames he is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and he briefly studied architecture at Washington University in St. Louis on an architecture scholarship. After two years of study, he left the university, many sources claim that he was dismissed for his advocacy of Frank Lloyd Wright and his interest in modern architects. The university reportedly dropped him because of his too modern views, other sources, less frequently cited, note that while a student, Charles Eames also was employed as an architect at the firm of Trueblood and Graf. The demands on his time from this employment and from his classes led to sleep-deprivation, while at Washington University, he met his first wife, Catherine Woermann, whom he married in 1929. A year later, they had a daughter, Lucia Jenkins, in 1930, Charles began his own architectural practice in St. Louis with partner Charles Gray. They were later joined by a partner, Walter Pauley. Charles Eames was greatly influenced by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, in order to apply for the Architecture and Urban Planning Program, Eames defined an area of focus—the St. Louis waterfront. Together with Eero Saarinen he designed prize-winning furniture for New Yorks Museum of Modern Art Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition, in 1941, Charles and Catherine divorced, and he married his Cranbrook colleague Bernice Kaiser, who was born in Sacramento, California. He then moved with her to Los Angeles, California, where they worked and lived until their deaths. In the late 1940s, as part of the Arts & Architecture magazines Case Study program, Charles Eames died of a heart attack on August 21,1978 while on a consulting trip in his native Saint Louis, and was buried in the Calvary Cemetery there. He now has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame, in 1970 and 1971, Charles Eames gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University. He related the progression of design and its process where the leaf is transformed into something fantastically ornate. Ray-Bernice Alexandra Kaiser Eames was an American artist, designer, along with her husband Charles Eames she is responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and the photographic arts. She was born in Sacramento, California to Alexander and Edna Burr Kaiser and she spent her early childhood years with her parents in their apartment, and then moved to a bungalow outside of the town. Her parents taught her the quality of enjoyment which later led to inventions in furniture design and her parents also instilled the value of enjoyment of nature. She was a founder of the American Abstract Artists group in 1936, one of her paintings is in the permanent collection of The Whitney Museum of American Art
Ray Eames
–
Charles and Ray leaving Los Angeles with the Films for the 1959
American National Exhibition in Moscow
Ray Eames
–
Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) circa 1956
Ray Eames
–
Eames House entry (
Case Study House #8)
Ray Eames
–
House Of Cards, German edition
20.
Powers of Ten (film)
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The Powers of Ten films are two short American documentary films written and directed by Charles and Ray Eames. The Powers of Ten films were adaptations of the book Cosmic View by Dutch educator Kees Boeke. Both films, and a book based on the film, follow the form of the Boeke original, adding color and photography to the black. In 1998, Powers of Ten was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and this version of the film has two clocks in the corner showing the comparison between the viewers time and that of earth time. As the viewers speed increases, earth time, relative to the viewer and it was installed in the Smithsonian Institutions National Air and Space Museums Life in the Universe gallery at the time of the museums opening in 1976, until the gallerys closure in 1978. There is also a 1968 National Film Board of Canada film entitled Cosmic Zoom which covers the subject using animation. It is wordless, using sped-up music during the trips to normal size. The man then sleeps, while the woman starts to read one of the books, the viewpoint, accompanied by expository voiceover by Philip Morrison, then slowly zooms out to a view ten meters across. Powers of Ten, A Book About the Relative Size of Things in the Universe, Cosmic Zoom, an eight-minute short from Canada. Cosmic Voyage, a remake of Powers of Ten in IMAX format for the National Air. Contact, whose computer-generated opening sequence pulls back from the Earth to the whole of the universe, is inspired by Powers of Ten. Cosmic Eye, complete remake of Powers of Ten based on data, also available as iPhone/iPad/iPod app Video on YouTube Cozmic Zoom. The music video for the Sara Bareilles song Gravity is an homage to Powers of Ten, tributed Powers of Ten in his music video for the Bigger Picture List of American films of 1968 Orders of magnitude Earths location in the universe Official website, Powers of Ten. Archived from the original on June 18,2014, exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences Powers of Ten on YouTube Powers of Ten at the Internet Movie Database The Scale of the Universe 2 - an interactive web site exploring the same concept
Powers of Ten (film)
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Architecture
Powers of Ten (film)
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Title card for the 1977 "Final" version
21.
In My Place
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In My Place is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song was written collaboratively by all the members for their second album. The track is built around thumping drums and chiming guitars and it was released on 5 August 2002 as the lead single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number 17 on Billboards Modern Rock Tracks, in My Place was well received by critics, who complimented its arrangement and profound lyrics. The song won the award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards, in an interview with Q magazine, lead singer Chris Martin stated that In My Place was a song Coldplay had left after recording their debut album Parachutes. When the band finished recording their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head, however, after guitarist Jonny Buckland played the song on his guitar, Martin said that they now needed to record it and include it on the album. Martin also said that, Thats about where youre put in the world, and how youre given your position, and the way you look, in an interview, Buckland revealed that the song was hard to record, as the band had played the song live. He also commented that when they started recording the song, they did not know how it should sound, the song opens with a single crash cymbal followed by two bars of 4/4 drumming, then a plaintive three-note guitar line rings through a strummy rhythm, and Martins vocals. Its instrumentation is varied with the sound of thumping drums, chiming guitars, a chorus. The song also features a guitar lick swirl, the three lines of the third verse allude to a mans love of a woman, who does not reciprocate his love. He is saying he will wait for her, but he does not think that she should stay where she is any longer. The lyrics emphasize, But I wait for you/if you go, the songs lyrics also include references to a desire for weary optimism. Critics were positive towards the song, adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote, When the shimmering, pretty lead-off single In My Place represents the albums weakest moment, you know youve got something extraordinary. Currently storming the charts a la Yellow, In My Place is another surprisingly simple song, carried by Jonny Bucklands chiming guitar and it really shouldnt amount to much, but Coldplay make it work very well. When Martin sings, Please, please, please/Come back and sing to me, he sells it. Amy M. Bruce of The Towerlight wrote, With a slew of introspective rock songs like In My Place and God Put a Smile upon Your Face, this album is worthy of the hype surrounding the bands first album. Jules Willis of the BBC wrote, The second track, the first written post-Parachutes and its a fantastic pop tune that justifies Coldplays status as one of UKs most exciting bands. Coldplay released In My Place in the US and UK on 5 August 2002 as the lead single
In My Place
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"In My Place"
In My Place
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Coldplay's performance of "In My Place" during the band's
Viva la Vida Tour.
22.
