1.
U.S. Route 160 in Colorado
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U. S. Route 160 is a 1,465 mile long east–west United States highway in the Midwestern United States. The western terminus of the route is at US89 five miles west of Tuba City, the eastern terminus is at US67 and Missouri 158 southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri. Its route, if not its number, was famous in song in 1975, as the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs. US160 begins at US89 near the edge of Navajo Nation. Near Tuba City, it intersects State Route 264 and it goes through Tonalea and Cow Springs before entering Kayenta, where it intersects U. S. Route 163. It continues northeast through Dennehotso, then has an overlap with U. S. Route 191 in Mexican Water. It goes east until Teec Nos Pos, where it intersects U. S. Route 64, US160 is one of the major routes crossing the Navajo Nation and in Arizona does not leave the Navajo Nation. About 0.9 miles of US160 is located within New Mexico, the highway travels northeast through extreme northwestern New Mexico, intersecting State Road 597, which provides access to the Four Corners Monument. U. S. Route 160 enters Colorado near the Four Corners Monument and it goes northeast and intersects U. S. Route 491, then turns north to enter Cortez with U. S.491. East of Cortez, a road south from U. S.160 to Mesa Verde National Park. It continues east to Durango, where it intersects U. S. Route 550, after overlapping with U. S.550 south of Durango, U. S.160 turns east and meets U. S. Route 84 at Pagosa Springs. It then goes northeast and crosses the Continental Divide at Wolf Creek Pass, from Wolf Creek Pass, U. S.160 continues northeast and turns east at South Fork. At Monte Vista, an overlap begins with U. S. Route 285 and it turns east, then goes northeast to go through North La Veta Pass, then continues east to Walsenburg, where it intersects Interstate 25. From Walsenberg, U. S.160 continues south with Interstate 25 to Trinidad and it continues east, passing through the Comanche National Grassland before intersecting the concurrent U. S. Route 287 and U. S. Route 385 south of Springfield. It continues east and enters Kansas east of Walsh, US-160 enters Kansas just west of Saunders. It goes northeast to Johnson, then turns east to go through Ulysses, near Sublette, it intersects U. S. Route 83 and runs concurrently southward past its intersection with U. S. Route 56. It turns east and then runs concurrently with U. S. Route 54 between Plains and Meade and it continues east, and runs concurrently with U. S. Route 283 and U. S. Route 183. At Medicine Lodge, it intersects U. S. Route 281 and it continues east and at Wellington, intersects U. S. Route 81 and then Interstate 35, on which the Kansas Turnpike is routed in the area
2.
Pagosa Springs, Colorado
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Pagosa Springs is a municipality that is the county seat of, and the only incorporated municipality in, Archuleta County, Colorado, United States. The population was 1,727 at the 2010 census, approximately 65 percent of the land in Archuleta County is either San Juan National Forest, Weminuche and South San Juan Wilderness areas, or Southern Ute Indian land. Pagosa Springs is located approximately 35 miles north of the New Mexico border, Pagosa is favored with around 300 days of sun each year, as well as four distinct seasons. The town is named for the springs located there, including the worlds deepest geothermal hot spring. This Mother Spring feeds the pools hosted by three local hot spring soaking locations within town, the largest is at The Springs Resort & Spa which hosts the mother spring. Other hot springs facilities in town are the Healing Waters Resort and Spa, the mineral-rich water continues to be celebrated for its therapeutic powers. The Utes called the mineral springs Pah gosah, which is commonly translated in modern documents as healing waters. Visitors from all over the world come to enjoy its hot baths, some come to cure ailments, others to simply relax in the mineral-rich waters. Other recreational activities in the area include downhill and cross country skiing at nearby Wolf Creek ski area, snowmobiling in the surrounding National Forest is also quite popular. Summertime activities include fishing, hiking, and rafting, come autumn, the area is a popular destination for hunters, who harvest elk, deer, and other game animals. Downtown Pagosa Springs was the destination for a duo of truckers in the 1975 country song Wolf Creek Pass by C. W. McCall. U. S. Highway 160 from the pass to town goes through a drop of around 5,000 feet. Pagosa Springs is located at 37°16′5″N 107°1′28″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 4.88 square miles, of which 4.85 square miles is land and 0.027 square miles. The area around Pagosa Springs has numerous waterfalls, including Treasure Falls to the east of town off of Hwy 160 just past the Wolf Creek Pass summit. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,591 people,633 households, the population density was 363.1 people per square mile. There were 746 housing units at a density of 170.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 74. 61% White,0. 50% African American,2. 20% Native American,0. 25% Asian,18. 73% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 43. 18% of the population
3.
Interstate 25 in New Mexico
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Interstate 25 in the U. S. state of New Mexico follows the north–south corridor through Albuquerque and Santa Fe. It replaced U. S. Route 85, which is no longer signed, I-25 starts in New Mexico at an interchange with I-10 in Las Cruces and extends roughly 460 miles before reaching Colorado. I-25 begins at I-10s exit 144 in Las Cruces, just south of the New Mexico State University campus, I-25 is concurrent with US85 at this point, and carries US85 concurrently for the remainder of its run in New Mexico. Immediately, the Interstate passes east of the New Mexico State campus, the first exit is University Avenue, which provides access to NMSU. The final exit in Las Cruces is U. S. Route 70, upon exiting the city the speed limit increases by ten miles per hour to 75 mph. Before I-25 reaches Truth or Consequences and just south of Elephant Butte Reservoir State Park it crosses over to the west side of the Rio Grande, from Las Cruces to Santa Fe I-25 follows the route of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. South of Albuquerque near Socorro it passes through the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, as I-25 nears Albuquerque, it has interchanges with roads such as U. S. Route 380 and a concurrency with U. S. Route 60. State Road 6, the original U. S. Route 66, just to the south of Albuquerque I-25 enters Isleta Pueblo where it crosses back to the east side of the Rio Grande. The speed limit on I-25 in Albuquerque is 65 mph, except for one 1.5 mile 55 mph section between Gibson Boulevard and Central Avenue, through Albuquerque I-25 is named the Pan American Freeway and there are frequent exits to city streets. A major interchange with Interstate 40 is named the Big I and it was given an honorable mention by the United States Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration for excellence in urban highway design in 2002. Leaving Albuquerque, the 75 mph speed limit resumes as the passes through Sandia Pueblo. After Bernalillo, I-25 passes through four more Indian Reservations (from south to north the Pueblos of Santa Ana, San Felipe, Kewa and Cochiti. I-25 turns to the northeast and away from the Rio Grande, alongside which it has run from its southern terminus,11 mi southwest of Santa Fe it climbs out of the Rio Grande Valley at a steep hill called La Bajada. Continuing northbound at Santa Fe, I-25 heads southeast for approximately 45 miles traveling through the Santa Fe National Forest and it turns north again at Blanchard toward Las Vegas. The highway maintains a north and northeast orientation as it leaves New Mexico traversing Raton Pass, the speed limit through Raton Pass is 65 mph. From Santa Fe to Raton Pass I-25 approximates part of the route of the Santa Fe Trail, I-25 is 462.124 miles long in New Mexico. Media related to Interstate 25 in New Mexico at Wikimedia Commons
4.
U.S. Route 85
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U. S. Route 85 is a north–south United States highway that runs for 1,479 miles in the Mountain – Northern Plains states of the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at the Mexico–US border in El Paso, Texas, the northern terminus is at the Canada–US border in Fortuna, North Dakota, where the route continues north as Saskatchewan Highway 35. In both the United States and Saskatchewan, Canada the route is known as the CanAm Highway, sections of US85 are considered part of the Theodore Roosevelt Expressway. The highway passes through Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, from Anthony, Texas to Fountain, Colorado, US-85 shares its alignment with interstate routes and is not signed. The route is concurrent with I-10 for the remainder of its route within Texas and this route is marked as Texas State Highway 20 north of the intersection with Mesa Street/Country Club Drive. The unsigned route of US85 through New Mexico exists only on paper to maintain continuity with signed sections in Colorado, except for a 4-mile segment through Las Vegas, US85 in New Mexico is entirely concurrent with Interstate Routes. For the first 20 miles it shares its route with I-10, US-85 was de-signed in segments between 1970 and 1990 as I-25 was built through the state. I-25 between Bernalillo and a point just south of Santa Fe was built over the old US85 alignment, I-25 was also built directly over US85 from east of Santa Fe to Las Vegas and from US64 to the Colorado border at Raton Pass. At one point, the route went along the historic El Camino Real, the original route from Anthony to Las Cruces is now signed as New Mexico State Road 478. US85 enters Colorado from New Mexico concurrent with I-25 but is not signed, approaching the south side of Denver, US85 again leaves I-25 at Exit 184. From there it heads west and north as a two lane rural highway and it becomes an expressway near Chatfield Lake and the southern Denver suburbs of Littleton and Englewood, where its commonly known as Santa Fe Drive. It continues north through Denver for a few miles before again joining with I-25 at mile marker 207. There it becomes a concurrency with US87 as well as I-25, at exit 214, US85 turns east and becomes a concurrency with I-70 and US6 for about a mile where it exits with U. S.6 and heads northeast through Commerce City. In just a few miles the US 6/US85 concurrency merges with I-76 at mile marker 9 and they travel concurrently for 3 miles until exit 12 when US85 becomes an expressway and continues north out of the Denver area through Brighton. From there it parallels I-25 for about 75 miles passing through Fort Lupton, Platteville, Evans, Greeley, US85 enters Wyoming from Colorado 8 miles south of Cheyenne. In Cheyenne it joins with Business Route 87, and a mile later with I-180 until it meets with US30, the segment with I-180 is the only fully at-grade interstate route in the U. S. At exit 12, it joins with I-25 and US87 in a concurrency for 5 miles until US85 leaves at exit 17 and travels northeast towards Meriden. From there it heads north to Torrington, where it meets with US26 and concurrencies for 10 miles until Lingle and it shares the next 47 miles with US18 and 33 miles later meets US16 near Newcastle
5.
