1.
Massachusetts ship Tyrannicide (1776)
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Tyrannicide was a 14-gun brigantine-rigged sloop of the Massachusetts State Navy. The ship was built for the American Revolutionary War and participated in commerce raiding until destroyed in the Penobscot expedition, Captain John Fisk was the first commanding officer, Jonathan Haraden of Gloucester was First Lieutenant, and Joseph Stockman was 2nd Lieutenant. Dispatch mounted 8 carriage guns and 12 swivel guns with a crew of 31 men, dispatch lost her commander and two others killed, and five wounded. The armed ship Glasgow, the brig Saint John, and the schooner Three Brothers were captured during an August 1776 cruise between Cape Sable and Nantucket, Tyrannicide narrowly avoided capture by a British frigate which retook a fourth prize. Tyrannicide was re-rigged from schooner to brigantine prior to embarking on a cruise to the West Indies on 29 October 1776. Tyrannicide captured the snow Ann, the brig Henry and Ann, the 140-ton snow John, First Lieutenant Jonathan Haraden was promoted to command Tyrannicide when Captain Fisk assumed command of the brig Massachusetts. The two ships sailed together for the coast of Europe on 24 March 1777, Tyrannicide escaped to Bilbao, Spain after throwing guns and stores overboard to lighten the ship, and returned to Boston on 30 August 1777. Tyrannicide sailed with Hazard on 21 November 1777 and captured the 130 ton brig Alexander on 13 December, Alexander was out of Halifax with a cargo of fish, oil, lumber and staves bound for the West Indies. The prize was retaken by HMS Yarmouth on 22 January 1778 off Barbadoes, Tyrannicide captured the schooner Good Intent on 22 December and the brig Polly and then the snow Swift with a cargo of flour out of Bristol. Tyrannicide left the West Indies on 30 March 1778 and returned to Boston in May, Tyrannicide next sailed on 10 July 1778 under the command of John Allen Hallet. On 29 September 1778 she captured the privateer brig Juno, Tyrannicide captured two more prizes before returning to Boston on 25 April 1779. John Cathcart assumed command of Tyrannicide on 1 May 1779 and she was part of the Penobscot Expedition sailing from Boston on 24 July. With the other ships of the expedition, she was burned at Bangor, a Naval History of the American Revolution Howe, Octavius Thorndyke Beverly Privateers in the American Revolution
2.
French ship Tyrannicide (1793)
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Tyrannicide was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. In 1794, under Alain Joseph Dordelin, she took part in the Glorious First of June, along with Indomptable, she helped rescue the Montagne trapped in the midst of the British fleet. Under Zacharie Jacques Théodore Allemand, she was part of Bruix squadron from March 1799 and she was renamed Desaix in 1800 in honour of General Louis Desaix. Under captain Jean-Anne Christy de la Pallière, she captured HMS Speedy, captained by Lord Cochrane, in January 1802, she was shipwrecked at Saint-Domingue trying to enter Cap Français harbour. Comte Louis Thomas VILLARET DE JOYEUSE Troude, Onésime-Joachim
3.
Homicide
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Homicide refers to one human killing another. These different types of homicides are often treated differently in human societies, some are considered crimes. Criminal homicide takes many forms including accidental or purposeful murder, the crime committed in a criminal homicide is determined by the mental state of the committing person and the extent of the crime. Instead, the individual is placed under the category of “insane”, in some jurisdictions, a homicide that occurs during the commission of a crime may constitute murder, regardless of the actors intent to commit homicide. In the United States, this is known as the felony murder rule, criminal homicides also include voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. An example of voluntary manslaughter is hitting someone with an intent to kill them, the perpetrator does not receive the same legal action against them as a person convicted of murder. While most homicides by civilians are criminally prosecutable, a right of self-defense is widely recognized, including, in dire circumstances and it goes like this, They needed killing. In essence, it was a justification for murder in the old days in Texas that the victim had horrible or violent character, a Texas jury which accepts this controversial Texas defense is hypothetically free to acquit the defendant, even if that involves disregarding the judges instructions. Penalization of juries for employing jury nullification has been forbidden since 1670 under the precedent known as Bushels Case, homicides may also be non-criminal when conducted with the sanction of the state. The most obvious examples are capital punishment, in which the state punishes a criminal with death, homicides committed in action during war are usually not subject to criminal prosecution either. Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third occurred in Africa, 31% in the Americas, 27% in Asia, 5% in Europe and 1% in Oceania. Since 1995, the rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near “crisis point” in Central America. Of all homicides worldwide, 82% of the victims were men, on a per-capita scaled level, the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas is more than double the global average, whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania it is roughly half. UNODC, in its 2013 global report, estimated the number of homicides worldwide dropped to 437,000 in 2012. Americas accounted for 36% of all homicides globally, Africa 31%, Asia 28%, Europe 5% and Oceania 0. 3%. The worlds average homicide rate stood at 6.2 per 100,000 population in 2012 and they are the most violent regions globally, outside of regions experiencing wars and religious or sociopolitical terrorism. Asia exclusive of West Asia and Central Asia, Western Europe, Northern Europe, about 41% of the homicides worldwide occurred in 2012 with the use of guns, 24% with sharp objects such as knife, and 35% by other means such as poison
4.