Disposable camera
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Disposable or single-use camera is a simple box camera meant to be used once. Some are equipped with a flash unit, and there are even waterproof versions for underwater photography. Internally, the use a 135 film or an APS cartridge. While some disposables contain an actual cartridge as used for loading normal, reusable cameras, the whole camera is handed in for processing. Some of the cameras are recycled, i. e. refilled with film, the cameras are returned for processing in the same fashion as film cameras. A company called Photo-Pac produced a cardboard camera beginning in 1949 which shot 8 exposures, cameras were expensive, and would often have been left safely at home when lovely scenes presented themselves. Frustrated with missing photo opportunities, H. M. Stiles had invented a way to enclose 35mm film in an enclosure without the expensive precision film transport mechanism. Though incredibly similar to the familiar single-use cameras today, Photo-Pac failed to make a permanent impression on the market, in 1966, a French company called FEX introduced a disposable bakelite camera called Photo Pack Matic, featuring 12 photos. The currently familiar disposable camera was developed by Fujifilm in 1986 and their Utsurun-Desu or QuickSnap line used 35 mm film, while Eastman Kodaks 1987 Fling was based on 110 film. Kodak released a 35 mm version in 1988, and in 1989 renamed the 35 mm version the FunSaver, in Japan, the Utsurun was released in 1986 for 1380 yen and became widely accepted. Because of the appeal, companies like Konica, Canon and Nikon soon produced their own models. To stay competitive, Fuji introduced advanced features to its original model such as photography, waterproofing. Some cameras even have a manual zoom feature which works by shifting two lenses in front of the shutter, by 2005 disposable cameras were a staple of the consumer film camera market and flash-equipped disposables were the norm. Disposable cameras are popular with tourists and people traveling around the world to save pictures of their adventures, since the late 1990s, disposable cameras have become increasingly popular as wedding favors. Usually they are placed on tables at wedding receptions to be used by guests to capture their unique perspective of the event, more commonly they are available in colors to match the wedding theme such as ivory, blue, white, gold, etc. So-called accident camera kits containing film-based disposable cameras are increasingly being carried in vehicles to take images as evidence after an accident, film photography is potentially a more credible form of photography in the event of a dispute due to the ease with which digital photography can be edited. The low cost of the makes them a perfect tool for these sorts of projects. Digital one-time-use cameras are available in markets, for example the US saw the introduction of a digital camera in 2004
Disposable camera
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Kodak Ultra disposable camera with inbuilt flash
23.
Johnny Cash
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Johnny Cash was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author. He is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century and one of the music artists of all time. Although primarily remembered as an music icon, his genre-spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of multiple inductions in the Country Music, Rock and Roll and he traditionally began his concerts with the simple Hello, Im Johnny Cash, followed by his signature Folsom Prison Blues. Much of Cashs music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption and his signature songs include I Walk the Line, Folsom Prison Blues, Ring of Fire, Get Rhythm, and Man in Black. During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably Hurt by Nine Inch Nails, Cash was born on February 26,1932, in Kingsland, Arkansas, one of seven children born to Ray Cash and Carrie Cloveree. He was mostly of Scottish and English ancestry, and as an adult traced his surname to 11th-century Fife, Scotland, after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Fife, Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family. At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash, when Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed his name to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he took Johnny Cash as his stage name, the Cash children were, Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R. Reba, Joanne, and Tommy. Tommy Cash also became a country artist. In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas and he started working in cotton fields at age five, singing along with his family while working. The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which inspired him to write the song Five Feet High and Rising. His familys economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, Cash was very close to his older brother, Jack. In May 1944, Jack was pulled into a head saw in the mill where he worked and was almost cut in two. He suffered for over a week before he died on May 20,1944, Cash often spoke of the horrible guilt he felt over this incident. Jack insisted on working, as the family needed the money, on his deathbed, Jack said he had visions of Heaven and angels. Decades later, Cash spoke of looking forward to meeting his brother in Heaven, Cashs early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of twelve
Johnny Cash
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Cash in 1969
Johnny Cash
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Publicity photo for Sun Records
Johnny Cash
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The Tennessee Three with Cash in 1963.
Johnny Cash
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Johnny Cash and his second wife,
June Carter
24.
Ring of Fire (song)
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Ring of Fire, or The Ring of Fire, is a song written by June Carter Cash and Merle Kilgore and recorded by Johnny Cash. The single appears on Cashs 1963 album, Ring of Fire, the song was originally recorded by Junes sister, Anita Carter, on her Mercury Records album Folk Songs Old and New as Ring of Fire. Ring of Fire was ranked No.4 on CMTs 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music in 2003, the song was recorded on March 25,1963, and became one of the biggest hits of Cashs career, staying at number one on the country chart for seven weeks. It was certified Gold on January 21,2010, by the RIAA and has sold over 1.2 million digital downloads. Although Ring of Fire sounds ominous, the term refers to falling in love – which is what June Carter was experiencing with Johnny Cash at the time. Some sources claim that Carter had seen the phrase Love is like a ring of fire. She worked with Kilgore on writing a song inspired by this phrase as she had seen her uncle do in the past and she had written, There is no way to be in that kind of hell, no way to extinguish a flame that burns, burns, burns. Cashs first wife, Vivian Liberto, offers a different conception of Ring of Fire in her book I Walked the Line. She contends that June Carter Cash was not a co-writer of the song, To this day and she didnt write that song any more than I did. The truth is, Johnny wrote that song, while pilled up and drunk, All those years of her claiming she wrote it herself, and she probably never knew what the song was really about. Liberto claims that Cash decided to give Carter co-writer status because She needs the money, the song was originally recorded by Junes sister, Anita Carter, on her Mercury Records album Folk Songs Old and New as Ring of Fire. Mercury released Anitas version as a single and it was a pick hit in Billboard magazine. After hearing Anitas version, Cash claimed he had a dream where he heard the song accompanied by Mexican horns, Cash stated, Ill give you about five or six more months, and if you dont hit with it, Im gonna record it the way I feel it. Cash noted that adding trumpets was a change to his basic sound, when the song failed to become a major hit for Anita, Cash recorded it his own way, adding the mariachi-style horns. This sound was used in the song It Aint Me Babe. Mother Maybelle and the Carter sisters are featured in the Cash recording singing harmony. Cash tinkered with a few of the phrases in Anita Carters version of the song. Cashs daughter Rosanne has stated, The song is about the power of love and thats what it has always meant to me
Ring of Fire (song)
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"Ring of Fire"
25.
Bob Dylan
–
Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
Bob Dylan
–
Dylan onstage at Azkena Rock Festival,
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, June 26, 2010
Bob Dylan
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Zimmerman family home in Hibbing, Minnesota
Bob Dylan
–
With
Joan Baez during the civil rights "
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ", August 28, 1963
Bob Dylan
–
Bob Dylan in November 1963
26.
Fix You
–
Fix You is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was written by all four members of the band for their studio album. The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and it was released on 5 September 2005 as the second single from X&Y and has reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. The song reached number 18 in the United States Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks, promo singles were released for the UK and US. Fix You was critically acclaimed by music critics and it has been widely sampled, with different covers and sounds. The song was nominated for awards in the categories of Best Song Musically and Lyrically. The music video was garnered as a tribute to the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the song is also used for the 2015–16 New York Islanders inaugural season in Barclays Center. The song was played live at the Steve Jobs memorial/celebration-of-life event at Apple headquarters on 19 October 2011 in Cupertino, when writing the song, vocalist Chris Martin originally intended to use a church-style organ for the track. Unable to gain access to the instrument, Martin instead used an old keyboard that his late father-in-law, Bruce Paltrow, however, in other instances Martin has claimed that Fix You is influenced by English alternative rock band Elbows 2003 anthem Grace Under Pressure. When asked about the development of the song, Martin said, No one had ever plugged it in. I plugged it in, and there was this incredible sound Id never heard before, all these songs poured out from this one sound. Something has to inspire you, and something else takes over, Martin also noted that the song is probably the most important song weve ever written. During a track-by-track analysis bassist Guy Berryman admitted that the song takes a bit of inspiration from Jimmy Cliffs 1969 song Many Rivers to Cross, Berryman also added, It becomes its own thing, kind of like points of inspiration that kind of lead you down certain paths. Whenever you want to write a song like someone else, it ends up sounding like something different anyway. The song, which is written in the key of E-flat major, features an organ, the song starts with a hushed electric organ ballad, including Martins falsetto. The song then builds with acoustic guitar and piano, along with a string section during the beginning choruses, the sound then shifts with a plaintive three-note guitar line, ringing through a rhythmic upbeat drum tempo. The song then transitions to its bridge, which roars into an instrumentation of piano notes, electric & bass guitar riffs, drums, a synthesizer then joins the instrumentation, during the second half of the bridge. The song finally ends with the chorus, with slow
Fix You
–
Chris Martin playing "Fix You" on a synthesiser during the band's 2008
Viva la Vida Tour
Fix You
–
"Fix You"
27.