U.S. Route 285 in New Mexico
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U. S. Route 285 is a north–south U. S. highway that runs from Sanderson, TX to Denver, CO. In the state of New Mexico, US285 enters the state from Texas south of Loving, the highway runs through the major cities of Carlsbad, Roswell, and Santa Fe. The highway exits the state into Colorado approximately 25 miles north of Tres Piedras, U. S. Route 285 enters New Mexico from Texas approximately 23 miles south of Loving. As U. S.285 traverses north on the plains of New Mexico, it passes through the towns of Carlsbad, Artesia. In Artesia, the route intersects with U. S. Route 82, in Carlsbad, U. S.285 has an overlap with U. S. 62/180 through the town. In Roswell, the route intersects with U. S. Route 70 and U. S. Route 380, the route next heads northwest to Vaughn where it has a brief concurrency with U. S. Route 54 and U. S. Route 60. The route then continues northwest and has a junction with Interstate 40 at Clines Corners, heading north out of Clines Corners, the route continues towards the state capital. After exiting I-25, US285 follows Saint Francis Drive through Santa Fe, the route continues north by northwest to Española and Chamita, where the concurrency with US84 ends. The route then traverses the Carson National Forest where U. S.285 now makes a long climb up to the Colorado Plateau, passing through Ojo Caliente as it ascends to the San Luis Valley
6.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Santa Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County and this area was occupied for at least several hundred years by indigenous peoples who built villages. The city of Santa Fe, founded by Spanish colonists in 1610, is known as the oldest state capital city in the United States, Santa Fe had a population of 69,204 in 2012. It is the city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area. The citys full name when founded was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenous Tanoan peoples, who lived in numerous Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what today is downtown Santa Fe came sometime after 900, the river had a year-round flow until the 1700s. By the 20th century the Santa Fe River was a seasonal waterway, as of 2007, the river was recognized as the most endangered river in the United States, according to the conservation group American Rivers. Don Juan de Oñate led the first European effort to colonize the region in 1598, under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, Santa Fe remained Spains provincial seat until the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, when the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The fur trade contributed to the wealth of St. Louis, the citys status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a military and trading expedition set out from Austin. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico, brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U. S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, colonel Alexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled Spain 1776. This showed that New Mexico had received munitions and other support under Mexican rule, some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote, I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported, the country around it is barren
7.
Interstate 40 in New Mexico
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Interstate 40, a major east–west route of the Interstate Highway System, runs east–west through Albuquerque in the U. S. state of New Mexico. It is the replacement for the historic U. S. Route 66 in New Mexico. The freeway enters Gallup twenty miles later paralleling the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways southern transcontinental mainline, the highway traverses more of the Navajo Reservation and the Cibola Forest before turning southeast and crossing a malpaís. The route leaves the Acoma Indian Reservation with Mt. Taylor to the north, near the interchange with NM-6 the railway line that accompanies much of the route from the Arizona border diverts to the south while the freeway turns east by northeast towards Albuquerque. From Laguna to the Route 66 Casino, Interstate 40 has at-grade intersections with a number of access roads in violation of interstate highway standards. These intersections are a vestige that remain from the conversion of US-66 to I-40 during the part of the 20th century. Interstate 40 diverges from the former US-66 alignment at an interchange with Atrisco Vista Boulevard on the West Mesa that overlooks Albuquerque, I-40 descends Nine Mile Hill as it enters the city of Albuquerque, and intersects 98th Street, Unser Boulevard and Coors Boulevard before crossing the Rio Grande. The freeway then skirts the edge of downtown Albuquerque before intersecting Interstate 25 at a 5-level stack interchange. East of I-25, I-40 continues east, then turns southeast passing through Uptown before intersecting Old US-66 at Tramway Boulevard as it leaves Albuquerque and this section of I-40 is also referred to as the Coronado Freeway. East of Albuquerque, Interstate 40 crosses the Sandia-Manzano Mountains by traversing Tijeras Pass, continuing east, I-40 descends out of the mountains and into the Estancia Valley while passing through the town of Edgewood. The highway continues east across the Estancia Valley, passing through Moriarty, before reaching Clines Corners, I-40 ascends into the Pedrenal Hills, a region of hills and low-level ridgelines averaging around 7,000 feet in elevation. East of Clines Corners, I-40 gradually descends from the Pedrenal Hills region, at Santa Rosa I-40 crosses the Pecos River, and then continues east-northwastward co-signed with US-54 to Tucumcari. At Tucumcari, I-40 diverges from US-54 and turns eastward and skirts the edge of San Jon before reaching the Texas state line at Glenrio. Planning and construction of Interstate 40 through New Mexico began shortly after the Federal Highway Act of 1956 created the Interstate Highway System. S,66 on that citys east side. Construction of I-40, generally paralleling the existing U. S. S,66 routes through each of those cities. In 1970, I-40 was entirely completed through the city of Albuquerque, other bypasses were completed around various cities through the state including San Jon and Tucumcari, Santa Rosa, Moriarty, Grants and Gallup. Media related to Interstate 40 in New Mexico at Wikimedia Commons
8.
U.S. Route 54
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U. S. Route 54 is an east–west United States highway that runs northeast-southwest for 1,197 miles from Griggsville, Illinois to El Paso, Texas. It enters and leaves Texas twice, the Union Pacific Railroads Tucumcari Line runs parallel to US-54 from El Paso to Pratt, Kansas, which comprises about two-thirds of the route. As of 2004, the eastern terminus is Griggsville, Illinois, at Interstate 72. Its western terminus is El Paso, near the United States-Mexico border, US54 begins in El Paso at Loop 375 downtown. The highway serves as a freeway for the Metro areas network. The highway runs through the city for approximately 20 miles before reaching the New Mexico state line, within the network, it is a military connector for Fort Bliss and Holloman Air Force Base. US54 enters New Mexico in Chaparral as part of the El Paso and it also serves as a military highway to connect Fort Bliss in El Paso to Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The speed limit is 70 mph on the highway section upon entering the state to approximately 10 miles south of Alamogordo. Upon entering Alamogordo, US54 becomes concurrent with U. S. Route 70, US 54/US70 then intersects the beginning of U. S. Route 82 at the north end of Alamogordo. The limit is 60 mph from Alamogordo to Tularosa and 55 mph north of Tularosa, where the concurrency with US70 ends, the highway runs north through the central portion of the state, passing through Carrizozo and intersecting U. S. Route 380. The route then turns northeast before passing through Vaughn, upon entering Vaughn, the route is briefly concurrent with U. S. Route 60 and U. S. Route 285. In Vaughn, US285 splits off to the south, exiting Vaughn, US60 splits off to the southeast, and the route continues northeast to Santa Rosa where it becomes concurrent with Interstate 40. The I-40 concurrency lasts for 59 miles to Tucumcari, the highway then exits the state back into Texas at Nara Visa. The highway runs for 354 miles in New Mexico, and is signed as a route through the state. The highway re-enters the Texas Panhandle just beyond Nara Visa, New Mexico, major Texas cities along US54 in the panhandle are Dalhart and Stratford. US-54 runs through the Oklahoma Panhandle from southwest to northeast and it enters at Texhoma, then continues northeast through Goodwell before entering Guymon. In Guymon, it intersects US-412 and begins a concurrency with US-64 and it goes northeast through Optima and Hooker, where US-64 turns east. After going northeast through Tyrone, it enters Kansas just before entering Liberal, US-54 is a known drug trafficking route with a drug task force located in Guymon, OK
9.
Santa Rosa, New Mexico
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Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,848 at the 2010 census and it lies between Albuquerque and Tucumcari, situated on the Pecos River at the intersection of Interstate 40, U. S. Route 54, and U. S. Route 84. The city is located west of, but not within, the Llano Estacado or staked plains of eastern New Mexico, the first Euro-American settlement in the area was Aqua Negra Chiquita, Little Black Water in Spanish, in 1865. The name was changed in 1890 to Santa Rosa, referring to a chapel that Don Celso Baca built, the Rosa may also refer to the roses in the story of Our Lady of Guadalupe and is indicative of the Catholicism of the Spanish colonizers who settled in the area. At the time of its founding, Santa Rosa was not the largest settlement within the small radius, Puerto de Luna, or PDL, about ten miles south, held the county seat for Guadalupe County. Santa Rosa was more of a suburb of Puerto de Luna until 1901 when the Chicago. Because of the rocky and mountainous terrain of PDL, the railroad had to be built in Santa Rosa turning the city into a boomtown that grew exponentially, Santa Rosa was connected by railroad to Chicago, El Paso, and the world at large in the early 1900s. Santa Rosas stretch of U. S. Route 66 is part of film history, when John Steinbecks epic novel, The Grapes of Wrath, was made into a movie, director John Ford used Santa Rosa for the memorable train scene. Tom Joad watches a freight train steam over the Pecos River railroad bridge and it was also one of the shooting scenes for Bobbie Jo and the Outlaw starring Lynda Carter in the titular role. The town was the home of author Rudolfo Anaya, and is the basis for the fictional town of Guadalupe in his autobiographical novel Bless Me. Santa Rosa has many lakes, an anomaly in the dry desert climate surrounding it. These are sinkholes that form in the bedrock of the area and fill with water. The most famous of these is Blue Hole, a spot for diving. Santa Rosa is located near the center of Guadalupe County at 34°56′32″N 104°41′2″W, Interstate 40 serves the city with three exits, the highway leads east 59 miles to Tucumcari and west 115 miles to Albuquerque. U. S. Route 84 leads southeast 44 miles to Fort Sumner, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles, of which 0.03 square miles, or 0. 52%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,744 people,898 households, the population density was 645.7 people per square mile. There were 1,024 housing units at a density of 241.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 47% White,2. 19% African American,1. 75% Native American,0. 87% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,33. 13% from other races, and 4. 56% from two or more races
10.