Murder
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A murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, in most countries, a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted. In many common law jurisdictions, a convicted of murder will receive a mandatory life sentence. In jurisdictions where capital punishment exists, the penalty may be imposed for such an act, however. The modern English word murder descends from the Proto-Indo-European mrtró which meant to die, the Middle English mordre is a noun from Anglo-Saxon morðor and Old French murdre. Middle English mordre is a verb from Anglo-Saxon myrdrian and the Middle English noun, the elements of common law murder are, Unlawful killing through criminal act or omission of a human by another human with malice aforethought. Killing – At common law life ended with cardiopulmonary arrest – the total, with advances in medical technology courts have adopted irreversible cessation of all brain function as marking the end of life. Сriminal act or omission – Killing can be committed by an act or an omission. of a human – This element presents the issue of life begins. At common law, a fetus was not a human being, life began when the fetus passed through the vagina and took its first breath. By another human – In early common law, suicide was considered murder, the requirement that the person killed be someone other than the perpetrator excluded suicide from the definition of murder. With malice aforethought – Originally malice aforethought carried its everyday meaning – a deliberate, Murder necessarily required that an appreciable time pass between the formation and execution of the intent to kill. The courts broadened the scope of murder by eliminating the requirement of actual premeditation and deliberation as well as true malice, all that was required for malice aforethought to exist is that the perpetrator act with one of the four states of mind that constitutes malice. The four states of mind recognized as constituting malice are, Under state of mind, intent to kill, thus, if the defendant intentionally uses a deadly weapon or instrument against the victim, such use authorizes a permissive inference of intent to kill. In other words, intent follows the bullet, examples of deadly weapons and instruments include but are not limited to guns, knives, deadly toxins or chemicals or gases and even vehicles when intentionally used to harm one or more victims. In Australian jurisdictions, the risk must amount to a foreseen probability of death. Under state of mind, the doctrine, the felony committed must be an inherently dangerous felony, such as burglary, arson, rape. Importantly, the underlying felony cannot be a lesser included offense such as assault, as with most legal terms, the precise definition of murder varies between jurisdictions and is usually codified in some form of legislation
5.
Assassination
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Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, often a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment. The word assassin is believed to derive from the word Hashshashin. It referred to a group of Nizari Shia Persians who worked against various Arab, founded by the Persian Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the fortress of Alamut in Iran from the 8th to the 14th centuries, and also controlled the castle of Masyaf in Syria. The group killed members of the Persian, Abbasid, Seljuq, the word for murder in many Romance languages is derived from this same root word. Assassination is one of the oldest tools of power politics and it dates back at least as far as recorded history. The Old Testament story of Judith illustrates how a woman frees the Israelites by tricking and assassinating Holofernes, a warlord of the rival Assyrians, with whom the Israelites were at war. King Joash of Judah was recorded as being assassinated by his own servants, Joab assassinated Absalom, King Davids son, chanakya wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra. His student Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, later made use of assassinations against some of his enemies, other famous victims are Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, and Roman consul Julius Caesar. Emperors of Rome often met their end in this way, as did many of the Muslim Shia Imams hundreds of years later, the practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Kes failed assassination of Qin king Ying Zheng in 227 BC. Whilst many assassination were performed by an individual or a small group, the earliest were the sicarii in 6 A. D. who predated the Middle Eastern assassins and Japanese ninjas by centuries. In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare in Western Europe, blinding and strangling in the bathtub were the most commonly used procedures. With the Renaissance, tyrannicide—or assassination for personal or political reasons—became more common again in Western Europe and this account is, however, contentious among historians, it being most commonly asserted that he died of natural causes. The myth of the Curse of King Zvonimir is based on the legend of his assassination, in 1192, Conrad of Montferrat, the de facto King of Jerusalem, was killed by an assassin. The reigns of King Przemysł II of Poland, William the Silent of the Netherlands, in Russia alone, two emperors, Paul I and his grandson Alexander II, were assassinated within 80 years. In the United Kingdom, only one Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has ever been assassinated—Spencer Perceval on May 11,1812. In the United States, within 100 years, four presidents—Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, there have been at least 20 known attempts on U. S. presidents lives. Huey Long, a Senator, was assassinated in September of 1935, the Polish Home Army conducted a regular campaign of assassinations against top Nazi German officials in occupied Poland. Adolf Hitler, meanwhile, was almost killed by his own officers, indias Father of the Nation, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was shot to death on January 30,1948, by Nathuram Godse
6.
Cannibalism
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In zoology, cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. To consume the same species or show cannibalism is an ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded for more than 1,500 species. It does not, as believed, occur only as a result of extreme food shortages or artificial conditions. Cannibalism seems to be prevalent in aquatic communities, in which up to approximately 90% of the organisms engage in cannibalism at some point of the life cycle. Cannibalism is also not restricted to species, but is commonly found in herbivores and detritivores. Sexual cannibalism is a case of cannibalism in which a female organism kills and consumes a conspecific male before, during. Sexual cannibalism has been recorded in the female spider, black widow spider, praying mantis. Size-structured cannibalism is cannibalism in which older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger conspecifics, in size-structured populations, cannibalism can be responsible for 8% to 95% of the total mortality, making it a significant and important factor for population and community dynamics. Size-structured cannibalism has commonly been observed in the wild for a variety of taxa, vertebrate examples include chimpanzees, where groups of adult males have been observed to attack and consume infants. Filial cannibalism is a type of size-structured cannibalism in which adults eat their own offspring. Though most often thought of as parents eating live young, filial cannibalism includes parental consumption of stillborn infants and miscarried fetuses as well as infertile, vertebrate examples include pigs, where savaging accounts for a sizable percentage of total piglet deaths, and cats. Filial cannibalism is common in teleost fishes, appearing in at least seventeen different families of teleosts. Within this diverse group of fish, there have been many, one of these is the energy-based hypothesis, which suggests that fish eat their offspring when they are low on energy as an investment in future reproductive success. In other words, when males of a species are low on energy, it might sometimes be beneficial for them to feed on their own offspring to survive. Another hypothesis as to the value of filial cannibalism in teleosts is that it increases density-dependent egg survivorship. In other words, filial cannibalism simply increases overall reproductive success by helping the other eggs make it to maturity by thinning out the numbers. Possible explanations as to why this is so include increasing oxygen availability to the eggs, the negative effects of accumulating embryo waste. In some species of wasps, such as P. chinensis
7.