Socceroos
–
The Australian national soccer team represents Australia in international mens soccer. The team has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup tournament on four occasions, the team has also represented Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup three times. The first Australia national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand, during the tour, Australia suffered two defeats and scraped a draw. For the next 36 years, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became regular opponents in tour matches, during that period, Australia also competed against Canada and India during their tours of Australia in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Australia recorded their worst ever defeat on 30 June 1951 as they lost 17–0 in a match to a touring England side, Australia had a rare opportunity to compete on the worlds stage during the teams very first major international tournament as hosts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. However, an inexperienced squad proved to be reason for the disappointing performance. With the advent of air travel, Australia began to diversify its range of opponents. However, its isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 30 years. It would prove to be the appearance for the Australian team until the World Cup tournament returned to Germany more than three decades later in 2006. The teams previously poor record in World Cup competition was not reflected in their performances against strong European. In 1988, Australia defeated reigning world champions Argentina 4–1 in the Australian Bicentennial Gold Cup, in 1997, Australia drew with reigning world champions Brazil 0–0 in the group stage and then defeated Uruguay 1–0 in the semi-finals to reach the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final. Many commentators and fans, most notably soccer broadcaster and former Australian captain Johnny Warren, on 13 March, the AFC executive committee made a unanimous decision to invite Australia to join the AFC. After the OFC executive committee unanimously endorsed Australias proposed move, FIFA approved the move on 30 June 2005. Australia joined Asia, with the taking effect on 1 January 2006, though until then. After a successful campaign, the team took the first steps towards qualification for the 2006 World Cup, after coach Frank Farina stood down from the position after Australias dismal performance at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Guus Hiddink was announced as the new national coach. Australia, ranked 49th, would then have to play the 18th ranked Uruguay in a rematch of the 2001 qualification play-off for a spot in the 2006 World Cup. The second leg of the qualifying play-off was played in front of a crowd of 82,698 at Stadium Australia, Australia led Uruguay 1–0 after 90 minutes following a goal by Mark Bresciano in the first half. The aggregate was tied, and extra time was played, neither team scored after two periods of extra time, bringing the game to a penalty shootout
Socceroos
–
Australia against
Uruguay in
Stadium Australia, during the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying play-off.
Socceroos
–
Australia
Socceroos
–
Australia against
Germany in
Moses Mabhida Stadium, at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Socceroos
–
Australia match against
Kuwait in
2015 AFC Asian Cup opening match
28.
2006 FIFA World Cup
–
The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003. Thirty-one teams qualified from this process, along with the host nation, Germany and it was the second time that Germany staged the competition, and the tenth time that it was held in Europe. Italy won the tournament, claiming their fourth World Cup title and they defeated France 5–3 in a penalty shootout in the final, after extra time had finished in a 1–1 draw. Germany defeated Portugal 3–1 to finish in third place, Angola, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Serbia and Montenegro, Trinidad and Tobago, and Togo made their first appearances in the finals. The 2006 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in history, garnering an estimated 26.29 billion non-unique viewers. The final attracted an audience of 715.1 million people. The 2006 World Cup ranks fourth in non-unique viewers, behind the World Cup in 1994,2002, as the winner, Italy represented the World in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. The vote to choose the hosts of the 2006 tournament was held in July 2000 in Zürich and it involved four bidding nations after Brazil had withdrawn three days earlier, Germany, South Africa, England and Morocco. Three rounds of voting were required, each round eliminating the nation with the least votes, the first two rounds were held on 6 July 2000, and the final round was held on 7 July 2000, which Germany won over South Africa. Accusations of bribery and corruption have marred the success of Germanys bid from the very beginning, on the very day of the vote, a hoax bribery affair was made public, leading to calls for a re-vote. Oceania delegate Charlie Dempsey, who had initially backed England, had then been instructed to support South Africa following Englands elimination and he abstained, citing intolerable pressure on the eve of the vote. Just a week before the vote, the German government under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder lifted their arms embargo on Saudi Arabia, daimlerChrysler invested several hundred million Euro in Hyundai, while one of the sons of the companys founders was a member of FIFAs executive committee. Both Volkswagen and Bayer announced investments in Thailand and South Korea, whose respective delegates Worawi Makudi, the sum of 6.7 million Euro was later demanded back by Dreyfus. In order to retrieve the money, the Organizing Committee paid an aquivalent sum to the FIFA, allegedly as a German share for the cost of a closing ceremony, the DFB announced they would consider seeking legal action against Der Spiegel. During a press conference on 22 October 2015, Nierbach repeated his stance, according to Niersbach, the payment had been agreed upon during a meeting between Franz Beckenbauer and FIFA president Blatter, with the money being provided by Dreyfus. On the same day, FIFA contradicted Niersbachs statement, saying, By our current state of knowledge, the following day, former DFB president Theo Zwanziger publicly accused Niersbach of lying, saying, It is evident that there was a slush fund for the German World Cup application. According to Zwanziger, the 6.7 million Euros went to Mohamed Bin Hammam, on 22 March 2016 it was announced that the FIFA Ethics Committee was opening proceedings into the bid
2006 FIFA World Cup
–
Berlin
2006 FIFA World Cup
–
2006 FIFA World Cup official logo A time to make friends
2006 FIFA World Cup
2006 FIFA World Cup
29.
Kylie Minogue
–
Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE, often known simply as Kylie, is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. She achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, where she played tomboy mechanic Charlene Robinson, since then, Minogue has been a recording artist and has achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the entertainment industry. Minogue has been recognised with several nicknames including Princess of Pop. She is recognised as the highest-selling Australian artist of all time by the Australian Recording Industry Association, born and raised in Melbourne, Australia, Minogue has for many years worked and lived in London. She signed to PWL in 1987 and released her first studio album Kylie the next year, in 1992, she left PWL and signed with Deconstruction Records and where she created her self-titled studio album and Impossible Princess, both of which received positive reviews from critics. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to Parlophone and her 2001 single Cant Get You Out of My Head became one of the most successful singles during the 2000s, selling over ten million units. It is recognised as her song and was named the catchiest song ever by Yahoo. Her album Fever was a hit in countries, including the United States. In 2005, while Minogue was on her Showgirl, The Greatest Hits Tour, after treatment, she resumed the tour under the title Showgirl, The Homecoming Tour, which critics viewed as a triumph. Minogue resumed work as an actress and appeared in the films Moulin Rouge, Jack & Diane, and Holy Motors. In 2014, she appeared as a judge on the series of The Voice UK. Her other ventures include product endorsements, children books and fashion, as of 2015, Minogue has had worldwide record sales of more than 80 million. She has mounted several successful and critically acclaimed concert world tours and she was appointed OBE by Charles, Prince of Wales in 2008. She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture, Minogue was awarded an honorary Doctor of Health Science degree by Anglia Ruskin University for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. In November 2011, on the 25th anniversary of the ARIA Music Awards, in December 2016, Billboard ranked her as the 18th most successful dance artist of all-time. Kylie was born to Ronald Charles Minogue and Carol Ann Jones in Melbourne, Australia and her father is a fifth generation Australian, and has Irish ancestry, while her mother came from Maesteg, Wales. Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, just before Kylies birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer. Kylies younger brother, Brendan, is a cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer
Kylie Minogue
–
Minogue at an
amfAR event, 2015
Kylie Minogue
–
The music video for "Where the Wild Roses Grow" (1995) (left) was inspired by
John Everett Millais '
Ophelia (1851/52) (right).
