1.
Will Rogers
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William Penn Adair Will Rogers was a stage and motion picture actor, vaudeville performer, American cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, and social commentator. Known as Oklahomas Favorite Son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory and he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies, and wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns. By the mid-1930s, the American people adored Rogers and he was the leading political wit of his time, and was the highest paid Hollywood movie star. Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their airplane crashed in northern Alaska. Rogerss vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies and his 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels and his aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted, I am not a member of an organized political party. Another widely quoted Will Rogers comment was I dont make jokes, I just watch the government and report the facts. I am so proud of that, I can hardly wait to die so it can be carved, Rogers was born on the Dog Iron Ranch in Indian Territory, near present-day Oologah, Oklahoma. The house he was born in had been built in 1875 and was known as the White House on the Verdigris River and his parents, Clement Vann Rogers and Mary America Schrimsher, were both of part Cherokee ancestry, making Rogers himself 9/32 Cherokee. Rogers quipped that his ancestors did not come over on the Mayflower and his mother was quarter-Cherokee and a hereditary member of the Paint Clan. She died when Will was 11, and his father remarried less than two years after her death, Rogers was the youngest of eight children. He was named for the Cherokee leader Col. William Penn Adair, only three of his siblings, sisters Sallie Clementine, Maude Ethel, and May, survived into adulthood. His father, Clement, was a leader within Cherokee society, a Cherokee judge, he was a Confederate veteran and served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. Rogers County, Oklahoma, is named in honor of Clement Rogers and he served several terms on the Cherokee Senate. Clement Rogers achieved financial success as a rancher and used his influence to help soften the effects of white acculturation on the tribe. Roach presents a sociological-psychological assessment of the relationship between Will and his father during the formative boyhood and teenage years, Clement had high expectations for his son and desired him to be more responsible and business-minded. Will was more easygoing and oriented toward the loving affection offered by his mother, Mary, the personality clash increased after his mothers death, and young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal, will Rogers attended school at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, Missouri, and Kemper Military School at Boonville, Missouri
2.
California State Route 1
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State Route 1 is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U. S. state of California. At a total of just over 655.8 miles, it is the longest state route in California, Highway 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway, Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 near Dana Point in Orange County, Highway 1 also at times runs concurrently with US101, most notably through a 54-mile stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway is designated as an All-American Road, SR1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened and it was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as Highway 1. Highway 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway, the entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 in Dana Point and US101 near Oxnard as the Pacific Coast Highway, the legislature has also designated the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned other names by the state. The legislature has relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard. The route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the tourism industry. Segments of Highway 1 range from a rural road to an urban freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling between the metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster routes such as US101 or I-5. At its southernmost end in Orange County, Highway 1 terminates at I-5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point and it then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point, Highway 1 continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach, Highway 1 then enters Newport Beach, where it is known as simply Coast Highway. Upon entering Huntington Beach, Highway 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation and it passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the city on its journey in Orange County. PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River, Highway 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle, more than 2 miles from the coast
3.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
4.
U.S. Route 6 in California
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U. S. Route 6, or US6, is a transcontinental highway from the U. S. state of California to Massachusetts. In California, the lies in the eastern portion of the state from Bishop in the Owens Valley north to the Nevada state line in Esmeralda County. Prior to a 1964 Highway renumbering project US6 extended to the Pacific Ocean in Long Beach, California and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is legally eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, it is not a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans. Starting in Inyo County, US6 begins its route at Bishop at a junction with US395 near the Bishop Paiute-Shoshone Indian Colony. After leaving Inyo County and entering Mono County, the highway proceeds due north to the town of Benton, the highway then begins ascending the lower foothills of the White Mountains, towards Montgomery Pass in Nevada. The highway reaches the line before cresting the pass. While still in California, the highway passes Boundary Peak, the highest point in Nevada, the California portion of US6 was originally commissioned in 1937 as an extension of the highway from Greeley, Colorado as part of the historic Grand Army of the Republic Highway auto trail. US6 was later extended south through the Mojave Desert. It traveled along with what is now US395, SR14, I-5, I-110 / SR110, when the Four Level Interchange was constructed, US6 was the original number for SR110 at this interchange. In 1981, the Harbor Freeway between Gaffey Street and Interstate 10 became Interstate 110, replacing the SR11 designation, in 1964, all of the route of US6 in California south of Bishop lost official status with its US6 signs removed. The highway was truncated to Bishop as part of a 1964 highway renumbering project, except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines, the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column
5.
U.S. Route 99 in California
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It was assigned in 1926 and existed until it was replaced for the most part by Interstate 5. A large section in the Central Valley is now State Route 99, the highway started at the border with Baja California in Calexico, California. It then continued north along the shore of the Salton Sea. The stretch is now known as State Route 86, Highway 99 continued along present-day State Route 111 through Coachella to its intersection at Dillon Road with another major US route signed as both US60 and US70. Now multiplexed as US 60/70/99, the highway continued north through Indio, in Beaumont, Highway 60 split off on its own westward trek to Los Angeles. The highway through Banning and Beaumont was bypassed by the new version of US 60/70/99 that would later become part of Interstate 10. The edges of the old US60 shield at the replacement interchanges overhead sign are visible today underneath the State Route 60 shield that covers it up. Highway 99s original alignment over the hill was known in its earliest days as the Ridge Route, built in 1915, the alignment between Castaic and State Route 138 in Gorman is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This section was bypassed in 1933 by the three-lane Alternate Ridge Route, from the southern tip of the San Joaquin Valley at the foot of the Grapevine, US99 then continued to Sacramento where it split into two highways, 99E and 99W. The two highways rejoined in Red Bluff and continued again as US99 through Oregon, Washington and to the border with British Columbia. When it was first designated in late 1926, US99 ran with U. S. Route 66 from San Bernardino via Pasadena to Los Angeles, the route was signed in 1928. This alignment remained through 1933, but by 1942 it had moved to its own alignment from San Bernardino to Los Angeles and this alignment used Garvey Avenue from Pomona, turning onto Ramona Boulevard in Alhambra to reach Macy Street near downtown Los Angeles. It turned north at Figueroa Street, running through the Figueroa Street Tunnels, when the San Bernardino Freeway, Santa Ana Freeway and Pasadena Freeway were completed, it was routed onto them, continuing to exit at Avenue 26. In 1962, with the completion of the Golden State Freeway northeast of downtown, US99 was moved onto it, bypassing the Santa Ana Freeway, Four Level Interchange, from Los Angeles US99 followed San Fernando Road through Glendale and Burbank to Sylmar. From 1937 to 1964 it shared this routing with U. S. Route 6, the Old Road starts in near the Newhall Pass Interchange, just south of Santa Clarita, eventually crossing under present-day Interstate 5. As the road now winds north, passing by Pico Canyon Road, it reaches Mc Bean Parkway near the California Institute of the Arts, College of the Canyons, in Castaic The Old Road becomes a suburban street and ends at Oak Hill Court, just outside Castaic. A substantial portion of the road is submerged beneath Pyramid Lake,99 then headed over Tejon Pass to the San Joaquin Valley. Just north of the entry to the valley, Interstate 5 splits off from US99, and US99 continued on the current route of State Route 99, to Bakersfield, Fresno
6.
U.S. Route 101 in California
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U. S. Route 101 in the state of California is one of the last remaining and longest U. S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California, US101 was also one of the original national routes established in 1926. Significant portions of US101 between the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area follow El Camino Real, the road connecting the former Alta Californias 21 missions. US101 also has designated as the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, Ventura Freeway, South Valley Freeway. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the south terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles, about one mile east of downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, also known as the Commuters Complex. This southernmost portion is named the Santa Ana Freeway, inheriting that title as the extension of the roadway now known as I-5. From here, US101 becomes the Hollywood Freeway and it then heads to Hollywood and up through the Cahuenga Pass before reaching the San Fernando Valley. US101 then intersects with SR134 and SR170 at the known as the Hollywood Split. Here, the alignment of US101 shifts to the alignment of SR134, though confusing, the Hollywood Freeway name continues northward from this interchange on SR170, and the Ventura Freeway name continues eastward to SR134. From the Hollywood Split, US101 is an east–west highway and it meets with I-405 in Sherman Oaks, an interchange which holds claim to the most traveled intersection in the nation. Upon reaching Ventura, there is an interchange with SR126, North of Ventura, US101 switches intermittently between freeway and expressway status, but there are no traffic signals until San Francisco. From Ventura and through Santa Barbara, US101 closely follows the Pacific coastline until Gaviota State Park, at Gaviota State Park, the highway shifts back from an east–west highway to a north–south alignment. About one mile north of this point, US101 passes through the Gaviota Tunnel, a few miles north of the Gaviota Tunnel, SR1 splits from US101 and heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline parallel and to the west of US101. US101 passes through Buellton, Los Alamos, Orcutt, Santa Maria, South of Santa Maria, US101 widens from a four-lane highway to a six-lane freeway. SR166 joins US101 for about 3 miles before splitting just north of the city limits, farther north, SR1 rejoins US101 between Pismo Beach and San Luis Obispo. Then US101 takes a route through the Salinas Valley, while Highway 1 heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline in California, parallel. A steep segment between San Luis Obispo and Atascadero is known as the Cuesta Grade, North of Atascadero, the highway joins SR46 for about three miles through Paso Robles. From Paso Robles to Salinas, US101 is a known as the Salinas River Valley Highway
7.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
8.