Child murder
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Child murder or child homicide is the homicide of an individual under the age of 18. In 2008, there were 1,494 child homicides in the United States, of those killed,1,035 were male and 453 were female. Child manslaughter can result in a charge in some jurisdictions such as the State of Florida. In 2011, Texas raised this age from six to 10, in most countries, there are very few cases where children are killed by other young children. According to the U. S. Department of Justice statistics for 1996, several murders by children have gained prominent media exposure. One was the killing on 12 February 1993 of the almost three-year-old boy James Bulger by two boys in Bootle, England, UK. He was beaten and stoned before his unconscious body was left on tracks to give the impression that a train had hit him. Also, in 1968 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England there was the trial of 10-year-old Mary Bell and she was convicted of manslaughter due to diminished responsibility in the deaths of toddlers Martin Brown and Brian Howe. She was released in 1980 at the age of 23, in 1998,8 -year-old Madelyn Clifton was killed by 14-year-old Josh Phillips. In 1992, after the shooting of 7-year-old Dantrell Davis as he left the Cabrini–Green public housing project for school. 62 child murders were reported that year, the military use of children refers to children being placed in harms way in military actions, in order to protect a location or provide propaganda. This is sometimes referred to as sacrifice, though not equivalent to the religious variety. It may also refer to the use of children as soldiers or saboteurs. Red Hand Day on 15 February is a commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars. Medicine murder is a practice of sacrifice and mutilation associated with traditional medicinal practices. Victims of muti killings are often children, organs and/or body parts are usually taken while child is still alive. An unknown child, whose decapitated torso was found in the River Thames in London in 2002 is believed to have been the victim of a muti killing. 523-531 Edward V of England, November 2,1470 – c.1483 Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, August 17,1473 – c
8.
Contract killing
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Contract killing is a form of murder in which one party hires another party to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an agreement between two or more parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for some form of payment. Either party may be a person, group, or an organization, contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies and with vendettas. For example, in the United States, the gang Murder, contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to commit the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect said party with the murder. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other countries, any contract to commit an indictable offense is not enforceable under contract law. Thus, if a hitman takes the money but then fails or refuses to perform, conversely, if the hitman performs the killing as promised but the customer refuses to pay, the hitman cannot sue the customer for monetary damages. Furthermore, both the killer and the person who paid the killer can be found guilty of murder. In some U. S. jurisdictions with capital punishment, a contract killing may be a special circumstance that allows for the contractor as well as the killer to receive the death penalty, criminal code statutes prohibiting solicitation of murder are also intended to curb contract killings. The study also found that the payment for a hit was $15,000 with variation from $5,000 up to $30,000. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period, contract killings also make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002, Siegel was also the Italian mobs main hitman during Prohibition. Vincent Coll, an Irish-American hitman who worked for Dutch Schultz, li Fuguo, a Tang Dynasty Eunuch killed by a hitman hired by Emperor Tang Daizong. Shiori Ino, a 21-year-old University student killed by hitman Yoshifumi Kubota and he was paid by her ex-boyfriend and his brother, the case gained some notoriety in Japan. Grady Stiles, freak show performer whose family hired a hitman to kill him because of his abusiveness, Harry Greenberg, a Mafia associate of Charles Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and Siegel. He was killed by Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, Joe Masseria, was a Mafia boss that was murdered by Siegel, Vito Genovese, and Lepke Buchalter in 1931. Salvatore Maranzano, was a Castellammarese Mafia boss and rival to Masseria in the Castellammarese War and was killed by Siegel, benjamin Siegel, Las Vegas mob boss and Flamingo Hotel owner, killed by unknown assailants in 1947. Nicole Doucet Ryan attempted to hire an undercover Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer to kill her husband, after ruling she could not use the defense of duress, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered she not be retried. Tim Lambesis, former vocalist of metal bands As I Lay Dying, Austrian Death Machine and Pyrithion
9.
Crime of passion
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Examples include an aggressive pub-goer who assaults another guest following an argument, or a spouse who discovers their partner has engaged in adultery and attacks or kills them and their lover. In the United States, claims of crimes of passion have been associated with the defenses of temporary insanity or provocation. This defense was first used by U. S, congressman Daniel Sickles of New York in 1859 after he had killed his wifes lover, Philip Barton Key. It was used as a defense in cases during the 1940s and 1950s. In some countries, notably France, crime passionnel was a defense to murder charges. During the 19th century, some cases resulted in a custodial sentence for the murderer of two years. After the Napoleonic code was updated in the 1970s, paternal authority over the members of the family was ended, in recent decades, feminists and womens rights organizations have worked to change laws and social norms which tolerate crimes of passion against women. Some human rights advocates say that the crimes of passion in Latin America are treated leniently, ACT and Northern Territory have amended the laws to exclude non-violent homosexual sexual advances, in 2004 and 2006, respectively. In 2014, the New South Wales law on provocation was amended to provide that the conduct of the deceased must also have constituted a serious indictable offense. Killing of wives due to adultery has been treated very leniently in Brazil. In 1991 Brazil’s Supreme Court explicitly rejected the defense as having no basis in Brazilian law. Crimes of passion are often associated with France, where, before 1975, the Napoleonic Code was extremely influential over the world, historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. It was abolished only in 1975, on November 7,1975, Law no. 617/75 Article 17 repealed the 1810 French Penal Code Article 324, in Luxembourg, article 413 which provided mitigating circumstances for murder, assault and injury of an adulterous spouse was repealed in 2003. The 1810 penal code, Article 324, passed by Napoleon was copied by Middle Eastern Arab countries and it inspired Jordans Article 340 and Article 98. As with other countries in Mediterranean Europe, Italy has a tradition of treating crimes of passion with leniency. Indeed, until 1981, the law read, Art, the same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister. Killing due to adultery traditionally fell under the provocation defense and this decision has received heavy criticism from academics
10.