Kylie Minogue
Kylie Minogue
–
William Baker has cited the 1940s "
Vargas Girl " pinups of
Alberto Vargas as an influence, as demonstrated in the music video for "
Spinning Around " (2000)
30.
U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
U2
–
U2 performing at
Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
–
Bono performs in Norway during the
War Tour in 1983.
U2
–
The tree pictured on
The Joshua Tree album sleeve.
Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
–
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.
31.
Zoo Station (song)
–
Zoo Station is a song by Irish rock band U2. As the albums opening track, Zoo Station introduces the new sound, delivering industrial-influenced percussion and several layers of distorted guitars. Similarly, the lyrics suggest the groups new intents and anticipations, Bono was also inspired by the citys Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station and used it as a metaphor for a reuniting Germany. Zoo Station was performed as the song at every concert on U2s Zoo TV Tour. The song received positive reviews critics, many of whom analysed the song as a representation of the bands reinvention. Following difficult recording sessions at Hansa Studios in Berlin in late 1990 and they struggled with the song Lady With the Spinning Head, but three separate tracks, Zoo Station, Ultraviolet and The Fly, were derived from it. The band ultimately decided to take Zoo Station in a more industrial direction than Lady With the Spinning Head, Zoo Station came together near the end of the recording sessions when audio engineer Flood was mixing the song and introduced distortion to the drums. The songs direction was influenced by the production team of Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno. After they distorted his voice to make it sound as if it were coming from a megaphone, Bono was inspired to sing in a persona, Flood mixed the final track with the assistance of Shannon Strong. Along with Robbie Adams, Strong also assisted Flood with engineering, Lanois provided additional guitar during recording. With Achtung Baby, the sought to recover some of the Dadaist characters. U2 had abandoned these ideas for more literal themes in the 1980s, however, for the new album, the band was interested in no longer making obvious sense. Accordingly, the lyrics for Zoo Station were inspired by the surrealism of a story about Berlin during World War II that Bono heard, Bono was also inspired by Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, also known as Zoo station, previously the main railway station in West Berlin. The station was notorious as a haunt for drug dealers, prostitutes and pimps, pick-pockets and transients, particularly prior to German reunification, during recording, Eno created several prototype mixes of the song. The Edge recalled how these different mixes assisted the band in creating the version of the track. Bottoms is a track and was described by The Edge as a crazy mix. He added Bottoms was done in Japan, and we just built on that mix, sometimes you can end up with something completely distinctive. As the first track on an album that was a reinvention for the band
Zoo Station (song)
–
Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, colloquially called Bahnhof Zoo ("Zoo Station") in Germany, partially inspired the song's lyrics.
Zoo Station (song)
–
During performances of "Zoo Station" on the
Zoo TV Tour, Bono would arrive on-stage as his stage persona "
The Fly ".
32.
A Rush of Blood to the Head
–
A Rush of Blood to the Head is the second studio album by the British alternative rock band Coldplay. Released on 26 August 2002 in the UK through the label Parlophone, Recording started after the band became popular worldwide with the release of their debut album, Parachutes, and one of its singles in particular, Yellow. The album makes use of electric guitar and piano than its predecessor. The album was available in August 2002, two months after its original planned release date. It was released on 27 August in the United States through Capitol Records, Capitol released a remastered version of the album in 2008 on a 180-gram vinyl record as part of the From the Capitol Vaults series. The album debuted and continued their huge commercial legacy, a pattern that began with Parachutes which made Coldplay one of the best-selling bands worldwide. It topped the UK Albums Chart upon its first week of release in the United Kingdom, the British Phonographic Industry has since certified the album 9× Platinum for its accumulated sales of over 2.8 million units in the UK and the album has sold 20 million copies worldwide. The album spawned the hit singles In My Place, The Scientist, god Put a Smile upon Your Face was also released, but was significantly less successful. In 2012, it was ranked number 466 on Rolling Stone Magazines 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and it was also voted the best album of all time by the listeners of BBC Radio 2 in a poll conducted in 2013. The band started recording the album in London a week after the September 11 attacks in the United States, Coldplay had never stayed in London for an extended period before and were bombarded by problems focusing on the production process. They decided to relocate to Liverpool, where they had recorded some of the songs on Parachutes, lead singer Chris Martin said that once there they became obsessed with recording. In My Place was the first song recorded for the album and it kept us going and made us think we could still write songs, following a strange period of not really knowing what we were doing three months after the success of Parachutes. The band wrote more than twenty songs for the album and some of those, including In My Place, the albums title was revealed through a post on the bands official website. During initial recording sessions in Liverpool, lead singer Chris Martin and guitarist Jonny Buckland worked alone, each Monday, they would present the song ideas that they had developed to their bandmates. With A Rush of Blood to the Head nearly completed, Martin went into the late one night. The band recognised that this version of the song, that would become Clocks, was special the first time Martin played it to them. Subsequently, many songs were discarded because they sounded like they could have been on Parachutes, Martin has claimed that it would have been uninteresting, It would have shown that were happy to sit back on what wed done, and were not. For us, it was important to progress and try to improve upon our abilities as musicians, such ambitions put the band under strain, sometimes practice sessions ended abruptly with one or more members of Coldplay threatening to quit
A Rush of Blood to the Head
–
A Rush of Blood to the Head
A Rush of Blood to the Head
–
Coldplay promoted A Rush of Blood to the Head with a
tour of the same name.
33.