California State Route 91
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State Route 91 is a major east–west freeway located entirely within Southern California and serving several regions of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Specifically, it runs from Vermont Avenue in Gardena, just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway, east to Riverside at the junction with the Pomona. The route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, SR91 inherited its route number from the mostly decommissioned US91, which passed through the Inland Empire in a northeasterly direction on its way to Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, and points beyond. Those segments of US91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, I-15. SR91 officially used to head west all the way to the Pacific Coast Highway in Hermosa Beach, but this segment was relinquished to local governments in 2003, the area from post mile 10.4 to 11.1 is signed as the Juanita Millender-McDonald Highway. From the Harbor Freeway to its intersection with the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach, between the Long Beach Freeway and its intersection with the Santa Ana Freeway at the Fullerton-Anaheim border, it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its terminus at the intersection of the Pomona, Moreno Valley. The Gardena Freeway is a freeway in southern Los Angeles County. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91, thereafter, SR91 is known as the Artesia Freeway. Until 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway, in 1997, the California government dedicated the portion of 91 between Alameda Rd and Central Ave to former assemblyman Willard H. Murray Jr. The Artesia Freeway is a freeway in southeastern Los Angeles County and it is signed as State Route 91 for its entire length. It runs east–west from its terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach to its eastern terminus at the Santa Ana Freeway at the Fullerton-Anaheim border. During the 1984 Summer Olympics, a 25 km stretch of the highway was home to the mens road team time trial event. As the only freeway to link Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties, past the I-215/CA-60/CA-91 junction, the Riverside Freeway continues as I-215. The Riverside Freeway first opened in 1963 signed as U. S. Route 91 and U. S. Route 395, the 91 Express Lanes is a ten-mile high-occupancy toll road / full tollway combination contained entirely within the median of the Riverside Freeway in Orange County, California. They run from the Costa Mesa Freeway interchange in Anaheim to the Riverside County line, the 91 Express Lanes consist of two primary lanes in each direction, separated from the regular, main lanes of the Riverside Freeway with reflective yellow,3 high, plastic lane markers. Access to the 91 Express Lanes are provided only at its east and west ends, all tolls are collected using an open road tolling system, with each vehicle required to carry a FasTrak transponder, there are no toll booths to receive cash. The 91 Express Lanes use a variable pricing system based on the time of day, the road is not truly congestion priced because toll rates come from a preset schedule instead of being based on actual congestion
9.
U.S. Route 395 in California
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The route clips into Nevada, serving the cities Carson City and Reno, before returning to California. Prior to truncation, US395 served the areas of San Diego. The highway serves as a connection to the Los Angeles area for the communities of the Owens Valley, Mammoth Lakes and Mono Lake. The highway is used as an access for both the highest point in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, and the lowest point in North America, Death Valley. The corridor has been used since the California gold rush, and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the Scenic Highway system. The route of US395 in California is split into two segments, as the exits and reenters California via Nevada. The southern segment crosses the Mojave Desert and Owens Valley and passes east of the Sierra Nevada, the northern segment also follows the Sierra Nevada and crosses the Modoc Plateau. U. S. Route 395 begins in Hesperia at an interchange with Interstate 15 as it heads north. The road enters into Adelanto, on the edge of Victorville. Although US395 was once a road passing to the side of these cities, with growth these cities are encroaching on the highway. After leaving the Victorville area the scenery changes, as suburban neighborhoods disappear, while crossing the desert, the route clips the northeastern corner of Edwards Air Force Base. Just past the base the road intersects SR58 at Kramer Junction and this is currently an at-grade intersection, however, SR58 is gradually being upgraded to a freeway. After leaving Kramer Junction 395 passes the Kramer Junction Solar Electric Generating Station, US395 crosses the Rand and El Paso Mountains, where the highway crosses into San Bernardino–Kern county line, near Johannesburg. While traversing these mountains the route crosses a former Southern Pacific rail line, though the railroad is abandoned north of Searles Station, US395 parallels the old railroad grade from this point to Lone Pine. On the other side of the mountains is Indian Wells Valley, the highway proceeds diagonally across the valley, until merging with State Route 14. Prior to July 1,1964, the part of State Route 14 between Interstate 5 and US395 was part of US6 that continued south to Long Beach, between Mojave and its junction with Route 395, Route 14 follows the edge of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Formerly US6 and US395 ran concurrent from this junction north to Bishop, US395 follows the valleys along the eastern edge of the Sierra as the mountains gradually increase in altitude until reaching their peak at over 14,000 feet near Lone Pine. After passing by three lakes, Little Lake, North and South Haiwee Reservoirs, the highway enters the Owens Valley
10.
San Bernardino, California
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San Bernardino /ˈsæn ˌbɜːrnɑːrˈdiːnoʊ/ is a city located in the Riverside-San Bernardino metropolitan area. It serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, as one of the Inland Empires anchor cities, San Bernardino spans 81 square miles on the floor of the San Bernardino Valley and has a population of 209,924 as of the 2010 census. San Bernardino is the 17th-largest city in California and the 100th-largest city in the United States, San Bernardino is home to numerous diplomatic missions for the Inland Empire, being one of four cities in California with numerous consulates. The governments of Guatemala and Mexico have established their consulates in the area of the city. California State University, San Bernardino is located in the part of the city. The university also hosts the Coussoulis Arena, in addition, the city is home to the Inland Empire 66ers baseball team, they play their home games at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino. In August 2012, San Bernardino became the largest city to choose to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U. S. Bankruptcy code, San Bernardinos case was filed on August 1. On December 2,2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured, the city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople originally referred to as The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God. The Tongva Indians also called the San Bernardino area Waaach in their language, upon seeing the immense geological arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the hot and cold springs to which the arrowhead seemed to point. Politana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley, Two years later the settlement was destroyed by superstitious local tribesmen, following the powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Politana rancheria and they did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization, the city of San Bernardino one of the oldest communities in the state of California, and in its present-day location, was not largely settled until 1851, after California became a state. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons, hardworking Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was incorporated in the year 1857. Later that year most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War, once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county, many the new land owners unlike the sober Mormons, indulged in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair, in 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the reach of Lytle Creek
11.
U.S. Route 89 in Arizona
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In the U. S. state of Arizona, U. S. Route 89 is a U. S. Highway that begins in Flagstaff and heads north to the Utah border northwest of Page. U. S.89 begins at Flagstaff, Arizona, the highway proceeds north passing near Grand Canyon National Park and through the Navajo Nation. Near the Utah state line the highway splits into U. S.89, the Alternate is the original highway, what is now the main highway was constructed in the 1960s to serve the Glen Canyon Dam. The two highways rejoin in Kanab, Utah, the main branch passes over the Colorado River just south of the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell near Page then enters Utah. The Alternate branch crosses the Colorado River at Navajo Bridge and proceeds to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon before entering Utah, prior to 1992, the southern terminus of US89 was at Nogales, Arizona. US89 ran concurrently with Interstate 19 until Green Valley, the route was taken through Tucson via 6th Avenue, Congress Street and Granada Avenue. The route was carried out of Tucson via State Route 77, further north it was carried via the Pinal Pioneer Parkway northwest out of Oracle Junction on SR79. Departing Wickenburg, it followed US93 and SR89 to Prescott, departing Prescott, the route followed present-day SR89 to Ash Fork, then ran east concurrently with I-40 to Flagstaff. In Flagstaff, US89 ran along old Route 66, Milton Road, the highway crossed the Little Colorado River at Cameron on the Cameron Suspension Bridge until 1959, when the bridge was retired and replaced by a parallel span. On February 20,2013, the alignment of US89 was closed in both directions approximately 25 miles south of Page due to a landslide that caused the roadway to buckle. Traffic was re-routed via 45 miles of secondary and tertiary roads on the Navajo Reservation, Alternate routes through Las Vegas, Nevada, or Hurricane, Utah, and Marble Canyon were also suggested. US 89T opened in August 2013 as a bypass of the closed section, U. S.89 reopened in March 2015 after a $25 million repair project. The entire route is in Coconino County, U. S. Route 89T was the designation for Navajo Route 20, a 44-mile road running mostly parallel to U. S.89 in Arizona. Added to the Arizona state highway system in 2013, US 89T served as a detour for a closed section of US89. The need for US 89T arose in February 2013, when an event caused a 150-foot stretch of US8925 miles south of Page to buckle. The loss of this stretch of road forced detours for traffic entering the Page area from the south, the Navajo Nation declared a state of emergency. Motorists were rerouted on a 115-mile detour via US160 and SR98 or a 90-mile detour on N20, at the same time, commute times into Page increased, and merchants in Page and the surrounding area lost significant business. The Arizona Department of Transportation added the road to the highway system as US 89T and quickly moved to get money
12.