Feticide
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Feticide is an act that causes the death of a fetus. The suffix -icide is added in place of fetus last syllable and it derives back to occido, a Latin term meaning to fell or to kill. Other examples include homicide, genocide, infanticide, matricide, in the U. S. most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. Thirty-eight states currently recognize the child or fetus as a homicide victim. These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions, federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U. S. Supreme Courts rulings on abortion. The law defines child in utero as a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. For example, California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, some other states do not consider the killing of a fetus to be homicide until the fetus has reached quickening or viability. Unlawful abortion may be considered feticide, Fetal homicide laws, as well as ordinary murder statutes, are increasingly used to prosecute pregnant women accused of intentionally or recklessly causing miscarriages or stillbirths. Widely publicized cases include that of Rennie Gibbs, Bei Bei Shuai, Gibbs was charged with murder in Mississippi in 2006 for having a stillborn daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her unborn baby, the judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed. In 2011 Shuai was charged by Indiana authorities with murder and feticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuais case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant, in 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, in English law, child destruction is the crime of killing a fetus capable of being born alive, before it has a separate existence. The Crimes Act 1958 defined capable of being alive as 28 weeks gestation. The 1990 Amendment to the Abortion Act 1967 means a medical practitioner cannot be guilty of the crime, the charge of child destruction is rare. A woman who had an abortion while 7½ months pregnant was given a suspended sentence of 12 months in 2007. In medical use, the word feticide is used simply to mean causing the death of the fetus, usually prior to some form of abortion. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends feticide be performed before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure there is no risk of a live birth
11.
Honor killing
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The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that dishonors her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life. Although rarely, men can also be the victims of honor killings by members of the family of a woman with whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship, the loose term honor killing applies to killing of both men and women in cultures that practice it. Some women who bridge social divides, publicly engage other communities, the distinctive nature of honor killings is the collective nature of the crime – many members of an extended family plan the act together, sometimes through a formal family council. Another significant feature is the connection of honor killings to the control of behavior, in particular in regard to sexuality/marriage. Another key aspect is the importance of the reputation of the family in the community, another characteristic of honor killings is that the perpetrators often dont face negative stigma within their communities, because their behavior is seen as justified. The incidence of honor killings is very difficult to determine and estimates vary widely, in most countries data on honor killings is not collected systematically, and many of these killings are reported by the families as suicides or accidents and registered as such. Although honor killings are often associated with the Asian continent, especially the Middle East and South Asia, in 2000, the United Nations estimated that 5,000 women were victims of honor killings each year. According to BBC, Womens advocacy groups, however, suspect that more than 20,000 women are killed each year. Murder is not the form of honor crime, other crimes such as acid attacks, abduction, mutilations, beatings occur. Methods of killing include stoning, stabbing, beating, burning, beheading, hanging, throat slashing, lethal acid attacks, shooting and strangulation. The murders are sometimes performed in public to warn the other individuals within the community of possible consequences of engaging in what is seen as illicit behavior. Often, minor girls and boys are selected by the family to act as the killers, so that the killer may benefit of the most favorable legal outcome. Boys and sometimes women in the family are often asked to control and monitor the behavior of their sisters or other females in the family legal, 2) preventive. First of all, legal measures refer to a modification of the criminal laws to guarantee equal legal protection of females. On top of that, Amnesty insisted the government to assure legal access for the victims of crime in the name of honor, when it comes to preventive measures, Amnesty underlined the critical need to promote public awareness through the means of media, education, and public announcements. Finally, protective measures include ensuring an environment for activists, lawyers. Also, Amnesty argued for the expansion of victim support services such as shelters, kremlin-appointed Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have loose morals and are shot by relatives in honor killings
12.
Human sacrifice
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Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more human beings, usually as an offering to a deity, as part of a ritual. Human sacrifice has been practiced in various cultures throughout history, closely related practices found in some tribal societies are cannibalism and headhunting. By the Iron Age, with the developments in religion, human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout the Old World. In the New World, however, human sacrifice continued to be widespread to varying degrees until the European colonization of the Americas, in modern times, even the practice of animal sacrifice has virtually disappeared from all major religions, and human sacrifice has become extremely rare. Most religions condemn the practice, and modern secular laws treat it as murder, in a society which condemns human sacrifice, the term ritual murder is used. Human sacrifice is distinguished from infanticide, infanticide is deliberately causing the death of an unwanted infant or young child, but without a ritualistic or religious purpose. The idea of sacrifice has its roots in deep prehistory. From its historical occurrences it seems mostly associated with neolithic or nomadic cultures, Human sacrifice has been practiced on a number of different occasions and in many different cultures. The various rationales behind human sacrifice are the same that motivate religious sacrifice in general, Human sacrifice is intended to bring good fortune and to pacify the gods, for example in the context of the dedication of a completed building like a temple or bridge. There is a Chinese legend that there are thousands of people entombed in the Great Wall of China, for the re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they killed about 80,400 prisoners over the course of four days. According to Ross Hassig, author of Aztec Warfare, between 10,000 and 80,400 persons were sacrificed in the ceremony, Human sacrifice can also have the intention of winning the gods favour in warfare. In Homeric legend, Iphigeneia was to be sacrificed by her father Agamemnon to appease Artemis so she would allow the Greeks to wage the Trojan War. According to the Bible, Jephthah vowed to devote to God the first creature to come out of his house to him if he won the battle against the Ammonites. His daughter was the first to come out and meet him, in some notions of an afterlife, the deceased will benefit from victims killed at his funeral. Mongols, Scythians, early Egyptians and various Mesoamerican chiefs could take most of their household, including servants and concubines, with them to the next world. This is sometimes called a sacrifice, as the leaders retainers would be sacrificed along with their master. Another purpose is divination from the parts of the victim. According to Strabo, Celts stabbed a victim with a sword, headhunting is the practice of taking the head of a killed adversary, for ceremonial or magical purposes, or for reasons of prestige
13.