Trouble (Coldplay song)
–
Trouble is a song by British rock band Coldplay, for their debut album, Parachutes. The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson, the songs musicscape is minimalist built around a piano. The song was released on 26 October 2000 as the third single. It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the second top 10 single in the country. Although Trouble failed to chart on the United States, the music press deemed it almost as successful as its predecessor, two different music videos for the single were released. An associated EP titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001, consisted of five tracks recorded live by the band at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, according to Coldplays lead singer Chris Martin, the songs writing was inspired by his own behaviour. Martin recalls, There were some bad things going in our band, the song is about behaving badly towards somebody you really love and I was certainly doing that to some members of the band. He added that he supposed it was time to stop acting like a knobhead. The four members of Coldplay are credited as co-writers of Trouble, British record producer Ken Nelson and the band produced Trouble for their debut album, Parachutes. The track was recorded four times before the band got the take they preferred, the backing track was first recorded, and each time they add to see if it was working. They, however, decided that the first three versions were not working, the last take was recorded into Pro Tools with a shaker to provide the rhythm to the track. For the backing track, Will Champion played the drums and Martin on the piano which they recorded in a wooden room. After Guy Berrymans bass was recorded, guitarist Jonny Buckland added the guitar section, in recording the piano section of the track, the band used two microphones—one was brighter-sounding and the other had a fuller sound. Nelson, who wanted to keep the song simple, chose the fuller sound microphone for the mixing, Trouble was mixed in New York by American mix engineer Michael Brauer. The initial mixed version, which was sent back to the band and Nelson, fell short of their desired quality, according to Nelson, the vocal was overcompressed and the piano was too bright. Despite this, Nelson did not blame Brauer because he was recording the album when the track was being mixed, the songs lyrics have softer emotional themes, including apologies, unrequited love, and longing. Its musicscape follows the minimalistic approach, Trouble is built around a piano, with a snare drum background that was mixed very low. The snare drum section tends to be inaudible when the come in
Trouble (Coldplay song)
–
"Trouble"
Trouble (Coldplay song)
–
Chris Martin playing "Trouble" on his piano during a concert in Brazil, February 2007
34.
Parachutes (album)
–
Parachutes is the debut studio album by British rock band Coldplay. It was released on 10 July 2000 by Parlophone in the United Kingdom, the album was produced by the band and British record producer Ken Nelson, except for one track, High Speed, which was produced by Chris Allison. Parachutes has spawned the hit singles Shiver, Yellow, Trouble, the album was a commercial success, and was met with positive reviews. Upon release, the album reached number one in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200. It won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2002, Parachutes is also the 19th best-selling album of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, and won the Best British Album award at the 2001 Brit Awards. As of 2011, it has sold around 8.5 million copies worldwide, the band began production on Parachutes in late 1999, after producing & releasing the The Blue Room EP with British record producer Chris Allison. Allison was asked to assist with production, and the musical direction. Production started with the track High Speed, which was part of the EP and was later re-released as a part of Parachutes. I thought High Speed was a good marriage between the classic rock sound and the new sound that was developing out of it, something that was more atmospheric. Seven tracks in all were recorded during the sessions at Orinoco studios in London, the band then took a lengthy break to compose more tracks for Parachutes. A few months later, it was arranged that Allison and the meet at a rehearsal room to finally begin production on the bands debut album. They started up playing in the room and they really werent together at all. And I was very honest with them, I just sort of said Look this simply isnt good enough, a couple of months later, British record producer Ken Nelson was chosen, producing all but one song on Parachutes. He was introduced to Coldplay by his manager Pete Byrne, Nelson has claimed that, as soon as he heard vocalist Chris Martins voice on the song Bigger Stronger, he realised that he was something special. Nelson was offered the job while Coldplay were performing in Liverpool with English indie rock band Gomez, Coldplay initially planned to record Parachutes in the space of two weeks. However, tours and other live performances caused the recording to spread out between September 1999 and May 2000. The band began work on the album at Rockfield Studios in Wales, Matrix Studios, the band worked in three studio rooms at Parr Street, and tracked much of the album in one of these rooms—the project studio which producer Ken Nelson describes as basically a demo room
Parachutes (album)
–
Parachutes
Parachutes (album)
–
Coldplay performing "Yellow" in the 2005
Twisted Logic Tour.
Parachutes (album)
–
Coldplay continue to perform songs from Parachutes, such as "Yellow," in live performances.
35.
Brand Nubian
–
Brand Nubian is an American hip hop group from New Rochelle, New York, composed of three emcees, Grand Puba, Sadat X and Lord Jamar, and formerly two DJs, DJ Alamo and DJ Sincere. About. com placed the group on its list of the 25 Greatest Rap Groups of All Time, Brand Nubian formed in 1989 and their first single, Brand Nubian, was released in 1989. Signed to Elektra Records by A&R man Dante Ross, their debut album, generally acclaimed, the album drew fire for militant Five-Percenter rhetoric on tracks such as Drop the Bomb and Wake Up. The controversy helped selling in excess of 400,000 copies, a version of the Fab Five Freddy-directed video of the single Wake Up, featuring a black man in white-face makeup, was banned from MTV. On that channel and from official WEA sources, this image was replaced by a Baptist preacher, the singles Slow Down, All for One, and Wake Up all became hits on Billboard’s Hot Rap Tracks chart in 1991. Shortly after the debut release, Sadat X and Lord Jamar quarreled with Grand Puba. Following this, Lord Jamar and Sadat X asked DJ Sincere to join the group in 1992, the same year, Puba released his solo debut, Reel to Reel. At the end of 1992, Brand Nubian released the single Punks Jump up to Get Beat Down. The track created controversy because of its content such as Sadat Xs line I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot/I dont understand their ways. Despite this, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 77, later versions omitted the line and replaced it with different lyrics, including the version on the greatest hits compilation The Very Best of Brand Nubian. In early 1993, Brand Nubian released their album, In God We Trust, which included the song Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down. That same year, the groups song Lick Dem Muthaphuckas was released as part of the Menace II Society soundtrack, Brand Nubian’s next release, Everything is Everything, came out in November 1994. Reviews were mixed and sales mediocre, despite the top-40 Hot Rap Tracks singles Word is Bond, in 1995, Brand Nubian broke up and its members started solo careers in music and television. That same year, Grand Puba released his solo effort,2000, featuring another Billboard Hot 100 single, I Like It. Brand Nubians original members reunited in 1997 and contributed A Child is Born to the Soul in the Hole soundtrack, in 1997, Keep It Bubblin appeared on the Money Talks soundtrack. In 1998, Brand Nubian released the album Foundation on Arista/BMG Records and it featured contributions from producers such as DJ Premier, Buckwild, Lord Finesse, and Diamond D. The lead single Dont Let It Go to Your Head became, at number 54, in 2000, Brand Nubian once again teamed up with Buckwild of D. I. T. C. Releasing the single Rockin It, after which the members, once again, Sadat X released a solo EP in 2000, The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy
Brand Nubian
–
Brand Nubian performing live in 2008.
36.