Ash Fork, Arizona
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Ash Fork is a census-designated place in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 457 at the 2000 census, Ash Fork is located at 35°13′16″N 112°29′14″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.3 square miles. Unfortunately, after closure by the state, Dantes Descent cannot legally be visited by the public, pictorial and historic documentation of the natural attraction may be found at the Ash Fork Library. Service roads allow access to back areas of Grand Canyon National Park. Approximately 15 miles to the north of Ash Fork is Beale Road, the internationally renowned U. S. Route 66 also runs directly through the town. Notably, the longest original, uninterrupted stretch of Route 66 still in existence can be found between Ash Fork, Arizona, and Seligman, Arizona, beginning just beyond Ash Fork at Crookton Road. The surrounding geographical area and settlements served as inspiration for the 2006 Disney Pixar film Cars, Ash Fork has proclaimed itself The Flagstone Capital of the World, due to the large number of stone quarries and stone yards in and around the town. The title of Flagstone Capital of the World, however, was bestowed upon Ash Fork by the Ash Fork Development Association, the title was officially bestowed upon the town in 2014 by the Arizona House of Representatives with the passage of H. R.2001. The community was established as a siding of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, later known as the Santa Fe Railroad and it was purportedly named in 1883 by F. W. Smith, General Superintendent of the railroad, in reference to a thicket ash trees at the site. The first official post office was established on April 12,1883, in later years, Ash Fork was the location of the Escalante, a large hotel and Harvey House built in 1907 and closed in 1948, operated by the Fred Harvey Company. Ash Forks convenient location along the railway and later famous U. S. When the Santa Fe Railroad moved its main line north and away from the town in 1960, Ash Fork lost nearly half its population, as most families employed by the railway were forced to leave the area. Another large fire, known locally as the Big Fire, devastated the community on November 20,1977, when I-40 bypassed the town soon after, drastically reducing traffic on U. S. Route 66, the local economy never fully recovered. The communitys last major fire occurred on October 7,1987, part of what was once Route 66 still runs directly through Ash Fork, though as a divided highway, with Park Avenue running east and Lewis Avenue running west, both serving as a main thoroughfare. Historic buildings, including a false front structure and old railroad company houses can be seen along these streets, the majority of the towns limited commercial establishments, including the Oasis Lounge and the Ranch House Cafe, can be found along Park Avenue. The Ash Fork Post Office is also located on this street, as of the census of 2000, there were 457 people,149 households, and 109 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 199.1 people per square mile, there were 189 housing units at an average density of 82.3 per square mile
13.
Flagstaff, Arizona
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Flagstaff is a city in northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. In 2015, the estimated population was 70,320. Flagstaffs combined metropolitan area has an population of 139,097. It is the county seat of Coconino County, the city is named after a ponderosa pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4,1876. Flagstaff lies near the edge of the Colorado Plateau, along the western side of the largest contiguous Ponderosa Pine forest in the continental United States. Flagstaff is located adjacent to Mount Elden, just south of the San Francisco Peaks, humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet, is located about 10 miles north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness. Flagstaffs early economy was based on the lumber, railroad, Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park, Oak Creek Canyon, the Arizona Snowbowl, Meteor Crater, and historic Route 66. The city is also a center for medical device manufacturing, since Flagstaff is home to W. L. Gore, there exist several stories and legends regarding the origin of the citys name. It is said that, because of the flag that was raised, the first permanent settlement was in 1876, when Thomas F. McMillan built a cabin at the base of Mars Hill on the west side of town. During the 1880s, Flagstaff began to grow, opening its first post office, the early economy was based on timber, sheep, and cattle. By 1886, Flagstaff was the largest city on the line between Albuquerque and the west coast of the United States. A circa 1900 diary entry by journalist Sharlot Hall described the houses in the city at the time as a third rate mining camp, with unkempt air, in 1894, Massachusetts astronomer Percival Lowell hired A. E. Douglass to scout an ideal site for a new observatory. Douglass, impressed by Flagstaffs elevation, named it as a location for the now famous Lowell Observatory, saying, other things being equal. Two years later, the specially designed 24-inch Clark telescope that Lowell had ordered was installed, in 1930, Pluto was discovered using one of the observatorys telescopes. During the Apollo program in the 1960s, the Clark Telescope was used to map the moon for the lunar expeditions, in homage to the citys importance in the field of astronomy, asteroid 2118 Flagstaff is named for the city, and 6582 Flagsymphony for the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra. The Northern Arizona Normal School was established in 1899, renamed Northern Arizona University in 1966, Flagstaffs cultural history received a significant boost on April 11,1899, when the Flagstaff Symphony made its concert debut at Babbitts Opera House. The orchestra continues today as the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra, with its venue at the Ardrey Auditorium on the campus of Northern Arizona University. The city grew rapidly, primarily attributable to its location along the east–west transcontinental railroad line in the United States, in the 1880s, the railroads purchased land in the west from the federal government, which was then sold to individuals to help finance the railroad projects
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U.S. Route 85
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U. S. Route 85 is a north–south United States highway that runs for 1,479 miles in the Mountain – Northern Plains states of the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at the Mexico–US border in El Paso, Texas, the northern terminus is at the Canada–US border in Fortuna, North Dakota, where the route continues north as Saskatchewan Highway 35. In both the United States and Saskatchewan, Canada the route is known as the CanAm Highway, sections of US85 are considered part of the Theodore Roosevelt Expressway. The highway passes through Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, from Anthony, Texas to Fountain, Colorado, US-85 shares its alignment with interstate routes and is not signed. The route is concurrent with I-10 for the remainder of its route within Texas and this route is marked as Texas State Highway 20 north of the intersection with Mesa Street/Country Club Drive. The unsigned route of US85 through New Mexico exists only on paper to maintain continuity with signed sections in Colorado, except for a 4-mile segment through Las Vegas, US85 in New Mexico is entirely concurrent with Interstate Routes. For the first 20 miles it shares its route with I-10, US-85 was de-signed in segments between 1970 and 1990 as I-25 was built through the state. I-25 between Bernalillo and a point just south of Santa Fe was built over the old US85 alignment, I-25 was also built directly over US85 from east of Santa Fe to Las Vegas and from US64 to the Colorado border at Raton Pass. At one point, the route went along the historic El Camino Real, the original route from Anthony to Las Cruces is now signed as New Mexico State Road 478. US85 enters Colorado from New Mexico concurrent with I-25 but is not signed, approaching the south side of Denver, US85 again leaves I-25 at Exit 184. From there it heads west and north as a two lane rural highway and it becomes an expressway near Chatfield Lake and the southern Denver suburbs of Littleton and Englewood, where its commonly known as Santa Fe Drive. It continues north through Denver for a few miles before again joining with I-25 at mile marker 207. There it becomes a concurrency with US87 as well as I-25, at exit 214, US85 turns east and becomes a concurrency with I-70 and US6 for about a mile where it exits with U. S.6 and heads northeast through Commerce City. In just a few miles the US 6/US85 concurrency merges with I-76 at mile marker 9 and they travel concurrently for 3 miles until exit 12 when US85 becomes an expressway and continues north out of the Denver area through Brighton. From there it parallels I-25 for about 75 miles passing through Fort Lupton, Platteville, Evans, Greeley, US85 enters Wyoming from Colorado 8 miles south of Cheyenne. In Cheyenne it joins with Business Route 87, and a mile later with I-180 until it meets with US30, the segment with I-180 is the only fully at-grade interstate route in the U. S. At exit 12, it joins with I-25 and US87 in a concurrency for 5 miles until US85 leaves at exit 17 and travels northeast towards Meriden. From there it heads north to Torrington, where it meets with US26 and concurrencies for 10 miles until Lingle and it shares the next 47 miles with US18 and 33 miles later meets US16 near Newcastle
15.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Albuquerque is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Mexico. The high-altitude city serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County, the city population is 557,169 as of the July 1,2014 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau, and ranks as the 32nd-largest city in the U. S. The Albuquerque metropolitan statistical area has a population of 907,301 according to the United States Census Bureaus most recently available estimate for 2015, Albuquerque is the 60th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Sandia Mountains run along the side of Albuquerque. Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta, the worlds largest such gathering of hot-air balloons from around the globe, the event takes place during the first week of October. Albuquerque was named in honor of Francisco, Duke of Alburquerque, the growing village soon to become Albuquerque was named by provincial governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Franciscos title referred to the Spanish town of Alburquerque, in the Spanish province of Badajoz, the name has two theories of origin which denote either Latin or Arabic roots. The first of which derived from the Latin albus quercus meaning white oak and this name was probably in reference to the prevalence of cork oaks in the region, which have a white wood when the bark is removed. Alburquerque is still a center of the Spanish cork industry, another theory suggests that it may come from the Arabic Abu al-Qurq, which means father of the cork. The change was also in due to the fact that citizens found the original name difficult to pronounce. Western folklore offers a different explanation, tracing the name Albuquerque to the Galician word albaricoque, the apricot was brought to New Mexico by Spanish settlers, possibly as early as 1743. As the story goes, the settlement was established near an apricot tree, as frontiersmen were unable to correctly pronounce the Galician word, it became corrupted to Albuquerque. The Tanoan and Keres peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque, Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque. Present-day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage, Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real. The town was also the center of the West. Spain established a presidio in Albuquerque in 1706, after 1821, Mexico also had a military garrison there. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern, a plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes. This central plaza area has preserved and is open to the public as a museum, cultural area
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U.S. Route 60 in Texas
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The portion of U. S. Highway 60 in Texas is a highway that runs southwest to northeast through the Texas Panhandle. The highway spends 210.698 miles in Texas, U. S.60 enters Texas from New Mexico at Farwell, having just left a concurrence with U. S. The route travels northeast through small towns in the western Panhandle, the route continues on, reaching Canyon. There it turns north, and merges with Interstate 27 and U. S. Highway 87 and this concurrence continues until it reaches Amarillo. I-27 ceases at the intersection with Interstate 40, US60 and 87 continue north, being joined by U. S. Highway 287. On the north side on Amarillo, US60 departs to the east on Amarillo Avenue and this route is currently Business Route 40, and is a portion of Historic Route 66. US60 and Business I-40 split just northeast of the Amarillo Airport, the route passes through Panhandle and Pampa, before reaching a 10-mile concurrence with U. S. Highway 83 in Hemphill County. The routes then split again, with US60 travelling northeast to the Oklahoma state line near Higgins in Lipscomb County. The section of US60 from New Mexico to Amarillo was originally a portion of the Ozark Trail and paralleled the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway, part of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. When Texas began numbering their highway system, the Ozark Trail received the numbering of State Highway 13, by 1920, the entire US60 route had been renumbered as State Highway 33, or its spur SH 33A, with the northeastern portion also following the AT&SF Railway. By the mid-1920s, the route had become an extension of the Abo Pass Highway. In 1928, the AASHO added the highway to the U. S. Highway System as U. S. Highway 164 and it was renumbered as US60 in 1930 when the route was extended to make it a coast to coast highway
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U.S. Route 87 in Texas
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US 87s southern terminus is at an intersection with State Highway 238 in Port Lavaca, Texas. It takes a route out of the town, and follows this path all the way to Cuero. US87 follows a northwesterly route until just before Smiley. At Nixon, US87 merges with State Highway 97 and continues west as a route until just west of Stockdale. After intersecting with I-20 at Big Spring, US87 continues the same path to Lamesa. After making another turn back to the north just outside ODonnell, US87 continues on to Lubbock, where it merges with I-27 on the south side of the city. US 87/287 continues almost due north until Dumas, where US87 splits off the route with a turn to the west before merging with US385 in Hartley. US385 leaves the route in Dalhart, and US87 continues on a northwesterly path. Loops of U. S. Route 87 in Texas Interstate 27
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U.S. Route 287 in Texas
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US287 crosses into Texas at Kerrick and continues southeast through to Stratford, where it takes a more southerly turn. In Dumas, US287 merges with its parent route, US87, US287 follows this east-southeasterly path through Clarendon and Childress, where it intersects US Highways 83 and 62. US287 then proceeds to Vernon, where it merges with US70, after US70 and US183 leave the route at Oklaunion and veer to the northeast, US287 resumes its east-southeasterly track passing through Harrold and Electra on its way to Wichita Falls. On the northwest side of the city US287 merges with I-44, US82, after leaving Wichita Falls, US 82/287 continues as a co-signed route until Henrietta, where US82 leaves the route. After merging with US81 in Bowie, US 287/81 continues southeast to Fort Worth and this stretch of US287, which runs from downtown to the southeast side of the city, is also known as the Martin Luther King, Jr. Freeway. The highway continues southeastward to Palestine, where it merges with State Highway 19, US 287/SH19 continues as a co-signed route until Crockett, where US287 leaves SH19 and continues its southeasterly track toward the Texas Gulf Coast. In Woodville, US287 merges with US69 and takes on a more due-southerly route to Lumberton, where a co-signed US 69/287 also merges with US96. The highway then continues to the southeast through Beaumont with a stint with Interstate 10 and on to Port Arthur. All of these highways were shortened in the 1939 renumbering. SH19 was deleted until 1960, when it extended back south, roads portal US287 southeast of downtown Fort Worth—from dfwfreeways. info
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Amarillo, Texas
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Amarillo is the 14th-most populous city in the state of Texas, in the United States. It is also the largest city in the Texas Panhandle, a portion of the city extends into Randall County. The population was 190,695 at the 2010 census, the Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 236,113 in four counties. Amarillo, originally named Oneida, is situated in the Llano Estacado region, the availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the citys growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century. The city was once the self-proclaimed Helium Capital of the World for having one of the countrys most productive helium fields, the city is also known as The Yellow Rose of Texas, and most recently Rotor City, USA for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant. Amarillo operates one of the largest meat-packing areas in the United States, Pantex, the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country, is also a major employer. The location of this facility also gave rise to the nickname Bomb City, the attractions Cadillac Ranch and Big Texan Steak Ranch are located adjacent to Interstate 40. U. S. Highway 66 also passed through the city, large ranches exist in the Amarillo area, among others, the defunct XIT Ranch and the still functioning JA Ranch founded in 1877 by Charles Goodnight and John George Adair. Goodnight continued the partnership for a time after Adairs death with Adairs widow, Cornelia Wadsworth Ritchie Adair, who was then the sole owner from 1887 until her death in 1921. Berry established a site for a town after he chose a section along the way of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad. Berry and Colorado City, Texas, merchants wanted to make their new site the regions main trading center. On August 30,1887, Berrys town site won the county seat election and was established in Potter County, availability of the railroad and freight service after the county seat election made the town a fast-growing cattle-marketing center. Early residents originally pronounced the name more similar to the Spanish pronunciation /ˌɑːməˈriːjoʊ/ ah-mə-REE-yoh. On June 19,1888, Henry B, sanborn also offered to trade lots in the new location to businesses in the original citys site and help with the expense of moving to new buildings. His incentives gradually won over people, who moved their businesses to Polk Street in the new commercial district, heavy rains almost flooded Berrys part of the town in 1889, prompting more people to move to Sanborns location. This eventually led to another county seat election making Sanborns town the new county seat in 1893, by the late 1890s, Amarillo had emerged as one of the worlds busiest cattle-shipping points, and its population grew significantly. The city became an elevator, milling, and feed-manufacturing center after an increase in production of wheat. Discovery of natural gas in 1918 and oil three years later brought oil and gas companies to the Amarillo area, the United States government bought the Cliffside Gas Field with high helium content in 1927 and the Federal Bureau of Mines began operating the Amarillo Helium plant two years later
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U.S. Route 81 in Oklahoma
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U. S. Route 81 is a north–south U. S. highway running through the central United States Great Plains region, from Fort Worth, Texas to the U. S. –Canadian border at Pembina, North Dakota. A229.28 miles segment of the lies within the state of Oklahoma. US-81 crosses the Red River from Texas south of Terral, passing through several Oklahoma cities, such as Chickasha, El Reno, Kingfisher, the route of US-81 was originally served by the Chisholm Trail, which was used to drive cattle from Texas to Abilene, Kansas. US-81 was established as a route of the U. S. highway system at the time of the systems original designation. US-81 was established through Oklahoma on December 7,1926, US-81 enters the state of Oklahoma from Montague County, Texas by crossing a bridge across the Red River into Jefferson County. Just north of the river, the passes through Terral. US-81 has its first highway junction in Oklahoma in Ryan, where it serves as the terminus of State Highway 32. North of Ryan, the highway begins paralleling Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Red River, US-81 intersects US-70 on the southeastern outskirts of Waurika, the county seat of Jefferson County. As US-81 passes north of the town, it begins following the course of Cow Creek. The highway curves northeast to bisect Addington before returning to a due course as it enters Stephens County. From the Jefferson–Stephens county line, US-81 takes a due course to Comanche. Upon leaving Comanche, US-81 curves northwest before resuming its course to the north, the highway then enters Duncan, the Stephens County seat, where US-81 passes through town on 16th Street. US-81s intersection with Thirteenth Street is the terminus of SH-81A. Further north, an interchange offers travelers an opportunity to join the Duncan Bypass, at this same interchange, eastbound SH-7 toward Davis can be accessed, while westbound SH-7 forms a concurrency with US-81, proceeding north on 16th Street. At the two highways intersection with Main Street, they serve as the terminus of SH-81A. US-81/SH-7 continue north through Duncan to the northern limit, where SH-7 splits away to the west. In Marlow, the route serves as the terminus of SH-29. US-81 then continues out of Stephens County
21.
El Reno, Oklahoma
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El Reno is a city in and county seat of Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 16,729, the city was begun shortly after the 1889 land rush and named for the nearby Fort Reno. It is located in the part of the state, approximately 25 miles west of downtown Oklahoma City. After the second time the town flooded, it was moved to its present location and this word is Spanish for the reindeer. Historic Fort Reno was built in 1874, and first commanded by General Philip Sheridan and he named it in honor of his friend, Gen. Jesse L. Reno, who was killed in the Civil War. The grounds of the old fort became home to a laboratory for the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1948. The laboratory studies environmentally sustainable forage and livestock production, contributing to preservation of the plains of North America. El Reno is located on the 98th Meridian, which allowed the side to be opened to non-Indian settlement in the Land Run of 1889. The western side was opened in the 1892 opening of the Cheyenne and it was subsequently selected as the land district office for the 1901 land lottery drawings. During WWII, Fort Reno, about 5 mi north west of El Reno, was the site of a prisoner of war camp, cemetery, with stones bearing the names of German and Italian prisoners who died there. Southwestern Federal Reformatory, restricted to male prisoners under the age of 35, was constructed about 2 miles west of El Reno in 1935, renamed the Federal Correctional Institution of El Reno in the mid-1970s, the population expanded to include men of all ages. It became the fifth largest prison in the U. S and it is still one of the largest employers in El Reno. It is the city in Oklahoma to have a streetcar in operation in the downtown area. At one time it possessed a terminal and repair facility for the CRI&P railroad, the CRI&P went bankrupt in 1975. The railroad yards have remained vacant property, the old depot and some other buildings were acquired by the Canadian County Historical Society for use as part of a museum complex. The 1954 film noir Human Desire includes locomotive and yard scenes filmed in the El Reno rail yards, El Reno is a Main Street community. The Oklahoma Main Street Program is a downtown revitalization program and the El Reno Program won the Great American Main Street Award in 2006, the town is noted for its annual Fried Onion Burger Day Festival, which is always the 1st Saturday in May. Burger Day is where you can witness the cooking of the world’s largest fried onion hamburger, the giant burger contains all the important parts of the famous El Reno fried onion burgers which includes meat, fried onions, sliced pickles, and mustard all between two giant buns
22.
U.S. Route 64 in Oklahoma
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U. S. Route 64 is a U. S. highway running from the Four Corners area to the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Between these two points, the passes through the entire width of Oklahoma, a total of 591.17 miles of US-64 lies in the state of Oklahoma. US-64 enters the state from New Mexico, crossing the line between the two states between Clayton, New Mexico, and Boise City in Cimarron County, from Tulsa, the highway continues southeast, leaving Oklahoma just west of Fort Smith, Arkansas. In addition to Tulsa, US-64 serves fifteen Oklahoma counties and the cities of Guymon, Woodward, Enid, US-64 has been a part of the United States Numbered Highways system from the programs inception in 1926. U. S. Route 64 crosses the New Mexico–Oklahoma state line northeast of Clayton, New Mexico, concurrent with US-56, the three highways enter the state just north of the extreme southwest corner of Cimarron County, the westernmost tip of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The highways head northeast, passing through disconnected parcels of the Rita Blanca National Grassland, the first town US-56, US-64, and US-412 encounter in Oklahoma is unincorporated Felt, of which they skirt the northern edge. The highways then cross the Beaver River before intersecting US-385, which joins the three highways in a concurrency as they approach Boise City, the county seat. In Boise City, the highways reach a circle which surrounds the Cimarron County Courthouse. At this traffic circle, US-56, US-64, and US-412 all turn east, state Highway 3 enters the circle from the north and leaves from the east, following US-64, while SH-325 begins at the circle and heads west toward Kenton. East of town, US-56/US-64/US-412/SH-3 have an interchange with US-287, which bypasses Boise City to the east, six miles northeast of here, US-56 splits away from the other highways, it continues northeast, while US-64/US-412/SH-3 turn onto a due east course. The routes intersect SH-171 eight miles east of the split, approximately twelve miles east of the SH-171 junction, US-64/US-412/SH-3 cross into Texas County. Seven miles east of the county line, at unincorporated Four Corners, SH-95 joins the concurrency, the next major highway junction lies eighteen miles miles to the east, where SH-136 joins with US-64/US-412/SH-3 as the highways turn south toward Guymon. The four highways cross the Beaver River once again before entering that city, Texas Countys seat, in Guymon, US-64 splits away to the east along NE 12th Street, while US-412 and state highways 3 and 136 continue south. US-64 is accompanied on 12th Street by truck routes for the three highways. After crossing the Beaver River, the cut through the northwest corner of the town of Optima. Continuing northeast, US-54 and US-64 run just southeast of Panoma before coming to Hooker, there, US-54/US-64 serve as the northern terminus of SH-94. After the SH-94 junction, US-54 continues northeast toward Tyrone and Liberal, Kansas, the road passes south of Baker before leaving Texas County. Next, US-64 passes through Beaver County, the easternmost of the three forming the Oklahoma Panhandle
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-most populous city in the United States. As of July 2015, the population was 403,505 and it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 981,005 residents in the MSA and 1,151,172 in the CSA. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, with urban development extending into Osage, Rogers, Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World, once heavily dependent on the oil industry, Tulsa experienced economic downturn. Subsequent diversification efforts created a base in the energy, finance, aviation, telecommunications. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa, at the head of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, is the most inland port in the U. S. with access to international waterways. Two institutions of education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level, Oral Roberts University. It is situated on the Arkansas River at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma, the city has been called one of Americas most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities, Forbes, and Relocate America. FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no.8 in the U. S. for cities of the future, in 2012, Tulsa was ranked among the top 50 best cities in the United States by BusinessWeek. People from Tulsa are called Tulsans, the area where Tulsa now exists was considered Indian Territory when it was first formally settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in 1836. They established a settlement under the Creek Council Oak Tree at the present day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue. This area and this tree reminded Chief Tukabahchi and his group of trail of tear survivors of the bend in the river and their previous Creek Council Oak Tree back in the Talisi. They named their new settlement Tallasi, meaning old town in the Creek language, the area around Tulsa was also settled by members of the other so-called Five Civilized Tribes who had relocated to Oklahoma from the Southern United States. Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee Nation, although Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War, the Tulsa area did see its share of fighting. The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on the side of Tulsa. After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the government that in some cases required substantial land concessions. On January 18,1898, Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected its first mayor, Tulsa was a small town near the banks of the Arkansas River in 1901 when its first oil well, named Sue Bland No. Much of the oil was discovered on land whose mineral rights were owned by members of the Osage Nation under a system of headrights
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U.S. Route 71 in Missouri
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U. S. Route 71 is a major north–south U. S. Highway that runs from Louisiana to Canada. US71 enters Missouri from Arkansas in the town of Jane, US71 serves the cities of Joplin, Kansas City and St. Joseph. At noon on December 12,2012, the section of US71 between Pineville, Missouri and Bannister Road in south Kansas City was also designated as a extension of Interstate 49. US71 enters Missouri in Jane coming from Arkansas, currently, a new bypass is being built known as the Bella Vista Bypass, to go around Jane and Bella Vista, Arkansas to connect with the freeway section of US71 near Pineville. At this point, Interstate 49 begins its concurrency with US71, I-49 and US71 pass through many smaller communities before reaching Joplin. In Joplin, I-49 and US71 interchanges with Interstate 44, a few miles east of Joplin, I-49 and US71 leave I-44 and heads north and enters Carthage. Due to the freeway being built, old sections of the highway have been bypassed, I-49 and US71 pass through Nevada and other communities before reaching the Kansas City area. In south Kansas City, at Bannister Road just north of the Grandview Triangle, US71 ends its concurrency with I-49, US71 loses its freeway status for 3 blocks in Kansas City before becoming a freeway again and entering Downtown Kansas City. It is very unlikely that the freeway will continue all the way through, as a court order prevents the stoplights to be bypassed, in northern Kansas City, US71 shares many overlaps with interstates, including I-70, I-35, and I-29. US71 runs with I-29 through Kansas City north of Downtown until St. Joseph, once in St. Joseph, US71 leaves I-29. US71 runs north to Maryville, US71 serves the small community of Clearmont before running through countryside into Iowa. The future of part of the Bella Vista Bypass is on hold, on August 5,2014, voters in Missouri defeated Amendment 7 at the polls, which would have provided funding various road construction projects in the state
25.