Infanticide
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Infanticide is the intentional killing of infants. Parental infanticide researchers have found that mothers are far more likely than fathers to be the perpetrator for neonaticide, in many past societies, certain forms of infanticide were considered permissible. In some countries, female infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring, in China for example, the sex gap between males and females aged 0–19 year old was estimated to be 25 million in 2010 by the United Nations Population Fund. In English law infanticide is established as an offence by the Infanticide Acts. Defined as the killing of a child under 12 months of age by their mother, the practice of infanticide has taken many forms over time. Child sacrifice to supernatural figures or forces, such as that believed to have practiced in ancient Carthage. Rather than being an exception, then, it has been the rule, a frequent method of infanticide in ancient Europe and Asia was simply to abandon the infant, leaving it to die by exposure. Many Neolithic groups routinely resorted to infanticide in order to control their numbers so that their lands could support them. Joseph Birdsell believed that infanticide rates in prehistoric times were between 15% and 50% of the number of births, while Laila Williamson estimated a lower rate ranging from 15% to 20%. Both anthropologists believed that high rates of infanticide persisted until the development of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution. Comparative anthropologists have calculated that 50% of female newborn babies were killed by their parents during the Paleolithic era, decapitated skeletons of hominid children have been found with evidence of cannibalism. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of child sacrifice at several locations. Some of the best attested examples are the diverse rites which were part of the practices in Mesoamerica. Three thousand bones of children, with evidence of sacrificial rituals, have been found in Sardinia. Pelasgians offered a sacrifice of every tenth child during difficult times, syrians sacrificed children to Jupiter and Juno. Many remains of children have found in Gezer excavations with signs of sacrifice. Child skeletons with the marks of sacrifice have been also in Egypt dating 950-720 BCE. In Carthage sacrifice in the ancient world reached its infamous zenith, besides the Carthaginians, other Phoenicians, and the Canaanites, Moabites and Sepharvites offered their first-born as a sacrifice to their gods
14.
Child sacrifice
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Child sacrifice is the ritualistic killing of children in order to please, propitiate or force a god or supernatural beings in order to achieve a desired result. As such, it is a form of human sacrifice, the practice has received considerable opposition throughout history, and it has often become a target for those engaged in criticism of religion. Child sacrifice is thought to be an extension of the idea that, the more important the object of sacrifice. Archeologists have found remains of 42 children and it is alleged that these remains were sacrificed to Tlaloc in the offerings of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs of pre-Columbian Mexico. Human sacrifice was an activity in Tenochtitlan and children were not exempt. They, in particular, were offered to Tláloc, the god of rain, bernardino de Sahagún, a religious man left writings that describe such sacrifices, compiled from the first hand accounts of natives who had lived in Tenochtitlan in the times before it fell. Hernán Cortés himself also mentioned child sacrifices in his letters to King Carlos I of Spain, the Inca culture sacrificed children in a ritual called qhapaq hucha. Their frozen corpses have been discovered in the South American mountaintops, the first of these corpses, a female child who had died from a blow to the skull, was discovered in 1995 by Johan Reinhard. In Maya culture, people believed that supernatural beings had power over their lives, the sacrifices were essentially to satisfy the supernatural beings. This was done through kex, which is an exchange or substitution of something, through k’ex infants would substitute more powerful humans. It was thought that supernatural beings would consume the souls of more powerful humans, infants are believed to be good offerings because they have a close connection to the spirit world through liminality. It is also known that infant sacrifices occurred at certain times, Child sacrifice was preferred when there was a time of crisis and transitional times such as famine and drought. There is archaeological evidence of infant sacrifice in tombs where the infant has been buried in urns or ceramic vessels, there have also been depictions of child sacrifice in art. Some art includes pottery and steles as well as references to infant sacrifice in mythology, the Moche of northern Peru practiced mass sacrifices of men and boys. Until colonial times children sacrifice persisted secretly in Laguna de Urao and it were described by the chronicler Juan de Castellanos, who cited that feasts and human sacrifices were done in honour of Icaque, an Andean prehispanic goddess. References in the Tanakh point to an awareness of human sacrifice in the history of ancient Near Eastern practice, the king of Moab gives his firstborn son and heir as a whole burnt offering. In the book of the prophet Micah, the question is asked, Shall I give my firstborn for my sin, and responded to in the phrase, He has shown all you people what is good. And what does Yahweh require of you, to act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God
15.