Tomorrow Never Knows
–
Tomorrow Never Knows is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, released as the final track on their August 1966 album Revolver. Credited as a Lennon–McCartney song, it was primarily by John Lennon. The song has a vocal filtered through a Leslie speaker cabinet, tape loops prepared by the Beatles were mixed in and out of the Indian-inspired modal backing underpinned by a constant but non-standard drum pattern. It marked the first recorded use of reversed sounds in a pop song, rain, which was released showcasing the technique three months earlier, was recorded after. Lennon bought the book, went home, took LSD, the book held that the ego death experienced under the influence of LSD and other psychedelic drugs is essentially similar to the dying process and requires similar guidance. This is a state of being known by eastern mystics and masters as samādhi, the title never actually appears in the songs lyrics. Lennon later revealed that, like A Hard Days Night, it was taken one of Ringo Starrs malapropisms. The piece was originally titled Mark I, the Void is cited as another working title but according to Mark Lewisohn this is untrue. McCartney remembered that even though the harmony was mainly restricted to the chord of C, Martin accepted it as it was. The songs harmonic structure is derived from Indian music and is based upon a high volume C drone played by Harrison on a tamboura. The chord over the drone is generally C major, but some changes to B flat major result from vocal modulations, as well as orchestral, the song has been called the first pop song that attempted to dispense with chord changes altogether. It is not dying involves a run of three G melody notes that rise on dying to a B♭, creating a ♭VII/I slash polychord and this is a prominent device in Beatles songs such as All My Loving, Help. A Hard Days Night, Norwegian Wood, Hey Jude, Dear Prudence, Revolution, Lennon first played the song to Brian Epstein, George Martin and the other Beatles at Epsteins house at 24 Chapel Street, Belgravia, London. The 19-year-old Geoff Emerick was promoted to replace Norman Smith as engineer on the first session for the Revolver album and this started at 8 pm on 6 April 1966, in Studio Three at Abbey Road. Lennon told producer Martin that he wanted to sound like a hundred chanting Tibetan monks, the effect was achieved by using a Leslie speaker. When the concept was explained to Lennon, he inquired if the effect could be achieved by hanging him upside down. Emerick made a connector to break into the circuitry of the cabinet. The two tape machines used were not driven by electricity, but from a separate generator which put out a particular frequency
Tomorrow Never Knows
–
A 7-inch reel of 1 ⁄ 4 -inch-wide (6.4 mm) audio recording tape, which was the type used by McCartney to create tape loops
Tomorrow Never Knows
–
A cross-section showing the inner workings of a Leslie speaker cabinet
Tomorrow Never Knows
–
The Love project, which combined "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "Within You Without You"
37.
The Beatles
–
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
–
The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
–
Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
–
McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
–
The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
38.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
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Yonge Street in 1900
39.
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, often referred to as simply Viva la Vida, is the fourth studio album by the British alternative rock band Coldplay, released on 12 June 2008 on Parlophone. The album was named after a Spanish phrase that translates in English as Live the life, lyrically, the album contains references to love, life, death, and war. Recording sessions for the album took place during June 2007 to April 2008 and featured production by Jon Hopkins, Rik Simpson, Markus Dravs, the album was their first to be produced by Eno. The band forced themselves to explore experimental styles, as Eno required every song on the album to sound different, the band wanted to make the album shorter than 42 minutes. Despite this, the album is longer than the length they intended, development of the album delayed the release date several times. The album cover of Viva la Vida is the painting Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix, Viva la Vida was both a critical and commercial success. Five songs were released in promotion of the album, Violet Hill and Viva la Vida in May 2008, Lovers in Japan and Lost. in November 2008, Viva la Vida became the bands first song to reach number one in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It won Best Rock Album at the 2009 Grammy Awards and was nominated for Album of the Year. It was the best selling album of 2008, by 2011, the album had sold more than 10 million copies. Viva la Vida was re-released on 25 November 2008 in an edition containing the original album. The new baby, and the fact that Coldplay had no touring or recording schedule at the time, had fans wondering if the new album would not be released until 2010. Dispelling such reports, Ambrosia Healy, spokesperson to Capitol Records, however, Healy clarified that Coldplay was indeed enjoying a much-deserved break, and there was no timetable for the follow-up to the bands third studio album, X&Y. Work on the began in November 2006, only being interrupted by the Latin America Tour in March 2007. Ambient musician and English record producer Brian Eno produced the album, Coldplay moved to The Bakery, after finishing up their Latin American Tour, building a studio there. The songs written during their time at the studio are lyrically much more abstract, much more visual than before, additionally, Martin wanted to make a vocal transition from his trademark falsetto to a lower register. The bands drummer Will Champion said in an interview for MTV, One of the things we tried to focus on with this record is changing vocal identities. Coldplay sparked an interest at Hispanic influences after having recorded in churches and in Spanish-speaking countries such as in Mexico in North America and Spain in Europe, such as Barcelona. However, it was stressed that the influence was not in any specific sound, on their website, the band also described taking acoustic guitars and basic recording equipment to churches and experimenting with particular sounds
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Coldplay used French revolutionary costumes during their
Viva La Vida Tour as a reference to the album's revolutionary themes
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Some of the paintings produced during the creation of the album's artwork were later used on the
Viva la Vida Tour screens.
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
–
Viva la Vida takes its artwork from
Eugène Delacroix 's 1830 painting
Liberty Leading the People.
40.
Lost!
–
Lost. is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay. The band co-produced it with Brian Eno and Markus Dravs for their album, Viva la Vida or Death. The song was released on 10 November 2008 as the fourth single from the album to generally positive critical reviews. A live version was released via digital download following a performance of the band and Jay-Z at the 2009 Grammy Awards, spurring high digital sales, a new peak at number 40 in the United States. The accompanying music video to the features a live performance of the band in the United States. Coldplay launched a contest through their website, in which fans submitted self-made music videos, the winning entries were posted on the bands website. The song was used in the 2010 film, The Way, champion recalls, I was starting to get into using a particular drum programming programme. I was messing around with that and I built this beat up from scratch, then Chris overheard it and played Lost. over the top of it. Martin revealed that the songs drumbeat took inspiration from Justin Timberlakes Cry Me a River, Lost. was one of the earliest songs the band worked on for the album. The Blur song Sing was a source of inspiration in having provided a point for writing Lost. While in Detroit, Michigan, for a tour, the band was listening to Sing in their dressing room. Once they went on stage for a soundcheck, they thought of writing a song based from it, according to guitarist Jonny Buckland, We recorded some of it in a church up the road thats now a studio. In a huge room with a piano and organ going at the same time and that line arrived and it was, OK, thats how we kinda feel. The ensuing track evolved in different versions, the songs musicscape features a church organ riff, tribal drum-circle groove, and minimal handclaps. Towards the end of the track, it builds into a rhythmically soaring, in a review Alex Denney of The Guardian, he described the music of Lost. as tabla-assisted gospel-hop. Kitty Empire of The Guardian wrote in a review that Lost, a great organ-driven tune, alive with handclaps and foot-stomps, is the most obvious homage to Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire among other tracks off the album. According to Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly magazine, the lyrics to Lost. are a lament about spiritual bereftness, the chorus to the lyrics is noted by Ian Youngs of BBC a typical Chris Martin chorus that mixes insecurity with determination. The following songs are different variations of Lost, Lost. is a separate recording of the song featuring only singer Chris Martin and a piano
Lost!
–
"Lost!"
Lost!
–
Chris Martin performing "Lost!" during the band's
Viva la Vida Tour.
41.