Interstate 27
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Interstate 27 is an Interstate Highway, entirely in the U. S. state of Texas, running north from Lubbock to Interstate 40 in Amarillo. These two cities are the control cities on I-27, other cities and towns served by I-27 include New Deal, Abernathy, Hale Center, Plainview, Kress, Tulia, Happy. In Amarillo, I-27 is commonly known as the Canyon Expressway, I-27 was officially designated the Marshall Formby Memorial Highway after former attorney and Texas State Senator Marshall Formby in 2005. The entire length of I-27 replaced U. S. Route 87 for through traffic, I-27 parallels the BNSF Railways Plainview Subdivision, which splits from its Chicago-Southern California Transcon line at Canyon and runs south to Lubbock. A large amount of the alignment is on former US87, the Interstate begins at a point along the four-lane US87 freeway south of downtown Lubbock. Mile 0 is posted near 77th Street, about five blocks south of Loop 289, exit numbering begins just to the south, with exit 1 at the 82nd Street interchange, the freeway becomes six lanes at its north end. The Loop 289 interchange is a cloverleaf between the one-way frontage roads of each highway, and with ramps from I-27 south to Loop 289 west. U. S. Highway 84 crosses I-27 at a diamond interchange. Exit 1B connects I-27 south to US84 and the Loop 289 frontage roads, while all traffic from US87 north to US84, US87 Business, the six-lane cross section that began at exit 1 remains through Lubbock. Major junctions in that city include U. S. Highway 62/State Highway 114, between these two interchanges, the frontage roads temporarily end as I-27 crosses over a rail line. Spur 326 merges with I-27 at exit 6A, and exit 6B is a diamond with Loop 289. The outer lanes leave at Farm to Market Road 2641, reducing I-27 to two lanes in each direction as it passes Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport and leaves the city. I-27 crosses over the Plainview Sub for the first time north of Farm to Market Road 1294, north of the overpass, the frontage roads are two-way, I-27 then passes through New Deal, bypassing the central part of the town to the west. Old US87 between exits 13 and 15 is now Loop 461, at exit 15, I-27 begins to parallel the rail line, as it approaches Abernathy, I-27 curves west away from the Plainview Sub. The old main road through the city, between exits 20 and 22, is now Loop 369, I-27 passes through 1.5 blocks to the east, approaching Hale Center, I-27 curves northeast as it splits from Farm to Market Road 1424 at a simple diamond interchange. The freeway passes through the city one block east of the old road, now I-27 Business, as it leaves Hale Center, I-27 turns to the northeast, following the northwest side of the rail line. The next two interchanges along the railroad between Hale Center and Plainview use the style, in which the crossroad goes over everything. I-27 Business splits at exit 45, a modified Y interchange, to pass through Plainview, between exits 49 and 50 is another overpass over the frontage roads - 24th Street — with no separate slip ramps
11.
U.S. Route 87 in Texas
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US 87s southern terminus is at an intersection with State Highway 238 in Port Lavaca, Texas. It takes a route out of the town, and follows this path all the way to Cuero. US87 follows a northwesterly route until just before Smiley. At Nixon, US87 merges with State Highway 97 and continues west as a route until just west of Stockdale. After intersecting with I-20 at Big Spring, US87 continues the same path to Lamesa. After making another turn back to the north just outside ODonnell, US87 continues on to Lubbock, where it merges with I-27 on the south side of the city. US 87/287 continues almost due north until Dumas, where US87 splits off the route with a turn to the west before merging with US385 in Hartley. US385 leaves the route in Dalhart, and US87 continues on a northwesterly path. Loops of U. S. Route 87 in Texas Interstate 27
12.
Lubbock, Texas
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Lubbock is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States. The city is located in the part of the state. According to a 2015 Census estimate, Lubbock had a population of 249,042, making it the 83rd most populous city in the United States of America and the 11th most populous city in the state of Texas. The city is the center of the Lubbock metropolitan area. The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is dependent on water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation. Lubbock was selected as the 12th best place to start a business by CNNMoney. com. CNN mentioned the traditional business atmosphere, low rent for commercial space, central location. Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state, Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States based in part on its international baccalaureate program. Lubbock County was founded in 1876 and it was named after Thomas Saltus Lubbock, former Texas Ranger and brother of Francis Lubbock, governor of Texas during the Civil War. As early as 1884, a federal post office existed in Yellow House Canyon, a small town, known as Old Lubbock, Lubbock, or North Town, was established about three miles to the east. In 1890, the original Lubbock merged with Monterey, another small town south of the canyon, the new town adopted the Lubbock name. The merger included moving the original Lubbocks Nicolett Hotel across the canyon on rollers to the new townsite, Lubbock became the county seat in 1891, and was incorporated on March 16,1909. In the same year, the first railroad train arrived, Texas Technological College was founded in Lubbock in 1923. A separate university, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, opened as Texas Tech University School of Medicine in 1969, both universities are now overseen by the Texas Tech University System, after it was established in 1996 and based in Lubbock. Lubbock Christian University, founded in 1957, and Sunset International Bible Institute, South Plains College and Wayland Baptist University operate branch campuses in Lubbock. At one time, Lubbock was home to Reese Air Force Base located 6 miles west of the city, the bases primary mission throughout its existence was pilot training. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995 and is now a research, the city is home to the Lubbock Lake Landmark, part of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The landmark is an archaeological and natural preserve at the northern edge of the city
13.
Interstate 20 in Texas
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The original distance of Interstate 20 was 647 miles from I-10 to the Louisiana border, reduced to the current distance of 636 miles with the rerouting of I-20 in the 1980s and 1990s. I-20 is known as the Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway within the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Interstate 20 in Texas was designated in 1959, and was to replace or run parallel to U. S. Route 80. Initial construction began from east to west and as bypass loops around larger cities, in 1971, I-20 was rerouted across the southern side of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, with the old section through downtown Dallas and Fort Worth being redesignated as Interstate 30. In 1991, the entire concurrent designation of US80 was removed from the I-10 interchange to Dallas, I-20 begins at a junction with I-10 in a desolate region of West Texas about 6 miles east of the town of Kent. I-20 leaves the interchange with I-10 with a limit of 80 until Milemarker 89. Interstate 20 also generally heads to the east-northeast passing by the cities of Odessa, I-20 runs concurrently with the La Entrada al Pacífico corridor from its junction with US385 in Odessa to its junction with FM1788 near Midland International Airport. Near Sweetwater, I-20 begins to head east as it heads towards the city of Abilene, in Abilene, I-20 curves towards the north and transverses the northern part of the city while also forming the northern arc of the loop around the city. In Weatherford, I-20 again heads back towards the east as it heads towards the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, I-20 interchanges with I-30 west of Fort Worth with I-30 heading east and I-20 to the southeast. I-20 heads back towards the east when it interchanges with Interstate 820, I-20 forms the southern arc of the complete loop around the city of Fort Worth, and serves as the southernmost west–east freeway in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Interchanging with I-35W south of downtown Fort Worth, I-20 heads east towards Dallas passing through Arlington, from Arlington, I-20 passes into Dallas County at Grand Prairie and heads east in to Dallas, interchanging with I-35E south of downtown and I-45 shortly after. I-20 intersects with I-635 on Dallas southeast side before heading east towards East Texas, the interstate varies from 4 to 10 lanes from its I-30 junction near Weatherford to its US-80 junction near Terrell. I-20 leaves the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and heads generally to the east-southeast through East Texas, I-20 begins heading to the east as it passes to the north of the city of Tyler at Lindale, Texas. The intersection of I-20 at US69 in Lindale is the highest traffic count intersection on I-20 east of Terrell to the Louisiana state line, from Lindale, I-20 continues east, going through Kilgore in the piney woods region of East Texas. I-20 leaves the state of Texas near Waskom and just west of Shreveport, Interstate 20 has one auxiliary route in Texas. Interstate 820 is a 35. 2-mile loop around the city of Fort Worth, I-20 absorbed the southern section as part of its relocation to the south and I-30 being extended westward over the old alignment of I-20 through the center of town. All of the business loops within Texas are maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation, Interstate 20 has fifteen business loops in the state, all located in western Texas. Along I-20, TxDOT identifies each business route as Business Interstate 20 followed by an alphabetic suffix, along Texas Interstates, the alphabetic suffixes on business route names ascend eastward and northward. There are gaps in the values to allow for future system expansion
14.