Lynching
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Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterise informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. It is a form of informal group social control such as charivari, skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering. Lynchings have been frequent in times of social and economic tension. However, it has resulted from long-held prejudices and practices of discrimination that have conditioned societies to accept this type of violence as normal practices of popular justice. Indeed, instances of it can be found in societies long antedating European settlement of North America, the legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was an aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. In the United States, during the decades before the Civil War, assertive free-Blacks, Latinos in the South West, Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, mostly from 1882 to 1920, the origins of the word lynch are obscure, but it likely originated during the American revolution. The verb comes from the phrase Lynch Law, a term for a punishment without trial, two Americans during this era are generally credited for the phrase, Charles Lynch and William Lynch, who both lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch has the claim, as he was known to have used the term in 1782. There is no evidence that death was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men, in 1782, Charles Lynch wrote that his assistant had administered Lynchs law to Tories for Dealing with negroes, &c. In the United States, the origin of the terms lynching, Charles Lynch was a Virginia planter and American Revolutionary who headed a county court in Virginia which incarcerated Loyalist supporters of the British for up to one year during the war. While he lacked proper jurisdiction, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity, subsequently, he prevailed upon his friends in the Congress of the Confederation to pass a law which specifically exonerated him and his associates from wrongdoing. He was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those so incarcerated, Lynch was not accused of racist bias, and indeed acquitted blacks accused of murder on three separate occasions, as dictated by the facts brought before him. He was accused, however, of ethnic prejudice in his abuse of Welsh miners, William Lynch from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used for a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County. While Edgar Allan Poe claimed that he found this document, this was likely a hoax, however, linguistic evidence is strongly against it, and the story was likely invented in the 19th century. Racist extremism with an eye to viciousness and public spectacle was frequently evident, in the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were usually targets of lynch mob violence before the Civil War
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Mass murder
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Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity. The FBI defines mass murder as murdering four or more persons during an event with no cooling-off period between the murders, a mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more people kill several others. Many acts of mass murder end with the perpetrator dying by suicide or suicide by cop, a mass murder may be committed by individuals or organizations whereas a spree killing is committed by one or two individuals. Mass murder is the hypernym of genocide, which requires additional criteria, some of these mass murders have been found to be genocides and others to be crimes against humanity, but often such crimes have led to few or no convictions of any type. The concept of state-sponsored mass murder covers a range of potential killings and it is defined as the intentional and indiscriminate murder of a large number of people by government agents. Examples are shooting of unarmed protesters, lobbing of grenades into prison cells, actions in which the state caused the death of large numbers of people, which political scientist R. J. Many terrorist groups in recent times have used the tactic of killing many victims to fulfill their political aims, certain cults, especially religious cults, have committed a number of mass killings and mass murder-suicides. Mass murderers may fall into any of a number of categories, including killers of family, of coworkers, of students, a notable motivation for mass murder is revenge, but other motivations are possible, including the need for attention or fame. Average response time by law enforcement to a shooting is typically much longer than the time the shooter is engaged in killing. In many instances, immediate action by victims, bystanders, or law enforcement officers has saved lives, commentators have pointed out that there are a wide variety of ways that homicides with more than several victims might be classified. Such incidents can be, and have been even in recent decades, classified many different ways including as a shooting, as a school shooting, as mass murder. As a crime involving a rifle, as a case of a mentally ill person committing acts of violence. How such rarely occurring incidents of homicide are classified tends to change significantly with time and it was understood that the key feature of cases was a high body count. Place, Did the killings occur in a location, or in a variety of places. Method, How were the victims killed, in the late decades of the 20th century and early years of the 2000s, the most popular classifications moved to include method, time and place. Crimes against humanity List of mass murderers List of rampage killers Mass grave Massacre School shooting Suicide attack Terrorism War crime What makes a Mass Killer. Mass Murder, A Small Persons Way to Immortality Mass shootings interactive map Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence The real causes of mass murder by James Alan Fox
17.
Poisoning
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Poisoning is a condition or a process in which an organism becomes poisoned by a toxic substance or venom of an animal. Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a period of time. Symptoms develop in relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning, in contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye, are classified as corrosives rather than poisons. Furthermore, many common household medications are not labeled with skull and crossbones, in the medical sense, poisoning can be caused by less dangerous substances than those legally classified as a poison. Chronic poisoning is long-term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure, the patient gradually becomes ill, or becomes ill after a long latent period. Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate, or are biomagnified, such as mercury, gadolinium, contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the system can paralyze in seconds or less. Inhaled or ingested cyanide, used as a method of execution in gas chambers, for example, the herbicide 2, 4-D imitates the action of a plant hormone, which makes its lethal toxicity specific to plants. Indeed,2, 4-D is not a poison, but classified as harmful, many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication. An example is wood alcohol or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver
18.
Serial killer
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Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis
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Torture murder
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Torture murder is a loosely defined term to describe a murder where death has been preceded by the torture of the victim. In many legal jurisdictions a murder involving exceptional brutality or cruelty will attract harsher sentences, similar positions are taken in the laws of Italy, Germany and Norway and others. In many U. S. states, the fact that a murder is especially heinous, cruel, or depraved is an aggravating factor making it punishable by the death penalty. This was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court in Walton v. Arizona, some notable perpetrators and victims include the following. The dates indicate the time of the crime or crimes and this list includes those in positions of power. Empress Lü Zhi Gilles de Rais Vlad III the Impaler Elizabeth Báthory Delphine LaLaurie H
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Vehicle-ramming attack
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In criminal and civil law, assault is an attempt to initiate harmful or offensive contact with a person, or a threat to do so. It is distinct from battery, which refers to the achievement of such contact. An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent, present ability to cause the harm and it is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in either criminal and/or civil liability. Generally, the common law definition is the same in criminal, there is, however, an additional criminal law category of assault consisting of an attempted but unsuccessful battery. The term is confused with battery, which involves physical contact. Assault usually accompanies battery if the assailant both threatens to make unwanted contact and then carries through with this threat. Thus throwing a rock at someone for the purpose of hitting him is a if the rock in fact strikes the person. Aggravated assault is, in some jurisdictions, a form of assault. Aggravated assault can also be charged in cases of attempted harm against police officers or other public servants, Assault can also be considered in cases involving the spitting on, or unwanted exposure of bodily fluids to others. Consent may be a complete or partial defense to assault, in some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognized good reason for the assault. This can have important consequences when dealing with such as consensual sadomasochistic sexual activity. Legally recognized good reasons for consent include surgery, activities within the rules of a game, bodily adornment, however, any activity outside the rules of the game is not legally recognized as a defense of consent. In Scottish Law, consent is not a defense for assault, Police officers and court officials have a general power to use force for the purpose of performing an arrest or generally carrying out their official duties. Thus, an officer taking possession of goods under a court order may use force if reasonably necessary. In some jurisdictions such as Singapore, judicial corporal punishment is part of the legal system, the officers who administer the punishment have immunity from prosecution for assault. What constitutes reasonable varies in both law and case law. Unreasonable physical punishment may be charged as assault or under a statute for child abuse. Many countries, including some US states, also permit the use of punishment for children in school
21.