Speed of Sound (song)
–
Speed of Sound is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their studio album. Built around a riff, the song builds into a huge. It was released by Parlophone Records as the single from the album. Speed of Sound was released in the US on 18 April 2005, the single was pressed with two B-sides, Things I Dont Understand and Proof. The song premiered in the UK on 23 May, Coldplay vocalist Chris Martin admitted that the song was developed after the band had listened to English art rock singer Kate Bush. The songs drum beat is similar to Bushs 1985 song Running Up That Hill, upon the songs release, it charted in the UK Singles Chart in the number two position. In the United States, it debuted at eight on the Billboard Hot 100, their first top ten hit in the country. Speed of Sound was recognised Song of the Year by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, the song won a Brit Award in the category for Best British Single in 2006. The tracks music video was nominated for four MTV Video Music Awards, Speed of Sound was also the billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Store. I just had my daughter up also, and was kind of feeling in a sense of awe and wonderment, the drumbeat of the song was inspired by Bushs 1985 song Running Up that Hill. In a separate interview, bassist Guy Berryman said, We were really trying to recreate the drums on that song for song. Some bands are reluctant to admit that they take things from other artists and bands that they listen to and were shameless in that respect, the bands opinion towards the song, however, has soured. Martin has said that he dislikes Speed of Sound, saying in a 2011 interview, during an interview with Howard Stern, Martin said that his dislike of Speed of Sound stems from the song having a shit recording. Due to this, Martin is reluctant to perform the song live, Speed of Sound is a piano-based song. The song is written in the key of A Mixolydian, the fourth line in the second verse alludes to discovering your place in the world, How long am I gonna stand/with my head stuck under the sand. In his review of X&Y, Bill White of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper noted that the slowing, creative juices evident in Speed of Sound compare to melodies from both Jeff Buckley and Keane. The song was met with a response from critics
Speed of Sound (song)
–
The music video has a two-storey-high
LED display in the background
Speed of Sound (song)
–
"Speed of Sound"
42.
God Put a Smile upon Your Face
–
God Put a Smile upon Your Face is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their studio album. The song is built around prominent acoustic and electric guitar riffs with accompanying up-tempo drumming, the song was released on 14 July 2003 as the fourth and final single from the album. Regional singles were released for Canada, Europe, Australia, promo singles were released for the United Kingdom and United States. Since only promo copies were released, the single reached only number 100 in the UK Singles Chart, Coldplay vocalist Chris Martin said, about the writing of the song, That came out of playing live and wanting to have something with a bit more bounce. We were really getting into things like PJ Harvey and Muse – things with a bit more energy and it was a bit mechanical before and its just interesting how something small like that can really change the whole vibe of a song. It was just nice because from there on it was one of our tracks and it almost didnt get on the record. The song features an acoustic and electric guitar sound, the song starts with a hushed acoustic ballad, the song then builds into a roar of an electric guitar and soaring with vocals. The song also includes an uptempo metronomic drumming rhythm, greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune commented that the lyric God gave you style and gave you grace, Martin sings as if cataloguing the attributes he only wishes he had. When the song is performed live, guitarist Jonny Buckland begins a long ripping off guitar riff while Chris Martin plays an acoustic guitar, Coldplay released God Put a Smile upon Your Face in the UK on 7 July 2003. This was followed with releases in the US and Canada on 14 July 2003, the song was later released on 21 July 2003 in Australia and Taiwan. When the song was released, it featured the B-side Murder, the single cover features bassist Guy Berryman, art-directed by Sølve Sundsbø. Regional singles were released for Canada, Europe, Australia, promotional singles were released in the UK and US. Critics were positive towards the song, in the Rolling Stone review of the album, critic Rob Sheffield wrote, God Put a Smile Upon Your Face is the slinkiest and best thing Coldplay have ever done. God Put a Smile upon Your Face was featured in the live album. The song is available on Guitar Hero III, Legends of Rock video game as a downloadable song, the game also includes other Coldplay songs such as Yellow and Violet Hill. Plan B sampled the track on his 2007 mixtape Paint it Blacker, the song was also covered by Mark Ronson on his album Version, which he performed live with Adele at the 2008 Brit Awards. The song was covered by Matt Jorgensen +451 on their album Hope release on Origin Records
God Put a Smile upon Your Face
–
"God Put a Smile upon Your Face"
God Put a Smile upon Your Face
–
Coldplay performing "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" during their 2005
Twisted Logic Tour
43.
White Shadows
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White Shadows is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It is the track on their third studio album X&Y. The song was co-produced by the band and their long-time producer Ken Nelson, White Shadows also features musical contributions by Brian Eno, who plays synthesizers on the track. Weeks later, it was reported on the official message board that releases of both White Shadows and a DVD of a June 2006 performance in Toronto had been cancelled. Although White Shadows was not released as a single, the song was released as a single in Mexico in June 2007 to coincide with the Latin American leg of their Twisted Logic Tour. White Shadows received generally positive reviews music critics. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the part of a system I am. Michael Hubbard of MusicOMH assumed that the referred to in the song was Capitalism. With fair trade fluffiness attached, commenting that Chris Martin does not write songs for a specialist audience, adrien Begrand of PopMatters described White Shadows as terrific and noted that it draw slightly from Berlin-era David Bowie
White Shadows
–
"White Shadows"
44.
Hollywood, California
–
Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood, California
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The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood, California
–
Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood, California
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Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood, California
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The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
45.
Troubadour
–
A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages. Since the word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz, the troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy and Spain. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe, the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, dante Alighieri in his De vulgari eloquentia defined the troubadour lyric as fictio rethorica musicaque poita, rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of chivalry, most were metaphysical, intellectual, and formulaic. Many were humorous or vulgar satires, works can be grouped into three styles, the trobar leu, trobar ric, and trobar clus. The oldest mention of the word troubadour as trobadors is found in a 12th-century Occitan text by Cercamon. The English word troubadour is a rendition from a French word first recorded in 1575 in an historical context to mean langue doc poet at the court in the 12th and 13th century. The French word is borrowed itself from the Occitan word trobador and this recreated form is deduced from the Latin root tropus, meaning a trope and the various meanings of the Old Occitan related words. In turn, the Latin word derives ultimately from Greek τρόπος, meaning turn, B Intervocal Latin shifted regularly to in Occitan. The Latin suffix -ātor, -atōris explains the Occitan suffix, according to its declension and accentuation, Gallo-Romance *TROPĀTOR > Occitan trobaire, there is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of trobar as “to compose, to discuss, to invent. It has the support of some historians, specialists of literature, According to them, the Arabic word ṭaraba “song could partly be the etymon of the verb trobar. Another Arabic root had already been proposed before, Ḍ-R-B “strike and they entertain the possibility that the nearly homophonous Ḍ-R-B root may have contributed to the sense of the newly coined Romance verb trobar. In archaic and classical poetry, the word is only used in a mocking sense. Cercamon writes, Ist trobador, entre ver e mentir, Afollon drutz e molhers et espos, Peire dAlvernha also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors cantarai daquest trobadors, after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word chantaire, the early study of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins. No academic consensus was achieved in the area. In his study, Lévi-Provençal is said to have found four Arabo-Hispanic verses nearly or completely recopied in Williams manuscript, trend admitted that the troubadours derived their sense of form and even the subject matter of their poetry from the Andalusian Muslims. Meg Bogin, American translator of the trobairitz, held this hypothesis, to such a strong and multi-faceted tradition of love literature and song nearby must be added the presence of the Toledo School of Translators starting in 1126
Troubadour
–
The troubadour
Perdigon playing his fiddle.
Troubadour
–
William IX of Aquitaine portrayed as a knight, who first composed poetry on returning from the
Crusade of 1101
Troubadour
–
Trobadours, 14th century
Troubadour
–
Late 16th-century Italian cursive on paper, recording a song of Perceval Doria
46.