Joplin, Missouri
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Joplin or is a city in southern Jasper County and northern Newton County in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Missouri. Joplin is the largest city in Jasper County, though it is not the county seat, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 50,150. Joplin is the hub of the three-county Joplin-Miami, Oklahoma metropolitan area. Lead was discovered in the Joplin Creek Valley before the Civil War, by 1871, numerous mining camps sprang up in the valley and resident John C. Cox filed a plan for a city on the east side of the valley. Cox named his village Joplin City after the spring and creek nearby, which had named for the Reverend Harris G. Joplin. Carthage resident Patrick Murphy filed a plan for a city on the side of the valley. While the nearest sheriff was in Carthage, frontier lawlessness abounded in Joplin, the historic period was referred to as the Reign of Terror. The cities eventually merged into Union City, but when the merger was found illegal, Murphy suggested that a combined city be named Joplin. The cities merged again on March 23,1873, this time permanently, while Joplin was first settled for lead mining, zinc, often referred to as jack, was the most important mineral resource. As railroads were built to connect Joplin to major markets in other cities, by the start of the twentieth century, the city was becoming a regional metropolis. Construction centered around Main Street, with bars, hotels. Joplins three-story House of Lords was its most famous saloon, with a bar and restaurant on the first floor, gambling on the second, Trolley and rail lines made Joplin the hub of southwest Missouri. As the center of the Tri-state district, it became the lead-. As a result of surface and deep mining, Joplin is dotted with open-pit mines. Mining left many tailings piles, which are considered unsightly locally, the open-pit mines pose hazards, but some find them to have a kind of beauty, as well. The main part of Joplin is nearly 75% undermined, with mine shafts well over 100 ft deep. These mine shafts have occasionally caved in, creating sinkholes, the mining history and geology are well documented in the mineral museum in town. Joplin began to add cultural amenities, in 1902, residents passed a tax to create a public library and it was seen as the symbol of a thriving city
26.
Carthage, Missouri
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Carthage is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 14,378 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Jasper County and is nicknamed Americas Maple Leaf City. Jasper County was formed in 1841, Carthage was chosen as the county seat, the area cleared and the town platted in 1842. The city was named after ancient Carthage, by the time of the American Civil War, there were over 500 residents, a brick and stone courthouse, and several businesses. The area was divided over slavery, and almost all of the African-Americans in the county at the time were slaves. The Battle of Carthage, fought on July 5,1861, was a clash between Union troops from St. Louis and Confederate troops led by the pro-Southern Missouri Governor, Claiborne Fox Jackson. The Second Battle of Carthage occurred in October 1863 when Union troops confronted Confederate troops north of town, the town experienced minor skirmishes and attacks throughout the war, pro-Confederate guerrillas burned most of the city in September 1864. Historical accounts, such as Jasper County, Missouri in the Civil War by Col. Ward L. Schrantz, the area grew rapidly following the Civil War. The Missouri Western Railroad arrived in 1872, town residents started a foundry, furniture factory, woolen and grain mills, a plow works and numerous liveries and other businesses. Leggett & Platt, now a Fortune 500 company still based in Carthage, was founded in 1883, nearby lead mines and limestone quarries also contributed significant wealth and Carthage became one of the most prosperous towns in the area. Residents poured their money into ornate Victorian-style homes, many of which are now part of the Carthage South District, the Jasper County Courthouse, also on the National Register of Historic Places, was built of Carthage stone in 1894-95. There is a mural inside the courthouse depicting the history of Jasper County, growth in Carthage can be documented through Sanborn Maps, many of which are available online. Numerous local buildings, in addition to the courthouse, were built in the late 19th, the limestone is hard enough to be polished into Carthage marble and was used in both the interior and exterior of the state capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri. The quarries known today as the Carthage Underground, a space that utilizes. In 1925, Ozark Wesleyan College merged three Methodist colleges into one institution and built a campus in the center of town, the college operated only a few years before closing. The campus was home to Our Lady of the Ozarks College from 1944–1971 and this Vietnamese order of priests and brothers came from Vietnam to settle in Carthage in 1975, immediately following the Vietnam War. In the monastery of this Vietnamese congregation the controversial archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục died in 1984, highways 66 and 71 came through town in the 1920s, and for a time the town saw a stream of cross-country traffic. Route 66 intersected with U. S. Route 71 at the present intersection of Central, Route 66 was eventually re-routed, and then replaced in the 1960s with Interstate 44 running south of town
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U.S. Route 40
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U. S. Route 40 is an east–west United States Highway. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US40 once traversed the entire United States and it is one of the original 1926 U. S. Highways, and its first termini were San Francisco, California, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the western United States, US40 was functionally replaced by Interstate 80, US40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Park City. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route, the route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois, the Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco, California. The western terminus of US40 is in Silver Summit, Utah at an interchange with Interstate 80, several miles north of Park City, the road is concurrent with US189 until it has reached Heber City. US40 is an access highway from the I-80 junction to its intersection with Utah State Route 32. From there, the road takes a southerly course to Heber City. In Heber City, there is an intersection with SR-113, one mile later, US189 splits off. There would be no major intersections until US40 has reached Fruitland. About 18 miles later, the road enters Duchesne, in Duchesne, it meets US191 and SR-87. US40 passes Duchesne and starts a concurrency, the concurrency goes into Roosevelt, Fort Duchesne and Vernal. In Roosevelt, it meets SR-87 again in a 5-point intersection, there are two intersections with SR-121, in Roosevelt and Vernal. In Fort Duchesne, there is an intersection with SR-88, after US40 passes Vernal, US191 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no major intersections until US40 reaches Naples. About 9 miles later, US40 enters Jensen, in Jensen, there is an intersection with SR-149. About 18 miles later, the road enters Colorado, US40 enters Colorado,2 miles west of Dinosaur
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U.S. Route 61
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U. S. Route 61 is the official designation for a United States highway that runs 1,400 miles from New Orleans, Louisiana, to the city of Wyoming, Minnesota. The highway generally follows the course of the Mississippi River, and is designated the Great River Road for much of its route, as of 2004, the highways northern terminus in Wyoming, Minnesota, is at an intersection with Interstate 35. Until 1991, the highway extended north on what is now Minnesota State Highway 61 through Duluth to the Canada–US border near Grand Portage and its southern terminus in New Orleans, Louisiana, is at an intersection with Tulane Avenue at South Broad Street. The highway is called the Blues Highway because it connects Saint Paul, Minnesota, St. Louis, Missouri, Memphis, Tennessee, the Mississippi Delta. The route was an important south-north connection in the days before the highway system. Many southerners traveled north along US61 while going to St. Louis, the highway has a long musical history, being the supposed location where singer-songwriter Robert Johnson made a deal with the Devil for his successes. The road later gave its name to Minnesota native Bob Dylans album Highway 61 Revisited, and in the song of the same name, which imagines all sorts of fantastical events occurring alongside it. Other notable songs of the include a blues song recorded in 1957 by Sunnyland Slim, one in 1962 by Johnny Young. US61 in Louisiana is four-laned from its terminus in New Orleans to the Mississippi state line. The section of US61 from New Orleans to Baton Rouge is known as the Airline Highway, legend has it former Louisiana Gov. Huey P. On Airline Highway in Jefferson Parish in 1987, Baton Rouge televangelist Jimmy Swaggart was confronted by rival preacher Marvin Gorman as Swaggart exited the Texas Motel with a prostitute and this incident increased the areas reputation as a locale of seedy motels. Partly because of that reputation, the section in Jefferson Parish was later renamed Airline Drive, US61 is divided from the Tennessee state line to US82 in Leland. The highway south of Vicksburg to Natchez is mostly divided and four-lane, from Natchez to the Louisiana state line, US61 is now divided and four lanes. The Mississippi Department of Transportation is now upgrading the highway between Vicksburg and Leland to four lanes, beginning with replacement of the Yazoo River bridge at Redwood in Warren County. The road is known as the Blues Highway because it runs through the Mississippi Delta country. Highway 61 has been referenced in music by artists with roots in the region. It was on this stretch of highway that blues singer Bessie Smith died as a result of a car accident on September 26,1937. Like Route 66 in the Western U. S. the iconic US61 sign is so identified with the Clarksdale area that it is used to market different products
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St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
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U.S. Route 51 in Illinois
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U. S. Route 51 in the U. S. state of Illinois, is a main north–south artery that runs from the Ohio River north to the Wisconsin border, a distance of 415.95 miles. U. S. Route 51 enters Illinois from Kentucky at the town of Cairo, the route heads northbound to a village near Cairo called Mounds, and begins to overlap I-57, following it for 24 miles to Dongola, before splitting and heading north. The route remains two lanes from Dongola to Assumption with the exception of a 10-mile section between Centralia and I-64, past Assumption, US51 becomes an expressway to Decatur. In Decatur, US51 follows I-72 to bypass town, US51 leaves I-72 after eight miles, and heads north to Bloomington–Normal as an expressway. At Bloomington–Normal, US51 follows I-74 for a mile, then I-55 for seven miles, US51 follows I-39, intersecting I-80 and I-88 along the way. The highway also follows US20 south of Rockford, i-39/US51 joins I-90, making US51 of the only toll roads in Illinois that is a U. S. Highway. US51 exits I-39/I-90 just a mile south of the Wisconsin state line, US51 follows Illinois Route 75 west to the intersection of IL251, then turns north through South Beloit to enter Wisconsin. US51 was established in Illinois in the 1920s, over the years, it became a heavily traveled road, often experiencing many accidents, particularly in the northern half of the state. The road gained the reputation Killer 51, as a result of these impacts, Illinois pushed for a new four lane highway along the corridor. One was proposed in the 1960s and 1970s as part of a proposed supplemental freeway system, in the 1980s and early 1990s, US51 was built to Interstate Highway standards between Rockford and Bloomington–Normal on a new alignment. This new road became Interstate 39, and US51 was re-routed onto the new highway, additionally, north of Rockford, it was re-routed onto the existing Interstate 90 tollway segment between South Beloit and Cherry Valley. Most of the old alignment became Illinois Route 251, South of Bloomington–Normal to Decatur, US51 remained largely on the original alignment and was expanded to an expressway, despite a push to continue building to Interstate Highway standards. Further continuation of the expressway occurred in the 2000s, when the highway was upgraded south to Assumption, plans are underway to continue the US51 expressway south of Assumption to Centralia. An environmental impact statement is currently being prepared, media related to U. S. Route 51 in Illinois at Wikimedia Commons
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Normal, Illinois
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Normal is a town in McLean County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 52,497. Normal is the smaller of two municipalities of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and Illinois seventh most populous community outside of the Chicago metropolitan area. There is also a campus of Lincoln College, which offers associate degrees as well as four-year programs. A large percentage of residents of Normal are employed by Illinois State University, State Farm Insurance, Country Financial, the town was laid out with the name North Bloomington on June 7,1854 by Joseph Parkinson. From its founding, it was recognized that Jesse W. Fell was the force behind the creation of the town. Most of the town lies south of these tracks, with Beaufort Street as its northern limit. Fell, his brothers, and associates quickly laid out additions to the original town. The town was renamed Normal in February 1865 and officially incorporated on February 25,1867, the name was taken from Illinois State Normal University, a normal school located there. The school has since been renamed Illinois State University after becoming a general four-year university, Normal is adjacent to Bloomington, Illinois, and when mentioned together they are known as the Twin Cities, Bloomington-Normal, BN, or BloNo. The district is home to the historic and non-profit Normal Theater. November 19,2014, Bronze Level Bicycle Friendly Community Award, League of American Bicyclists 2014, First in State for Most Minutes Read,2014 Scholastic Summer Reading Challenge, Scholastic Corp. According to the 2010 census, Normal has an area of 18.412 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 45,386 people,15,157 households, the population density was 3,332.6 people per square mile. There were 15,683 housing units at a density of 1,151. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 57% White,7. 71% African American,0. 15% Native American,2. 21% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 93% from other races, and 1. 40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 56% of the population,26. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.96
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U.S. Route 41 in Illinois
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U. S. Route 41 in the U. S. It is the only north–south U. S. Route to travel through a significant portion of the city of Chicago, US41 in Illinois is 64.81 miles in length. US41 enters Illinois running concurrently with US12 and US20 on the far southeast side of Chicago and they run together until the junction of 95th Street and Ewing Avenue. US41, then continues down Ewing Avenue for one-half mile before heading northwest–southeast along the extension of Lake Shore Drive, the Lake Shore Drive section of US41 is a six- to eight-lane highway along the shores of Lake Michigan through Chicagos lakefront park system. It is a limited-access highway except for five signalized intersections near downtown Chicago, just short of the northern terminus of Lake Shore Drive, US41 exits at Foster Avenue. It follows Foster Avenue west for two miles and then heads northwest on Lincoln Avenue into neighboring Lincolnwood. Between Lake Shore Drive and Lincolnwood, US41 intersects US14 twice, once at its terminus at Foster Avenue and Broadway, US41 is named Skokie Boulevard through Skokie, then its name changes to Skokie Road north of Skokie. Traveling north, it joins I-94 westbound just north of the Old Orchard Shopping Center, before reaching the Wisconsin border, US41 rejoins I-94 at the northern terminus of the Tri-State Tollway, these two roads continue, toll-free, north one mile to the Wisconsin border
33.
U.S. Route 54
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U. S. Route 54 is an east–west United States highway that runs northeast-southwest for 1,197 miles from Griggsville, Illinois to El Paso, Texas. It enters and leaves Texas twice, the Union Pacific Railroads Tucumcari Line runs parallel to US-54 from El Paso to Pratt, Kansas, which comprises about two-thirds of the route. As of 2004, the eastern terminus is Griggsville, Illinois, at Interstate 72. Its western terminus is El Paso, near the United States-Mexico border, US54 begins in El Paso at Loop 375 downtown. The highway serves as a freeway for the Metro areas network. The highway runs through the city for approximately 20 miles before reaching the New Mexico state line, within the network, it is a military connector for Fort Bliss and Holloman Air Force Base. US54 enters New Mexico in Chaparral as part of the El Paso and it also serves as a military highway to connect Fort Bliss in El Paso to Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The speed limit is 70 mph on the highway section upon entering the state to approximately 10 miles south of Alamogordo. Upon entering Alamogordo, US54 becomes concurrent with U. S. Route 70, US 54/US70 then intersects the beginning of U. S. Route 82 at the north end of Alamogordo. The limit is 60 mph from Alamogordo to Tularosa and 55 mph north of Tularosa, where the concurrency with US70 ends, the highway runs north through the central portion of the state, passing through Carrizozo and intersecting U. S. Route 380. The route then turns northeast before passing through Vaughn, upon entering Vaughn, the route is briefly concurrent with U. S. Route 60 and U. S. Route 285. In Vaughn, US285 splits off to the south, exiting Vaughn, US60 splits off to the southeast, and the route continues northeast to Santa Rosa where it becomes concurrent with Interstate 40. The I-40 concurrency lasts for 59 miles to Tucumcari, the highway then exits the state back into Texas at Nara Visa. The highway runs for 354 miles in New Mexico, and is signed as a route through the state. The highway re-enters the Texas Panhandle just beyond Nara Visa, New Mexico, major Texas cities along US54 in the panhandle are Dalhart and Stratford. US-54 runs through the Oklahoma Panhandle from southwest to northeast and it enters at Texhoma, then continues northeast through Goodwell before entering Guymon. In Guymon, it intersects US-412 and begins a concurrency with US-64 and it goes northeast through Optima and Hooker, where US-64 turns east. After going northeast through Tyrone, it enters Kansas just before entering Liberal, US-54 is a known drug trafficking route with a drug task force located in Guymon, OK
34.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
35.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
36.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
37.
New Mexico
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New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6,1912 and it is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, New Mexico was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, it was part of independent Mexico before becoming a U. S. territory and eventually a U. S. state as a result of the Mexican–American War. Among U. S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, the major Native American nations in the state are Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache peoples. The demography and culture of the state are shaped by these strong Hispanic and Native American influences and its scarlet and gold colors are taken from the royal standards of Spain, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Pueblo-related tribe. New Mexico, or Nuevo México in Spanish, is incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. The name simply stuck, even though the area had no connection to Mexico or the Mexica Indian tribes, Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Mexico for 27 years,1821 through 1848, New Mexico and Mexico developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule, with relatively independent histories. The states total area is 121,412 square miles, the eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and 2.2 miles west of 103° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, the western border with Arizona runs along the 109°03 W longitude. The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel, the 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles, the New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexicos arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexicos rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, the Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state, other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state
38.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
39.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
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Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
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Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
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Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
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United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
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Route 66 (song)
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Route 66 is a popular rhythm and blues standard, composed in 1946 by American songwriter Bobby Troup. The song uses a twelve-bar blues arrangement and the follow the path of U. S. Route 66. Nat King Cole, as the King Cole Trio, first recorded the song the year and it became a hit, appearing on Billboard magazines R&B. Another version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11,1946, the idea for the song came to Troup on a cross-country drive from Pennsylvania to California. Troup wanted to try his hand as a Hollywood songwriter, so he and his wife, Cynthia, packed up their 1941 Buick, the trip began on US40 and continued along US66 to the California coast. Troup initially considered writing a tune about US40, but Cynthia suggested the title Get Your Kicks on Route 66, the song was composed on the ten-day journey, and completed by referencing maps when the couple arrived in Los Angeles. The lyrics read as a mini-travelogue about the major stops along the route, listing several cities and towns through which Route 66 passes, viz. St Louis, Joplin, Missouri, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Amarillo, Texas, Gallup, New Mexico, Flagstaff, Arizona, Winona, Arizona, Kingman, Arizona, Barstow, California, and San Bernardino, California. Many artists who have covered the tune over the years have changed the lyrics, usually to It goes to St. Louis. Then continuing on with Oklahoma City and so on, of the eight states through which the actual route passes, only Kansas and its cities—US66 spends just eleven miles inside the state’s southeast corner—are not mentioned by the song. Chuck Berry famously mispronounces Barstow to rhyme with cow instead of pronouncing it to rhyme with go. Route 66 was first recorded in 1946 by Nat King Cole, Cole later re-recorded the tune in 1956 and 1961. The song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists, the version recorded by Perry Como in 1959 is more lyrically complete, including the seldom-heard second verse and also the introductory verse. Chuck Berrys version was closest to its R&B roots, with jazz overtones, two of the leading British Invasion bands included Route 66 on their debut albums, Them and the Rolling Stones. Michael Martin Murphey covered the song on his 1989 album Land of Enchantment and his version was released as a single in 1990 and peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Little Willie Littlefield recorded a version for his 1997 album The Red One. Natalie Coles version of the song was one of many California-related songs played throughout Sunshine Plaza in the original Disney California Adventure, the song is also played in the 2006 Pixar film Cars and is sung at the end of the film RV, which was released the same year. Performance Artist Kalup Linzy performed the song on General Hospital in 2010
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Route 66 (TV series)
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Route 66 is an American television drama that premiered on CBS on October 7,1960, and ran until March 20,1964, for a total of 116 episodes. The series was created by Herbert B, Leonard and Stirling Silliphant, who were also responsible for the ABC drama Naked City, from which Route 66 was indirectly spun off. Route 66 followed two young men traversing the United States in a Chevrolet Corvette convertible, and the events, Martin Milner starred as Tod Stiles, a recent college graduate with no future prospects due to circumstances beyond his control. He was originally joined on his travels by Buz Murdock, a friend and former employee of his father, with the character leaving midway through the third season after contracting echovirus. Route 66 was a hybrid between episodic television drama, which has continuing characters and situations, and the format, in which each weeks show has a completely different cast. It was inspired by On the Road, written by Jack Kerouac, in this narrative format, dubbed semi-anthology by the trade paper Variety, the drama usually centers on the guest stars rather than the regular cast. Series creator Stirling Silliphants concurrently running drama, Naked City, also followed this semianthology format, both shows were recognized for their literate scripts and rich characterizations. The open-ended format, featuring two roaming observers/facilitators, gave Silliphant and the writers an almost unlimited landscape for presenting a wide variety of dramatic story lines. Virtually any tale could be adapted to the series, the two regulars merely had to be worked in and the setting tailored to fit the location. Like Richard Kimble from The Fugitive, the wanderers moved from place to place and got caught up in the struggles of the people there. Unlike Kimble, nothing was forcing them to stay on the move except their own sense of adventure, thus making it closer to Run for Your Life, Maverick, Movin On. George Maharis was signed to a contract by Leonard before the Route 66 concept had even been fully developed, an actor named Bob Morris was set to be the other lead. At that point, the Route 66 title was not yet decided upon, the Naked City episode that served as the Searchers pilot was called Four Sweet Corners, and in it, Maharis played Johnny Gary, while Morris was Link Ridgeway. Johnny and Link ended the episode by leaving Johnnys familys apartment building, setting out for parts unknown, the half-hour pilot and the chemistry between the leads was judged to be good by the producers, although Herbert B. Leonard could not interest a network or a sponsor in the spin-off show, Morris died in 1960 of a cerebral hemorrhage. The title of the series became Route 66, the leads became Tod and Buz, Maharis was given the role of Buz, while Martin Milner beat out several actors for the role of Tod. Leonard personally financed the shooting of a new pilot episode. Tod and Buz symbolized restless youth searching for meaning in the early 1960s, the lead characters are not always the focus of any given episode, and their backstories are revealed only in occasional references across widely spaced episodes
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Dust Bowl
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The drought came in three waves,1934,1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years. During the drought of the 1930s, the unanchored soil turned to dust, which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky. These choking billows of dust – named black blizzards or black rollers – traveled cross country, reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington, on the Plains, they often reduced visibility to 1 metre or less. While the term the Dust Bowl was originally a reference to the area affected by the dust, today it is usually used to refer to the event. The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico, Colorado, the Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms. The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains, elevation ranges from 2,500 feet in the east to 6,000 feet at the base of the Rocky Mountains. The area is semiarid, receiving less than 20 inches of rain annually, the region is also prone to extended drought, alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration. During wet years, the soil provides bountiful agricultural output. The region is subject to high winds. During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains, this region was thought unsuitable for European-style agriculture, the lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture. The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862, an unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that rain follows the plow and that the climate of the region had changed permanently. Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century, a return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the formerly semiarid area could support large-scale agriculture. At the same time, technological improvements such as mechanized plowing, for example, in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920, then tripled again between 1925 and 1930. The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large-scale erosion under certain environmental conditions, when severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s, it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time. The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable, without the indigenous grasses in place, the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period. The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail, leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion, the fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds. On November 11,1933, a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year. Beginning on May 9,1934, a strong, two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl, the dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago, where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust
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Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
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Decommissioned highway
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A decommissioned highway is a highway that has been removed from service, has been shut down, or has had its authorization as a national, provincial or state highway removed. Decommissioning can include the complete or partial demolition or abandonment of an old highway structure because the old roadway has lost its utility, decommissioning can also include the removal of one or more of the multiple designations of a single segment of highway. As an example, what remains as U. S. Route 60 between Wickenburg, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona carried the routes of three US highways and one state highway, the highway remains a federal highway, but with fewer designations. Decommissioned highways are common in the United States, even in the early years of the United States Highway System, some highways had short lives as US highways especially if they were themselves short routes, such as the early US110 in Wisconsin. US6 was itself pared back to Bishop, California in the Great Renumbering of California in 1964. As the states build freeways as a new classification of highways, the state may strip the old highway of its old designation as a numbered highway or downgrade it to a lesser status. For example, US66, which connected Los Angeles and Chicago from 1926 until 1972, lost its designation as a U. S. Highway in favor of faster, more direct Interstate highways, which had supplanted it. US33 in Lancaster, Ohio was signed as US33 Business following relocation of U. S. Route 33, other highways have been wholly decommissioned in favor of newer Interstate routes, as was the case with Texas State Highway 9. On the other hand, some routes are devolved to authorities, as with US61 in Minnesota. At the extreme a decommissioned route may be demolished, as was done with California State Route 480, once part of the Interstate Highway System, it required retrofitting to remain in service after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to remain in use, instead the highway was demolished. A decommissioned route may also find other use besides automobile use, even as superhighways supplant older surface routes as through routes, some historical highways get attention from those with antiquarian interests in the continued recognition of such routes. Many of Quebecs Autoroutes supplant old through routes, most become local or county roads, in some cases a section of the old road would be retained as part of some other provincial highway because it reaches a major town the new road had bypassed. In 1997 and 1998, the province of Ontario undertook a major highway decommissioning project, most of the former highways are now numbered as county roads. See also List of former provincial highways in Ontario, the 1000 Islands Parkway in Ontario was originally four lanes and part of Ontario Highway 401, Canadas busiest highway, before 401 traffic was bypassed inland on completion of that freeway in 1968. Two of the lanes are maintained for automobile traffic by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission but the other pair have been replaced with footpaths. In Germany, many Autobahns supplant an older route, as in Bundesstraße 60. In the Republic of Ireland, National Primary Routes are often realigned after the construction of new motorway sections, the old route thus loses its national route status and is usually redesignated as a Regional Road. Route 66 winds its way through Americas history, Route 66 still a classic American trek
Historic Route 66
US 101 Alt. in Santa Monica, Cal.
US 41 / US 54 in Chicago, Ill.
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