Manslaughter in English law
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In the English law of homicide, manslaughter is a less serious offence than murder, the differential being between levels of fault based on the mens rea. In England and Wales, the practice is to prefer a charge of murder. The jury then decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of murder or manslaughter. On conviction for manslaughter, sentencing is at the judges discretion, manslaughter may be either voluntary or involuntary, depending on whether the accused has the required mens rea for murder. Voluntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant kills with mens rea, the Homicide Act 1957 now provides two defences which may be raised to allow the court to find the accused guilty of voluntary manslaughter, diminished responsibility and suicide pact. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 creates the defence of loss of control, under section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 there are three requirements for the defendant to raise the defence of diminished responsibility. Under section 2 of the Act it is for the defendant to prove he suffered such a condition on the balance of probabilities. An abnormality of mind has been defined by Lord Parker CJ as ‘as state of mind so different from that of human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal’. In deciding whether this state of mind exists the jury should consider medical evidence, the jury does not have to accept the medical evidence if other material conflicts with and outweighs it. The Homicide Act specifies three causes one of which must cause the abnormality, they are a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind, whether the abnormality is caused by one of the specified causes is a matter for medical evidence alone. Alcoholism is capable of being an abnormality of mind even if there is no damage to the brain. Whether the abnormality substantially impaired the defendant’s mental responsibility for the killing is a question of degree for the jury, in R v Lloyd the Court of Appeal held that the lack of control must simply be ‘more than trivial’. See sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, section 4 of the Homicide Act 1957 introduced the defence of suicide pact. Parliaments intention was to show compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact. Section 4 defines a suicide pact as ‘a common agreement between two or more persons having for its object the death of all of them, whether or not each is to take his own life’. Further the accused must have had an intention of dying in pursuance of the pact to avoid the accused entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder. Involuntary manslaughter arises where the accused did not intend to cause death or serious injury, for these purposes, recklessness is defined as a blatant disregard for the dangers of a particular situation. An example of this would be dropping a brick off a bridge, landing on a persons head, killing him
22.
Assisted suicide
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Assisted suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person, sometimes a physician. Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Switzerland allow physicians to physically assist in the death of patients, Assisted suicide is prohibited by common law or criminal statute in all U. S. Assisted suicide and euthanasia are sometimes combined under the term assisted dying. Physician-assisted suicide is often confused with euthanasia, in cases of euthanasia the physician administers the means of death, usually a lethal drug. In physician-assisted suicide, it is required that the person voluntarily expresses his or her wish to die, physician-assisted suicide thus involves a person’s self-administration of deadly drugs that are supplied by a doctor. Due to the recent election November 8, there have many people debating the newly passed Colorado End of Life Options Act, the new law is usually compared to the Death With Dignity Act that has been in place in the state of Oregon for 20 years. While it passed by a vote of two thirds, that leaves one third of the states voters that did not wish to see it pass. A few common reasons that have come up, include, religious beliefs, fear of abuse, most supporters believe that it is their right to make this difficult decision on their own and wish to have the choice, despite opposing reasons. They view their choice for aid-in-dying as an end to their suffering, Medical decisions are personal and should be made by individuals and their families without interference from a third party—like the federal or state government. Libertarians strongly support AiD legislation for this reason, one argument for assisted suicide or medical aid in dying is that it reduces prolonged suffering in those with terminal illnesses. When death is imminent patients can choose to have aid in dying as an option to shorten an unbearable dying process. Washington vs. Glucksberg Assisted suicide is a controversial topic. In Washington, it did not become legal until 2008, in 1997, four Washington physicians, and three deathly ill patients brought forth a lawsuit that would challenge the ban on physician assisted suicide that was in place at the time. This lawsuit was first part of a court hearing, where it ruled in favor of Glucksberg. The lawsuit was then affirmed by the ninth circuit, thus, it was taken to the supreme court, and there the supreme court decided to grant Washington certiorari. Eventually, the court decided, with a unanimous vote. The laws and arguments on this topic are often argued and changed depending on legal evaluation and decision, a similar trend was found in Vermont, where AiD was authorized in 2013. In Oregon, in death rates are at the lowest in the nation, at home death rates are at the highest in the nation
23.
Capital punishment
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Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, etymologically, the term capital in this context alluded to execution by beheading. Fifty-six countries retain capital punishment,103 countries have abolished it de jure for all crimes, six have abolished it for ordinary crimes. Capital punishment is a matter of controversy in various countries and states. In the European Union, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment, also, the Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, prohibits the use of the death penalty by its members. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007,2008,2010,2012 and 2014, non-binding resolutions calling for a moratorium on executions. Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the population live in countries where executions take place, such as China, India. Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime, in most countries that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, defection or as part of military justice. In many countries use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty, in militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history, most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment, usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice. The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included a formal apology, a blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of a system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour, acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished. However, in practice, it is difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Elaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included peace settlements often done in a religious context, compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, the person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals
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Euthanasia
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Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. There are different euthanasia laws in each country, the British House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics defines euthanasia as a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering. In the Netherlands and Flanders, euthanasia is understood as termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient, Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some countries, non-voluntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries and is usually considered murder. As of 2006, euthanasia is the most active area of research in contemporary bioethics, in some countries there is a divisive public controversy over the moral, ethical, and legal issues of euthanasia. Jurisdictions where euthanasia is legal include the Netherlands, Canada, Colombia, Belgium, like other terms borrowed from history, euthanasia has had different meanings depending on usage. Bacon referred to an outward euthanasia—the term outward he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia which regards the preparation of the soul, in current usage, euthanasia has been defined as the painless inducement of a quick death. Another approach incorporates the notion of suffering into the definition, the third element incorporated into many definitions is that of intentionality – the death must be intended, rather than being accidental, and the intent of the action must be a merciful death. Beauchamp and Davidson also highlight Baruch Brodys an act of euthanasia is one in one person. Kills another person for the benefit of the person, who actually does benefit from being killed. Prior to Draper, Beauchamp and Davidson had also offered a definition that includes these elements and their definition specifically discounts fetuses in order to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia, In summary, we have argued. In discussing his definition, Wreen noted the difficulty of justifying euthanasia when faced with the notion of the right to life. In response, Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary, and that euthanasia is, as such. Other commentators incorporate consent more directly into their definitions, hence, euthanasia can be voluntary only. Euthanasia may be classified according to whether a person gives informed consent into three types, voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary, however, others see consent as essential. Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed voluntary euthanasia, active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, when the patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead
25.