Universal City, California
–
Universal City is an unincorporated area within the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. This 70 percent portion of the property remains unincorporated to avoid the City of Los Angeles business taxes, located within the area of Universal City is the Universal Studios Hollywood film studio and theme park and the Universal CityWalk shopping and entertainment center. Within the Los Angeles city limits are 10 Universal City Plaza, a 36-floor office building for Universal and NBC, the Sheraton Universal, the Metro Red Line underground station of the same name is located opposite the 10 Universal Plaza. A Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department station is located at Universal CityWalk, the Los Angeles County Fire Department Station 51 is of special significance to Universal, as Station 51 was the fictional setting of the Universal and Jack Webb television series Emergency. Universal Citys ZIP code is 91608, and the community is inside area code 818, Carl Laemmle officially opened the Second Universal City on March 15,1915, on the 230-acre Taylor Ranch property. See how slapstick comedies are made, see your favorite screen stars do their work. See how we make the people laugh or cry or sit on the edge of their chairs the world over, stated a poster touting Universals opening. Universal Pictures founder was a German immigrant who opened his first nickelodeon in Chicago in 1906 and he moved to New York City, where he soon joined with half a dozen small motion picture companies to create the movie company he called Universal Pictures. In 1912, Laemmle briefly operated three small studios - Bison, Nestor, and Oak Crest Ranch, after a court battle with New York Motion Picture Company, control of the Bison lot was returned to the New York Motion Picture Company. The court allowed Carl Laemmle to retain use of the name Bison as Bison 101 for his westerns, the Oak Crest Ranch is where Laemmle filmed the western At Old Fort Dearborn. The Providencia Land and Water company, called Oak Crest Ranch in the trade papers, in 1913, Laemmle decided to consolidate the Nestor studio and Oak Crest ranch property. His first Universal City was too small, so he ordered a search for a new and larger property in the valley, Laemmle leased Providencia ranchland in the San Fernando Valley in 1912. Other studio chiefs laughed, calling the place Laemmles Folly and jeering that it was so far out of town that Laemmle could film scenery for free anywhere he wanted, Laemmle himself had second thoughts and worried that maybe he had made a huge mistake. But he was to live his greatest dreams. Success was found all around with his city containing streets, bungalows, sets, in the meantime, Laemmle added a zoo to the Oak Crest Ranch – which was open to visitors to generate free advertising by word of mouth. The Rotarians of Los Angeles were one of the groups permitted to visit the Oak Crest - Universal City. The Oak Crest ranch being too small for his larger Universal City, Laemmle bought the Lankershim Land and Water property, in 1914, operations at The Oak Ranch were moved to the Taylor ranch. The Universal ranch zoo was moved to the Back Ranch of the Lankershim property, the new Universal City was opened for Universal staff in 1914
Universal City, California
–
The Universal City sign, on the corner of Lankershim Boulevard and Universal Hollywood Drive in 2009.
Universal City, California
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Early map of Burbank, California with Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills on the bottom left.
Universal City, California
–
Universal CityWalk, Universal City, CA
47.
Universal Amphitheatre
–
Universal Amphitheatre was an indoor amphitheatre located in Los Angeles, California within Universal City. It was originally built as a venue, opening in the summer of 1972 with a production of Jesus Christ Superstar. It was remodeled and converted into a theatre in 1982 to improve acoustics. The amphitheater closed on September 6,2013 to be demolished for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood, the Amphitheatre was originally built as a daytime arena where patrons of the Universal Studios Studio Tour could watch stuntmen perform a western-themed stunt show and shootout. By 1970, the stage was completed and three old west facades were constructed for the show, the arena was completed in 1971. Because it was empty at night, a studio tour guide suggested that the arena be used to hold rock concerts. On June 28,1972, the venue hosted its first concert, the show was a hit and was extended until cold weather forced its closure. During these early years, the stunt show was performed during the day while at night the venue hosted concerts, the theatre proved to be so popular that it regularly filled up to 98% capacity. After only one year, the studio expanded it to seat 5,200 patrons, in 1980, the venue closed for two years for a major renovation. During this time, a roof was constructed to allow for entertainment, acoustics were improved. In May 1993, Universal added the Universal CityWalk shopping and dining district and this allowed patrons to eat and drink before and after concerts. The amphitheatre was best known for its acoustics and its sightlines, on December 6,2011, it was announced that Gibson Amphitheatre would close and would be demolished to make way for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme park area at Universal Studios Hollywood. Although the venue had events scheduled until October 2013, it closed in September of that year. The final performance held at the Gibson Amphitheatre was Pepe Aguilar on September 6th,2013, at the time of its closure, it was the third largest mid-sized venue in California, behind Nokia Theatre and the Shrine Auditorium - two other Los Angeles venues. The amphitheatre was demolished on September 25,2013, list of contemporary amphitheatres Gibson Amphitheatre on Live Nation Gibson Amphitheatre Home movies showing the arena with the original Wild West stunt show in 1971
Universal Amphitheatre
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Gibson Amphitheatre
48.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
49.
Melkweg
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The Melkweg is a popular music venue and cultural center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is located on the Lijnbaansgracht, near the Leidseplein - the prime nightlife square of Amsterdam and it is housed in a former milk factory and is divided into a number of spaces of varying sizes. Besides four halls for varying genres of music concerts, the houses a cinema, a restaurant. The Melkweg is run by an organisation that has existed since 1970. In the 19th century a sugar refinery was established at the Lijnbaansgracht, in 1920, the milk company OVVV bought the factory. Until 1969, the OVVV housed in the factory, before closing, the building was closed for a year, but reopened as a cultural center in 1970. It was only open for the summer and featured a café, because of the success the Melkweg reopened in the summer of 1971 and 1972 before becoming a permanent venue since 1973. In the years followed the Melkweg became one of the most important pop venues of Amsterdam. A meeting place for hippies in the seventies and eighties, the Melkweg embraced all music styles and its this diverse blend of styles - along with combining big international names with local upcoming talent - that defines the Melkweg. The venue has 6 halls, The Max, which is the largest concert hall of the venue and it hosted internationally known acts like Prince or Arctic Monkeys, but is also used for parties, meetings and film projections. It has a capacity of 1500 people and opened in late 1995 and it was completely renovated in 2007. The Old Hall, the oldest concert hall of the venue and it hosts concerts of lesser-known acts, and bands such as U2 or Nirvana played their first Dutch concerts here. It has a capacity of 700 people, the Rabo Hall, which is in a separated building, and mostly hosts film projections or theater plays. It has a capacity of 1400 people, the Theater Hall, a small hall used for smaller artists and theater plays. It has a capacity of between 90 and 130 people, the Cinema, a private film projection hall with a capacity of 90 people. The Exhibition space, used for art exhibitions, Melkweg is referenced in the Cracker song Euro-Trash Girl, the Lagwagon song Infectious and in title of the Half Man Half Biscuit song Prag Vec at the Melkweg. The title of The Churchs song Under the Milky Way is also a reference to the Melkweg, heather Novas 1995 EP Live from the Milky Way was recorded here as was Spacemen 3s album Performance. Frank Black And The Catholics recorded there live on March 24,2001 on Live From Melkweg, media related to Melkweg at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Melkweg
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The main entrance of the Melkweg
Melkweg
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Ani DiFranco during her 2007 concert
50.
Cologne
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Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
Cologne
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From top to bottom, left to right:
Hohenzollern Bridge by night,
Great St. Martin Church,
Colonius TV-tower,
Cologne Cathedral,
Kranhaus buildings in
Rheinauhafen,
MediaPark
Cologne
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Cologne around 1411
Cologne
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Hängebrücke
Cologne
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The devastation of Cologne, 1945