Roscoe, Texas
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Roscoe is a city near the intersection of Interstate 20 and US Highway 84 in Nolan County in the U. S. state of Texas. The Union Pacific Railroad passes through the center of the city, another rail line, the Roscoe, Snyder and Pacific Railway, used to extend 50 miles from Roscoe to Fluvanna, passing through Snyder, Texas. Built in 1908, the served as a bridge between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the Texas and Pacific Railway. The July mudbog normally draws around 70 to 80 trucks competing for prize, Roscoe is located at 32°26′45″N 100°32′19″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000,1,380 people,509 households, the population density is 728.1 people per square mile. The 588 housing units averaged 310. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city were 75. 18% White,1. 09% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 15% Asian,20. 17% from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 36. 94% of the population. About 22. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was distributed as 28. 2% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,23. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 3% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $23,816, males had a median income of $25,313 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,792, about 20. 6% of families and 25. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34. 9% of those under age 18 and 17. 1% of those age 65 or over. The Roscoe Wind Farm, owned and operated by E. ON Climate and Renewables, is one of the worlds largest capacity wind farms with 634 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW. At the time of its completion, it was the largest wind farm in the world, in 2012, it was overtaken by Californias 1, 020-MW Alta Wind Energy Center. The project cost more than $1 billion and provides power for more than 250,000 average Texan homes. A landowner can earn between $500 and $1,000 per windmill per year, the City of Roscoe is served by Roscoe Collegiate Independent School District. The recent wind development in the area has enabled Roscoe ISD to update its aging facilities built in the era of the Works Progress Administration, in the 2012–13 school year, all of the districts students will be in new or updated buildings
15.
Abilene, Texas
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Abilene is a city in Taylor and Jones counties in West Texas, United States. The population was 117,063 according to the 2010 census and it is the principal city of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a 2011 estimated population of 166,416. It is the county seat of Taylor County, Dyess Air Force Base is located on the west side of the city. Abilene is located off Interstate 20, between exits 279 on its edge and 292 on the east. Abilene is 150 miles west of Fort Worth, Texas, the city is looped by I-20 to the north, US 83/84 on the west, and Loop 322 to the east. A railroad divides the city down the center north and south. The historic downtown area is on the side of the railroad. Many developments have begun in these three areas within the last few years, established by cattlemen as a stock shipping point on the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881, the city was named after Abilene, Kansas, the original endpoint for the Chisholm Trail. The T&P had bypassed the town of Buffalo Gap, the county seat at the time, eventually, a landowner north of Buffalo Gap, Clabe Merchant, known as the father of Abilene, chose the name for the new town. According to a Dallas newspaper, about 800 people had begun camping at the townsite. The town was out by Colonel J. Stoddard Johnson. By the end of the first day,139 lots were sold for a total of $23,810, and another 178 lots were sold the next day for $27,550. Abilene was incorporated soon after being founded in 1881, and Abilenians began to set their sights on bringing the county seat to Abilene, in 1888, the Progressive Committee was formed to attract businesses to the area, which later became the Board of Trade in 1890. By 1900,3,411 people lived in Abilene, and in that decade, however, this committee failed when the population only hit 9,204 in 1910. Replacing it was the Young Mens Booster Club, which became the Abilene Chamber of Commerce in 1914, the cornerstone was laid for the first of three future universities in Abilene, called Simmons College, in 1891, which later became Hardin-Simmons University. Childers Classical Institute followed in 1906, currently Abilene Christian University, in 1923, McMurry College was founded and later became McMurry University. Much more recently, Abilene succeeded in bringing Cisco Junior College and Texas State Technical College branches to Abilene, with the Cisco Junior College headquarters being located in Abilene. In 1940, Abilene raised the money to land for a U. S. Army base, southwest of town, named Camp Barkeley
16.
Interstate 35 in Texas
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Interstate 35 in Texas is a major north–south Interstate Highway running from Laredo near the United States-Mexico border to the Red River north of Gainesville where it crosses into Oklahoma. Along its route, it passes through the cities of San Antonio, Austin, Interstate 35E heads northeast where it passes through Dallas. Interstate 35W turns northwest to run through Fort Worth, the two branches meet up in Denton to again form Interstate 35, where it continues to the Oklahoma border. Interstate 35W maintains its own sequence of exit numbers, in Texas, Interstate 35 runs for just over 407 miles, which does not include either the 85-mile segment of Interstate 35W or the 97-mile segment of Interstate 35E. Texas contains more miles of the length of Interstate 35 than any other state. The Interstate is currently undergoing a renovation and expansion project. The project includes work on portions of the interstate from Dallas south to Laredo, in Laredo, Interstate 35 is between 6 and 8 main lanes in each direction, dropping to 4 near mile marker 13. After running concurrently with US83 for 20 miles, the highway continues north-northeast across the South Texas Plains, the highway passes through the towns of Cotulla, Dilley, Pearsall, Devine, and Lytle before reaching San Antonio. In San Antonio, I-35 is listed as the PanAm Expressway and it starts out as four lanes from the south until it reaches the Poteet-Jourdanton Freeway, expanding to six to eight mainlanes of travel. Its southern point begins in the southwest corner of town and travels northeast, at the southwest corner of Downtown, it reaches an intersection with Interstate 10, United States Route 87 and United States Route 90. US90 continues east and west from junction, while I-10 westbound/U. S. 87 northbound joins with I-35 northbound along the side of Downtown. In this section, it splits lanes to two levels, a lower one for local traffic and a higher one for express traffic. They briefly rejoin near the northwest corner of Downtown to allow I-10/U. S,87 to split off and go northwest. I-35 continues, resplitting lanes again as it curves around the northwest corner of Downtown, I-35 continues east for a few miles until it begins to curve back to the northeast. It merges with I-410 on its eastern north–south leg from its direction in a triangular interchange. A couple miles later, I-410 will split off onto its northern west–east leg, trucks are restricted from travel in the far left lane of I-35 in either direction throughout the San Antonio area. The restriction covers Bexar, Guadalupe, and Comal Counties, in Austin, Interstate 35 is named Interregional Highway
17.
U.S. Route 77 in Texas
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U. S. Route 77 is a major highway that is part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from the Veterans International Bridge in Brownsville to Sioux City, Iowa. In Texas, the road runs south-north for 471.3 miles from the International border with Mexico to the Oklahoma state line north of Gainesville. The highway is being upgraded to a freeway near Corpus Christi to connect to the part of the highway in Raymondville as part of future I-69. A freeway in Robstown is already signed as part of I-69, from Waco to the Oklahoma state line, US77 overlaps or runs parallel to I-35/I-35E. US77 crosses the Rio Grande with US83 on the Veterans International Bridge, the two highways run together concurrent with I-69E until Harlingen. US83 runs west along I-2 to McAllen while US77 runs north along with I-69E to Raymondville, the highway is the only one to pass through Kenedy County. In Robstown, US77 again picks up the I-69E designation until the interchange with I-37 in north Corpus Christi, US77 shares a short overlap with I-37 before leaving the highway. US77 runs through many small to mid-size communities before arriving in Waco, here, US77 begins its overlap with I-35 that lasts until Hillsboro, where the highway then parallels I-35E until Red Oak. →U. S. Route 77 Business US77 has an overlap with I-35E until US77 leaves the interstate in Corinth to serve Denton. The highway then returns to I-35 in north Denton until the two highways cross into Oklahoma together north of Gainesville
18.
Waco, Texas
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Waco is a city which is the county seat of McLennan County, Texas, United States. It is situated along the Brazos River and I-35, halfway between Dallas and Austin, the city had a 2010 population of 124,805, making it the 22nd-most populous city in the state. The US Census 2015 population estimate is 132,356, the Waco Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of McLennan and Falls Counties, which had a 2010 population of 234,906. Falls County was added to the Waco MSA in 2013, the US Census 2016 population estimate for the Waco MSA is 265,207. Indigenous peoples occupied areas along the river for thousands of years, in historic times, the area of present-day Waco was occupied by the Wichita Native American tribe known as the Waco. In 1824, Thomas M. Duke explored the area and reported to Stephen F. Austin, describing the Waco village and they have a spring almost as cold as ice itself. All we want is some Brandy and Sugar to have Ice Toddy and they have about 400 acres planted in corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons and that tended in good order. I think they cannot raise more than One Hundred Warriors, after Austin halted the first attempt to destroy their village in 1825, he made a treaty with them. The Waco eventually moved out of the region, settling north near present-day Fort Worth, in 1872, they joined other Wichita tribes on a reservation in Oklahoma. In 1902, the Waco received allotments of land and became official US citizens, neil McLennan settled in an area near the South Bosque River in 1838. Jacob De Cordova bought McLennans property and hired a former Texas Ranger, in 1849, Erath designed the first block of the city. Property owners wanted to name the city Lamartine, but Erath convinced them to name the area Waco Village, in March 1849, Shapley Ross built the first house in Waco, a double-log cabin, on a bluff overlooking the springs. His daughter Kate was the first white child to be born in Waco, in 1866, Wacos leading citizens embarked on an ambitious project to build the first bridge to span the wide Brazos River. They formed the Waco Bridge Company to build the 475-foot brick Waco Suspension Bridge, the economic effects of the Waco bridge were immediate and large. The cowboys and cattle-herds following the Chisholm Trail north, crossed the Brazos River at Waco, some chose to pay the Suspension Bridge toll, while others floated their herds down the river. The population of Waco grew rapidly, as immigrants now had a crossing for their horse-drawn carriages. Since 1971, the bridge has been only to pedestrian traffic and is in the National Register of Historic Places. In the late 19th century, a district called the Reservation grew up in Waco
19.
Interstate 45
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Interstate 45 is an interstate highway located entirely within the U. S. state of Texas. While most interstate routes ending in five are cross-country north-south routes, I-45 is comparatively short and it connects the cities of Dallas and Houston, continuing southeast from Houston to Galveston over the Galveston Causeway to the Gulf of Mexico. I-45 replaced US75 over its length, although portions of US75 remained parallel to I-45 until its elimination south of downtown Dallas in 1987. At the south end of I-45, State Highway 87 continues into downtown Galveston, the north end is at Interstate 30 in downtown Dallas, where US75 used the Good-Latimer Expressway. A short continuation, known by traffic reporters as the I-45 overhead, signed as part of US75, traffic can use Spur 366 to connect to Interstate 35E at the north end of I-345. The portion of I-45 between downtown Houston and Galveston is known to Houston residents as the Gulf Freeway, I-45 and I-345 in the Dallas area, north of the interchanges with Interstate 20 and State Highway 310, is the Julius Schepps Freeway. The Gulf Freeway and North Freeway both include reversible high-occupancy vehicle lanes for buses and other vehicles to and from downtown Houston. U. S. Highway 190 joins I-45 for 26 miles from Huntsville, Texas to Madisonville, U. S. Highway 287 joins I-45 for 18 miles from Corsicana, Texas to Ennis, Texas. US287 signs are posted from the northern end of Business Loop 45 in Corsicana to the Ellis County line. Interstate 45 gained notoriety during Hurricane Rita in 2005, thousands of Houston area evacuees jammed the roadway trying to leave. As a result, the became a parking lot. Gas stations ran dry and hundreds of peoples cars simply ran empty, four-hour drives suddenly became 24-hour drives. At just 284.913 miles, I-45 is the shortest of the interstates. The stretch of I-45 connecting Galveston with Houston is known as the Gulf Freeway and it was the first freeway built in Texas—opened in stages beginning on October 1,1948, up to a full completion to Galveston in 1952, as part of U. S. Highway 75. At the north end, it connects to the North Freeway via the short Pierce Elevated, completed in 1967, after several interchanges, I-45 crosses the Galveston Causeway and passes Tiki Island. Old U. S. Highway 75 south of junction was upgraded on the spot. The Gulf Freeway generally parallels State Highway 3 about 1 mile to the west, bypassing La Marque, Dickinson and South Houston. It includes interchanges with other freeways, the Emmett F. Lowry Expressway, NASA Road 1 Bypass
20.
Fairfield, Texas
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Fairfield is a city in Freestone County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,951 at the 2010 census, down from 3,094 at the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Freestone County and was founded as such in 1851. Fairfield is located in the center of Freestone County at 31°43′19″N 96°9′29″W, interstate 45 passes through the west side of the city, leading north 88 miles to Dallas and south 152 miles to Houston. Access is from Exits 197 and 198, U. S. Route 84 runs directly through the city, leading east 35 miles to Palestine and west 63 miles to Waco. Texas State Highway 75 crosses US84 at the west end of downtown, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.4 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles, or 0. 07%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,094 people,1,235 households, the population density was 685.6 people per square mile. There were 1,431 housing units at a density of 317.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 46% White,21. 43% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 68% Asian,4. 65% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 50% of the population. 32. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was out with 26. 3% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 9% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,636, and the median income for a family was $40,871. Males had an income of $29,643 versus $15,887 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,308, about 14. 1% of families and 18. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 4% of those under age 18 and 22. 8% of those age 65 or over. He played college football at Texas A&M University and was drafted in the round of the 1988 NFL draft. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fairfield has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. City of Fairfield official website Fairfield, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
21.
Interstate 49 in Louisiana
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Interstate 49 is an Interstate Highway that spans a total of 243.13 miles in a north–south direction in the U. S. state of Louisiana. Along the way, it serves the cities of Opelousas, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, intersecting several cross-state highways, such as US190, US167, US165, US84, and I-20. 5.25 miles of the route is still under construction between I-220 and LA1 on the northwest side of Shreveport, necessitating a detour via I-220, the project is scheduled for completion in the summer or fall of 2017. I-49 was an intrastate Interstate Highway until December 12,2012, I-49 begins its journey in Lafayette concurrent with U. S. Route 167 from I-10 to Opelousas at Exit 23. At Lafayette, motorists continuing southbound see the highway change to U. S.90. North of Lafayette, motorists on I-49 will parallel the ancient Mississippi river bed north of Carencro, after leaving Opelousas, I-49 traverses the relatively flat, fertile farmlands until reaching Alexandria. From there, the highway follows the Red River and Louisiana 1. At Shreveport, the highway parallels a line just to the west until its terminus at I-20 southwest of downtown. The heaviest traffic on I-49 occurs within the cities of Shreveport, the original plans for Interstate Highways in Louisiana only included I-10 and I-20 with no connection in between. After I-55 was added in the 1950s, the state considered building a road to connect I-10 in southwestern Louisiana and I-20 in the northern part of the state. In the mid-1970s, the Federal Highway Administration approved an Interstate Highway to run between I-10 and I-20, beginning at I-10 in Lafayette and ending at I-20 in Shreveport. The mileage was gained from mileage released from other highways the states did not build as well as 153 miles from a supplemental reserve, construction of I-49 began in the early 1980s, with the first signed segment from I-10 to Washington, Louisiana, opening in 1984. After several delays, most of the highway was open by the early 1990s, the entire length of the 212-mile road was completed May 1,1996, when a 16. 6-mile section of highway in Alexandria named the Martin Luther King Jr. Highway was completed. The total cost of I-49s construction was about $1.38 billion, Interstate 49 North is a 36-mile construction project that will connect I-220 in Shreveport to the Arkansas state line. This project has divided into 11 segments. Of the 11 segments,10 are complete and one is under construction as of January 2015, an 18. 9-mile section between Louisiana Highway 1 and US71 opened on November 27,2013, the section to just south of the Arkansas state line opened in March 2014. The segment from Shreveport to the Arkansas state line was opened in early 2015, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development is currently working to extend I-49 from its current terminus in Lafayette south and east to New Orleans along the existing US90 corridor. The project is referred to as the Interstate 49 Geaux South program, or more commonly
22.
Mansfield, Louisiana
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Mansfield is a small city in and the parish seat of DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,001 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 10 percent from the 2000 tabulation, Mansfield is 77 percent African American. Mansfield is part of the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Battle of Mansfield, a Confederate victory under General Richard Taylor, was fought here on April 8,1864. This battle turned 42,000 Union troops away from their conquest of the Louisiana Confederate capital, Shreveport, the battle is commemorated at the Mansfield State Historic Site some four miles south of Mansfield off Louisiana Highway 175. The first womans college west of the Mississippi River, Mansfield Female College, was founded by the Methodist Church there in 1855, a two-year college, its first class graduated in 1856. In 1930, Mansfield Female College merged with Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport, in 2003, the Louisiana State Legislature moved to convert the main building of Mansfield Female College, the Lyceum, into a future museum. The film The Great Debaters was partially shot in Mansfield and released on December 25,2007, the story line involves a 1930s debate team from Marshall, Texas. The downtown scenes of Marshall, however, were shot on location in downtown Mansfield. The film stars Denzel Washington and Forest Whitaker and was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 2008, Mansfield is located at 32°1′58″N 93°42′9″W and has an elevation of 335 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.7 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,001 people,2,500 households, the population density was 1,515.4 people per square mile. There were 2,298 housing units at a density of 623.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city in 2000 was 34. 13% White,64. 26% African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 47% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 59% of the population. 29. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.20. In the city, the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $21,981, and the median income for a family was $26,683. Males had an income of $30,239 versus $19,854 for females
23.
Interstate 55 in Mississippi
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Interstate 55 is a major north–south Interstate Highway that serves the middle of the United States. It runs 963.5 miles from Interstate 10 in Laplace, Louisiana - about 25 miles west of New Orleans to U. S.41 in Chicago, Illinois. In Mississippi, I-55 runs 290.5 miles from the Louisiana border near Osyka to Southaven on the Tennessee border, the highway parallels U. S.51 during its trek roughly through the center of Magnolia State. North of Jackson, the Interstate runs east of the bluffs of the Mississippi Delta
24.
Brookhaven, Mississippi
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Brookhaven is a small city in Lincoln County, Mississippi, southwest from the state capital of Jackson. The population was 12,520 at the 2010 U. S. Census and it is the county seat of Lincoln County. It was named after the Town of Brookhaven, New York, Brookhaven is located in what was formerly Choctaw Indian territory. The city was founded in 1818 by Samuel Jayne from New York, the railroad came though Brookhaven in 1858. It connected Brookhaven with New Orleans to the south and Memphis to the north, during the Civil War, Brookhaven was briefly occupied at noon on 29 April 1863 by a raiding party of Union cavalry under the command of Colonel Benjamin Grierson. The Union force burned public buildings and destroyed the railroad and this was rebuilt after the war. In 1936 Brookhaven was chosen to be the site of the Stahl-Urban garment plant. According to the United States Bureau of the Census, Brookhaven has an area of 7.3 square miles. As of the census of the United States Census of 2000, there were 9,861 people,3,810 households, the population density was 1,345.6 people per square mile. There were 4,240 housing units at a density of 578.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the City was fairly evenly split with 47. 55% White,50. 91% African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 79% of the population,31. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.10. In the City, the population was out with 26. 3% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 8% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 82.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males, the median income for a household in the City was $24,632, and the median income for a family was $30,950. Males had an income of $28,079 versus $20,047 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,695, about 23. 3% of families and 26. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 8% of those under age 18 and 25. 0% of those age 65 or over
25.
Interstate 65 in Alabama
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Interstate 65 meanders across 366 miles of the Alabama countryside linking six of the states ten largest cities. The highway links together many important roadways that make commerce inside and outside of the states boundaries possible and it starts at Interstate 10 near Mobile. The route passes through the cities of Montgomery, Birmingham. The entire Alabama portion of I-65 is dedicated as Heroes Highway, in honor of the CIA officer Johnny Mike Spann, I-65 starts in Mobile at an interchange with Interstate 10, not far from the Gulf of Mexico. From there it runs northeast, intersecting with I-165 in Prichard, Alabama, en route to Montgomery, it passes county seats Evergreen and Greenville. In the case of an evacuation on Alabamas coast, I-65 can be converted to an evacuation route where all lanes flow in the northbound direction from Mobile to Montgomery. This process is known as contra-flow, at Montgomery, it intersects the southern terminus of I-85 and crosses the Alabama River north of the city. The Hyundai Corporations automotive plant in Montgomery is located just off I-65 and it can be accessed using the Pintlala-Hope Hull exit. At Chilton County, I-65 enters the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area, approximately halfway between Montgomery and Birmingham, it passes Clanton, where the water tower, visible from the road, is shaped and painted to resemble a huge peach. Between mile markers 212 and 219, I-65 was designated War on Terror Memorial Highway in 2014, from mile marker 242 to 290 I-65 carries at least 6 lanes of traffic. I-65 intersects I-459 in Hoover, then passes through the cities of Vestavia Hills and Homewood, as the interstate passes by downtown Birmingham, south-bound travelers have a view of the Vulcan statue atop Red Mountain. At the north edge of downtown, I-65 intersects I-20/I-59 with a cross-over interchange, North of Birmingham at mile 266, interchange ramps provide access to parallel US-31. It is here that I-65 meets the terminus of I-22. The interstate then continues 98 miles in the direction of Huntsville. After entering the Decatur Metropolitan Area, in southern Morgan County, the highway connects the Decatur and Huntsville Metropolitan Areas as it crosses Wheeler Lake on a 2. 6-mile bridge. Between Walkers Chapel Road in Fultondale and the Tennessee River in Decatur, the sign designating the north end of this portion of road cites Reagans speech in Decatur on July 4,1984. The interstate then continues, passing Athens, and merges with US-31, the 2 routes travel concurrently approximately 12 miles to the Tennessee state line. In the Birmingham/Hoover vicinity, a plan to widen the interstate from North Birmingham to Alabaster has been proposed, the project is to widen the interstate by adding a HOV lane and keeping the original 3 lanes making it four lanes in each direction
26.
Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama
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Evergreen is a city in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 3,944, the city is the county seat of Conecuh County. Early settlers to the area came from Georgia and South Carolina beginning in 1818, Evergreen was founded officially in 1819 when Revolutionary War veteran James Cosey and several other men settled within the present limits of the city. The Reverend Alexander Travis first called the town by its present name of Evergreen for the abundance of surrounding green foliage, plants, the former county seat of Sparta was burned in a federal raid during the Civil War. In 1866, the county seat was moved to Evergreen as it was centrally located in the county. Evergreen was incorporated as a city on March 28,1873, in 1882, a tornado hit the city, destroying every building except for the Episcopal church. On November 7,1895, fire destroyed every business and house located on the east side of the railroad, five days later, fire destroyed every business and house on the west side. The Conecuh County Courthouse burned in 1868,1875,1885, the first female pilot in the U. S. Navy, Barbara Allen Rainey, crashed and died in 1982 near Evergreen. Evergreen is located near the center of Conecuh County at 31°26′6″N 86°57′18″W, interstate 65 passes through the northwest side of the town, leading northeast 75 miles to Montgomery and southwest 90 miles to Mobile. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.8 square miles, of which 15.6 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,944 people,1,536 households, the population density was 238.9 inhabitants per square mile. 0. 83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was out with 28. 0% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,23. 6% from 25 to 44,22. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 77.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $20,979, and the median income for a family was $29,258. Males had an income of $25,357 versus $21,356 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,828, about 27. 6% of families and 34. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50. 6% of those under age 18 and 28. 0% of those age 65 or over
27.
Interstate 75 in Georgia
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Interstate 75 in the U. S. state of Georgia runs north–south along the U. S. Route 41 corridor on the western side of the state, passing through the cities of Valdosta, Macon, and Atlanta. It is also designated—but not signed—as State Route 401, in downtown Atlanta, I-75 joins with I-85 as the Downtown Connector. I-75 is the longest Interstate Highway within Georgia and it enters near Valdosta, and it continues northward through the towns of Tifton and Cordele until it reaches the Macon area, where it intersects with I-16 eastbound towards Savannah. For northbound traffic wishing to avoid congestion in Macon, I-475 provides a relatively straight bypass west of that city. After Macon it passes the town of Forsyth. The freeway reaches no major junctions again until in the Atlanta metropolitan area, the first metropolitan freeway met is I-675, then followed by the Atlanta Perimeter bypass, I-285. It crosses inside the Perimeter and heads northeast several miles towards the Atlanta city center, I-75 then runs concurrently with I-85 due north over the Downtown Connector through the central business district of Atlanta. After the two Interstates split, I-75 makes a beeline northwest, crossing outside the I-285 Perimeter and heading towards the suburban city of Marietta. This section of I-75 just north of I-285 has 15 through lanes, north of Marietta, the final major junction in the Atlanta metropolitan area is the I-575 spur. I-75 then traverses the hilly northern Georgia terrain as it travels towards Chattanooga, the 180-mile-long section of I-75 from I-475 to I-24 in Chattanooga is one of the longest continuous six-lane freeways in the United States. The highway that would eventually become I-75 in Georgia was an expressway that was open in 1951 from the southern part of Atlanta to University Avenue. It was projected from University Avenue to Williams Street in downtown Atlanta and this expressway was open from Williams Street to what is now the northern end of the Downtown Connector. It was also proposed from the Downtown Connector to the northwest part of Atlanta, by late 1953, this expressway was signed as US 19/US41 as far north as Lakewood Avenue. It was under construction from the Downtown Connector to Howell Mill Road and it was proposed from Howell Mill Road to the northwest part of Atlanta. By mid-1954, the expressway was signed as SR295 from Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue and it was under construction from the Downtown Connector to US 41/SR 3E, just north of West Paces Ferry Road. By mid-1955, the highway was under construction from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the central part of Atlanta. By mid-1957, the highway was opened from University Avenue to Glenn Street and it was also open from Williams Street to US 41/SR 3E in the northwest part of Atlanta. By the middle of 1960, a short segment southeast of Williams Street was open and it was open from the Florida state line to US 41/SR7 in Unadilla
28.
Valdosta, Georgia
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Valdosta is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County, located on the southern border of Georgia, United States. As of 2013, Valdosta has a population of 56,481. Valdosta is the city of the Valdosta Metropolitan Statistical Area. It includes part of Brooks County to the west, Valdosta is the home of Valdosta State University, a regional university in the University System of Georgia with over 10,900 students. The local public Valdosta High School has the most winning football program of any school in the United States. Valdosta is called the Azalea City, as the plant grows in profusion there, the city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March. Valdosta was incorporated on December 7,1860, when it was designated by the legislature as the new county seat. The railroad was built to Valdosta that year, rather than Troupville, many citizens of Troupville had already relocated to Valdosta when the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad was built four miles away. On July 4,1860, the known as Satilla No.3 pulled the first train into Valdosta on the Atlantic. Valdosta is located in the plain of Georgia and has a virtually flat landscape. It was once the center of cotton growing in the United States. The county had a population well before the war with a substantial black population. The sixty miles of railway between Valdosta and Waycross were once the longest straight stretch of railroad in the world, today highways stretch through the county for miles with hardly a curve, rise, or fall. After being bypassed by the railroad and losing the county seat and it had been named after Governor George Troup, for whom Troup County, Georgia, was also named. Valdosta was named after Troups plantation, Valdosta, Troup had named it after the Valle dAosta in Italy. The name Aosta, refers to Emperor Augustus, a long-standing rumor held that the citys name meant vale of beauty. The American Civil War erupted just months after the establishment of Valdosta, during the war, Valdosta was far away from battles and became a refuge for those fleeing areas of Georgia where the war was being activelly fought. Since before the war, the American Colonization Society had supported the relocation of free blacks to Liberia, the first group from Lowndes County left in 1871, and were led by Jefferson Bracewell, the second group was led in 1872 by Aaron Miller
29.
Interstate 95 in Georgia
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Interstate 95, the main Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, serves the Atlantic coast of the U. S. state of Georgia. The route also passes through the cities of Richmond Hill, Darien, I-95 in Georgia has the unsigned designation of State Route 405. All of I-95 in Georgia has three lanes in each direction, except in the Brunswick area, where it has four lanes in each direction. From the Florida state line to west of Savannah, I-95 travels along the U. S. Route 17 corridor, passing near or through marshlands, and is close to the Atlantic coastline. The freeway enters Georgia via twin bridges over the St. Marys River, the Interstate continues generally north-northeast, bypassing the smaller communities of Woodbine and Waverly en route to Brunswick, where it intersects US17, US25, and US341. The freeway leaves Brunswick, bypassing the cities of Darien and Midway, the route first encounters US17 again, this time in Richmond Hill, before intersecting SR204, a busy freeway and southern bypass into Savannah. The route then intersects with I-16 and US80 in Pooler, after that, the final exit in Georgia is in Port Wentworth, where it intersects SR21, the major thoroughfare between Augusta and Savannah. I-95 leaves Georgia via twin bridges over the Savannah River, the State Welcome Centers on both ends of I-95 are integrated with other interchanges. The northbound Welcome Center is built into the northbound off-ramp with exit 1, the southbound Welcome Center can be found just after the off-ramp for first southbound truck weighing center, only for both facilities to share an on ramp back to southbound I-95. Other rest areas, weigh stations, and visitors centers operate independently with no access to any other facilities or destinations, ramps to and from the eastbound lanes of I-16 feature barrier gates to prevent traffic from entering I-16 in the wrong direction during contraflow lane reversal for hurricane evacuations. In 1965, I-95 was proposed from the Florida state line to SR251 near Darien and it was under construction from there to SR99 near Crescent. It was proposed there to the South Carolina state line. In 1966, it was under construction from its interchange with SR99 to just north of SR131 in South Newport. In 1967, it was under construction just north of South Newport and it was under construction from Richmond Hill to I-16 near Savannah. In 1968, it was under construction from the Florida state line to SR40 in Kingsland and it was also under construction from its southern interchange with SR99 to SR251 near Darien. It was open as I-95 from SR251 to its interchange with SR99 in Eulonia. It was under construction from Eulonia to US 17/SR25 north of South Newport, in 1970, the highway was under construction from the Florida state line to just southeast of Woodbine. It was also under construction from US 25/US 341/SR27 near Brunswick to SR251 near Darien and it also had an under construction from Eulonia to I-16
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U.S. Route 84 in Georgia
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U. S. Route 84 is a 258-mile-long U. S. Highway in the U. S. state of Georgia, is also signed as State Route 38 for its entire length in Georgia. After entering Georgia from Alabama west-northwest of Jakin, the travels through the southern portion of the state. US84 through Georgia is also known as the Wiregrass Georgia Parkway, after entering the state from Alabama, US 84/SR38 travels east through Donalsonville to Bainbridge. The highways travel around the city to the south on a freeway bypass, the highway continues east through Cairo to Thomasville, where it bypasses downtown to the north and east, concurrent with US319 and SR35, then US 19/SR 3/SR300. The highway then continues east to Quitman, where it becomes concurrent with US 221/SR 76/SR333 to the east, past its interchange with Interstate 75, to Valdosta. In Valdosta, US221 departs, and US 84/SR38 continues east-northeast to Waycross, where it is concurrent with US1, US23, US82, SR4. US 84/SR38 continues northeast from Waycross, traveling through Blackshear before arriving in Jesup, in Jesup, the highway becomes concurrent with US25, US301, and SR23 northeast to Ludowici. In Ludowici, US25, US301, and SR23 depart to the northwest, in Hinesville, the highway becomes concurrent with SR196, and takes a drastic turn to the east. A short distance later, SR196 departs, and US 84/SR38 continues east to their eastern terminus at exit 76 on I-95 east of Midway, here, the roadway continues as Islands Highway. US84 is a significant route in southern Georgia. Almost all of the route sees an Average Annual Daily Traffic of 5,000 vehicles or more, because of this, most of the route is a multi-lane divided highway, especially west of Valdosta. Formerly, US84 met its eastern terminus at US 17/SR25 west of Brunswick, however, with the realignment of highways near Waycross, the terminus of the two highways were swapped. In addition, a segment of the highway between Boston and Quitman was relocated to a northerly routing in 1966, with the former routing being renumbered as State Route 364. SR364 was decommissioned in 1982, State Route 38 Spur is a short west–east spur route in Cairo connecting SR 93/SR111 in downtown with the US 84/SR38 mainline in the eastern part of the city. The entire route is in Cairo, Grady County, State Route 38 Connector is a short west–east connecting route of SR38. It connects SR&nsbp,119 on the Hinesville–Fort Stewart line with US 84/SR 38/SR196 in northeast Hinesville just west of the Hinesville–Flemington line and it is known as General Stewart Way for its entire length. The entire route is in Liberty County
31.
Midway, Georgia
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Midway is a city in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. It is a part of the Hinesville-Fort Stewart metropolitan statistical area, Midway is situated near Savannah, Brunswick, St. Simons Island, and Jekyll Island. The population was 2,121 as of the 2010 census, Midway has several museums, including the Midway Museum and Cemetery and the Dorchester Academy Museum. There are also two islands, Colonels Island and Dolphin Island, midways history dates back to the 18th century. Puritans migrated to St. Johns Parish, Georgia from Dorchester, South Carolina in 1752, in 1752 the Council of Georgia granted the settlers 31,950 acres, as colonial officials wanted a large number of settlers in the area to protect them from the Creek Indians. The original settlers were primarily rice planters and the Midway settlers developed an agricultural economy aided by the 1,500 slaves they brought from South Carolina. The settlers in the area took a stand for independence. In May 1775, Lyman Hall was sent to the Continental Congress as a delegate from the parish of St. John, a year later Hall and St. Johns Parish resident Button Gwinnett signed the Declaration of Independence. Another Midway resident, Nathan Brownson, served in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, in 1777 St. Johns Parish, St. Andrews Parish, and St. James Parish combined to become Liberty County. Established in 1752, the Midway Congregational Church building was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the British, the present building was completed in 1792. The religious welfare of the slaves was given consideration and the members of the church, with the blacks in the galleries. Every April, the Midway Society conducts an annual service commemorating the towns settlement, the Church and the adjacent cemetery were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Among those buried here are two American Generals who served in the Revolutionary War, Daniel Stewart and James Screven, a large monument, erected in 1915 in the center of the cemetery, is dedicated to these men. In 1973, the Midway Historic District, encompassing the Midway Congregational Church and Cemetery, the Midway Museum, the City of Midway was Incorporated in 1925. Midway has a park with nine manufacturing facilities. In 2007, Target Corporation opened a 1,500, 000-square-foot regional distribution center, Midway is located at 31°48′00″N 81°24′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.6 square miles. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,121 people residing in the city
32.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
33.
New Mexico
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New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6,1912 and it is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, New Mexico was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, it was part of independent Mexico before becoming a U. S. territory and eventually a U. S. state as a result of the Mexican–American War. Among U. S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, the major Native American nations in the state are Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache peoples. The demography and culture of the state are shaped by these strong Hispanic and Native American influences and its scarlet and gold colors are taken from the royal standards of Spain, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Pueblo-related tribe. New Mexico, or Nuevo México in Spanish, is incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. The name simply stuck, even though the area had no connection to Mexico or the Mexica Indian tribes, Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Mexico for 27 years,1821 through 1848, New Mexico and Mexico developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule, with relatively independent histories. The states total area is 121,412 square miles, the eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and 2.2 miles west of 103° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, the western border with Arizona runs along the 109°03 W longitude. The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel, the 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles, the New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexicos arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexicos rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, the Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state, other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state
34.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
35.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
36.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
37.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
38.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
39.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
40.
Interchange (road)
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It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads cross at grade. Note, The descriptions of road junctions are for countries where vehicles drive on the side of the road. For countries where driving is on the left the layout of the junctions is the same, a freeway junction or highway interchange or motorway junction is a type of road junction, linking one controlled-access highway to another, to other roads, or to a rest area/motorway service area. On the UK motorway network, most junctions with roads are numbered sequentially. In the U. S. interchanges are numbered according to cardinal interchange number. A highway ramp or slip road is a section of road which allows vehicles to enter or exit a controlled-access highway. A directional ramp always tends toward the direction of travel. This means that a ramp that makes a left turn exits from the side of the roadway. Left directional ramps are relatively uncommon as the lane is usually reserved for high-speed through traffic. Ramps for a turn are almost always right directional ramps. Where traffic drives on the left, these cases are reversed, a non-directional ramp goes in a direction opposite to the desired direction of travel. A semi-directional ramp exits a road in a direction opposite from the direction of travel. A U-turn ramp leaves the road in one driving direction, turns over or under it, weaving is an undesirable situation in which traffic veering right and traffic veering left must cross paths within a limited distance, to merge with traffic on the through lane. Some on-ramps have a meter, which is a dedicated ramp-only traffic light that throttles the flow of entering vehicles. A complete interchange has ramps to provide access from any direction of any road in the junction to any direction of any other road in the junction. A complete interchange between a freeway and another road requires at least four ramps, complete interchanges between two freeways generally have at least eight ramps, as having fewer would considerably reduce capacity and increase weaving. Depending on the type and the connectivity offered other numbers of ramps may be used. For highways with high-occupancy vehicle lanes, ramps can be used to service these carriageways directly, an incomplete interchange has at least one or more missing ramps that prevent access to at least one direction of another road in the junction from any other road in the junction
41.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
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Brunswick, Georgia
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Brunswick /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ is a city in and the county seat of Glynn County, Georgia, United States. As the major urban and economic center of the lower southeast, it is the second-largest urban area on the Georgia coast after Savannah. British colonists settled the peninsula in 1738 as a buffer to Spanish Florida and it came under provincial control in 1771 and was founded as Brunswick after the German duchy of Brunswick–Lüneburg, the ancestral home of the House of Hanover. It was incorporated as a city in 1856. S, Brunswick supports a progressive economy largely based on tourism and logistics, with a metropolitan GDP of $3.9 billion. The Port of Brunswick handles approximately 10 percent of all U. S. roll-on/roll-off trade—third in the U. S. behind the ports of Los Angeles and Newark. In the 2010 U. S. census, the population of the city proper was 15,383, the area,51,024. Brunswick is located on a harbor of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 40 mi north of Florida and 80 mi south of South Carolina, Brunswick is bordered on the west by Oglethorpe Bay, the East River, and the Turtle River. It is bordered on the south by the Brunswick River and on the east by the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in the Mackay River, the Mocama, a Timucua-speaking people, originally occupied the lands in what is now Brunswick. The Spanish established missions in Timucuan villages beginning in 1568, during this time, much of the Native American population was depleted through enslavement and disease. Three years after the Province of Georgia was founded in 1733, James Oglethorpe had the town of Frederica built on St. Simons Island, marys River and south of the Savannah River were designated as Georgia. The areas first European settler, Mark Carr, arrived in 1738, Carr, a Scotsman, was a captain in Oglethorpes Marine Boat Company. Upon landing, he established his 1, 000-acre tobacco plantation, the Province of Georgia purchased Carrs fields in 1771 and laid out the town of Brunswick in the grid plan akin to that of Savannah, with large, public squares at given intervals. The town was named for the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Germany, the home of George III. Brunswick was a tract of land consisting of 383.5 acres. The first lot was granted on June 30,1772,179 lots were granted in the first three years, from 1783 to 1788 a number of these lots were regranted and there collected in Brunswick a few families who desired proper education for their children. By the act of the General Assembly on February 1,1788, eight town commissioners were appointed and Glynn Academy was chartered, Brunswick was recognized as an official port of entry in 1789 by an act of the United States Congress. In 1797 the General Assembly transferred the seat of Glynn County from Frederica to Brunswick, at the end of the eighteenth century, a large tract of land surrounding Brunswick on three sides had been laid off and designated as Commons. Commissioners were named in 1796 to support these efforts, the General Assembly authorized them to sell 500 acres of Commons, one-half of the proceeds to go to the construction of the courthouse and jail and one-half to the support of the academy
43.
Spanish colonization of the Americas
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The Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions and it is estimated that during the colonial period, a total of 18.6 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era. Spains loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas, the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile, in the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indiesas the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories and he founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola, in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, in 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops, the first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, the Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién, the Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs, but not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés, the victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the political hierarchy. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present-day Mexico. When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22,1519, Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833. It was the first step in a campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization, in the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region
44.
Old San Antonio Road
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This article is about the Old San Antonio Road. For the historic roadway which it is considered a part of, the Old San Antonio Road was a historic roadway located in the U. S. states of Texas and Louisiana. Parts of it were based on traditional Native American trails and its Texas terminus was about 35 miles southeast of Eagle Pass at the Rio Grande in Maverick County, and its northern terminus was at Natchitoches, Louisiana. The road continued from Texas through Monclova to Mexico City, Louisiana Highway 6 mostly runs alongside the Old San Antonio Road for the entirety of its route through that state from Natchitoches to west of Many. State Highway 21 follows the old road to Midway, Texas, then State Highway OSR follows it around Bryan and College Station, South of San Marcos, the road follows the Old Bastrop Road until it intersects with I-35. The road leaves the Interstate at New Braunfels and follows Solms road, then Nacogdoches Road, South of San Antonio, the road follows Old Pleasanton Road, then varying local and county roads and merges with State Highway 97 to Cotulla. The road crosses private property and then follows State Highway 133 to Catarina, after Catarina, the road is on private property. In 1691, Domingo Terán de los Ríos took additional missionaries to East Texas following much the same course as traveled by De León, in 1693, Gregorio de Salinas Varona further defined the course of the road while bringing relief supplies from Monclova. The Old San Antonio Road was not a road, but a network of trails with different routes at different times. The trails path was dictated by things as diverse as weather, during the time that Texas was a Spanish, then Mexican, state, the road was used as a major thoroughfare between Mexico City and East Texas. With Texas independence, however, trade between Mexico and Texas waned, while Mexicos trade with the United States began to increase, the old route from San Antonio to Louisiana, now called the Camino Arriba, was still a vital link for Texans to the United States. After the Civil War, the name Camino Arriba faded and the road was called the Old San Antonio Road, by the 1870s, with the coming of the railroad, the roadway between San Antonio and Mexico had all but disappeared. It was then called the Lower Presidio Road, in 1915, the State of Texas and the Daughters of the American Revolution funded a project to place pink granite markers at approximately 5-mile intervals along the route of the Old San Antonio Road. Zively, a surveyor, mapped the routing in 1915 and 1916. Inscribed granite markers were installed later, and the Texas DAR presented the markers to the State of Texas in a ceremony in San Antonio on March 2,1918, the State of Texas took this routing and marked the remaining county roads as State Highway OSR. Originally, the route from the Sabine River to San Marcos carried this designation. As of February 2006, all but nine of the 123 markers were surviving, in deep South Texas, many of the markers are now on private ranches. In 1929, the Texas legislature designated the Zivley version of the Old San Antonio Road as one of the trails of Texas
45.
Tourism
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
46.
North American Free Trade Agreement
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The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1,1994 and it superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U. S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been a small net positive for the United States, large net positive for Mexico and had an insignificant impact on Canada. The signed agreement was ratified by each nations legislative or parliamentary branch. The earlier Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada, in that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives. Mulroney and the PCs had a majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada-U. S. FTA and NAFTA bills. However, he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell. S and it also required U. S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17,1993, the agreements supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20,1993, 61–38, Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8,1993, the agreement went into effect on January 1,1994, Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs, if I didnt believe that, I wouldnt support this agreement. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U. S. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1,1994 brought the elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexicos exports to the U. S. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U. S. -Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U. S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years, most U. S. -Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modelled after Chapter 69 of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evans, Constance Hunt, John Richard, Arlin M. Adams, Susan Getzendanner, George C. Pratt, Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day OConnor, securing U. S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA’s environmental impact
47.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
48.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
US 160 at Pagosa Springs, CO
I‑75 at Valdosta, GA
I‑95 / SR 38 near Midway, GA
US 160 in Pagosa Springs
US 64 east of Monero. The highways travel concurrently to south-southwest of Tierra Amarilla.
US 285 north-northwest of Hernandez. The highways travel concurrently to Eldorado at Santa Fe.
I‑25 / US 85 south of Santa Fe. The highways travel concurrently to Romeroville.
I‑40 west-northwest of Santa Rosa. The highways travel concurrently to Santa Rosa.
US 54 in Santa Rosa. The highways travel concurrently through Santa Rosa.
US 60 in Fort Sumner. The highways travel concurrently to Texico.
US 70 in Clovis. The highways travel concurrently to Muleshoe, Texas.
US 385 in Littlefield
US 82 in Lubbock
US 62 in Lubbock
I‑27 / US 87 in Lubbock
US 380 in Post. The highways travel concurrently through Post.
US 180 in Snyder
I‑20 east of Roscoe. The highways travel concurrently to the Tye–Abilene city line.
US 83 / US 277 in Abilene. US 83/US 84 travels concurrently to east-northeast of Tuscola. US 84/US 277 travels concurrently through Abilene.
US 283 in Coleman. The highways travel concurrently to Santa Anna.
US 67 in Santa Anna. The highways travel concurrently to Early.
US 377 in Brownwood. The highways travel concurrently to Early.
US 183 in Early. The highways travel concurrently to north of Goldthwaite.
US 281 in Evant
I‑35 / US 77 in Waco
I‑45 in Fairfield
US 79 northeast of Oakwood. The highways travel concurrently to Palestine.
US 287 in Palestine. The highways travel concurrently through Palestine.
US 69 in Rusk
US 259 in Mount Enterprise
Future I‑69 / US 59 in Timpson. The highways travel concurrently to Tenaha.
Future I‑69 / Future I‑369 / US 59 / US 96 in Tenaha
US 171 in Mansfield. The highways travel concurrently through Mansfield.
I‑49 east-northeast of Mansfield
US 371 west-southwest of Coushatta. The highways travel concurrently to Coushatta.
US 71 in Coushatta. The highways travel concurrently to Clarence.
US 167 in Winnfield. The highways travel concurrently to east of Winnfield.
US 165 southeast of Tullos
US 425 in Ferriday. The highways travel concurrently to Natchez.
US 61 / US 98 west-southwest of Washington. US 84/US 98 travels concurrently to Bude.
I‑55 south-southwest of Brookhaven
US 51 south of Brookhaven
US 49 in Collins
I‑59 in Laurel. The highways travel concurrently through Laurel.
US 45 in Waynesboro
US 43 in Grove Hill
I‑65 west-southwest of Evergreen
US 31 southwest of Evergreen. The highways travel concurrently to east of Evergreen.
US 29 in Andalusia. The highways travel concurrently through Andalusia.
US 331 in Opp. The highways travel concurrently through Opp.
US 231 in Dothan. The highways travel concurrently through Dothan.
US 431 in Dothan. The highways share a hidden concurrency through Dothan.
US 27 in Bainbridge. The highways travel concurrently through Bainbridge.
US 319 north-northwest of Thomasville. The highways travel concurrently to north-northeast of Thomasville.
US 221 in Quitman. The highways travel concurrently to Valdosta.
I‑75 in Valdosta
US 129 in Stockton
US 441 in Homerville
US 341 in Jesup
US 25 / US 301 in Jesup. The highways travel concurrently to Ludowici.
US 17 in Midway
I‑95 in Midway
SH 83
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LA 83
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US 82
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SR 83
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