War
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War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme aggression, destruction, and mortality, an absence of war is usually called peace. Warfare refers to the activities and characteristics of types of war. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to legitimate military targets. While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, as concerns a belligerents losses in proportion to its prewar population, the most destructive war in modern history may have been the Paraguayan War. In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths, down from 72,000 deaths in 1990, in 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth biggest problem facing humanity for the next fifty years. Another byproduct of some wars is the prevalence of propaganda by some or all parties in the conflict, the word is related to the Old Saxon werran, Old High German werran, and the German verwirren, meaning “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”. In German, the equivalent is Krieg, the Spanish, Portuguese, the scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology, from the Greek polemos, meaning war, and -logy, meaning the study of. Studies of war by military theorists throughout military history have sought to identify the philosophy of war, asymmetric warfare is a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military capability or size. Biological warfare, or germ warfare, is the use of weaponized biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, chemical warfare involves the use of weaponized chemicals in combat. Poison gas as a weapon was principally used during World War I. Civil war is a war between forces belonging to the nation or political entity. Conventional warfare is declared war between states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used or see limited deployment, cyberwarfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nations information systems. Information warfare is the application of force on a large scale against information assets and systems, against the computers. Nuclear warfare is warfare in which weapons are the primary, or a major. War of aggression is a war for conquest or gain rather than self-defense, the earliest recorded evidence of war belongs to the Mesolithic cemetery Site 117, which has been determined to be approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death, since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare
26.
Mariticide
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Mariticide literally means killing of ones husband. The killing of a wife is given the name uxoricide, under English common law it was a petty treason until 1828, and until it was altered under the Treason Act 1790 the punishment was to be strangled and burnt at the stake. Laodice I allegedly poisoned her husband Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid dynasty around 246 BC and her youth and beauty were dwelt upon in numerous popular ballads, which are to be found in Jamiesons, Kinlochs, and Buchans collections. Florence Maybrick spent fourteen years in prison in England after being convicted of murdering her considerably older English husband, James Maybrick, in 1889. Tillie Klimek claimed to have psychic powers by predicting her husbands deaths, edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters were executed in 1923 for the murder of Thompson’s husband Percy. Heather Osland drugged and had her son kill her husband in 1991, katherine Knight murdered her de facto husband in Oct.2001 by stabbing him, then skinned him and attempted to feed pieces of his body to his children. She was sentenced to life in prison without parole, her appeal against this sentence as too harsh was rejected, sheila Garvie, convicted in 1968 of the Murder of Maxwell Garvie, her husband In 1991, Pamela Smart had her husband murdered by a student of hers. Though the student committed the murder, the courts ruled that Smart had been guilty of mariticide due to her influence on the young man, in 1998, entertainer Phil Hartman was killed by his wife Brynn Hartman, who then killed herself. In 2004 Jamila MBarek paid her brother to murder her husband, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, in Greek mythology Clytemnestra murders her husband Agamemnon as an act of vengeance for the murder of their daughter Iphigeneia, and to retain power after his return from Troy. In Friday the 13th, Pamelas Tale Pamela Voorhees kills her husband Elias Voorhees in order to protect their younger only son Jason Voorhees. In Lamb to the Slaughter, A housewife kill her husband by hitting him with a lamb leg In Dead Alive Vera drowned her husband because he had an affair with a woman. In Addams Family Values, Deborah Debbie Jellinsky attempted unsuccessfully to kill her third husband Fester Addams after she killed two of her husbands and ran off with their money
27.
Uxoricide
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Uxoricide is murder of ones wife or romantic partner. It can refer to the act itself or the person who carries it out, overall, rates of uxoricide are much higher than rates of mariticide. Of the 2340 deaths at the hands of partners in America in 2007. In the region of South-East Asia, 55% of all murdered women died at the hands of their partner, followed by 40% in the African region, preliminary findings of an ongoing study estimate that globally, approximately 35% of murders of women are committed by intimate partners. Evolved Homicide Theory states that men have evolved a particular killing strategy in order to deprive male rivals of sexual access to their mate, therefore, when a man experiences partner infidelity, he may kill his partner as a reproductive strategy. Proponents of Psychodynamic theories have offered explanations for the underlying the occurrence of Uxoricide. It has been suggested that men who kill their partners experience both an unconscious dependence on their wife and a resentment of her. These men wish to leave the relationship, but unknowingly perceive themselves as too helpless to do so, links have also been established between violence in childhood and likelihood of uxoricide occurring. Other psychodynamic researchers have reported that Thematic Apperception tests reveal significant trends of rejection by a mother or wife in men who commit uxoricide, psychoanalytic dream interpretation has also argued that unconscious conflict manifests into violent outbursts. For example, in one instance one man had experienced and recorded over 200 distressing, cohabiting women are at greater risk of domestic violence and uxoricide than married women. Research has found that women are 9 times more likely to be killed by their intimate partner than married women. A number of reasons for this finding have been studied. Cohabiting women are likely to be younger, have a lower level of education and are more likely to bring children from a previous relationship into their home with their new intimate partner. This may be because investment from a stepfather reduces reproductive benefits, research has found that the presence of step-children can significantly increase the risk of uxoricide for women. A large number of filicides are accompanied by uxoricide and suicide, research has shown that females often experience increased abuse following the termination of a relationship. An Australian study found that of a sample of uxoricide cases, sexual jealousy may be a possible reason for this heightened risk following separation. Another risk factor for Uxoricide is estrangement, women who choose to leave their partner place themselves at higher risk of spousal homicide. Therefore, by killing his partner he will avoid the damage associated with intrasexual competition
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Tyrannicide". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "